P2 Report - Cities for People -of Tomorrow

R E P O R T P 2

Name First Mentor Second Mentor

Reza Ambardi Pradana Ir. Els Bet Dr. Ir. Gregory Bracken

FOREWORD

“How to create cities for people, from scratch?”

Over the past five years, I have been interested in seeking the answer to this question. Starting from my architecture bachelor’s graduation project where I used the idea of observing the relationship between people’s behavior and the built environment to design a semi-military boarding school masterplan; continued to how it is practiced in the realm of urban design & planning consultancy in Asia; and further studied it here in TU Delft’s Urbanism Department in various projects i.e., understanding it through city metaphor in Tilburg, urban acupuncture interventions in Rotterdam, circular economy’s bottom up initiative in Amsterdam, implementation of pedestrian oriented masterplan in Singapore (as part of internship work in KCAP Architects & Planners), to observing public life in Vondelpark Amsterdam; all related to this topic of ‘cities for people’.

This pursuit reached its turning point in the summer of 2017 when I went to Paris (France) and Tianducheng (China) where I incidentally found two Eiffel Towers, one obviously tried to copy the other.

This striking phenomenon depict the very idea of this graduation project – as I will explore in this report to juxtapose the two topics: Gehl’s ‘cities for people’ (depicted by Paris old town and many other old towns) and Le Corbusier’s ‘the city of tomorrow’ (Tianducheng new town and many other new towns) hence the name of this graduation project: Cities for People -of Tomorrow.

This report is part of the series of iterations for a graduation project in TU Delft master of Urbanism track. As the second iteration of this graduation project, this report is intended to demonstrate: the main background behind the chosen topic of the graduation project – from self-motivation to the problem statement; the methodology on how to systematically do this graduation project – from the research questions to the time planning; the theoretical framework; the preliminary analysis; and the preliminary design. As the second iteration, this report will possess some uncertainties and will surely evolved in the future yet hopefully become the first milestone in the pursuit of creating cities for people.

Delft, January 12th, 2018

Colophon Faculty : Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environments Department : Urbanism Studio : Design of the Urban Fabrics Full Name : Reza Ambardi Pradana Student Number : 4622553 E-mail : rambardip@yahoo.com Website : issuu.com/rezaambardipradana First Mentor : Ir. Els Bet Second Mentor : Dr. Ir. Gregory Bracken Project Title : Cities for People -of Tomorrow Case : Ecopark New Town, Hanoi, Vietnam 2

Reza Ambardi Pradana . 4622553

TABLE OF CONTENT

4

1 Introduction

7

1.1 Study Motivation

9

1.2 Problem Field

11

1.3 Problem Definitions

15

1.4 Context Introduction

22

1.5 Problem Statement

28

2 Methodology

31

2.1 Research Questions

32

2.2 Research Method & Time Planning

34

2.3 Intended End Products

37

2.4 Study Relevance

38

3

41

Theoretical Framework

3.1 Masterplanning Process

43

3.2 Urban Vitality Factors

49

4

59

Preliminary Analysis

4.1 Positioning

60

4.2 Benchmarking

64

4.3 Assessment

72

4.4 Analaysis Summary

78

5

81

Preliminary Design

5.1 Visioning

83

5.2 Scenario-based urban Design

85

5.3 Design in Process, Process in Design

89

6

Appendix

92

6.1 Bibliography

92

6.2 Theory Paper

94

Reza Ambardi Pradana . 4622553

This chapter introduces this graduation project through the motivation behind the project, the problem field of the chosen topic, problem definitions, introduction to context problem, and problem statement of this graduation project. First, the motivation behind the project is derived from the question, ‘how to create cities for people, from scratch?’ where the two opposing views of the ideal city is opposed, Jan Gehl’s ‘cities for people’ and Le Corbusier’s ‘the city of tomorrow’, hence the name of this graduation project: Cities for People -of Tomorrow. Second, new town is chosen as the topic with the argument of its overlooked significance as the driver of urban growth in many Asian cities. The problems of many Asian new towns are investigated to be the lack of urban vitality and flaws in its masterplanning process. Next, urban vitality and masterplanning process as the two main problems are defined. Next, introduction to the chosen site: Ecopark New Town in Hanoi, Vietnam is elaborated. The site is chosen for its indication to be an anomaly among many failing new towns in Hanoi.

The masterplanning process is investigated and the central area of the masterplan is chosen as the focus area of this project. Finally, based on the motivation, problem field and site investigation, problem statement is formed.

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INTRO DUCTION 1 .1 ST U DY M OT I VAT I O N 1 . 2 P RO B L E M F I E L D 1 . 3 P RO B L E M D E F I N I T I O N S 1 .4 CO N T E X T P RO B L E M 1 . 5 P RO B L E M STAT E M E N T

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“how t o cr eat e c i t i e s f o r p e o p l e , f r om s c r a t c h? ”

Paris (FR)

Tianducheng (CN)

8

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1.1 ST U DY M OT I VAT I O N

Future Masterplanning?

Future Cities for People?

“It used to be that the best architects did the biggest work while the smaller work was left to all the other ones.

Now, it is the opposite. While Pritzker Prize-winning architects are designing vodka bottles and necklaces, unknown developer-architects are building entire cities from the ground-up in the Middle East and China. In the age of the ‘scratch-built metropolis’ the call for (good) architects to return to big design is more critical than ever.” (Visionary Cities: vol.1)

“As cities are increasingly densifying, are the lessons of Western and Northern Europe still relevant?”, asked the interviewer.

First, I need to define the motivation and the problem why new town is chosen as my graduation project topic.

My motivation is simply to answer questions that I had and still have when doing a new town masterplanning project in a design consultant. While I have done several new town masterplanning projects, I have never had any formal education on how to formally or ideally do a masterplanning process. It is understood that new town masterplanning is a product of Western urban design paradigm ties back to the 1930s e.g., Ebenizer Howard and Le Corbusier, which is arguably not relevant anymore in the Western urban environment. Although the masterplanning pedagogy is absent in most of the Western school of architecture/urban design/urban planning, current market for masterplanning design consultancy is still high especially in emerging cities e.g. Asian and African cities (Keeton, 2011).

Although new town isn’t the most progressive driver in the always-changing urban fabric, it is certainly place on the top driver. Hence, responding to the gap between the pedagogy absent and the current professional market in masterplanning, it is in high relevance to take this topic as my graduation project general topic. Moreover, being in the Netherlands will give me an advantage on learning the best practice of new town masterplanning to practice in the Global South i.e., Asian cities.

The next question is in which part of this new town masterplanning process that I want to focus on? Here’s where my long-standing passion comes in: understanding cities from the perspective of people. In the existing studies of creating ‘cities for people’, the main focus is on the existing cities, which entails to revitalization, observation of the existing users, tweaking the existing system, and so on. Tie back to the roots movements (notably by Jane Jacobs, Christopher Alexander, Willam H. Whyte, Edward T. Hall, and Jan Gehl), they come from cities with existed urban fabric, generally opposing the redevelopment movement e.g., the famous fights of Jane Jacobs and Robert Moses. If these movements are brought to today’s urban condition, especially to Asia’s expanding cities, the interesting question is: “how to create cities for people, from scratch?”

“Yes, because I see no signs that homo sapiens will not be homo sapiens in the future”, Jan Gehl replied.

(Q&A: Jan Gehl on Making Cities Healthier and the Real Meaning of Architecture. Metropolis Magazine.

August 11, 2015. Mikki Brammer)

Figure 1. Paris, France (above), Tianducheng New Town, China (below)

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S tu dy Background

...Yet, study about these development areas, particularly about new towns in Asian context are still lacking.

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1. 2   P RO B L E M F I E L D

Urban Population (Developing Region)

57

% new towns +others

New Town as Part of Urban Growth

43

Almost 50% of people in Asia live in cities today (UN, 2014). This number is predicted to raise up to 64% in 2050 urbanizing faster than the other regions i.e., Northern and Latin America, Europe, the Carribean and Africa (UN, 2014). In response to this prediction, many studies and agendas in urban development field have been raised e.g., Sustainable Development Goals, The New Urban Agenda, UN-Habitat Human Settlements, etc. with one of the main focus of creating a more sustainable urban development (UN-Habitat, 2016; Habitat III, 2016).

(UN-Habitat, 2001)

Hanoi, Vietnam

444 new towns

km2

(Luan, 2014)

84

km2

existing urban areas (Vien et al, 2005)

URBAN POPULATION (%) 2014

100-

Yet, study about these development areas, particularly about new towns in Asian context are still lacking (Zhou, 2012; Hartog, 2010; Provoost, 2010; Keeton, 2011).

81.5% 73.4%

50-

2050-

47.5% 40.0%

1980-

(UN, 2014)

1950-

0-

Figure 2.  Hanoi new towns and exiting settlements (source: Google Earth)

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%

2010-

In Asian cities context, the focuses are more towards the extended metropolitan regions (Firman T, 2017; Robinson, 2011), peri-urban region (Winarso et al, 2015), decolonisation (Rimmer and Dick, 1998), and urban slums i.e., informal settlements (Tunas, 2008). Studies about the latter in particular, have a lot of spotlight from many institutions as the living conditions on the informal settlements are generally far from ideal and many urban population growths are allocated in these informal settlements around the inner city (Tunas, 2008). However, when growth in informal settlements takes up to 30% of the total urban population (UN-Habitat, 2004), and 43% in the developing region (UN-Habitat, 2001) it means that the rest will be catered in other urban areas i.e., suburban and new towns in the peri-urban regions. For example, area ratio of informal settlements and new towns is almost double in Jakarta: 158 km2 of slum (Schellekens, 2015) and 366 km2 of new towns (Firman, 2004), where in Hanoi the area of new towns (2012) is 444 km2 (Luan, 2014) while the existing Hanoi urban area itself is only 84 km2 (18% of the new towns) (Vien et al, 2005).

slums

YEAR

11

Stakeholder Dynamic & Implemented Results (Hartog, 2010)

Development Dynamic Theme & Plan & Implementation Unplanned City Process (Provoost, 2010) (Keeton, 2011)

Product: Urban Vitality

12

Urban Vitality in New Town (Zhou, 2012)

Process: Masterplanning Process

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P r ob le m FI e ld ...the two main factors to make a vital new town are in the product i.e., spatial aspect of urban vitality and in the process i.e., masterplanning process.

Asian New Towns Studies Some studies that have been done about the planning and design of new towns in Asia focuses on: stakeholder dynamic and implemented results (Hartog, 2010); development theme and implementation process (Keeton, 2011); dynamic between planned and the unplanned cities (Provoost, 2010); similarities with capitalist first world city (Rimmer and Dick, 1998); and urban vitality (Zhou, 2012).

The latter study in particular (Zhou, 2012) mentioned the common problem of many recent new towns to be “the difficulty of making a town into a socially, culturally and economically balanced city”. The tendency is for the new town developer to focus on form, image, speed and profit and resulted in lack of urban vitality in many new towns, especially in the emerging cities e.g., Asian and African new towns (Zhou, 2012; Hartog, 2010; Provoost, 2010; Keeton, 2011). This lack of urban vitality is what usually mentioned as ‘ghost town’ phenomena.

Apart from the urban vitality, the common problem of new towns in Asia lies in the masterplanning process.

Hartog (2010) and Keeton (2011) extensively discuss the masterplanning process of Shanghai new towns, especially in the stakeholder dynamic, implementation process, and the implemented results. Based on their studies, the problem is not on the spatial design form (the

masterplan, urban design, and architecture), but more on the implementation process and the implemented result. They demonstrated that clearly in the case study of Sonjiang New Town (Figure 4), where the forms are ‘inspired’ by British old towns (which supposedly have a good urban vitality), was implemented exactly like it, and yet the town suffered to be a ‘ghost town’ with less people living there than was originally planned. This problem in the implementation process and results happen in many Asian new towns e.g., Jakarta, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh, Seoul, Shanghai, etc (Hartog, 2010; Keeton, 2011).

Existing studies about new town as mentioned above become the starting point of defining the problem field of this graduation project. In short, from the point of view of urban design, the two main factors to make a vital new town are in the product i.e., spatial aspect of urban vitality and in the process i.e., masterplanning process. These two factors are two sides of the same coin: to make a new town vital, the two factors needed to be thoroughly addressed. Hence, these two factors needed to be further investigated especially relationship between the two, and how it links to the context of Asian new town, specific for this graduation project: Hanoi.

Figure 3. Key points of the studies about Asian new towns

Figure 4. Songjiang New Town / Thames Town (source: http://lazerhorse.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Thames-Town-China-Ghost-Town-Authentic.jpg)

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WESTERN definition of urban vitality

14

ASIAN definition of urban vitality

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1. 3 P RO B L E M D E F I N I T I O N S S p a tia l As p e c f of Ur b a n Vital i t y

...the impact of physical qualities of space to the liveliness of the public life.

The Product: Spatial Aspect of Urban Vitality In order to address urban vitality as the intended product, it is critical to first clearly define the term for this graduation project. Based on the study by Zhou (2012), the spatial aspects of promoting urban vitality in new town lies in the relationship between the place, people, and program. For this graduation project, definition of urban vitality will be derived and expanded from Zhou’s (2012) definition of the spatial aspect of urban vitality as it is already applied in the realm of new town development.

These dynamics is derived based on the generalized definition of urban vitality in her research which will be elaborated as follows.

Additionally, since the chosen site is in Hanoi, the spatial aspect of urban vitality need to be defined from different perspective: the Asian and Hanoi perspective.

Some scholars defined the parameter of urban vitality in Asian context (Figure 6) as: urban informality (Roy, 2005); mixed-use sidewalk (Kim, 2012); spatial justice (Lim, 2013); common space (Kusumawijaya, 2013); and street vendor as ‘out of place’ element (Yatmo, 2008). In compare to the mainstream definition of the spatial aspect of urban vitality, a glimpse of definition from the Asian perspective shows that there is a little relation between the two and the interpretation in urban form is different.

Urban vitality as the parameter of an ideal city (urbanity, urban quality, urban liveliness or urban life) has been advocated by many scholars e.g., Montgomery (1998), Gehl (1996;2010;2013), Jacobs (1961), Alexander (1965), Lynch (1960) and Cullen (1971) although with slight differences on its definition (Figure 5). These scholars are mainly advocating against the status quo at that time which was modernism, advocated majorly by Corbusier (1925). Montgomery (1998) clearly use the term ‘urban vitality’ in his research with the general definition of ‘the extent to which a place feels alive or lively’.

In summary, for this graduation project spatial aspects of urban vitality is defined as the impact of physical qualities of space to the liveliness of the public life. These spatial aspects (people, place, program) as proposed by Zhou (2012) will be further expanded for this project, take into account the Western mainstream scholars definitions, Asian scholars definitions and definitions specific to Hanoi context. This elaboration will be explained in the theoretical framework chapter (See Chapter 3.2).

Figure 5. Mainstream definition of urban vitality (left) (source:https://media.giphy.com/media/kQtwFSd3lrU3e/source.gif)

Figure 6. Asian (Hanoi) definition of urban vitality (right) (source: https://thepetitewanderess.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/hanoi-crossing.gif)

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SelfConscious Design

Un-SelfConscious Design

Knowing Place-shaping

Design Process

Development Process

Unknowing Place-shaping

Management Process

Space in Use

Place-shaping Continuum Carmona, 2014

16

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M a s te r p la nning P r oc e s s The main notion of this Carmona’s place-shaping continuum model (2014) is to see urban design not exclusively only in the ‘design’ process but as a continuum – of place-shaping.

The Process: Masterplanning Process As mentioned earlier, the common problem of new towns in Asia lies in the masterplanning process i.e., the implementation process and implemented results. Hence, to investigate this masterplanning process, there is a need to refer to a well-established model. In order to have this model, new town masterplanning needs to be seen as the sub-field of urban design field as Lang (2005) have defined.

Apart from Carmona (2014), urban design process model has been discussed by many scholars e.g., Shirvani (1985), Lang (2005), and Madanipour (2006). Align with these three scholars, Carmona’s (2012) urban design process model combined the three models: defined the urban design process model as amalgam of the context; the power relationship among stakeholders; and the place-shaping processes.

One of the ongoing discussion about urban design is regarding the components of urban design process, mainly discoursing on how urban design is actually implemented. Prof. Matthew Carmona (UCL Bartlett) as one of the front-runner of the discussion, put forward some aspects of urban design process; urban design value (Carmona, 2002); stakeholder views in urban design (Carmona et al, 2010); design coding (Carmona, 2009); design governance (Carmona, 2016, 2017; Barnett, 2017; Lang, 2017); and place-shaping continuum (Carmona, 2014). In the discourse of urban design as the place-shaping continuum, Carmona (2014) argued that one of the main problem of urban design as a field of practice is that urban design projects are rarely subjected to post-occupancy review and almost never a systematic view of the whole process. Most studies focus on either part of the whole process (as Carmona (2014) suggested: design, development, management, or use of space) and not to the relationship to the final design outcome or realised space (Banerjee & Loukaitou-Sideris, 2011).

What makes Carmona’s (2014) urban design process model standout is that it breaks down place-shaping processes into four categories based on the self or unself-conscious design and knowing or unknowing place shaping (Figure 7). This breakdown of design and placeshaping will be critical to understand the complexity of the masterplanning process and how each process can be designed from the perspective of an urban designer in which this graduation project will seek. The main notion of this model is to see urban design not exclusively only in the ‘design’ process but as a continuum – of placeshaping. For these reasons, Carmona’s (2014) urban design process model is chosen for this graduation project. Further investigation will be done in the theoretical framework (see Chapter 3.1) and the theory paper (see Chapter 6.2).

Figure 7. Urban design processes based on place-shaping and design (Carmona, 2014), background photo: Lideco New Town as one of the ghost town of Hanoi (source: Google Maps photo)

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PLACE

URBAN VITALITY

design

develop manage use PROCESS

Primary Focus Secondary Focus Tertiary Focus

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P r oje c t Foc us ‌the focus will be more on the spatial aspect of the urban vitality in the block level (context aspect), in the design process (process aspect) and for the medium-term intervention (power aspect).

Product & Process: Urban Vitality in the Masterplanning Process Based on the theoretical understanding of the problem field, the theoretical framework of this project combines the expanded definition of the spatial aspects of urban vitality: people, place, and program (Zhou, 2012) and the aspects of masterplanning process: context, power and place-shaping processes (Carmona, 2014) as demonstrated in Figure 8. In short, the primary focus will be more on the spatial aspect of the urban vitality in the block level (context aspect), in the design process (process aspect) and for the medium-term intervention (power aspect) (closer to the inner circle in Figure 8). Although the other aspects (further from the inner circle in Figure 8) i.e., long and short-term (power aspect); masterplan and region (context aspect); and development, management, and space in use (process aspect) will be analysed in conjuncture with the main aspect. Extensive definitions will be elaborated in the theoretical framework chapter (Chapter 3).

Figure 8.  Theoretical framework: urban vitality in the masterplanning process

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CON TEXT 20

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Ecopark

Figure 9. Hanoi Region (source: Google Earth)

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1.4 CO N T E X T I N T RO D U C T I O N

The Case: Ecopark New Town, Hanoi, Vietnam Similar to many Asian cities, Hanoi experienced major boost in its urban population in recent years, especially since the economic reformations in 1987. Catering to this population boost, Hanoi has put enormous effort to house these populations, mainly rural immigrants (Geertman, 2007; Labbe, 2010). Hanoi promoted new kind of development: New Urban Areas (NUA) that are located around the city intertwined with the existing periurban areas (Figure 10) with more than 152 New Urban Areas in the areas of more than 444 km2 (Luan, 2014).

These new urban areas are characterized by private-led large-scale development, mono-functional, excessive productions and speculations, lack of urban vitality, and lack of flexibility (Calabrese et al, 2015). Some studies have been done in relation to this type of development, with focus on the tradition in land and housing (Geertman, 2003); self-organizing development (Geertman, 2007); planned and spontaneous urbanization (Labbe, 2010); and flexibility as alternative development strategy (van Faassen, 2014) (Figure 10). The latter study in particular has done an extensive study on how to counter the main issue of flexibility in typical new urban areas in Hanoi with tools that foster flexibility. Van Faassen (2014) proposed a new model of corporation between the developer and the collectives; a more incremental approach of development; and new housing typologies.

Red River

Ecopark New Town is located in Hung Yen province, just outside the boundary of Hanoi province (Figure 10,11,12). The geodesic distance from Hanoi old town to Ecopark is approximately 10 km although driving distance is approximately 15 km (30 minute-drive, based on Google Maps). There is one collector road connecting Hanoi’s city loop highway and going through Ecopark. Red river as the major river flowing through Hanoi is located on the western site of Ecopark (approximately 4 km far).

Hanoi New Urban Areas Hanoi new urban areas are failing, characterized by private-led large-scale development, mono-functional, excessive productions and speculations, lack of urban vitality, and lack of flexibility (Calabrese et al, 2015).

22

Figure 10. Municipal context of Hanoi & news headlines of Hanoi new urban areas (source: Perkins Eastman & van Fassen (2014)

Figure 11. Regional context of Hanoi Figure 12. Masterplan context of Ecopark

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International Airport

New Urban Areas

Red River

New Urban Areas

Airport

10

km

Ecopark New Urban Areas

Red River

Legend

Red River

0

2000 4000

8000 m

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Citadel (1010-) Merchant Qurter (1400-) French Quarter (1860-) Inner City Expansion (1950-) Doi Moi Expansions (1987-2004) New Urban Areas (2005-2014) Peri-urban Areas

23

500

50

ha

total area

64

ha

ha

phase 1 area

phase 2 area

phase 1

change typology

phase 2

change typology

phase 1

phase 1 constructed

phase 2

300

/ha

target density

24

195

/ha

phase 1 density

325

/ha

phase 2 density

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150

.000

target population

Masterplanning Process of Ecopark

phase 1

design change

Landuse Plan

next phase added uses phase 2

Illustrative Plan

phase 1

Built

land clearence

phase 2

9.175

current population

Ecopark New Town is chosen as test-site of this graduation project because it shows some indications of being an anomaly from typical new urban areas in Hanoi. Based on the preliminary investigation, some of the indications are: multi-functional development, with great attention to mix between residential uses and amenities; production of the housing products is not excessive, with minimum speculations guided by the developer; great attention to urban vitality with carefully phased development; and attention to typology flexibility in relation to the market demand. However, Ecopark is currently in the phase of developing its most dense urban area comprising mix of uses i.e., residential, commercial, education, transportation, and open spaces, and public uses which will possess more complexity in compare to the relatively mono-functional housing estates that Ecopark have been developing before.

The development transition (Figure 13) shows the transition in Ecopark masterplanning from the period before 2012 (the project was commissioned in 2005) until the year 2016. The masterplan was regularly amended as can be seen for example in 2013-2014 (Figure 13, top row) on the southern part of the masterplan i.e., change from water villa to a typical gated community.

Some of these changes occurred because of the market demand change as studied by the developer. Despite the regular amendments in the masterplan, what actually being developed (Figure 13, bottom row) shows different regularity. The developer developed the masterplan incrementally flanking the northern part as phase 1 and the southern part as phase 2. However, in the year 2016, the developer commenced the development of the whole masterplan (Figure 13, bottom right) hence a clear development guideline will be critically needed.

Critical Phase Ecopark is currently in the phase of developing its most dense urban area which will possess more complexity in compare to the relatively mono-functional housing estates.

Figure 13.  Ecopark Masterplan evolution (source: CPG Consultants)

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Phase 1

Central Area

Phase 2

Landuses Residential - Highrise Residential - Midrise Residential - Lowrise Office Golfcourse Commercial Sport Public Works Hospital Road Reserve

26

Knowledge Clubhouse CIvic Use River Water Feature Open Space Perimeter Canal Utility Transport

0

300

600

1200 m

Figure 14.  Possible focus area in the masterplan context

Reza Ambardi Pradana . 4622553

Central Area’s Importance Aligned with the topic of urban vitality, this central area needed to be more vital in compare to the already built Ecopark developments which are mainly residential area (not not necessarily need to be vital).

University

Landed Houses

Public Waterfront

Central Area 25 0 m Golfcourse

Public Waterfront Public Waterfront

Graduation Project Focus Area As mentioned earlier, since 2016 the developer has commenced the development of the whole masterplan by first clearing up the land. The next phase that will be developed in the near future is the central area (Figure 14& 15, red-dashed boundary) comprising the mix uses of: high-rise to low-rise residential; offices; hospital; school; and public works. This central area is adjacent to the supporting uses like: universities (North); public transport hub (North); public waterfront (West); golf courses and landed housings (East); and high-rise housings in phase 2 development (South). This central area is envisioned to be the centre for activities of the whole Ecopark new town.

Ecopark is considered successful until today because of the effort in community building. The complex part has yet to come i.e., the central area which the developer themselves admit that they do not have the required capability (Dung, 2017). Hence, planning in advance this future development will be critical. Moreover, aligned with the topic of urban vitality, this central area needed to be more vital in compare to the built Ecopark developments which are mainly residential area (which not necessarily need to be vital).

In summary, this central area is considered fit to be the focus area of this graduation project.

Phase 2

0

150

300

600 m

Figure 15.  Possible focus area for zoom-in

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1. 5 P RO B L E M STAT E M E N T

From the point of view of urban design, the two main factors to make a vital new town are in the product i.e., spatial aspect of urban vitality and in the process i.e., masterplanning process. These two factors are two sides of the same coin: to make a new town vital, the two factors needed to be thoroughly addressed.

The product – spatial aspects of urban vitality is defined as the impact of physical qualities of space to the liveliness of the public life.

The process – masterplanning process is defined as the amalgam of the context, power relationship among stakeholders; and the place-shaping processes.

Ecopark New Town as the anomaly of failing new towns of Hanoi is on the critical phase of developing its most dense urban area – the central area that need to be the most vital.

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The main task for this graduation project would be to seek the way to design a vital central area that promote urban vitality throughout the masterplanning process – not only the design process.

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Based on the problem statement from Chapter 1, main research question and sub research questions are generated. The main research question of this graduation project is, “How to promote urban vitality throughout the process of new town masterplanning in Ecopark New Town central area Hanoi with urban design?�. Next, methods on how to answers the research questions are illustrated in the research method chart & time planning. This graduation project method is divided into four main parts: theoretical approach I (urban vitality; theoretical approach II (masterplanning process); spatial approach; and research by design approach. Then, intended end product of this graduation project i.e., design governance is elaborated. Lastly, relevance of this graduation project is elaborated. First for social relevance, the project is expected to bridge the gap between the mainstream knowledge with the local knowledge of urban vitality. In terms of scientific relevance, this project is expected to add to the body of knowledge of Asian new town which is still lacking. Lastly for the ethical consideration, this project is expected to bridge the gap between academia, developer, consultant, and community by giving an objective view of the problem but still trying to be relevant to the real situation.

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METHOD OLOGY 2 .1 R E S E A RC H Q U E ST I O N S 2 . 2 R E S E A RC H M E T H O D & T I M E P L A N N I N G 2 . 3 I N T E N D E D E N D P RO D U C T 2 .4 ST U DY R E L E VA N C E

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2.1  R E S E A RC H Q U E ST I O N S

How to promote urban vitality throughout the process of new town masterplanning in Ecopark New Town central area Hanoi with urban design?

MAIN RESEARCH QUESTION Aim

How to promote urban vitality

SUB-RESEARCH QUESTION

1. What constitute the spatial aspects of urban vitality?

Scope

throughout the process of new town masterplanning Context

in Ecopark New Town central area, Hanoi Design Outcome

with urban design?

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2. How is the process of new town masterplanning?

3. How do city centres work in Ecopark and Hanoi?

4. How can urban design relate to urban vitality and master-planning process?

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METHOD

THEORETICAL APPROACH

Design Framework Literature, Comparative, Interview

Spatial Aspect of Urban VItality Zhou (2012) Expanded

Process Analysis Literature, Theory Paper

Masterplanning Process Carmona (2014) Expanded

Positioning & Visioning Comparative, Masterplan Analysis, Site Visit Research by Design Scenario-based Design, Design through Scale, Evidence & Observation-based Design

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2. 2  R E S E A RC H M E T H O D & T I M E P L A N N I N G

THEORETICAL THEORETICAL THEORETICAL APPROACH APPROACH APPROACH Interview Interview Interview

1

2

SpatialSpatial Aspects Spatial Aspects Aspects

1of Urban 1of Urban Vitality of Urban VitalityVitality

Masterplanning Masterplanning Masterplanning 2 ProcessProcess Process

2

Literature Literature Literature Comparative Comparative Comparative Study Study Study ProcessProcessProcess Analysis Analysis Analysis Literature Literature Literature Case Case Case Study Study Study

MatrixMatrix of Urban Matrix of Urban of Urban VitalityVitality Factors Vitality FactorsFactors

Des Frame Urban U V Masterp M Pro DesignDesign Goal: Design Goal: Goal: Unifying Unifying Element Unifying Element Element

Site S Design Vital City Vital Centre City Vital Centre City Centre Ecopa Benchmarking Benchmarking Benchmarking Site Potential Site Potential Site Potential Centre Ce 3in Hanoi 3in &Hanoi P Ecopark in & Hanoi Ecopark & Ecopark & Mast Assessing Assessing Assessing Asses

Positioning Positioning Positioning

3

SPATIAL SPATIAL APPROACH SPATIAL APPROACH APPROACH

Figure 16.  Research methods and time planning

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There are four main sections of the research method to answer the research questions as elaborated on the previous sub-chapter. The first and second section will be focusing on the theoretical approach i.e., the spatial aspects of urban vitality and the masterplanning process.

The first section will be done through interview, literature review and comparative study of how urban vitality is used in practice. This section will produce a matrix of urban vitality factors. The second section will be done through process analysis, literature review, and case study of Ecopark New Town. This section will be done mainly in the form of theory paper and will produce a design goal: a unifying element of the four-active place-shaping processes. Based on the first two sections, a design framework will be elaborated.

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an rban ors ctors

STAKEHOLDER STAKEHOLDER STAKEHOLDER STAKEHOLDER STAKEHOLDER STAKEHOLDER STAKEHOLDER STAKEHOLDER RESEARCH RESEARCH RESEARCH BYRESEARCH DESIGN

BY DESIGN BYBY DESIGN DESIGN FEEDBACK FEEDBACK FEEDBACK FEEDBACK FEEDBACK FEEDBACK FEEDBACK FEEDBACK

DesignDesign in Process, Design Design in Process, in in Process, Process, feedback feedback feedback feedback Process Process in Design Process Process in Design in in Design Design

feedback feedback feedback feedback

DesignDesign Design Design Framework: Framework: Framework: Framework: Urban Urban Vitality Urban Urban Vitality in Vitality Vitality in in in Masterplanning Masterplanning Masterplanning Masterplanning ProcessProcess Process Process

+ + ++ Scenario-based Scenario-based Scenario-based Scenario-based feedback feedback feedback feedback UrbanUrban Design Urban Urban Design Design Design

oal: l: ent ment

Site Specific Site Specific Site Site Specific Specific Design Design Brief: Design Design Brief:Brief: Brief: Ecopark Ecopark CityEcopark Ecopark City City City al tial Centre Centre Positioning Centre Centre Positioning Positioning Positioning feedback feedback feedback feedback & Masterplan & Masterplan & Masterplan & Masterplan Assessment Assessment Assessment Assessment

feedback feedback feedback Visioning Visioning Visioning Visioning feedback

SITE VIST SITE SITE VIST SITE VIST VIST

P2 P2 P2P2

Jan ‘18Jan ‘18 Jan Jan ‘18‘18

The third section will be focusing on the spatial approach of the project to understand how vital city centres in Hanoi is working and how vital city centre of Ecopark should work. This spatial approach will be done through city centre positioning, city centre benchmarking, and assessing the existing masterplan. This section will produce the site potentials that will be elaborated to a site-specific design brief. This design brief along with the design framework from the first two section will together act as the guiding and assessing tool of this graduation project outcome. The first three sections will be principally finished before P2 (January 2018).

The fourth section will be focusing on the research by design approach of the project to ultimately answer the research questions. This section will be a back and forth/

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4

REPORTING REPORTING REPORTING REPORTING

4 44

P4 P4 P4 P4 P5 P5 P5P5

Jun ‘18Jun ‘18 Jun Jun ‘18‘18Jul ‘18 Jul ‘18 JulJul ‘18‘18

trial and error processes, elaborating feedbacks from the stakeholders (designer, developer, manager, and user) that will be gathered during the site visit (early February 2018) and from the design trials. The designs will include visioning that entails to scenario-based urban design and design in process, process in design. These will be the ultimate outcome of this graduation project that will be principally finished before P4 (June 2018).

Final feedback session from the stakeholders (mainly designer and developer) will be gathered post-P4 and elaborated into the final outcome. The two feedback sessions will be the main strength of this graduation project as it tries to bridge the masterplanning processes.

Reporting phase (may include design report and interactive report) will be done until P5 (July 2018).

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‘informal’ ice cream sandwich vendor

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2 . 3 I N T E N D E D E N D P RO D U C TS

Design in Process, Process in Design As elaborated on the previous sub-chapter, the intended end products of this graduation project include: design framework; project positioning and visioning; scenario-based urban design; and design in process, process in design. The latter end product will be the unique feature of this graduation project as it will not focus on a singular final design but a continuum design. Carmona (2016) elaborated this kind of outcome as ‘design governance’ defined as “the process … of designing the built environment in order to shape both processes and outcomes in a defined public interest.” This definition will be expanded and tested through design in this graduation project.

Example of established design governance that is relatively fit with this graduation project is urban design guidelines produced by Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) Singapore that guides all Singapore’s urban development. One of the example of this guideline as can be seen in Figure 18, shows how the guidelines are written and drawn, implemented in the design (Figure 17, top-left) and built (Figure 17, bottom-left). One distinct example in this guideline is how the guideline regulate seamless transition between private lot and public area with invisible plot line (Figure 17&18, dashed line) and uniform ground material. This seamless transition promotes urban vitality by encouraging diverse activities inside and outside building (even with the ‘informal’ ice cream sandwich vendor).

Figure 17. Example of design governance (source: URA Singapore)

Figure 18. Example of design governance (source: URA Singapore)

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2.4   ST U DY R E L E VA N C E

Scientific Relevance As mentioned earlier, study about Asian new town is still lacking. Hence, this graduation project will add to this body of knowledge, especially as a case study. In relation to the Design of Urban Fabrics studio, this graduation project will expand the study about urban growth to the growth in a new town setting as city extensions, particularly in Asian context. In relation to urban design process, as mentioned by Carmona (2014), study about urban design process, especially thorough study about its processes is still lacking. Hence, by studying the masterplanning processes, this graduation project will add to this body of knowledge.

In relation to study about urban vitality, this graduation project will broaden the mainstream understanding of urban vitality in European and North-American context towards urban vitality in Asian context, especially in the spatial design factor. Furthermore, this urban vitality aspect will be investigated not only on the design process of new town masterplanning, but also in the development process, management process, and space in use. Approach on investigating throughout the whole masterplanning process tackle the common issues of implementation process and products of new town in Asia.

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Social Relevance For Hanoi context, this graduation project is intended to complement studies that have been done about this new urban area type of development in Hanoi with the intention of finding a more sustainable new town masterplanning framework focusing on the urban vitality throughout the masterplanning process. With also expanding the study on new town masterplanning phenomena in Asia, the result of this graduation project is expected to be applicable (with careful modification) in other new town development in other cities in Asia with similar context.

By investigating everyday activities of people in Hanoi, this graduation project will bridge the gap between the mainstream knowledge with local knowledge of urban vitality as have been demonstrated by Kim (2012). This investigation will also bridge the gap between the formal and informal, the planned and the unplanned, and existing peri-urban areas and new towns.

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Ethical Paragraph By taking new town masterplanning as the subject of this graduation project, the ethical consideration to be taken is the objective position from the perspective of an academia. This consideration is needed because of the nature of new town masterplanning towards a marketdriven development hence the dominant powers of private parties i.e., the developer and the consultant. Feedbacks from these private parties are needed for this project to be more relevant to the real situation. Moreover, these feedbacks will be balanced by giving objective view from academic perspective. Finally, this graduation project is hoped to be relevant for both academia, practices, and communities.

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In this chapter, the theoretical framework for this project is investigated. There are two main theories i.e., masterplanning process and urban vitality. First, masterplanning process is investigated using Carmona’s place-shaping continuum model (2014) through three the case study of Ecopark New Town. This part of the chapter is taken from the theory paper (See Appendix). The theory will be investigated by first elaborating Carmona’s Place-Shaping Continuum (2014) Urban Design Process Model; then to use this model to investigate the case study of Ecopark; then to conclude that there is a need for a unifying element in the model. The second theory – urban vitality is seen from the Western perspective (European and North American) and from Asian perspective through literature studies, systematically illustrated, and take a position out of it. Zhou’s (2012) definition is used and expanded for this project (people, place, and program). The expanded definitions are then made into matrix of urban vitality principles. Each principle is elaborated based on the relation to the three aspects from the masterplanning process i.e., dominant process, power relationships, and context. Each principle is also elaborated to its quality description, criteria, spatial requirement, case study, and source. Lastly, these principles are investigated on how they are actually used in practice through comparative studies.

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THEO RETICAL FRAME WORK 3.1 M A ST E R P L A N N I N G P RO C E SS 3. 2 U R BA N V I TA L I T Y FAC TO R S

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Place-shaping Continuum (adapted from Carmona, 2014)

Linear Place-shaping

Figure 19.  Place-shaping Continuum (Carmona, 2014) and linear place-shaping

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3.1 M A ST E R P L A N N I N G P RO C E SS

Carmona’s Place-Shaping Continuum Urban Design Process Model Carmona (2014) elaborated urban design process as integrated place-shaping continuum through time incorporating three main factors: contextual factors – the history and traditions of place; power relationships between stakeholders; and active place-shaping processes – design, development, management, and space in use (Figure 19). First, the history and traditions of place as the contextual factors claimed that contemporary urban design processes are always related to the history of experience and practice. Hence, the continuum always situated in both place and time.

Second, power relationships explained the twin forces of agency and structure in urban design processes. This power factor explained differences between different stakeholders and stage of the processes. Third, the four-active place-shaping processes disseminated urban design processes based on the knowing and unknowing place-shaping, and self-conscious and unself-conscious design (Figure 19-top) contra to the linear place-shaping processes (Figure 19-bottom). He argued that although design process is the starting point of the other sub-processes, other processes are equally important or even more important. This paper will be focused on this factor of urban design sub-processes as the distinctions (knowing and unknowing place-shaping, and self-conscious and un-self-conscious design) can be used to elaborate new town masterplanning process complex sets of stakeholders and practices (as Anderson & Law (2015) elaborated).

Contextual Factors & Power Relationships

4 Active Plase-shaping Processes

Conscious Design & Knowing Place-shaping

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Place-shaping Continuum in Ecopark New Town (adapted from Carmona, 2014)

Figure 21. The use of already mature trees (left) (grown in the local tree nursery in Ecopark New Town Hanoi (source: https://media.licdn.com/) Figure 22. Alfresco dining street in Ecopark New Town Hanoi (right) (source: http:// Figure 20. Place-shaping Continuum in Ecopark New Town

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khudothiecopark.vn)

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The unique feature of Ecopark’s four-active place-shaping processes is in the fact that the developer and the manager being the same entity. Hence, the boundary between development and management process become blur.

The Four-Active Place-Shaping Processes in Ecopark New Town Masterplanning First, the design process in Ecopark New Town is done mainly by the master-planner (CPG Consultants since 2005-present) guided by the developer. In relation to Carmona’s place-shaping continuum, the masterplanner is self-consciously use design as the tool to knowingly shape the future of Ecopark New Town.

The two agendas mentioned previously – establishing a vision and creating values are present constantly in the masterplanning process of Ecopark New Town which was regularly amended since 2005 with at least five amendments (CPG Consultants, 2016). The vision developed over time from ‘commercial and tourism urban area’ (2007), ‘liveable community’ (2013), ‘accelerate development’ (2015), ‘leisure hub’ (2017) to ‘knowledge & creative hub’ (2018) (CPG Consultants, 2016). As for the value creation, the masterplan amendments were mainly occurred because of the market demand change as studied by the developer (Dung, 2017).

Second, the development process in Ecopark New Town is done by the developer (Vihajico). The development is done by phased development. The main phasing strategy is to create a mature town in each phase with housing, amenities, and public green as the main offerings (CPG Consultants, 2016). In this strategy, design is un-self-unconsciously used as the tool to knowingly shape the future of places. The un-selfconsciousness can be seen for example in the specific way the developer developed the masterplan as designed by the master-planner e.g., the use of already mature trees (grown in the local tree nursery) for the street-side and public open spaces (Figure 21). The street-side trees are self-consciously designed by the master-planner, but the use of mature trees is un-self-consciously designed by the developer. This example depicts the two common

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sub-processes in the development stage: leading and coordinate i.e., the coordination on the design (street-side trees) by the master-planner and the way it developed (the used of mature trees) by the developer; and the injecting quality i.e., the used of mature trees inject the quality of a mature town as strategized by the developer.

Third, as explained earlier, Ecopark New Town is operated and managed by the subsidiary of the developer i.e., Ecopark PM. Since the developer and the operator are basically the same entity, long-term investment and space controlling are handled while the development process happened hence the two processes are closely intertwined. Example of this occurrence is in one of the main shopping street in the phase one of Ecopark New Town (Figure 22) where the street was developed by the developer and managed by the subsidiary with specific alfresco dining rule that was tailored to boost the business of the developer (Karkal & Surahwadi, 2017).

This condition of the interrelated developer and manager might have possessed problems in the future e.g., the problem of democracy with the occupants which might be obscured by the dominance of the developer (Provoost, 2017).

Lastly, since Ecopark have been implemented and occupied only on the first phase, the space in use is not as significant as the other processes although still possess critical role in the whole urban design process.

Adaptation and appropriation are minimal as mostly are still controlled by the developer/operator. This process need a more thorough observation on how the occupant involved the un-self-conscious design and unknowing place shaping.

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Place-shaping Continuum in Ecopark New Town (adapted from Carmona, 2014)

Figure 23.  Design goal: the need for a unifying element

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... further investigation is needed to find an element to ties all the processes of active place-making together (design, development, management, and space in use).

Design Goal: The Need for a Unifying Element As elaborated, it is valuable to investigate the phenomena of overlooked urban design process in new town masterplanning context with Carmona’s placeshaping continuum urban design process model. Using Carmona’s model helps to understand the dynamic among stakeholders, with the distinction of the knowing and unknowing place-shaping, and self-conscious and un-self-conscious design. For example, as demonstrated in Ecopark New Town Masterplan case study, with the new town developer and the manager being the same institution (subsidiary) the distinction became blur in the development and management process. Although this distinction is sometimes cannot be clearly defined in all the processes (as Anderson & Law (2015) demonstrated), the distinction is still useful when complemented with the understanding of the power relationship among the stakeholders e.g., the power hierarchy among the master-planner, developer, manager, and the user.

Apart from the benefit, the model also possesses a disadvantage partly on the overlooked aspect of urban form (as also mentioned by Ellis (2014)). Although in the study Carmona (2014) demonstrated the model in the context of public spaces in London, the link between the process and the form is not really clear. The question is whether the form of the urban space also affect the urban design process, and if yes how it is affecting the process and how big the influence is. For example, as demonstrated in Ecopark New Town Masterplan case study, the dynamic of the development and the management process because of the developer and

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the manager being the same institution can explain the successful place of one street in the masterplan. But this dynamic does not explain the success in relation to the form of the street itself. Hence, further investigation is needed to find an element to ties all the processes of active place-making together (design, development, management, and space in use). Some of Carmona’s article have mentioned such element e.g., design coding (Carmona, 2009) and design governance (Carmona, 2016, 2017; Barnett, 2017; Lang, 2017). This element will be investigated further in the broader research project.

As for the case study of Ecopark New Town masterplanning, further observation is needed to complement the understanding of the stakeholder dynamic and its relation to the urban form. This observation is needed specifically for the process of space in use i.e., the adaptation and appropriation aspects. These aspects are important in a new town masterplanning context since it is the process where the design, development, and management eventually end up to. This has been demonstrated in other new town studies e.g., Songjiang New Town (Den Hartog, 2010; Keeton, 2011) where some spaces are eventually used as occasional touristic activity (e.g., wedding photography venue) – totally different with what the designer and developer intended.

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3. 2 U R BA N V I TA L I T Y FAC TO R S “...balance between precise guides as Corbusier (1925) proposed, intangible elements as mainstream scholars proposed, and the unplanned as other scholars proposed needed to be further investigate, especially in relation to the design of urban form.”

Urban Vitality through Various Lenses: Systematically Illustrated

Urban Vitality Definition: The Need to Take a Position

In order to systematically investigate the definition of urban vitality through various lenses – from West to East, each idea from each scholar is illustrated using the same base (Figure 24, top-left): architecture, block, street, sidewalk, and open space. By doing this exercise, the ideas are ‘forced’ to be compared. Although this exercise has some limitations, some points can be derived from it:

As elaborated and illustrated, the various definitions of urban vitality from different scholars and context called for this graduation project to take a position in defining its own definition of urban vitality with Zhou (2012) definition as the starting point (people, place, program).

Referring to Montgomery’s (1998) definition ‘...the extent to which a place feels alive or lively’, the keyword is in the term ‘lively’. This term is arguably related closely to the local culture in this case Hanoi and Ecopark. What will be lively for Western cities or even Indonesian cities, might not be the same lively to people in Hanoi. Lively in Hanoi can means sidewalk eating with low seating, or the presence of market seller, or the market itself, or the presence of a lake (as Hanoi is known for its many lakes).

•

Corbusier (1925) has some very precise guides on how to promote his idea of urban vitality/urbanity with figures like ideal building coverage of 15% and pedestrian crossings every 1.2 km while other scholars do not propose such precise figures.

•

Mainstream scholars e.g., Montgomery (1998), Jacobs (1961), Lynch (1960), Cullen (1971), and Gehl (1996) ideas are not focusing on the urban form but more on the intangible elements i.e., activities, people, image, and uses (Figure 24, firstsecond row). However, Gehl (2013) proposed some observation principles in understanding public space and public life instead of precise guides.

•

On the other side, scholars like Crawford (1995), Kim (2012), and Yatmo (2008) focuses more on the everyday activities and the ‘unplanned’ urban form e.g., property right, sidewalk regimes, street vendor, and interaction in the parking lot (Figure 18, last row).

•

In summary, balance between precise guides as Corbusier (1925) proposed, intangible elements as mainstream scholars proposed, and the unplanned as other scholars proposed needed to be further investigate, especially in relation to the design of urban form.

Urban vitality and the liveliness can also be related to the real estate issue which partly contribute to the phenomena of ghost town where the form of the place itself might not be the main problem but more about for example the tenancy, property right, land and real estate speculation, or even related to the condition of local and country-wide economy at that time. Hence, investigating this definition closely from the local perspective from its stakeholders i.e., users, developer, consultants – with still learning from others, will be the key to take a position.

Figure 24. Ecopark masterplan evoluton in relation to urban vitality and urban design process

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Urban Vitality Matrix First, definitions by Zhou (2012): people, place and program are elaborated and expanded further as noted in the table above (Figure 25). Each factor is expanded to certain sets of principles. For example, place factor is expanded to: clear regional position; mixed-used and functional overlap landuse; high density of people; and so on. Each principle is elaborated based on the relation to the three aspects from the masterplanning process i.e., dominant process, power relationships, and context (see Chapter 3.1). Each principle is also elaborated to its quality description, criteria, spatial requirement, case study, and source. This elaboration is important to link and categorized the principles to what actually happened in practice. This table is still work in progress and will be updated along the way.

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Figure 25.  Urban vitality matrix

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Regional Position Mixed-used Landuse High Density of People Accessible Street Network Climate Resilient Transitional Place

PLACE

URBAN VITALITY

design

develop manage use PROCESS

Primary Focus Secondary Focus Tertiary Focus

Project Focuses

Figure 26.  Theoretical framework: urban vitality in the masterplanning process

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As elaborated in the Chapter 1.3, the theoretical framework of this project combines the expanded definition of the spatial aspects of urban vitality: people, place, and program (Zhou, 2012) and the aspects of masterplanning process: context, power and placeshaping processes (Carmona, 2014) as demonstrated in Figure 26. The principles as elaborated in the urban vitality matrix needed to be categorized based on the project primary focus which is the spatial aspect of the urban vitality in the block level (context aspect), in the design process (process aspect) and for the mediumterm intervention (power aspect) (closer to the inner circle in Figure 26).

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PC1

PC2

PC3

PC4

PC5

PC6

PO1

PO2

PO3

PR1

PR2

PR3

Primary Focus

Secondary Focus

Tertiary Focus

All Principles

primary focus secondary focus tertiary focus

This categorization as demonstrated in Figure 27 is useful to see which principles are the most aligned to the project primary focus. Based on this categorization, principles PR3 (Informal Economic Activities); PC2 (Mixed-used and Functional Overlap Landuse); PC3 (High Density of People); PC4 (Legible, Integrated, and Accessible Street Network); and PC5 (Climate Resilient) have the highest importance in compare to other principles. These sets of principle will be the first to be used to do spatial analysis for this graduation project.

Similar to the urban vitality matrix, this categorization is still work in progress and will be updated along the way.

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Figure 27.  Urban vitality principles categorizations

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Phu My Hung (VN)

Song Do (KR)

Tongzhou (CN)

Almere (NL)

Zuidas (NL)

Leidsche Rijn (NL)

Milton Keynes (UK)

Celebration (US)

Punggol (SG)

25 ha

Ecopark (VN)

100 ha

400 ha

Figure 28. Nine new town city centres

Figure 29. Nine new town city centres mainstructure

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Phu My Hung (VN)

Song Do (KR)

Tongzhou (CN)

Almere (NL)

Zuidas (NL)

Leidsche Rijn (NL)

Milton Keynes (UK)

Celebration (US)

Punggol (SG)

Urban Vitality Matrix in Practice In order to test out the urban vitality matrix principles on how they actually used in practice, nine new town city centres are chosen i.e., Phu My Hung (Vietnam); Song Do (South Korea); Tonghzhou (China); Almere (Netherlands); Zuidas (Netherlands); Leidsche Rijn (Netherlands); Milton Keynes (United Kingdom); Celebration (United States); and Punggol (Singapore). These nine cases will be the starting point and will be reduced along the way.

First, to looking at the size of the city centre, almost all the city centres have similarity in the size of approx.

500 m x 1000 m or 50 ha (red square in Figure 28 and 29). This is a good indication for Ecopark city centre as it means that it is comparable.

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Next, the basic structure is analysed to understand the logic positioning of the city centre relative to the surroundings. Eight out of nine new towns city centres have water features adjacent to the centre acted as the attraction. In comparison to Ecopark city centre, relationship to the main infrastructure can be further analysed especially how to deal with big infrastructure cutting through the site. One example from Leidsche Rijn (Netherlands) is considered interesting where the big infrastructure is ‘covered’ with elevated park so that slow traffic movement e.g., pedestrian and cyclist kept to be seamless.

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Figure 30.  Phu My Hung regional positioning (top, source: http://virtual-saigon.net/ Maps/Collection?ID=1245 ) and masterplan (bottom, source: http://www.diathe.com/ tintuc/ban-do-quy-hoach-tong-the-khu-do-thi-moi-phu-my-hung.html

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Urban Vitality in Practice: Phu My Hung (VN) One exampe is taken to demonstrate how the principles are actually used in practice. First, Phu My Hung new town is seen from its positioning in the region. This new town acted as the growth generator of the whole Ho Chi Minh South (Figure 30 top) with growth towards the western direction. This shows a clear regional position (PC1) and how this principle. Then, the masterplan is analysed with the focus on the city centre. As can be seen from the masterplan, the main component of the masterplan is residential uses (surrounding the sitenoted in yellow). Principle of mixed-used and functional overlap (PC2) is used in the city centre area.

Lastly, the city centre is seen from the scale of a block (Figure 31). From this scale, smaller scale principles

like private initative events (PO3) e.g., street market and accessible street network (PC4) are used. The main feature of the city centre is the ‘crescent’ shape with a small lake surrounded by pedestrian oriented development (PC4). Transitional place (PC6) is used while the masterplan is being fully implemented with some of the development plots are temporarily used as parking lots and small parks. In terms of development figures, total plots; plots area,street, and open space ratio; and average plot ratio is calculated to be compared with other city centre.

This kind of analysis will be done in the context of Hanoi and Ecopark city centre which will be elaborated in the next chapter.

Figure 31.  Phu My Hung block scale analysis

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Based on the matrix from the theoretical framework, this chapter is investigating the chosen site: Hanoi and Ecopark New Town through spatial analysis. This analysis will answer three main questions related to the third sub-research question. The three questions are: “How should Ecopark city centre positioned themselves to be vital?”; “How do vital city centres work in Hanoi?”, and “How should vital city centres work in Ecopark?”. The first question is answered by positioning Ecopark in the new town ‘ring’ and the flooding risk area of Hanoi. The second question is answered by benchmarking the vital city centre of Hanoi with the aspect of accessibility. This benchmarking is done using Space Syntax simulation. The result is divided based on the transit coverage (local, neighbourhood, and global). Each location is then being analysed in terms of its spatial quality and how it relates to the vitality of the place. Lastly, the third question is answered by assessing the masterplan designed by the consultant (CPG Consultants). In Ecopark, the three accessible areas (local, neighbourhood, and global) are located inside the city centres. Being in the same area, the block and building typology are designed to be similar. Hence, the key to learn from Hanoi city centres is on how to properly interpret the urban vitality principles to Ecopark city centres.

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PRELIM INARY ANA LYSIS 4 .1 P O S I T I O N I N G 4.2 BENCHMARKING 4 . 3 A SS E SS M E N T 4 .4 A N A LYS I S SU M M A RY

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4 .1 POSITIONING PRINCIPLES

How should Ecopark city centre positioned themselves to be vital?

PC1 - Clear Regional Position

PC5 - Climate Resilient

Positioning: Hanoi New Town ‘Ring’ and Flooding Risk Legend

As mentioned earlier, Hanoi is structured with the development of new town ‘ring’ surrounding the old part of the city (Figure 32). Although Ecopark is not in located in the province of Hanoi, but location-wise Ecopark is part of this new town ‘ring’. As the focus of this graduation project is on the city centre of Ecopark, it is important to first positioned the centre in the context of this new town ‘ring’. This positioning is important since the city centre of Ecopark will need to attract population (for living, working, and recreation) from Hanoi.

Citadel (1010-) Merchant Qurter (1400-) French Quarter (1860-) Inner City Expansion (1950-) Doi Moi Expansions (1987-2004) New Urban Areas (2005-2014) Peri-urban Areas Open Spaces Landuse Flooding Area (2005+Predictions) Riparian Corridor Buffer (4 km) Ecopark

Other than the new town ‘ring’, in the regional scale, Hanoi region is in the risk area of flooding based on historical flood (UNOSAT) and predicted flood (choices. climatecentral.org). Although this study will not focus on the topic of climate resilience, the fact that flooding is and will be a risk and Ecopark is located in the 4-km buffer zone (adjacent to the Red River dike, Figure 32top right) demanded Ecopark to positioned accordingly.

This climate resilience principle will have to be embedded in the design of Ecopark city centre.

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Figure 32. Hanoi city structure and flooding risk (flooding map source: UNOSAT & choices.climatecentral.org)

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Red River

Dike Structure

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PRINCIPLES

Key Map

PC4 - Legible, Integrated, and Accessible Street Network

Distinct Positioning: Accessibility City centre of Ecopark needs to distinct itself with other new town competitors – especially those that are located in the ‘ring’. Most of the new towns in the ‘ring’ (Figure 33) are currently made to be a ‘dormitory’ town – mostly residential uses. Hence, to create a distinct position, Ecopark city centre (as part of Ecopark New Town as a whole) should positioned to be a both ‘dormitory’ and destination town with the mix of live, play, and work activities. In order to do this, Ecopark need to learn from the vital city centres of Hanoi that are already working and provided such mix of activities. This step is deliberately taken to embrace locality instead of learning from international best practice like many of Hanoi new towns have done.

The first step to understand how city centres in Hanoi are working is by seeing the accessibility aspect of it as advocated in the principle PC4 (Legible, Integrated, and Accessible Street Network). Accessibility possess an indirect correlation to the economy of the place – in this case the vitality of the place as put forward by Hiller (1996) as ‘movement economies’. Accessibility can be

analysed using the Space Syntax simulation. One of the factor of accessibility is ‘Choice’ which means how often the street is passed to reach all the segments (in a radius of n) in a road structure (Javadi et al, 2017). High level of choice means that this particular segment of the street is more often in compare to other streets and vice versa.

This aspect is important for the like of commercial uses which depend on the ‘accidental’ visitor which will be higher if the street is passed more often.

Based on the space syntax analysis of Hanoi (Choice aspect, radius=n (global)), streets that have the highest level of choice are the highways (ring-road). This result is logical since highway is naturally used more often to access other part of the city. In relation to the new towns, the one that are located on the western part of the outer ring road with the medium to low Choice level are mostly failing (e.g., Nam An Khanh New Town as investigated by van Fassen (2014), and Lideco New Town). Ecopark on the other hand, is still connected to the high-level of choice streets, hence give Ecopark the advantage position in compare to other new towns.

Figure 33. Space syntax analysis (Choice, R=n) of Hanoi

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...Ecopark need to learn from the vital city centres of Hanoi that are already working and provided such mix of activities. This step is deliberately taken to embrace locality instead of learning from international best practice like many of Hanoi new towns have done.

Legend Choice, R=n High Low Hanoi Centres New Towns Water Features

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4 . 2  BENCHMARKING PRINCIPLES

How do vital city centres work in Hanoi?

PC4 - Legible, Integrated, and Accessible Street Network

Accessibility Factor As mentioned earlier, Ecopark need to learn from vital city centres of Hanoi to understand what defined urban vitality in Hanoi. The next step to do is to analyse where such city centres are located and what kind of transit coverage this city centres are accessible to. This analysis will be done using Space Syntax simulation.

Transit coverage will be defined as the radius of the analysis: radius of 800 m is defined as local accessibility (walkable distance); radius of 2700 m is defined as neighbourhood accessibility (cycling and motorbike distance); and radius of n is defined as global accessibility (driveable distance). Accessibility itself is defined as combination of Choice aspect and Integration aspect.

Choice (closeness) aspect is how often the street is passed to reach all the segments (in a radius of n) in a road structure whilst Integration (betweenness) aspect is how central the particular street is in relation to all other street (in a radius of n) (Javadi et al, 2017). High level of accessibility means that the particular street has a high level of Choice aspect and high level of Integration aspect (bivariate classification).

Highest Integration

Based on the simulation, streets with high accessibility level is expanding as the transit coverage grew: the most locally accessible streets are located around the old town of Hanoi (Figure 34-top); the most block accessible streets are located around the newer part of the old town e.g., the French quarter (Figure 34-middle); and the most globally accessible streets are mainly the highways (ring roads) (Figure 34-bottom). Based on this simulation, the location of the streets with the highest Choice and Integration aspect can be pinpoint accordingly (for each transit coverage) (Figure 34-white squares). Each location will then be analysed in terms of its spatial quality and how it relates to the vitality of the place. This analysis needed based on the notion of how accessibility relates to urban vitality.

MedHigh

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Bivariate classification of Accessibility factor

Legend Accessibility, R = various High Low Ecopark Boundary

Figure 34.  Accessibility analysis of Hanoi city centres

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most accessible street

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...High level of accessibility means that the particular street has a high level of Choice aspect and high level of Integration aspect (bivariate classification)

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PO1 (Social Composition) PR3 (Informal Economic Activities)

PRINCIPLES

PC4 (Accessible Street Network) PO2 (People Presence)

Hanoi CIty Centre R=800 m

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Local Accessibility Based on the accessibility analysis, streets with the highest accessibility in the local transit coverage (R=800 m) is the Cau Go street in the Old Quarter District on the northern part of Hoan Kiem Lake (Figure 35 & 36). In this preliminary analysis, the basic spatial parameter i.e., density, coverage, plots are analysed inside the area of 300 m to 350 m (Figure 35-top). This parameter is useful to get the first understanding of the area in relation to the urban vitality (which principles are visible) and to be comparable to other areas. The high number of plots and high percentage of building coverage are what distinct in this area which happened because of the long and incremental development that had happened here in the Old Quarter district (as far as the year 1400).

This area consists of mainly shophouse typology in the small and narrow plots. This typology ensures the mixed of uses (PC2), high density (PC3) and variety of people (PO1) inside the building. People presence (PO2) happened because of the presence of tourists attracted to this area (to Hoan Kiem Lake and the Old Quarter).

Lastly, informal economic activities (PR3) happened in the narrow streets in front of the building. All of these principles constitute the liveliness of the place. Detailed investigation will be done further through on-site observation.

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Figure 35.  Block with the highest local accessibility level

Figure 36.  Local accessibility map

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Key Map Citadel Old Quarter

Cao Go Street

Hoan Kiem Lake

Red River

Local Accessibility, R = 800 m

French Quarter

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Development Statistic

Accessibility, R = 800 m

Block Area : 10.5 ha Total Plots : 350

High Low

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Plots Coverage : 63% Street Coverage : 20% Open Space Coverage : 17%

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PC3 (High Density of People) PC2 (Mixed-used and Functional Overlap Landuse)

PRINCIPLES

PC4 (Accessible Street Network) PR1 (Public Provision)

Hanoi CIty Centre R=2700 m

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Neighbourhood Accessibility Based on the accessibility analysis, streets with the highest accessibility in the neighbourhood transit coverage (R=2700 m) is the Trang Thi street in the French Quarter District on the southern part of Hoan Kiem Lake (Figure 37 & 38). In comparison to the local accessible area (R=800 m), the Floor Area Ratio (FAR) and the building coverage (COV) are lower but the Height Index (HEI) is higher. The lower COV and FAR happened because of the added tower typology that can distribute the floor area vertically in comparison to the shophouse typology. In comparison to the local accessible area, the shape of the blocks is more regular (grid, around 100 m width) with the influence from the French colonization (1900s).

With this typology (grid & mix of towers and mid-rise buildings), big public uses (PR1) like hospital, theatre, and government offices are possible to be accommodated.

The mix of uses (PC2) and high density (PC3) can also be accommodated with lower building coverage. With wider road reserve (mainly East-West direction), the informal economic activity is not as high as the local accessible area but still exist e.g., street parking. Liveliness of the place mainly visible in the narrower street (mainly NorthSouth). Detailed investigation will be done further through on-site observation.

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Figure 37.  Block with the highest neighbourhood accessibility level

Figure 38.  Neighbourhood accessibility map

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Key Map Citadel Old Quarter

Hoan Kiem Lake

Trang Thi Street

Red River

Neighbourhood Accessibility, R = 2700 m

French Quarter

Legend

Development Statistic

Accessibility, R = 2700 m

Block Area : 10.5 ha Total Plots : 93

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Average Floor Area Ratio (FAR) Average Building Coverage (COV) Height Index (HEI)

Focus Area

: 2.9 : 34% : 6.0

Plots Coverage : 71% Street Coverage : 25% Open Space Coverage : 1%

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PC4 (Accessible Street Network) PC1 (Regional Position)

PRINCIPLES

PC2 (Mixed-use and Functional Overlap) PC3 (High Density of People) PR 2 (Market-driven Economic Activities)

office tower

residential tower

highway flyover

Hanoi CIty Centre R=n

AON Hanoi Landmark Tower Tallest tower in Vietnam 72 floors

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Global Accessibility Based on the accessibility analysis, streets with the highest accessibility in the global transit coverage (R=n) is the Pham Hung Road along the CT20 highway (western outer ring-road) (Figure 38 & 39). In comparison to the local and neighbourhood accessible area, the Floor Area Ratio (FAR) and the Height Index (HEI) are higher (FAR 10 and HEI 21.4) mainly because of the relatively tall towers (72 floors, tallest tower in Vietnam). With high HEI, the building coverage is concurrently low which is used for larger (private) open spaces. Road reserve is also wider with highway fly-over included inside the road reserve.

Building typology is a podium + tower type, with mix of uses (PC2) in the podium including parking. The high tower ensures high density of people (PC3) in the area especially the mix between office tower and residential tower. The distinct principle of this area is a clear regional position (PC1) and the market-driven economic activities as the new CBD of Hanoi. The adjacency to the highway and high towers explained these two principles. In terms of liveliness, since the road reserve is relatively wider and most of the area are privatised, the liveliness is lower. Most of the activities are located inside the plot especially inside the building. Detailed investigation will be done further through on-site observation.

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AON Hanoi Landmark Tower

Figure 39.  Block with the highest globall accessibility level

Figure 40.  Global accessibility map

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Key Map

Pham Hung Road

Global Accessibility, R = n

CT20 Highway

Legend

Development Statistic

Accessibility, R = n

Block Area : 10.5 ha Total Plots : 8

High Low

Average Floor Area Ratio (FAR) Average Building Coverage (COV) Height Index (HEI)

Focus Area

: 10 : 30% : 21.4

Plots Coverage : 65% Street Coverage : 29% Open Space Coverage : 6%

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4 . 3  A SS E SS M E N T

How should vital city centres work in Ecopark?

Key Map

Hanoi City Centres & Ecopark City Centres After understanding how city centres in Hanoi work using accessibility analysis in Space Syntax simulation, the next step is to compare it to the city centres of Ecopark based on the design by the masterplanner (CPG Consultants). The design of the masterplan is amended periodically with the latest amendment on 2016. With the same parameter, accessibility analysis is done for Ecopark city centres based on the latest design.

Based on the analysis, the main difference between Hanoi and Ecopark city centres is in the fact that the location between different accessible areas. In Hanoi, the three accessible areas (local, neighbourhood and global) are located in relatively different part of the city (Old Quarter, French Quarter, and New CBD) (Figure 41left column) with very distinct different in the block and building typology. While in Ecopark, the three accessible areas are located inside the city centres (Figure 41-right column). Being in the same area, the block and building typology are designed to be similar. Hence, the key to learn from Hanoi city centres is on how to properly interpret the urban vitality principles to Ecopark city centres.

Key Map

Legend Accessibility, R = various High Low Focus Area Key Map

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Figure 41.  Hanoi city centres (left) and Ecopark city centres (right)

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Hanoi City Centre

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Global Accessibility, R = n

Neighbourhood Accessibility, R = 2700 m

Local Accessibility, R = 800 m

Waterfront Park PO3 (Private Initative Events)

Total Plots Average Floor Area Ratio (FAR) Average Building Coverage (COV) Height Index (HEI)

PC4 (Accessible Street)

:7 : 6.4 : 19% : 13.7

PR1 (Public Provision) PC4 (Accessible Street)

Transport Hub

Total Plots Average Floor Area Ratio (FAR) Average Building Coverage (COV) Height Index (HEI)

:9 : 10 : 27% : 14.9

PC1 (Clear Regional Position) PC4 (Accessible Street)

Fly-over

Golf Course Total Plots Average Floor Area Ratio (FAR) Average Building Coverage (COV) Height Index (HEI)

:5 : 5.6 : 15% : 16.9

Figure 42.  Ecopark city centres (top-bottom): local accessibility, neighbourhood accessibility, global accessibility

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Office FAR = 10

Residential- Highrise FAR = 6

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Hospital

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Commercial FAR = 4.5

As explained earlier, the three accessible areas in Ecopark (local, neighbourhood, and global) are located inside the city centres and designed to be similar (Figure 42 (top-bottom): local accessibility, neighbourhood accessibility, global accessibility). The typical block typology is rectangular in a grid structure (with length of 110-120 m (North-South) and width of 100 m (WestEast)). The typical building typology is podium with tower on top of the podium, similar to the Hanoi global accessible area.

Office FAR = 10

Office FAR = 10

Office FAR = 10 Office FAR = 12

Golfcourse

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Residential- Highrise FAR = 6

Global Accessibility, R = n

Ecopark City Centres: Three-fold Accessibility in Cluster

Civic Use FAR = 2.5

The main feature in these areas are the road reserve variations and the open space variations. In the local accessible area (Figure 42-top), the main feature is the big waterfront park (planned to cater big private initiative events (P03)) on the western side. The interesting part is that the most accessible street is not the one directly adjacent to the park but the one inside the block. In the neighbourhood accessible area (Figure 42-middle), the main feature is the transit hub and offices surrounding it (link with bridges). In the Global accessible area (Figure 42-bottom), the main feature is the fly-over (which has clear regional position (PC1) as a road-through to Hung Yen province) in the middle and the golf course on the eastern side.

The main assessment to be made is to criticize how by still being in the same location, the block and building typology can give the varieties of activities and uses similar to what happened in Hanoi city centres.

Residential- Highrise FAR = 6 ResidentialHighrise FAR = 6

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Ecopark City Centre R=800

Hanoi City Centre R=800

Ecopark City Centre R=2700

Hanoi City Centre R=2700

Ecopark City Centre R=n

Hanoi City Centre R=n

Hanoi City Centres & Ecopark City Centres: Block Scale Next, direct comparison between Ecopark city centres is done (Figure 43). In terms of vitality principles, the two centres used similar kind of principles e.g. mixed use and functional overlap (PC2), high density of people (PC3), and accessible street (PC3). Despite the used of similar principles, the interpretation in the urban form is fairly different.

The major difference can be seen for example in the local accessible area (R=800 m) (Figure 43-top). The block and building typology are drastically different e.g., the number of plots inside the 300x350 m area (Ecopark has 7 while Hanoi has 350 plots); building coverage (19% Ecopark and 50% Hanoi); although the FAR is not that different (6.4 Ecopark and 4.3 Hanoi). Similar things happened in the neighbourhood accessible area

(R=2700 m)(Figure 43-middle). Although the building and block typology is similar (grid, and combination of mid-rise and high-rise), some figures are fairly different e.g., the total plots (Ecopark 9, Hanoi 93); FAR (Ecopark 10, Hanoi 2.9).

The opposite happened in the global accessible area (R=n) (Figure 43-bottom) where the figures are fairly higher in Hanoi city centre e.g., the FAR (Ecopark 5.6, Hanoi 10); and HEI (Ecopark 16.9, Hanoi 21.4). In this area, the presence of fly-over road shows the similar principle of clear regional position (PC1) as the through road. In short, as mentioned earlier, the key is to learn from Hanoi city centres is on how to properly interpret the urban vitality principles to Ecopark city centres.

Figure 43.  Ecopark city centres (left) and Hanoi city centres (right)

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Hanoi City Centre

Local Accessibility, R = 800 m

Ecopark City Centre

:7 : 6.4 : 19% : 13.7

Total Plots Average Floor Area Ratio (FAR) Average Building Coverage (COV) Height Indext (HEI)

: 350 : 4.3 : 50% : 5.4

Total Plots Average Floor Area Ratio (FAR) Average Building Coverage (COV) Height Index (HEI)

:9 : 10 : 27% : 14.9

Total Plots Average Floor Area Ratio (FAR) Average Building Coverage (COV) Height Index (HEI)

: 93 : 2.9 : 34% : 6.0

Total Plots Average Floor Area Ratio (FAR) Average Building Coverage (COV) Height Index (HEI)

:5 : 5.6 : 15% : 16.9

Total Plots Average Floor Area Ratio (FAR) Average Building Coverage (COV) Height Index (HEI)

:8 : 10 : 30% : 21.4

Global Accessibility, R = n

Neighbourhood Accessibility, R = 2700 m

Total Plots Average Floor Area Ratio (FAR) Average Building Coverage (COV) Height Index (HEI)

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4 .4 A N A L AYS I S SU M M A RY Clear Positioning: New Town Ring and Flooding Risk

POSI TION ING

City centre of Ecopark needs to distinct itself with other new town competitors – especially those that are located in the new town ‘ring’. This distinct position can be made through being a both ‘dormitory’ and destination town with the mix of live, play, and work activities. In order to do this, Ecopark need to learn from the vital city centres of Hanoi that are already working and provided such mix of activities. Apart from that, the distinction can be made through responding to the risk of flood in Hanoi. Climate resilience principle needed to be embedded in the design of Ecopark city centre.

Benchmark: Accessibility

BENCH MARKING

Hanoi city centres are used as benchmark to understand what spatial quality defined a vital city centre for Ecopark. The first step in benchmarking is to analyse where Hanoi vital city centres are located and what kind of transit coverage this city centres are accessible to using Space Syntax simulation.

Accessibility itself is defined as combination of Choice aspect and Integration aspect. The result is divided based on the transit coverage (local, neighbourhood, and global). Each location is then being analysed in terms of its spatial quality and how it relates to the vitality of the place.

Assessment: Ecopark City Centre and Hanoi City Centre

ASSES SMENT

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After understanding how city centres in Hanoi work using accessibility analysis in Space Syntax simulation, the next step is to compare it to the city centres of Ecopark. Based on the analysis, the main difference between Hanoi and Ecopark city centres is in the fact that the location between different accessible areas. In Ecopark, the three accessible areas are located inside the city centres. Being in the same area, the block and building typology are designed to be similar. Hence, the key to learn from Hanoi city centres is on how to properly interpret the urban vitality principles to Ecopark city centres.

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Based on the spatial analysis, preliminary design is proposed in this chapter. First, visioning of Ecopark New Town city centres is done. Based on the positioning, benchmarking, and assessment, Ecopark New Town city centre is envisioned to be the centre for mixes of live, work, and play activities for people in Hanoi, Ecopark and Hung Yen that embrace locality by taking inspiration from vital Hanoi city centres. Then, based on the vision, one scenario-based urban design is proposed. The scenario is to simulate this porousness using Space Syntax simulation.

The intention is to seek which block that needs this porousness the most by seeing the level of Choice (how often such street is passed by). Based on the scenario simulation, it can be said that additional connections (in the open spaces and through block) are needed to make the main street more likely to be accidently passed by. Then, design governance as the unifying element of the four processes is elaborated. The idea is to see urban design not exclusively only in the ‘design’ process but as a continuum – of place-shaping. Lastly, the necessary next steps to complete this graduation projects are listed.

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PRELIM INARY DESIGN 5.1 V I S I O N I N G 5. 2 S C E N A R I O - BA S E D U R BA N D E S I G N 5. 3 D E S I G N I N P RO C E SS

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The main idea is to juxtapose the principles of Hanoi vital city centres from various point of views i.e., local, neighbourhood and global and envisioned the qualities to be represented in Ecopark city centres. Instead of being a standardized new town product, city centre of Ecopark will be a familiar yet attractive urban fabric for people of Hanoi and Hung Yen.

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5.1 VISIONING Based on the positioning, benchmarking, and assessment, Ecopark New Town city centre is envisioned to be the centre for mixes of live, work, and play activities for people in Hanoi, Ecopark and Hung Yen that embrace locality by taking inspiration from vital Hanoi city centres.

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Figure 44. Ecopark city centre vision

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5. 2 S C E N A R I O - BA S E D U R BA N D E S I G N

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R800 - Through Block Accessibility One possible scenario is by taking the inspiration of the block porousness of Hanoi city centres (mainly in the local accessible area (R=800 m, see Chapter 4.2).

The main feature of the porousness is the presence of a service road and through block circulation. Hence, the first scenario is to simulate this porousness using Space Syntax simulation. The intention is to seek which block that needs this porousness the most by seeing the level of Choice (how often such street is passed by). The higher the Choice level, the more necessary the through block is.

Legend Choice R=800 High Low

Figure 45. Scenario 1 - Porousness simulation

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Figure 46. Learning from Hanoi city centre R800

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All results

City centre area

City centre area

Top five results

Top five results

Main street

Main street

All results

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Original design

City centre area

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Legend Choice, R=800 m High Low

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R800 – Porosity Simulation

Main street

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City centre area

Added connections in the open spaces and through block

To simulate porousness in Space Syntax, three criteria are made i.e., original design (as designed by the consultant) (Figure 47-top left); added connections only in the open spaces area (Figure 47-top middle); and added connections in the open spaces and through block (Figure 47-top right). The next step is to then isolate the top five results for each scenario. By doing this isolation, the streets with the highest Choice level can be identified.

In the first two scenarios, the streets with the highest Choice level are barely in the city centre area. It means that for the radius of 800 m (walking distance), the city centre is not likely being accidently passed by (related to Choice level, see Chapter 4.1). If this happened the city centre will not be vital (related to accessibility principle as part of the urban vitality principles).

The third scenario on the other hand, shows that the top five results are located in the city centre area (Figure 47-bottom right). It means that the additional connections (in the open spaces and through block) helped the main street more likely to be accidently passed by. This main street is designed by the consultant to be ‘the’ main pedestrian street. Hence for this to happened, it can be said that enough additional connections (in the open spaces and through block) are needed.

Figure 47. Porousness simulation (left-right): original dessign, added connections in the open spaces area, and added connections in the open spaces and through block

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Design

Development

Design through Phases As mentioned earlier (see Chapter 2.3 & 3.1), the intended end product of this graduation project is a unifying element of the four masterplanning processes adapted from Carmona (2014) urban design processes: design, development, space in use, and management.

The idea is to see urban design not exclusively only in the ‘design’ process but as a continuum – of place-shaping.

Hence, the idea of design governance (Carmona, 2016;2017) is used.

Design governance here is used in alignment with the scenario-based urban design. Based on the preliminary analysis, one of the scenario is R800 – porousness

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simulation. The scenario encouraged the ide of through block connections to increase the likeliness of the main street to be accidently passed by. Hence, the task of the design governance is how this principle is kept along the masterplanning process.

As illustrated in Figure 48, the scenario is produced in the design process by the consultant (presumably this research) where knowing place-shaping and selfconscious design happened. Then the scenario is being developed by the developer in the development process where knowing place-shaping and un-self-conscious design happened. This un-self-conscious design needed

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5. 3   D E S I G N I N P RO C E SS, P RO C E SS I N D E S I G N

Space in Use

some sort of design governance in order to make sure the principle is being developed. The design governance on this phase can be in a form of development guideline that has to be abide by the developer of each development plot.

After being developed, this scenario will be used by the users of each development plots. This phase is where unknowing place-shaping and un-self-conscious design happened which need different kind of design governance. The form of design governance of this phase can be related to guideline on how to appropriate the place. Lastly, the developed scenario will need to

Management

be managed by the manager/operator. This phase is where unknowing place shaping and self-conscious design happened which need a different kind of design governance. The design governance can be in the form of guideline for redeveloping the through connections which need to be conveyed to different users.

These design governances needed to be further elaborated for them to be applied in each phase. This is just a demonstration on how the scenario turn into design in process, and process in design.

Figure 48.  Design in process, process in design phases

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s ou m fa s? i in et no stre Ha k e ar os op f? ap c ti xt o E ha n j u t s t W ca tree e W tal s vi

Next Step #1

Next Step #2

To do a site survey and stakeholder engagement to understand what actually happened on the ground.

The site survey will be held using methodology of public life studies developed by Gehl Institute/Gehl Architect.

To evaluate the urban vitality principle matrix based on the comparative studies and site analysis. Choose only the principles that are unique to Hanoi and Ecopark context.

Next Step #3

Next Step #4

To expand the spatial analysis to the other principle of urban vitality (until now the analysis is only on the aspect of accessibility i.e., Space Syntax simulation).

To explore other kind of scenario-based urban design in alliance with the design governance. This will be proceeded to research by design taken into account the lesson from site survey and stakeholder engagement.

6 APPENDIX 6 .1 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Anderson, A., & Law, L. (2015). Putting Carmona’s Placeshaping Continuum to use in research practice. Journal of Urban Design, 20(5), 545-562. doi:10.1080/13574809.2015.

1071656 Banerjee, T., & Loukaitou-Sideris, A. (2011). Companion to urban design: Routledge.

Barnett, J. (2017). Can we extend design governance to the big urban design decisions? Journal of Urban Design, 22(1), 37-39. doi:10.1080/13574809.2016.1274537 Bell, D. (2005). The emergence of contemporary masterplans: property markets and the value of urban design.

Journal of Urban Design, 10(1), 81-110.

Bell, J. S., & Loukaitou-Sideris, A. (2014). Sidewalk Informality: An Examination of Street Vending Regulation in China. International Planning Studies, 19(3-4), 221-243. doi:10 .1080/13563475.2014.880333 Bentley, I. (1998). Urban design as an anti-profession.

URBAN DESIGN-LONDON THEN ABINGDON--, 15-15.

Calabrese, L. M., Qu, L., & Van Faassen, W. (2015). ReFraming Resilient Urbanism. A Smart Alternative to Generic New Towns Development in South-East Asia: The Case of Hanoi (Vietnam). Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 8th Conference of the International Forum Urbanism, Incheon, Korea, 22–24 June 2015.

Canter, D. (1977). The psychology of place.

Carmona, M. (2009). Design coding and the creative, market and regulatory tyrannies of practice. Urban Studies, 46(12), 2643-2667.

Carmona, M. (2014). The place-shaping continuum: A theory of urban design process. Journal of Urban Design, 19(1), 2-36.

Carmona, M. (2016). Design governance: theorizing an urban design sub-field. Journal of Urban Design, 21(6), 705730.

Carmona, M. (2017). The formal and informal tools of design governance. Journal of Urban Design, 22(1), 1-36.

Carmona, M., de Magalhaes, C., & Edwards, M. (2002).

What value urban design? Urban Design International, 7(2), 6381.

Carmona, M., De Magalhaes, C., & Edwards, M. (2002).

Stakeholder views on value and urban design. Journal of Urban Design, 7(2), 145-169.

Consultants, C. (2016). Ecopark Masterplan Revision: Van Giang Commercial and Tourism Urban Development (Ecopark) 2016 Master Plan Revision Scale 1/500.

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Den Hartog, H. (2010). Shanghai new towns: searching for community and identity in a sprawling metropolis: 010 Publishers.

Dick, H. W., & Rimmer, P. J. (1998). Beyond the third world city: the new urban geography of South-east Asia. Urban Studies, 35(12), 2303-2321.

Ellis, C. (2014). Process and Principles in Urban Design.

Journal of Urban Design, 19(1), 47-48. doi:10.1080/1357480 9.2014.854680 Firman, T., & Fahmi, F. Z. (2017). The Privatization of Metropolitan Jakarta’s (Jabodetabek) Urban Fringes: The Early Stages of “Post-Suburbanization” in Indonesia. Journal of the American Planning Association, 83(1), 68-79.

Geertman, S. (2003). Who will build the Vietnamese City in the 21st century? Globalization and tradition in land and housing in Hanoi. The Journal of Comparative Asian Development, 2(1), 169-190.

Geertman, S. S. (2007). The self-organizing city in Vietnam: processes of change and transformation in housing in Hanoi.

Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Gehl, J. (2011). Life between buildings: using public space: Island Press.

Gehl, J. (2013). Cities for people: Island press.

Gehl, J., & Svarre, B. (2013). How to study public life: Island Press.

Hillier, B. (1996). Cities as movement economies. Urban Design International, 1(1), 41-60.

Inam, A. (2002). Meaningful urban design: teleological/ catalytic/relevant. Journal of Urban Design, 7(1), 35-58.

Jacobs, J. (1961). The Death and life of great american cities.

Javadi, A.-H., Emo, B., Howard, L. R., Zisch, F. E., Yu, Y., Knight, R., . . . Spiers, H. J. (2017). Hippocampal and prefrontal processing of network topology to simulate the future. Nature Communications, 8, 14652.

Keeton, R. (2011). Rising in the East: Contemporary New Towns in Asia: International New Town Institute, SUN. Kim, A. M. (2012). The Mixed-Use Sidewalk. Journal of the American Planning Association, 78(3), 225-238. doi:10.1080/0 1944363.2012.715504 Labbe, D., & Boudreau, J.-A. (2011). Understanding the causes of urban fragmentation in Hanoi: the case of new urban areas. International Development Planning Review, 33(3), 273291.

Labbe, D., Collin, J.-P., & Boudreau, J.-A. (2010). Facing the urban transition in Hanoi: recent urban planning issues and initiatives: INRS Centre-Urbanisation Culture Societe.

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Lang, J. (2014). Comments on ‘The Place Shaping Continuum: A Theory of Urban Design Process’. Journal of Urban Design, 19(1), 41-43. doi:10.1080/13574809.2014.85 4681 Lang, J. (2017). The generic and the specific in urban design. Journal of Urban Design, 22(1), 39-41. doi:10.1080/13 574809.2016.1274538 Lang, J. T. (2005). Urban design: A typology of procedures and products: Routledge.

Leaf, M. (2015). New urban frontiers: Periurbanization and (re) territorialization in Southeast Asia. The Design of Frontier Spaces: Control and Ambiguity, 193-212.

Lim, W. S. (2013). Public space in urban Asia: World Scientific.

Luan, T. D. (2014). Living In\“New Urban Areas”: Towards Sustainable Urban Communities In Hanoi, Vietnam. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 181, 333-344.

Madanipour, A. (2006). Roles and challenges of urban design. Journal of Urban Design, 11(2), 173-193.

Marshall, S. (2012). Science, pseudo-science and urban design. Urban Design International, 17(4), 257-271.

Montgomery, J. (1998). Making a city: Urbanity, vitality and urban design. Journal of Urban Design, 3(1), 93-116. doi:10.1080/13574809808724418 Nations, U. (2014). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Highlights. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division, United Nations.

Provoost, M., Keeton, R., & Gerson, T. (2010). New towns for the 21st century: the planned vs. the unplanned city: Uitgeverij Boom/SUN. Punter, J. (1991). Participation in the design of urban space. Landscape Design, 200(1), 24-27.

Robinson, I. M. (2011). Mega Urban Regions of Southeast Asia: UBC Press.

Quality: An International Journal, 15(3), 337-338.

Uy, P. D., & Nakagoshi, N. (2008). Application of land suitability analysis and landscape ecology to urban greenspace planning in Hanoi, Vietnam. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 7(1), 25-40. van Faassen, W. D. F. (2014). Flexibility: an alternative development strategy in new urban areas in Hanoi. Retrieved from repository.tudelft.nl: Vien, T. D., Quang, N. V., & Van Dung, N. (2005). Ruralurban land use changes in peri-urban Hanoi. Hanoi, The Hague: Hanoi Agricultural University and Wageningen University and Research Centre.

Vinh Hung, H., Shaw, R., & Kobayashi, M. (2007). Flood risk management for the RUA of Hanoi: importance of community perception of catastrophic flood risk in disaster risk planning.

Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 16(2), 245-258.

Winarso, H., Hudalah, D., & Firman, T. (2015). Peri-urban transformation in the Jakarta metropolitan area. Habitat International, 49, 221-229.

Yatmo, Y. A. (2008). Street Vendors as ‘Out of Place’ Urban Elements. Journal of Urban Design, 13(3), 387-402. doi:10.1080/13574800802320889 Zhou, J. (2012). Urban Vitality in Dutch and Chinese New Towns: A Comparative Study Between Almere and Tongzhou: TU Delft.

Interviews: Dung, N. D. (2017, October 25) /Interviewer: R. A. Pradana.

Karkal, K., & Suhrawadi, F. A. (2017, December 4) / Interviewer: R. A. Pradana.

Provoost, M. (2017, October 23rd) /Interviewer: R. A. Pradana.

Roy, A. (2005). Urban Informality: Toward an Epistemology of Planning. Journal of the American Planning Association, 71(2), 147-158. doi:10.1080/01944360508976689 Shirvani, H. (1985). The urban design process: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.

Tran, H. A. (2015). Urban space production in transition: The cases of the new urban areas of Hanoi. Urban Policy and Research, 33(1), 79-97.

Tunas, D. (2008). The spatial economy in the urban informal settlement.

Un-Habitat. (2004). The challenge of slums: global report on human settlements 2003. Management of Environmental

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6 . 2 T H EO RY PA P E R

Preliminary Investigation of New Town Masterplanning Process Through the Lenses of Carmona’s Place Shaping Continuum Model: A Case Study of Ecopark New Town Masterplanning, Hanoi

Abstract – New town masterplanning as part of urban design field has minimum spotlight on the study of its process. Particularly in Asian new towns, there are phenomena of overlooked process and diluted values along the new town masterplanning process. Responding to such phenomena, this article investigates new town masterplanning projects with Carmona’s Place-shaping Continuum urban design process model to explore the model’s applicability in the new town masterplanning field. The investigation is done based on a case study of masterplanning project: Ecopark New Town, Hanoi, Vietnam. Place-shaping Continuum urban design process model by Carmona is as expected, fitted with the masterplanning processes. The case study showed the interrelated relationship between each phase of urban design process (design, development, management, and space in use) specifically the relation between dynamic among the stakeholders and the new town masterplanning process. Lastly, this article suggests for further investigation to explore an element to ties all the processes of active place-making together.

Key words – New Town; Masterplanning; Place-shaping Continuum; Urban Design Process; Hanoi

1 INTRODUCTION Urban design as a field of practice has been praised and criticized as many things such as; an integrative force (Bentley, 1998); pseudo-scientific field (Marshal, 2012); a mongrel discipline, too focused on ends rather than means (Carmona, 2014), ‘an on-going long-term process intertwined with social and political mechanisms’ (Inam, 2002), and so on. One of the ongoing discussion about urban design is regarding the components of urban design process, mainly discoursing on how urban design is actually implemented. Matthew Carmona as one of the front-runner of the discussion, put forward some aspects of urban design process e.g., urban design value (Carmona, De Magalhães & Edwards, 2002); stakeholder views in urban design (Carmona, De Magalhães & Edwards, 2002); design coding (Carmona, 2009); design governance (Carmona, 2016, 2017; Barnett, 2017; Lang, 2017); and place-shaping continuum (Carmona, 2014). In the discourse of urban design as the place-shaping continuum, Carmona (2014) argued that one of the main problem of urban design as a field of practice is that urban design projects are rarely subjected to post-occupancy review and almost never a systematic view of the whole process. Most studies focus on either part of the whole process (as Carmona (2014) suggested: design, development, management, or use of space) and not to the relationship to the final design outcome (Banerjee & Loukaitou-Sideris, 2011).

New town masterplanning, as part of the urban design field (Lang, 2005), has arguably even less spotlight in the

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study of its process especially in the Global South (see Bell, 2005; Den Hartog, 2010; Keeton, 2011; Provoost, Keeton & Gerson, 2010; Zhou, 2012). These studies showed that there is a tendency for the master-planners to overlook the processes apart from the design process.

This tendency can be seen for example in Chinese new towns, where the master-planners are led by international consultants (mainly European/ American) accompanied by local consultants. These international consultants are expected to export their best practice to the local context, resulting in the ‘copycat’ new town phenomena e.g., Holland Village (Shanghai), Thames Town (Shanghai), Mini Paris (Tianducheng), etc. The intended values from the ‘exported’ best practice tend to be diluted along the whole process (e.g., Thames New Town (Den Hartog, 2010, p.118)) especially because of the complexity in the stakeholder dynamic along the process (e.g., Song Do New Town (Keeton, 2011, p. 314)). Hence, there is a need to understand this phenomena of overlooked process and diluted values in new town masterplanning process with certain framework that consider the relation between dynamic among the stakeholders and the masterplanning process.

Align with other researches and commentaries related to Carmona’s place-shaping continuum (Lang, 2014; Elis, 2014; Anderson & Law, 2015), this article is trying to investigate the stated phenomena in the new town masterplanning projects with Carmona’s Placeshaping Continuum urban design process model (design process, development process, management process,

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and space in use) to explore the model’s applicability in the new town masterplanning field. The investigation will be done based on a case study of masterplanning project of Ecopark New Town Hanoi, Vietnam. This case study is chosen aligned with this article being part of a broader research project about performing masterplanning to make a vital new town. This article will not propose new model of urban design process, although suggestion to Carmona’s urban design process model will be added based on the new town masterplanning case study.

First, urban design process models will be elaborated and investigated in relation to Carmona’s urban design process model. Then, Carmona’s placeshaping continuum urban design process model will be investigated in terms of its components. Next, other interpretations of Carmona’s model by other scholars will be elaborated. Based on the interpretations and understanding of Carmona’s model, case study of Ecopark New Town masterplanning will be investigated.

Some interviews with the master-planners were held to complement the investigation. Finally, lesson learnt and suggestion from this article will be discussed in the discussion and conclusion chapters.

2 URBAN DESIGN PROCESS MODELS Apart from Carmona (2014), urban design process model has been discussed by many scholars e.g., Shirvani (1985), Lang (2005), and Madanipour (2006).

Shirvani (1985) broke down urban design processes into its components i.e., physical, human and natural dimension; design process, criteria, and products; and administrative, legal, and financial implementations.

Similarly, Lang (2005) elaborated urban design process with a model of the rational urban designing process comprises from perception of problems to postimplementation evaluation (Lang, 2005, p.26). He rationalized the process into 5 (five) steps: intelligence, design, choice, implementation, and operation. In this sense, the model oversees the process from the point of view of a designer. Complementary to Lang (2005), Madanipour (2006) proposed a model of understanding urban design processes through the lenses of producers, regulators, and users of the built environment and the tensions between these actors. Align with these three scholars, Carmona’s (2014) urban design process model combined the three models: breaking down into its components, seeing it from the lenses of the urban designer, and seeing it from the lenses of other actors i.e., producers, regulators, and users.

2.1 Carmona’s Place-Shaping Continuum Urban Design Process Model Carmona (2014) elaborated urban design process as integrated place-shaping continuum through time incorporating three main factors: contextual factors – the history and traditions of place; power relationships

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between stakeholders; and active place-shaping processes – design, development, management, and space in use (Figure 1). First, the history and traditions of place as the contextual factors claimed that contemporary urban design processes are always related to the history of experience and practice. Hence, the continuum always situated in both place and time.

Second, power relationships explained the twin forces of agency and structure in urban design processes. This power factor explained differences between different stakeholders and stage of the processes. Third, the four-active place-shaping processes disseminated urban design processes based on the knowing and unknowing place-shaping, and self-conscious and un-self-conscious design (Figure 2). He argued that although design process is the starting point of the other sub-processes, other processes are equally important or even more important. This paper will be focused on this factor of urban design sub-processes as the distinctions (knowing and unknowing place-shaping, and selfconscious and un-self-conscious design) can be used to elaborate new town masterplanning process complex sets of stakeholders and practices (as Anderson & Law (2015) elaborated).

First, design process where ‘design is selfconsciously used as the tool to knowingly shape the future of places’ (Carmona, 2014, p.17). Stakeholders in this process are usually specialist designers e.g., architects, urban designers, landscape designers, and planners.

Examples of agendas in this process are: establishing a vision; making trade-offs; innovating (or not); creating value; and shaping constraints. In relation to new town masterplanning process, examples of agendas that are presumably related are establishing a vision and creating value. The first agenda is related because of the long projection nature of new town masterplanning hence the needs of a vision while the latter is related because of the focus on creating economic value as many new town masterplanning being driven by private developer.

Second, development process where design is unself-consciously used as the tool to knowingly shape the future of places. This process is seen as the means to advance the project from the design process hence the two (design & development) are naturally integrated and iterative (Carmona, 2014, p.20). Five common subprocesses are mentioned by Carmona: leading and coordinate; marshalling resources; negotiating consents; injecting quality; and garnering supports. Leading and coordinate and injecting quality are presumably related closely to new town masterplanning. Firstly, looking at the leading role of the developer in developing the new town masterplan coordinating other stakeholders. Secondly, injecting quality is related as Carmona’s elaborated the two basic forms of role as master-planners who work on larger development project and public space designers who work ‘within the confines of individual spaces already defined by a masterplan’ (Carmona, 2014, p.21) similar with the relationship between new town master-

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Figure 1. Place-shaping continuum (Carmona, 2014)

Figure 2. Sub-processes of urban design (Carmona, 2014)

planners and architects and landscape architects in a new town masterplanning context.

(2015). Lang (2014) argued that there should be a fifth major part to the model (apart from design, development, management and space in use) which is the combination of the management and the project initiation. On the other hand, Ellis (2014) argued that focusing on processes is critical, however the outcome is as important i.e., processes that are accompanied by ‘a pattern language that actually produces high-quality places’ (Ellis, 2014, p.47). His argument is made based on the notion that many of the bad-quality places were actually carefully planned. Lastly, Anderson & Law (2015) elaborated the model from different perspective, in which they tried to apply the model in Cairns (tropical North Australia) to explore the model’s applicability across different cultures and contexts. They focused more on the distinction between knowing urban designers (architects, planning consultants, and landscape designers) and unknowing urban designers (industry representatives, elected officials, and public administrators). The results of Anderson & Law (2015) research are: there is little distinction between knowing and unknowing urban designers hence the classification should not be on the actors but on the place-shaping processes as Carmona (2014) suggested; context elements of place, polity and power are fundamentally important in the application of the model in research practice.

Third, management process where the process involved self-conscious design and unknowing place shaping. This process includes physical changes (e.g., furniture addition, signage, repairs) in urban spaces as self-conscious act of managing the place but the impacts to a larger place shaping context are usually unconsidered (Carmona, 2014, p.26). Five examples of management process are: investing long-term; everyday stewardship; curating place; controlling space; and redevelop/revitalise. Investing long-term and controlling space are presumably closely related to new town masterplanning partly because of the long-term nature of new town masterplanning and the new town management’s power to control the space.

Lastly, space in use where the process involved unself-conscious design and unknowing place shaping.

Carmona (2014, p.22) argued that this stage is not the end of urban design process but instead the stage that continually shape the place with unpredictable outcome.

Based on the observations, uses are defined as: activities; associations; amenities; adaptation; and appropriation.

The two latter definitions are presumably closely related to new town masterplanning as the nature of new town masterplanning to develop a town from scratch there are continuous needs of adapting and appropriating.

2.2 Interpretation of Carmona’s PlaceShaping Continuum Carmona’s place-shaping continuum urban design process model has been interpreted by other scholars e.g., Lang (2014); Elis (2014) and Anderson & Law 96

3 CASE STUDY: ECOPARK NEW TOWN, HANOI, VIETNAM Next, Carmona’s place-shaping continuum urban design process model will be used in new town masterplanning context by case study elaboration. The presumed relation that have been made will be further investigated.

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3.1 Contextual and Power Relationship Factors Ecopark New Town is located in Hung Yen province, just outside the boundary of Hanoi, the capital city of Vietnam. The geodesic distance from Hanoi old town to Ecopark New Town is approximately 10 km. There is one collector road connecting Hanoi’s city loop highway and going through Ecopark New Town. Total area of Ecopark New Town is 500 ha with the target population of 150.000. Ecopark has completed 2 phases of the masterplan each with 50 ha and 64 ha with current population of 9.175 people (CPG Consultants, 2016).

In relation to Carmona’s place-shaping continuum, it is crucial to first consider the history and the tradition of place i.e., the new town masterplanning practice.

Ecopark New Town is chosen as the case study for this paper because it shows some indications of being an anomaly from typical new urban areas in Hanoi.

Similar to many Asian cities, Hanoi experienced major boost in its urban population in recent years, especially since the economic reformations in 1987. Catering to this population boost, Hanoi has put enormous effort to house these populations, mainly rural immigrants (Geertman, 2007; Labbe, Collin & Boudreau, 2010).

Hanoi promoted new kind of development: New Urban Areas (NUA) that are located around the city intertwined with the existing peri-urban areas with more than 152 new urban areas in the areas of more than 444 km2 (Luan, 2014). These new urban areas are characterized by private-led large-scale development, monofunctional, excessive productions and speculations, lack of urban vitality, and lack of flexibility (Calabrese, Qu & van Fassen, 2015). Some studies have been done in relation to this type of development, with focus on the tradition in land and housing (Geertman, 2003); selforganizing development (Geertman, 2007); planned and spontaneous urbanization (Labbe, Collin & Boudreau, 2010); and flexibility as alternative development strategy (van Faassen, 2014). This New Urban Areas (NUA) phenomena is related to the first factor in Carmona’s place-shaping continuum: the history and tradition of place i.e., the local planning practice which is highly influencing the overall urban design process of the masterplan.

The next factor to be consider is the power relationship in the urban design process: the agency and the structure. Ecopark New Town is planned to be a self-sufficient township developed by Vihajico as a private developer and planned by CPG Consultants as the master-planner. The whole township is operated by a subsidiary of the developer: Ecopark PM (Dung, 2017). In this sense, the whole processes from design, development, and management are catered by a private party although there is a planning permit process that is guided by the government before the masterplan can be executed. The planning permit process typically required

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a land use document which is typically different with what will be executed (see Tran, 2015). In summary, the major power is in the hand of the developer with possible influence from the master-planner.

3.2 The Four-Active Place-Shaping Processes in Ecopark New Town Masterplanning First, the design process in Ecopark New Town is done mainly by the master-planner (CPG Consultants since 2005-present) guided by the developer. In relation to Carmona’s place-shaping continuum, the masterplanner is self-consciously use design as the tool to knowingly shape the future of Ecopark New Town.

The two agendas mentioned previously – establishing a vision and creating values are present constantly in the masterplanning process of Ecopark New Town which was regularly amended since 2005 with at least five amendments (CPG Consultants, 2016). The vision developed over time from ‘commercial and tourism urban area’ (2007), ‘liveable community’ (2013), ‘accelerate development’ (2015), ‘leisure hub’ (2017) to ‘knowledge & creative hub’ (2018) (CPG Consultants, 2017). As for the value creation, the masterplan amendments were mainly occurred because of the market demand change as studied by the developer (Dung, 2017).

Second, the development process in Ecopark New Town is done by the developer (Vihajico). The development is done by phased development. The main phasing strategy is to create a mature town in each phase with housing, amenities, and public green as the main offerings (CPG Consultants, 2016). In this strategy, design is un-self-unconsciously used as the tool to knowingly shape the future of places. The un-selfconsciousness can be seen for example in the specific way the developer developed the masterplan as designed by the master-planner e.g., the use of already mature trees (grown in the local tree nursery) for the street-side and public open spaces (Figure 3). The street-side trees are self-consciously designed by the master-planner, but the use of mature trees is un-self-consciously designed by the developer. This example depicts the two common sub-processes in the development stage: leading and coordinate i.e., the coordination on the design (street-side trees) by the master-planner and the way it developed (the used of mature trees) by the developer; and the injecting quality i.e., the used of mature trees inject the quality of a mature town as strategized by the developer.

Third, as explained earlier, Ecopark New Town is operated and managed by the subsidiary of the developer i.e., Ecopark PM. Since the developer and the operator are basically the same entity, long-term investment and space controlling are handled while the development process happened hence the two processes are closely intertwined. Example of this occurrence is in one of the main shopping street in the phase one of Ecopark 97

Figure 3. The use of already mature trees (grown in the local tree nursery in Ecopark New Town Hanoi (Source: https://media.licdn. com/)

Figure 4. Alfresco dining street in Ecopark New Town Hanoi (Source: http://khudothiecopark.vn)

New Town (Figure 4) where the street was developed by the developer and managed by the subsidiary with specific alfresco dining rule that was tailored to boost the business of the developer (Karkal & Surahwadi, 2017).

This condition of the interrelated developer and manager might have possessed problems in the future e.g., the problem of democracy with the occupants which might be obscured by the dominance of the developer (Provoost, 2017).

be clearly defined in all the processes (as Anderson & Law (2015) demonstrated), the distinction is still useful when complemented with the understanding of the power relationship among the stakeholders e.g., the power hierarchy among the master-planner, developer, manager, and the user.

Lastly, since Ecopark have been implemented and occupied only on the first phase, the space in use is not as significant as the other processes although still possess critical role in the whole urban design process.

Adaptation and appropriation are minimal as mostly are still controlled by the developer/operator. This process need a more thorough observation on how the occupant involved the un-self-conscious design and unknowing place shaping.

4 DISCUSSION As elaborated in this article, it is valuable to investigate the phenomena of overlooked urban design process in new town masterplanning context with Carmona’s place-shaping continuum urban design process model.

Using Carmona’s model helps to understand the dynamic among stakeholders, with the distinction of the knowing and unknowing place-shaping, and selfconscious and un-self-conscious design. For example, as demonstrated in Ecopark New Town Masterplan case study, with the new town developer and the manager being the same institution (subsidiary) the distinction became blur in the development and management process. Although this distinction is sometimes cannot

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Apart from the benefit, the model also possesses a disadvantage partly on the overlooked aspect of urban form (as also mentioned by Ellis (2014)). Although in the study Carmona (2014) demonstrated the model in the context of public spaces in London, the link between the process and the form is not really clear. The question is whether the form of the urban space also affect the urban design process, and if yes how it is affecting the process and how big the influence is. For example, as demonstrated in Ecopark New Town Masterplan case study, the dynamic of the development and the management process because of the developer and the manager being the same institution can explain the successful place of one street in the masterplan. But this dynamic does not explain the success in relation to the form of the street itself. Hence, further investigation is needed to find an element to ties all the processes of active place-making together (design, development, management, and space in use). Some of Carmona’s article have mentioned such element e.g., design coding (Carmona, 2009) and design governance (Carmona, 2016, 2017; Barnett, 2017; Lang, 2017). This element will be investigated further in the broader research project.

As for the case study of Ecopark masterplanning, further observation is complement the understanding of the dynamic and its relation to the urban

New Town needed to stakeholder form. This

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observation is needed specifically for the process of space in use i.e., the adaptation and appropriation aspects. These aspects are important in a new town masterplanning context since it is the process where the design, development, and management eventually end up to. This has been demonstrated in other new town studies e.g., Songjiang New Town (Den Hartog, 2010; Keeton, 2011) where some spaces are eventually used as occasional touristic activity (e.g., wedding photography venue) – totally different with what the designer and developer intended.

5 CONCLUSIONS Place-shaping Continuum urban design process model by Carmona (2014) is as expected, fitted with the masterplanning process particularly to understand the phenomena of overlooked urban design process and diluted value. The case study showed the interrelated relationship between each phase of urban design process specifically the relation between dynamic among the stakeholders and the new town masterplanning process. Apart from that, this article suggests for further investigation to find an element to ties all the processes of active place-making together (design, development, management, and space in use) as has been elaborated

by Carmona i.e., design coding (Carmona, 2009) and design governance (Carmona, 2016a, 2016b; Barnett, 2017; Lang, 2017) specific for new town masterplanning.

The investigation of the case study of Ecopark New Town masterplanning will be further investigated in a broader research project.

REFERENCES Anderson, A., & Law, L. (2015). Putting Carmona’s Place-shaping Continuum to use in research practice. Journal of Urban Design, 20(5), 545-562. doi:10.1080/13574809.2015.1071656 Banerjee, T., & Loukaitou-Sideris, A. (2011). Companion to urban design: Routledge.

Barnett, J. (2017). Can we extend design governance to the big urban design decisions? Journal of Urban Design, 22(1), 37-39. doi:1 0.1080/13574809.2016.1274537

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Carmona, M., De Magalhaes, C., & Edwards, M. (2002).

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CPG Consultants (2016). Ecopark Masterplan Revision: Van Giang Commercial and Tourism Urban Development (Ecopark) 2016 Master Plan Revision Scale 1/500.

Den Hartog, H. (2010). Shanghai new towns: searching for community and identity in a sprawling metropolis: 010 Publishers.

Ellis, C. (2014). Process and Principles in Urban Design. Journal of Urban Design, 19(1), 47-48. doi:10.1080/13574809.2014.854680 Geertman, S. (2003). Who will build the Vietnamese City in the 21st century? Globalization and tradition in land and housing in Hanoi.

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Geertman, S. S. (2007). The self-organizing city in Vietnam: processes of change and transformation in housing in Hanoi. Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Inam, A. (2002). Meaningful urban design: teleological/catalytic/ relevant. Journal of Urban Design, 7(1), 35-58.

Keeton, R. (2011). Rising in the East: Contemporary New Towns in Asia: International New Town Institute, SUN. Labbe, D., Collin, J.-P., & Boudreau, J.-A. (2010). Facing the urban transition in Hanoi: recent urban planning issues and initiatives: INRS Centre-Urbanisation Culture Societe.

Lang, J. (2014). Comments on ‘The Place Shaping Continuum: A Theory of Urban Design Process’. Journal of Urban Design, 19(1), 4143. doi:10.1080/13574809.2014.854681 Lang, J. (2017). The generic and the specific in urban design.

Journal of Urban Design, 22(1), 39-41. doi:10.1080/13574809.2016.

1274538 Lang, J. T. (2005). Urban design: A typology of procedures and products: Routledge.

Luan, T. D. (2014). Living In\“New Urban Areas”: Towards Sustainable Urban Communities In Hanoi, Vietnam. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 181, 333-344.

Madanipour, A. (2006). Roles and challenges of urban design.

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Marshall, S. (2012). Science, pseudo-science and urban design.

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Provoost, M., Keeton, R., & Gerson, T. (2010). New towns for the 21st century: the planned vs. the unplanned city: Uitgeverij Boom/SUN. Shirvani, H. (1985). The urban design process: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.

Bell, D. (2005). The emergence of contemporary masterplans: property markets and the value of urban design. Journal of Urban Design, 10(1), 81-110.

Tran, H. A. (2015). Urban space production in transition: The cases of the new urban areas of Hanoi. Urban Policy and Research, 33(1), 79-97.

Bentley, I. (1998). Urban design as an anti-profession. URBAN DESIGN-LONDON THEN ABINGDON--, 15-15.

van Faassen, W. D. F. (2014). Flexibility: an alternative development strategy in new urban areas in Hanoi. Retrieved from repository.tudelft. nl:

Calabrese, L. M., Qu, L., & Van Faassen, W. (2015). Re-Framing Resilient Urbanism. A Smart Alternative to Generic New Towns Development in South-East Asia: The Case of Hanoi (Vietnam). Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 8th Conference of the International Forum Urbanism, Incheon, Korea, 22–24 June 2015.

Carmona, M. (2009). Design coding and the creative, market and regulatory tyrannies of practice. Urban Studies, 46(12), 2643-2667.

Carmona, M. (2014). The place-shaping continuum: A theory of urban design process. Journal of Urban Design, 19(1), 2-36.

Carmona, M. (2016). Design governance: theorizing an urban design sub-field. Journal of Urban Design, 21(6), 705-730.

AR3U100 Graduation LAB: Cities for People -of Tomorrow

Zhou, J. (2012). Urban Vitality in Dutch and Chinese New Towns: A Comparative Study Between Almere and Tongzhou: TU Delft.

Interviews: Dung, N. D. (2017, October 25) /Interviewer: R. A. Pradana.

Karkal, K., & Suhrawadi, F. A. (2017, December 4) /Interviewer: R. A. Pradana.

Provoost, M. (2017, October 23rd) /Interviewer: R. A. Pradana.

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