DS10 Gum City

Architectural Productions 1 Abanoub Reyad DS10 - 37 Degrees Portfolio May 2020

Philosopy & Ethos DS10

Kew Gardens Visit

As soon as all the briefs had been picthed by the given tutors I knew right away DS10 had to offer the most in terms of what I wanted to learn. Striking a balance between concuptual and realistic architecture is difficult, but it is the one of the main driving forces within the unit. Alongside this the subject of ‘biomimicry’ is one which has inspired many architecural masterpieces like the Eden Project in Cornwall.

Nature has always been the king of the cradle to cradle effect which is a driving force within todays world and sustainability. As architects we promote sustainability, however often fail to deliver it in a majority of cases this is a often a result of funding.

Reading plays an essential role in learning and therefore used the following 6 books to assist with my designs and philosophy’s. Some books look at using ‘Lo-TEK’ technologies within countries which cannot afford alternative methods. I also used biomimicry books to learn more about how nature is designed and why, looking into the parameters of plants and the effect it has on us.

Our First venture was a trip to Kew Gardens where we all had to choose a plant of our choice to study. After exploring I discovered the Nelumbo Nucifera, also known as the Lotus Pod. It is part of the water Lily family. This plant brings discomfort to many individuals due to a cluster of holes triggering trypophobia. With this in mind I wanted to explore and gather information as to why the holes in this plant are the way they are.

Chosen Plant - Nelumbo Nucifera

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Extinction Rebellion CLIMATE CHANGE As a unit we decided to partake in the extinction rebellion. It is vital to voice our opinions and get heard because no amount of money will reverse the climate. With many scientists analysing data it is clear action must be taken now. Living selfishly in the past 150 years is all it has taken to destroy our planet.

Using Yvonne’s design from the previous year we decided on a structure which would use recycled wood to encase a tree and show the public and government we need to protect every tree rather than cutting down millions of trees for developments. Overpopulation is the biggest problem the world faces, as it is difficult to keep up with the demand for; food, clothing and water etc. We must therefore design sustainably and think creatively to crack down on this issue.

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Site DARFUR AL-FASHIR Sudan is in political distress but despite their political stance there is plenty of opportunity to grow and begin to create a stronger economy for itself.

Sudan has an abundance of all the materials which I am set to use. They produce 50% of the worlds Gum Arabic, they are encompassed with sand and has some of the best quality clay in the world.

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Gum Arabic SAND SOLIDIFICATION Gum Arabic is a natural material found from the Senegalia Senegal tree. Gum Arabic has multiple uses including being used as an adhesive for printers and DIY. This tree is found mainly in Sudan where they currently produce around 50% of the world’s Gum Arabic.

I will replace the cement which is usually the binder in concrete and use Gum Arabic as a replacement I will experiment with the quanitity required to find out the exact correct ingredients and quantities required.

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1

Grinding

Mixing

Clinker Production Kiln Pre-heating for energy efficiency

3 Raw Material Feeding

As a material concrete can serve many purposes, the level of strengh is difficult to achieve with alternatives to the cement which is where more research must be undertaken to find alternatives.

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1

Stone Fly Ash Gypsum Slag

Excavation

2 Dump Truck

Clinker

I am going to interrogate the concrete industry as it is the material which is most damaging to our planet. Producing cement (which is the binder for concrete) requires a highly laborious process, this is because not only does the process of heating limestone turning into lime release carbon dioxide but the limestone itself releases carbon dioxide. For every 1 tonne of concrete produced 1 tonne of carbon dioxide is released back into the atmosphere.

Recycled Raw Materials

CEMENT

Clay

How Cement is Made

Limestone

Concrete Industry

How Concrete is Made

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Primary and Secondary Crushers 7 Million People Move To Cities

Sand/Clay/Limestone Proportioning Equipment

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Every Month

Clinker Cooler

7 Kiln

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Concrete Is Responsible For 8% Of Global Warming

Grinding Clinker and natural recycled additives

9 Proportioning Equipment & Finish

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Grinding Mill

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Preheater Tower

Second Most Consumed Substance

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After Water

Cement Storage

Bulk

5 Grinding Mill

5 1 Tonne of Concrete Releases 1 Tonne of Carbon Dioxide

Cement

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Packaging and Distribution

Warehouse

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6 10

Distribution

Bags Every 6 Seconds 19000 Bathtubs Worth of Concrete Is Poured

Distribution

Afforestation MICRO & MACRO CLIMATES “Afforestation is the process of planting trees, or sowing seeds, in a barren land devoid of any trees to create a forest. The term should not be confused with reforestation, which is the process of specifically planting native trees into a forest that has decreasing numbers of trees.” Matter of Trust.

“It is the small things that matter.” The micro climate of 1 square metre can be changed with plants and weeds. Therefore I want to use certain principles and mimic nature applying them on a large scale changing the macro climate.

Deserts take up approximately 33% of the Earth’s land. How could we make these areas assist in climate change as they are mostly redundant. How can we possibly grow plants in deserts and how would it be maintained well, these are some of the many hurdles I will consider when tackling this subject.

The image on the right is an example of turning arid land to useful land using; livestock, biomimicry, community work and nature together making a difference to the climate on a gargantuan scale.

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Grazing Methodology 7 Afforestation

AFFORESTATION

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Trees are planted within close proximity, this forces the plants to fight for nutrients and allows them to grow quicker outdoing their rivals.

Trees begin to grow and flourish changing the micro climate initially.

Vast amounts of preparation is required to grow a forest, misjudgement of this could lead to killing thousands of trees. I will look into how nature has been doing this naturally for millions of years and mimic this in the desert land.

Trees

Savory Institute works to fight against desertification which is damaging 13 million hectares of land annually. 70% of the world’s grasslands are being degraded and founder Allan Savory claims to have cracked down onto why this is happening and resolve it. He uses Biomimicry which are systems designed based on biological entities. He makes the claim that using animals in large herds which are continuous; moving around, excreting and dunging will fertilize and prepare the land for planting, soils begin to absorb the yearly rainfall and trap carbon underground. Arid land releases carbon, often the answer to this has been to burn and slash land to fertilize arid land, however for every hectare burnt the emissions released are the equivalent to 6000 cars. Each year more than 1 billion hectares are burnt. Allan continues by claiming he knows how to reverse climate change, however many scientists and researchers came out and analysed his research and found flaws with his claims as incorrect data was used. Nevertheless, he has used his grazing technique and produced some case studies which were highly successful including a desert in Mexico. Changing the climate must start from micro and eventually change the macroclimate. When 1m² of land is covered in plant litter the microclimate has changed as the plants change the temperatures of the ground, applying this technique on a large scale changes the macroclimate.

UN Headquarters. Climate Summit. 2014. Sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, halt biodiversity loss.

Savory. A. How To Green The World’s Deserts and Reverse Climate Change. 2013. Ted Talks. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vpTHi7O66pI Nordborg, M. (2016). Holistic management – a critical review of Allan Savory’s grazing method. Uppsala: SLU/EPOK – Centre for Organic Food & Farming & Chalmers.

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Site Selection Firstly a potential site must be identified. This includes preparing the site, the ground needs to be cleared in order to provide the space and to analyse the ground type required.

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Grow Bags Grow bags are essential for the life of a tree initially, this ensures the correct soils and grounding has been prepared ensuring a higher success rate.

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Site Levelling The site chosen should be flattened in order for to apply a grid system for the positioning of the trees.

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Livestock For millions of years livestock wander the grounds where they eat, dung and urinate. This fertilizes the land, therefore herding large amount of livestock to fertilise land to mimic nature would be essential for the ground to be suitable for plantation.

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Grid The grid indicates the tree positioning.

Construction STEP BY STEP

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Setting Out Plan

Industrial Hoovering

Sunlight Openings

Engineers would place the setting out plans with rope to identify the size and positioning of the structure.

In the same way sand is used to transfer sand between beaches, a large idustrial hoover sucks out from the setting out points which creates a natural shape depending on the natural frictional angles of the Gum Arabic mix.

Creating natural voids enables some light source, wooden dowels which would later be taken out creating a gaps and potential for a window.

After several construction variations, I have discovered a timebased method which uses the ground as a natural framework. This 6 step process requires little labour and is suitable for its location where a lack of resources are a big set back.

Setting Out Plan Industrial Hoovering Sunlight Openings Pivot Irrigation Mixture Excavation Wood Excavation

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Pivot Irrigation

Excavation

Finishing

Pivot irrigtion structures irrigate the structures. The water is absorbed and acts as the binder for the gum arabic. The mixture is left to dry in the heat of the su.

Once dried the structure is excavated around leaving a stading structure.

The wooden planks are removed and the structures are completed.

Construction STEP BY STEP

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Set-up

Setting Out Plan

Markers

Hoovering

I built a birck wall to act as a framework, this would naturally be the ground in the desert.

I had used set coordinates and used string to get intersections of string which would indicate where I should begin the next step.

Using the overlapping string I placed markers as to where I should begin the hoovering process.

I hoovered from the markers and sprayed the structure with saltwater to act as the binder for the mixture. I then used a heat gun at act as the sun to dry the structure.

I wanted to test whether I could make these structures from home using the same principles.

As I am not on site I have used the bricks as a temporary framework. This process was not only rapid to produce but rather simple to achieve. I tried my best to treat it as I would do in reality.

One setback was not having the correct equipment due to Covid-19. Another setback was the climate, I required desert climates which are not and consitent, therefore I opted to use a heat gun instead.

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Excavation

Scale

I begin removing the bricks in reality I would be digging up the area surrounding the site.

Due to the scale of this model I was unable to properly excavate underneath. The model however turned out as planned.

Site Overview GUM CITY This is an overview of Gum City which is split into 2 significant zones, one being the cones and the other side inverted cones. Mixture which is leftover from the inverted cones are used in the other site to produce the cones. Also the split splits private and public space. The inverted cones are for the public and education sector where markets stalls will create a new desert community within Sudans surrounding villages. The cones on the otherhand are a industrial zone where production of Gum Arabic takes place.

Animation Link https://vimeo.com/420777627 Breakout Space

Distribution Bay Conveyor Belt

Sorting

Forest Central

Grading

Loading

Packing

Breakout Space Grinding

Axonometric overview

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Distribution Bay

Factory SORTING The factory serves the purpose of sorting the gun arabic into different grades, these machines grind some of the Gum Arabic into different consistencies to match the current market need.

The factory has some openings which enable the sunlight to penetrate and ventilates the space.

Hanging Breakout Space

Distribution Conveyor Belt

Distribution

Forest Central

Grinding

Loading

Separation Grinding

Breakout Space

Axonometric overview

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Grinding Mill 01

Industrial Site Animation Link https://vimeo.com/420781430

CENTRAL ZONE

Animation Link https://vimeo.com/414343011

This is an overview of the Industrial zone. The four zones are; an afforestation centre which is used to prepare the grounds and gardening for the Senegalia Senegal trees, the sorting zone is where most of the factory operations are treating the Gum Arabic ready for distribution, a research zone which looks futher into Gum Arabic potenital as well as other natural adhesives and distribution which is where the Gum is collected and sent.

Breakout Space

Conveyor Belt

Distribution Bay

Forest Central

Sorting

Loading

Distribution Bay

Separation Hanging

Breakout Space

Site Overview

Axonometric overview

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Drop-off

Community MARKETPLACE & EDUCATION CENTRE The site has 6 surrounding villages and a small city but each keep to their own, this centre enables individuals from all villages to gather, sell and assist with the production of Gum Arabic. A small education centre which educates the public about Gum Arabic’s potential.

Grazing Breakout Space

Distribution Bay Conveyor Belt

Sorting

Forest Central

Distribution

Loading

Packaging

Breakout Space Grinding

Axonometric overview

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Mid Construction

Distribution Bay

Community MARKETPLACE The market place provides good shelter from the sun which making working conditions better. The market will not only sell Gum Arabic but also local produce to the locals maintaining a community relationship.

Market Overview Long Section

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Community SITE ACCESS The market stands are all underneath the structures and it is within close proximity to one of the villages as a resevior is located. This water source is essential within a desert environment. The villagers will be able

Axonometric overview

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Research Centre

Animation Link https://vimeo.com/420789842

SITE SECTION The research centre is where essential research about Gum Arabic’s potenital is carried out, similar tests to concrete would take place including, slump tests, water solution, compression and water permeasbility. Other tree types would also be tested here to test other gum produced from these trees. Artificial lights grow the other trees as they may not stand the desert heat.

Scratching Breakout Space Grow Bags

Afforestation Center

Distribution Bay

Planting

Grazing

Storage

Breakout Space

Axonometric overview

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Loading

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Site Strategy PHASE 01 The site would be completed in phases due to the lack of Gum Arabic. The first phase will construct the factory and sorting zone enabling production to be completed and get underway. The research, distribution and afforestation centre is

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Site Circulation Firstly the site must have good crculation throughout the site particularly within the sorting zone due to lots of distribution taking place here.

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Sorting This is the first zoe to be built as it means progress with the rest of the site can contiue when the Gum Arabic has been harvested.

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Afforestation Centre This centre is where all the gardening equipment is kept and where the workers look after the land.

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Research Centre Now the project is well underway the research zone can be constructed improving the process along the way.

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Distribution Centre The distribution centre is where storage for the Gum Arabic is alongisde where things can be taken onto larger cities and exported throught the world.

Site Strategy PHASE 02 Now that the production would have been completed after some time the community centre could be established. A setting out plan is layed out and a new land contouring would be automatically applied due to the trigonometry of the 37 degree fall. The structure is formed and excavated and the surrounding ground may be planted with the Senegalia Senegal.

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Site Calculation Using the radius of a circle and the parameters of the Nelumbo Nucifera a site grid is in place and the setting out plan.

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Contour Contours are variable with this land because the 37ยบ angle of the Gum Arabic mixture will vary the heights of the cone depending on the radius of the circle.

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Construction The markets and education centre is now constructed.

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Zoning The site has been zoned with several green spaces and plenty of market stands to introduce a range of communities around Sudan to join.

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Greenery The introduction of greenery around the site has been added to harvest more Gum Arabic.

Gum Arabic Brick

Mixture

BRICK Due to Covid-19 I was unable to complete a compression test, despite this I hope to complete this once university resumes in September.

Using a mix of 10% Gum Arabic 23% Clay 7% water and 60% Sand I used a concrete test cube and after allowng to dry in a kiln for 4 hours I was able to remove the cast and resulted in a brick which in texture was very similar to concrete and feels as hard as concrete. Once appropriate I will complete this test.

Pouring Mixture

Mixture in Concrete Mould

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Gum Arabic Brick

Time Based Experiment SAND FORM FINDING It is essential to understand the way the sand falls according to the frictional angles. Thsi experiment opened up new explorations of forms according to the order of pouring and sucking sand.

Video Link https://vimeo.com/420802333

Video Link https://vimeo.com/420791647

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Setting Out Using coordinates I generated from grasshopper I build a large sand box to contain 300 Liters of sand. I set string across and used overlapping points to start the radius of the circles.

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Straw Setting Out Straws were used to draw a circle around on the sand to indicate the size of the cone after the hoovering process.

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Hoovering Sand hoovering begins from the location of the straws up till the edge of the radius.

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Pouring Pouring sand using the hoovered up sand creates mounds. From this I learnt that this process is timebased because the order of pouring and sucking sand can lead to a variety of results.

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Finished Test These results has opened new doors for me and it taught me how sand would react when being sucked from a mound the frictional angles curve over the sand because the sand cannot stand in a cube formation.

Time Based Matrix

Sectional Study

TIME SCALE Based on the previous experiment I learnt that a matrix of pouring sand would be nessesary to understand what forms can be achieved. The P here stands for Pouring and the S for Sucking, the number indicates a different outcome in form depending on the order of pouring or sucking sand.

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2

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Plan and order matrix

2 P

On the rght hand side a sectional study to understand how these forms are depending on the matrix matching.

P - Pouring S- Sucking

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3S

3 P S1

2S

3 P S4

1S

1 P S2

3S

S4

P 4

P 1

P 4

P 2

P

S

S

S 7

S

S

S

P

P

S

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3

P S

S

P

P P

P

S S

P

S

P

8

P P

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Variable Profiling TIME SCALE

1 P Physical Experiment

Exploded Diagram

2S

I have analysed this structure in more detail. This occurs when the sucking process applies after the pouring. I have looked into adding a gum brick wall at this stage to enable the structures to stand once excavated.

Digital Representation

37ยบ

37ยบ

30ยบ

Sectional Diagram

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Variable Profiling

S1

P2

TIME SCALE

P4

This sand structure occurs when the pouring is completed after the sucking process. Each of these forms have potenital to serve different purposes and obtain different functions.

S3

Physical Experiment

Digital Representation

Sectional Diagram

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Exploded Diagram

37ยบ

Variable Profiling TIME SCALE

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Digital Representation PHYICAL TO DIGITAL Now I have understood how the sand falls with the introduction of mounds, I was able to accurately model these forms and can begin to explore what spaces I have inside and around the structures. A range of typologies have been explored depending on the function the size and typology is chosen to suit the need of the required space. Different typologes offer different qualities.

Single Typologies

2 Structured Typologies

3 Structured Typologies

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4+ Structured Typologies

Arabian Influence CULTURE The opportunity to add windows to the structures are possible by adding a piece of carved wood before the structure is sprayed, supposedly into an Islamic form to match the cultural background, this is then removed later leaving a hole through the structure.

Arabian Influence

I would have ideally carried this out in reality however due to a lack of resources available due to COVID-19 it was not feasible.

Wood pieces pushed through the structure which still soft

Pattern setting out on plan

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Circle Packing Medium Density

Circle Packing SITE DENSITY I have looked into circle packing as this insight in 2D will give me an accurate 3D overview. I have looked into 3 different levels of density. Each circle identifies a different structure and how it intersects with one another. I began by looking into a medium density and study the space I would get with this applied to the site.

Level Change

High Density

Medium Density

Circle Packing Medium Density

Low Density

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Circle Packing LARGE SCALE Applying what I had learnt from circle packing I wanted to create a blending effect.

The rule of thumb is, the closer to a vollage or city you are the more structures that are present and less trees, the further out you walk into the desert there is a gradual shift from the structures and turns into forest. Therefore applying all the densities together but making the densities apply better functionality.

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LDHT 5 6 Surrounding Villages

MDMT

HDLT

Desert

MDMT

4

HDLT

HDLT MDMT

MDMT

3 HDLT

2

Al-Fashir Capital of Darfur 1 Resevoir

HDLT HDLT

MDMT HDLT

HDLT HDLT

HDLT - High Density Low Tree MDMT - Medium Density Medium Tree LDHT - Low Density High Tree

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HDLT

MDMT

HDLT

3D Scanning 3D Scanned Result

TIME SCALE Model 01

Model 02

After making some more gum structures I decided I wanted to understand it more so I 3D scanned the sand structures from home using photogrammary.

Ths study allowed me to begin to see the texture of the material. Next time when I have the correct apparatus I would have ideally go bigger because the thickness of the material was unrealistic to show as a larger scale.

Sketch Drawing

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HDLT

Plan

HIGH DENSITY STRUCTURES I looked into the 3 densities and here is the High Denisty Low Tree (HDLT). I am slowly begining to understand how the site would look and see the spaces available.

HDLT HDLT HDLT

HDLT HDLT

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MDMT

Plan

MEDIUM DENSITY The further afield into the desert the more the blend becomes significant, the structures reduce in numbers and the amount of trees increase.

MDMT

MDMT MDMT

MDMT

MDMT

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MDMT

LDHT LOW DENSITY When going further away from MDMT into the desert the trees become more thicker with the Gum Arabic trees (Senegalia Senegal) and the structures become less pominent as they are used for storage.

LDHT

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Plan

LDHT

Vacuuming INDUSTRIAL VACUUMING As I was looking into using a natural force like gravity I found lots of framework was in place to make this work. For this reason I have moved onto looking into a new method of construction which is vacuuming. This method of construction is what they use to transfer sand between beaches.

Site Flattening

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Setting out

Vacuuming Process

Alternative Construction INDUSTRIAL VACCUMING

Excavation

The positioning of the structes enable light to penetrate through certain areas allowng limited light through

Vacuuming Process

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Spraying and Drying

Construction INDUSTRIAL VACUUMING Industrial vacuuming is usually used to transfer sand between beaches or to clean up on a large scale. I propose to use it for sucking out the sand in the desert and replace the sand with the Gum Arabic mixture.

Hoovering from centre / Pouring nto new pile

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Video Link https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=QKv_Bj4l8Ss

Progressing in a well thoughtout manner

Pivot irrigation structures to spray water.

Construction INDUSTRIAL VACUUMING This 5 step process is how I envisioned the constructution at an early stage.

Sand left out do dry with desert sun and excavation

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Gum Arabic drying structures set out

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Construction GRAVITY As I initially began this project with gravity I looked into how I could construct using nature to the work, after completing this I realised lots of framework was in place and needed to reduce this if possible.

Site Flattening

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Video Link https://vimeo.com/414612226

Apply Grid Over LAnd

Excavate & Setting Out

Adding Wooden Trap Doors

Construction GRAVITY

Mixture drained & solidified

Including a trap door will enable the sand to drain as shown in the video above.

Adding framework & sand mixture

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Set the trap doors draining the mixture

Physical Production GUM ARABIC SOLIDIFICATION Using the gravity technique I prepared to solidify the mixture. Using a mix of 8% gum 33% clay and 61% sand I drained the mixture and sprayed it with saltwater. I then scorched it and removed it.

Gum Arabic 8%, Clay 33% and Sand 61%

Gum mixture is drained

Gum mixture is sprayed

I used the torch in order to represent the suns hear however, as it was too hot it burnt, nonetheless the structure still came out sucessful.

Scorching gum mixture

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Scorching gum mixture

Removing gum structure

Gum Structure

Digital and Physical

3D Print Structures & Framework

Physical Model

FRAMEWORK This is how the framework would look if the gravity constructon principle was used. The 3D scans gave me an insght into how the thick the sand was in relation to the size of the structure.

3D Scan

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Spatial Considerations PERSPECTIVE VIEWS In the initial design stages using the construction method illustrated above these are how the structures look. Long views and wide pathways pave the way for pedestrains to use the space.

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Gravity Structures Solidified.

3 2

Matrix Combination

1 118º

118º

118º 128º

3 2.5

After completing a matrix of sand draining with the hole arrangment being configured from the Nelumbo Nucifera, I used this to create a new combined structure.

11 Rings

50º 43º

11 Rings

50º

27º 27º

25º

3.5

90º

27º

123º 123º 123º

30º

2

123º

30º

30º 30º

32º 76º

3.5

70º

74º

74º 76º 76º

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30º

70º

3.5 1.5

3

3.5

3

1

2 3

1

2

34º 34º

1 3.5

1

1.83

3

2

1

1

1.83

2.66

2.66

2.5 1.5

2

150º 135º 90º 150º

150º 135º 135º 90º

120º 120º 120º 150º 135º 90º

120º

80

120º

120º 120º 120º

120º 150º 120º 120º 93º 93º 150º 120º 105º 120º 120º 105º

150º 93º 120º

120º 120º 105º

115º 115º107º 107º 107º 115º

3.5

135º

120º 120

11 Rings

43º 87º

130º

118º

135º 90º º 128º 120º 120º 120º 135º 120º 120º120º 120º 120º 120º 1 135º 90º 120º 2 120º 150º 120º01º150º 120º 50º 120 93º 12 º 120º 105º 93º117º 100º5 120º 120º150º 120º 120ºº 105º 105º 120º 93º93º 107º 115º 120º 107º 115º 107º 120º 117º 115º 120º 102º

NELUMBO NUCIFERA PARAMETERS

118º

118º

3.5

Construction 6 STEP PROCESS Taking an initial look into how this structure could be constructed.

- Site Location - Excavation - Trap Door - Site Manipulation - Spraying

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Site Selection Firstly a potential site must be identified. This includes preparing the site, the ground needs to be cleared in order to provide the space and to analyse the ground type required

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Excavation The ground has been cleared in order to provide a space for trap door.

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Trap door A trap door has been inserted to allow the mixture to drain, it acts a swinging door which will open once the mixture is in place

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Site Manipulation & Mixture I the mix of the; clay, gum arabic and sand. These ratios tend to be 65% sand 10% glue and 25% clay. Now the site is ready to be drained.

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Spraying The site has now been drained and the spraying process begins. Salt water is sprayed over the structure and then becomes ready to be air dried.

Conceptual Ideas SHELTER By producing an initial idea it is possible to begin to visualise how the material could look in reality. It also allows me to understand where the structure could be improved. I will need to consider a better way to get the structure to stand alongside studying the soft ground and how the structure would stand in these conditions. I am skeptical that this process would work because the difficulty in what the structure is standing on and also having to move the structure. I will take these lessons learnt and apply them in the next studies.

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Initial Ideas PAVILION A Pavilion which would encourage the idea of the production of Gum Arabic. This would serve a function of water collection during the wet season and collect water for a planting project.

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Function CIRCULATION The production of gum arabic is going to be the main function onsite, helping Sudan reach the global demand of gum arabic through afforestation. Alongside this, it is important to give back to the community. Therefore looking at the needs of the locals I will also include community spaces.

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Site Selection Firstly a potential site must be identified. This includes preparing the site, the ground needs to be cleared in order to provide the space and to analyse the ground type required

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2

Circulation Using the functions of a workers courtyard, breakout spaces and community space I have generated 3 various forms which could be designed to separate spaces and be a communal area for all of Al-fashir

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Voronoi Grid The voronoi grid is set across the land, the canopies have a radius to determine whether the next the point should be build. The grid also allows for future expansion.

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Zoning Structure is now planned on site before the construction starts. The structure is set in zones and phases to build it.

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Developed structure This structure is a development to the initial idea, each tile is constructed individually on a larger scale to make the structure sturdier.

Construction 6 STEP PROCESS Breakout Space

The construction of this structure requires me to think how to build on soft surfaces. Therefore I looked into a construction method to solve this.

Workers Courtyard

Community Gatherings

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Excavation The ground has been cleared in order to provide a space for trap door.

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Soft Ground Working with soft ground is difficult, therefore adding a foundation layer of logs onto compressed sand can assist in stabilising the ground.

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Trap door A trap door has been inserted to allow the mixture to drain, it acts a swinging door which will open once the mixture is in place.

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Site Manipulation & Mixture I the mix of the; clay, gum arabic and sand. These ratios tend to be 65% sand 10% glue and 25% clay. Now the site is ready to be drained. Gravity will now commence from the underground tunnels.

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Spraying The site has now been drained and the spraying process begins. Salt water is sprayed over the structure and then becomes ready to be air dried. This process is the final step before the structure is required to be moved.

Sun Radiation LADYBUG ANALYSIS To test the effectiveness of the structure, I used ladybug to see whether the structure works well as a canopy. It is clear from the images that the structure is cool underneath whilst the top of the structure retains the heat.

Sun Radiation

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Marketplace COMMUNITY The community space will consist of a market where the locals sell gum arabic, to fruit and veg.

94

Initial Idea Views

Workers Courtyard

CANOPIES The local community market where local produce and Gum Arabic is sold.

Market Place

96

Site View AFFORESTATION Over the horizon the beginnings of the afforestation will begin taking shape.

98

Site Analysis ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY Sudan can bring temperatures to 50ยบ in the summer, therefore it is important to create a shelter for individuals to be protected.

100

Site Location AL FASHIR - WESTERN SUDAN Al Fashir, the Capital of Darfur, this location is key in the success of Darfur war, here the locals managed to hold back the forces of the Janjaweed (Government hired gang). This location provides great opportunity. The site is located near a crater, a large reservoir and has an abundance of Sand, Acacia, and clay all the ingredients used in the making of the solidified sand.

102

Acacia Production 6 STEP PROCESS I have investigated the process of how Acacia is made, this natural adhesive goes through 6 rigorous steps in order to meet the global demand of the product.

- Cutting - Picking - Selection - Treatment - Distribution - Wholesale

2

Picking After the cuts and scratches the ‘Sa3makh’ also known as Gum Arabic is picked. After 3 years each tree can produce 2.5kg annually.

1 Cuts Cuts and scratches are made to release the gum. Similar to humans the gum is released as a natural way of healing itself.

5

Distribution The produce is sent off via land cruisers to be shipped to the ports and to local markets.

4 Treatment The Gum Arabic is now split depending on whether it is sold, raw or grounded. Most often it is ground and a special spray is used to produce fine granules.

3

Selection The Gum Arabic is then sorted and graded from 1 to 5.

104

6

Wholesale Now the product is readily available in markets, enabling the locals to get their hands on the natural adhesive. On the other hand large cargo ships carry the remaining contents distributing it across the world.

Sudanese Politics

Clay Clay is a great resource which is in abun-

DARFUR

dance. In Sudan. Sudan has a unique clay

Egypt

with properties which are used in building foundations.

Darfur, a civil war which begun back in 2003. This was due to the arabized individuals wanting to take over the country. The african tribes in Darfur have been trying to hold their ground and the Sudanese government has been accused of Genocide.

Gum Arabic Gum Arabic is found within the green patch in Sudan. This material is used in a

The country is currently at a stalemate, Omar Al Bashir former president of 30 years is currently in hiding after the United Nations aim to send him to court over his actions. He used bandits and gangs also known as the Janjaweed to assist in the Genocide.

variety of functions including small DIY

Africa

projects.

Sand There is an abundance of sand in this country especially as over 50% of the

Niger

country lies within the Sahara desert.

Egypt Khartoum

Eritrea

Al-Fashir Sudan

North Sudan Somalia

Ethiopia

Nigeria

South Sudan Gabon

Cameroon Democratic Republic of Congo Republic of Congo

106

Uganda

Kenya

Senegalia Senegal GUM ARABIC

Area required to fulfil current global demand: 192km² or 0.208% of London Habitat of the Senegalia Senegal

Acacia is a substance found from trees mainly in Central Africa. This substance is commonly used in confectionery, gum and is used as a natural adhesive.

The world is currently in need of 100,000 tonnes of Gum Arabic annually. Only 70,000 tonnes are currently being produced due to political reasons. Sudan produce over 50% of Gum Arabic.

There is great opportunity as the material is sold on for 8 times the price to make, which leaves the potential for expansion and afforestation.

Grown in desert climates

Natural Resin

2.5

Senegalia Senegal can produce up to 2.5kg per tree per year

30,000 kg missing from current demand

200 108

200ml of Water required annually

Size required to fulfil demand in Sudan 192km²

Or 15.24 Borough’s of Westminster

37ยบ SAND, CLAY, ACACIA GLUE Using sand, clay and gum arabic I am able to solidify sand successfully.

After just using the gum arabic with the sand, the sand only holds form shortly and then it begins to melt when cooked. With the addition of the clay the form begins to take shape and solidify successfully.

The frictional angles of the sand mixed with the acacia and clay is changed due to the consistency of the mixture of materials. The frictional angle of the three elements amount to 37ยบ. On the left shows a high level of detail can be achieved when solidified.

The ratio between the material is 6 parts sand to 3 parts clay and 2 parts gum arabic.

1

Spread

2

Mixture

3

Release

4

Spray

Resulting Material After Cooling

5

Cook

6

Cool

Mixing sand with clay and gum arabic. If I add sand and gum arabic without the clay it melts and drips therefore not holding its form. If I add sand and clay but no gum arabic there is not enough adhesive working to bond things together. I then spread and lay the material depending on the shape required. I then release the mixture through the holes. I spray the mixture with a mist of salt water this acts as a bonding agent to the 3 grain materials. I then cure it in a kiln I begin with a lower temperature and gradually increase the temperature to reduce cracking in the material. Lastly I leave my mixture to cool before releasing from the mould.

1. Mixture 2. Spread 3. Release 4. Spray 5. Cook 6. Cool

110

Dehydration CURING VARIABLES Trial and error was used to get the amount of time the material needed to set/dry. In oven temperatures the longer the material is left and deepening on the amount of water sprayed will have an effect on the overall form.

This material can set with ease in some countries if left out in the desert sun.

112

37ยบ 37ยบ 37ยบ

2D Into 3D MATRIX EXPLORATION Producing highly detailed and accurate forms from a granular element is a task which seems impossible, however with the help of gravity that level of detail can be achieved. I have drained sand through a range of patterns which were generated with the lotus’s parameters.

Exploring how 2D forms can create a 3D form, using base plates and a smart box I designed a method to allow multiple organic forms to be created on one platform.

Video Link https://vimeo.com/414612226

Smart Box. This sophisticated box has been cleverly designed to enable the same box to be used with multiple patterns.

114

Gravity & Sand HOLE SIZE MATRIX After analysing the Lotus Pod I have discovered that on flower heads sized between 50 and 60mm have a golden ratio concerning the size of the holes. The outer hole and largesst is always 3.5 times larger than the smallest hole, (3.5:1) ratio.

35mm 10mm

The sand tends to drain towards not the centre of the circle but rather the edge which can result in subtle changes within the sands positioning.

26.25mm 7.5mm

10mm

16.25mm

17.5mm 5mm

y 8.75mm

2.5mm Gravity in Design Sand Pouring Based on the evidential research above I have generated this arrangement. The holes have been arrayed in a way which represents the average lotus pod head sized between 5060mm.

116

Using gravity I was experimenting with the gaps between the holes in order to find the golden ratio of the size of the gap in comparison to the hole size. When the holes are too close together then the result creates a small terrain which is less desirable. In future I will alter the size of the holes in order to generate different terrains.

22.5mm

28.75mm

35mm

41.25mm

Matrix DISTANCES BETWEEN HOLES Following the previous methods this time I decided to test out another variable. The distance between the holes are a variable which can have a big impact in 2D resulting in a different 3D form.

70mm

56.5mm

28mm

49.5mm

56.5mm

28mm

70mm 70mm

118

56.5mm

Matrix VORONOI STUDY Using voronoi to produce the 2D forms will help me to establish the 3D. Using the parameters of the lotus pod these forms will be the basis of the study.

30ยบ

Voronoi Matrix

30ยบ

Matrix 02 Sand Pouring Frictional angles of the sand are 30ยบ. This starts from the edge of the circle and not from the middle this is interesting as it means the sand drains from not the centre but the edge of the circle.

For this experiment I wanted to test what would happen at different levels of sand. It has become apparent that despite the level of sand it will always drain at 30ยบ due to the frictional angles of sand.

120

Circular Array PARAMETERS Looking into the parameters of this form assists in understanding the resultant 3D form. The circles have an outer radius which is where the sand connects resulting in a spider-web like form.

11 Rings

11 Rings

11 Rings

107º 73º

107º 73º

2

107º 73º

º 1073º 7

107º 73º

1.83

2.66

3.5

122

2.66

3.5

º 107 º 73

1.83

º 107 73º

1

1.5

1

º 107 º 147

1

07º º 1 º 107 º 73 73

107º 147º

º 107 º 73

107º 107º 73º 73º

2D to 3D Study CIRCULAR ARRAY A spider-web like form is the result of the study of parameters above. To explore this form further I will introduce an attractor point and remove the central hole and try create a column from the sand.

Voronoi Matrix

124

2D to 3D Study CIRCULAR ARRAY VARIATION The first study includes a circular array with no hole in the centre. The circular array had an attractor point which means the holes on the left were larger than those on the right with the ratio 3.5:1.

The result leaves me with a column like structure in the centre providing an opportunity to use the 30ยบ angle to produce a column in a structure. The rest of the form provides a spider web like shape which provides an even and consistent outcome.

To explore this further I will use an attractor and apply it in a linear and polar arrayed manner.

Voronoi Matrix

126

2.66

3.5

Circular Array 1.83

PARAMETERS

To understand the translation between the 2D and the 3D forms it is essential to understand the importance of all the angles and distances.

1

Voronoi Radius

3

3.5

3

Resulting Column

11 Rings

2.5

11 Rings

1.5

3.5

3.5

11 Rings

1

2

2.5

2

3.5

75º

1

75º 105º

75º

1.5

105º

75º

2

30º

75º

3

2.5

75º

1

1.5

3.5

3

2.5

105º

105º

1.83

3

1.83

3.5

1.5

2

2.5 3

3

11 Rings

1.5

3.5

3.5

Golden Ratio 3.5:1

2

1

1.5

3.5

2.66

The black lines indicate the frictional angles of the sand.

Depending on the positioning of the holes the shortest distance creates a 2.66 curvature in the outcome.

2.5

2.5

2

1.5

2

3

1

128

11 Rings

3.5

2D to 3D Study LINEAR ARRAY A slight variation of the form above but instead of using circles are the source of drainage. Joining the circles and eventually enabling the form to meet in the middle.

Unlike the previous outcome this had a consistent gradient towards the centre of the form.

Voronoi Matrix

130

3.3

Attractor Variation

2.6

PARAMETERS This variation is a cluster of holes which are intersecting using an attractor point making the maximum radius 3.5 to the ratio of 1.

3.5

3

2.4

1.4

1

3.5

1

2.3

2.4

3.3

3.3 30º

2.6

2.6 57º 57º

3.5

3

2.4

1.4

1

3.5

3.5

57º 57º

2.3

1.41

2.4

30º

1

3.5

1 30º

2.3

2.4

132

35º 35º 35º3 35º

2.4

Attractor Variation DISTANCES I had used the parameters of the lotus plant to explore, how I could work with the distances between the holes, by draining sand through various sized distances I could observe more closely as to how the distance impacts the outcome of the overall form.

30ยบ

3.5 3 2.4

1.4

1

Voronoi Matrix

30ยบ 30ยบ

134

30ยบ

Exploration PARAMETERS Taking the flower heads shaped between 50-60mm and applying this pattern in a polar array arrangement. I have used an oval shape to experiment the curvature in 3D.

136

2D to 3D Study EXPLORATION OUTCOME This form has really revealed a interesting outcome, the oval shapes have created various terrains along the landscape. Although the angle remains at 30ยบ the prominence of the curve is substantially different.

Voronoi Matrix

138

The Zigzag PARAMETERS The parameters for this form uses a range of circular array forms however the offset array inside has been shifted centrally to produce a diamond like formation.

50º 43º

50º

50º 43º

27º 27º

25º

50º

27º 27º

25º

150º

43º 87º

43º 87º

27º

123º 123º

123º 123º 123º

30º

123º

150º 123º

30º

30º

30º 30º

32º 72º 73º

72º 73º 73º

78º

30º

34º 34º

140

3

2

1

135º 135º 90º

123º

30º 30º

32º

78º

150º 120º

120º 120º 120º

30º

76º 70º

120º 120º 120º

74º

74º 76º 76º

73º

3.5

135º 90º

27º

76º

30º

150º 135º 90º

70º

120º

34º 34º

3.5

3

2

120º 150º 120º 120º 93º 93º 150º 120º 105º 120º 120º 105º

150º 93º 120º

115º 115º107º 107º 107º 115º

1

120º 120º 105º

2D to 3D Study ZIGZAG It is clear that the 2D voronoi is not how it not how it works in 3D. This is because voronoi is usually controlled with a point and not a circle. In this sturdy it is evident that the slightest change of angle (due to the circles) can change a consistent shape and produce a different form.

Voronoi Matrix

142

Random PARAMETERS The last sand form finding experiment involved using Grasshopper to generate a random point cloud. This method will aid me to understand the laws further by producing something I would not usually think to design.

118º 118º 118º

118º

135º

118º 118º 130º 130º

135º 90º

118º 120º 122º

118º 118º

120º 120º 120º

118º 118º 90º 110º 150º 125º 125º 110º

135º 105º 140º 120º 105º 115º

118º 118º

118º 118º

92º 138º 130º 128º 128º 104º

112º 120º 128º

130º 123º 107º

120º 140º 100º

80º 142º 138º 142º 98º 120º120º 120º 120º

118º 118º

144

100º 130º 123º 150º 113º 110º 112º 138º 109º

120º 120º 120º

110º 125º 130º 125º 100º 130º

2D to 3D Study RANDOM Using a lower level of sand before draining produces a more flat looking terrain. After this final attempt I had come to the conclusion that a wide range of experiments were complied and I will now be able to work with the results from these studies.

Voronoi Matrix

146

Lotus Algorithms 3D SCANNING 3D scanning enables me to analyse the flower in more depth to try and understand more concerning the holes of the flower.

Conducting a variety of scans to various flowers depending on the size and shape, I can analyse the consistencies and inconsistencies of the flowers and generate an algorithm to give me some averages.

148

Hole Arrangement FLOWERS WITH GRADIENT

FLOWER G: Arrangement: 10.7.1 Dimension: 52mm

Having chosen to investigate flower heads which are sized between 50-60mm in diameter. A consistent pattern between the flower heads is clearly noticed. All of the flower heads in this category have produced a gradient effect in the arrangement of the holes.

Hole Diameter (in mm): 3,3,4,8,11,8,7,3.5,3,2.5

The gradient effect occurs when the seeds are dropped into the water, the seeds are able to float away at variable distances.

FLOWER A: Arrangement: 8.6.1 Dimension: 50mm Hole Diameter (in mm): 3,4,6,12,6,4,3.5,2.5

Notes: Largest hole 12mm, Smallest hole 2.5mm. Sudden jump from hole number 4, the two figures beside seem to be symmetrical with a gradual small decline in size.

Notes: Largest hole 12mm, Smallest hole 2.5mm. Sudden jump from hole number 4, the two figures beside seem to be symmetrical with a gradual small decline in size.

6

7

5

50mm

8 1

4

FLOWER H: Arrangement: 10,6,1 Dimension: 53mm

8

7 6

3

10

9

1

57mm

1

Hole Diameter (in mm): 3.5,4,6,7,9,8,5,4,3

Hole Diameter (in mm): 4,4.5,4.75,5,5.5,8,10,5.5,4.5,4,4

2

7

2 4

11

8

10

53mm

FLOWER B: Arrangement: 11.6.1 Dimension: 57mm

2

9

5

3 6

3

4

5

Notes: Largest hole 10mm smallest 4mm. Gradual increase in hole size, until 7 where a jump in scale occurs.

Notes: Largest hole 12mm, Smallest hole 2.5mm. Sudden jump from hole number 4, the two figures beside seem to be symmetrical with a gradual small decline in size.

7 6

8 9

A

10

6

5 4

50mm

3

5

2

4

FLOWER F: Arrangement: 9,5 Dimension: 57mm

2

3D Printing Surface Analysis

8

7

9

6

6

Notes: Largest hole 12mm, Smallest hole 4mm. Sudden jump from hole number 4 to 5, the two figures beside seem to be symmetrical with a gradual small decline in size.

3

Hole Diameter (in mm): 3,5,6,7,11,7,5,3,3 Notes: Largest hole 12mm, Smallest hole 2.5mm. Sudden jump from hole number 4, the two figures beside seem to be symmetrical with a gradual small decline in size.

B

Hole Diameter (in mm): 4.5,4.5,5,6,9,12,9,6,4

57mm

4

8 9 1

5

2

5

7

52mm

1

4

3

7

8

11

4

2

1

2

5

3

FLOWER D: Arrangement: 8.5 Dimension: 50mm Hole Diameter (in mm): 5,6,8.5,11,8.5,5,4,4

6

55mm 3

FLOWER E : Arrangement: 11.6.1 Dimension: 55mm Hole Diameter (in mm): 3,3,5,9,11,9,6,4,3,2.5,2.5 Notes: Largest hole 11mm, Smallest hole 2.5mm. More gradual increase in hole size throughout with little jump, again beside the large hole are two holes which seem to be symmetrical.

150

1

1

Perspective views

FLOWER C: Arrangement: 9.6.1 Dimension: 52mm

8

7

52mm

Section A

Notes: Largest hole 11mm, Smallest hole 4mm. The holes seem to have a slightly larger average. Beside the large hole are two holes which seem to be symmetrical.

y

3D printing this on a large scale enables me to investigate the surface of the flower. This study is in alignment with the first investigation. Seeing the intricacy of the surface and the arrangement of holes provides the opportunity to cast into the holes to understand the concave effect.

On average the largest hole is 3.5 times bigger than the smallest hole. With this information a study of arrayed hole matrix’s may be an opportunity to analyse the potential of the form further.

Hole Arrangement LARGE FLOWER HEADS A similar sturdy was conducted with a different flower head circumference range. Any flower with a circumference of 200mm+ I had analysed.

The first immediate observation which differs from the first investigation was the consistency in the size of the flower head holes.

A study to understand the concave effect was completed with balloons and casting techniques. The larger the hole the larger the depth of the hole was. As the flower dies the holes open up slowly to enable the seeds to germinate

Section A

FLOWER A: Arrangement: 8.5 Circumference: 215mm Notes: The holes are consistently sized and a common pattern is illustrated

FLOWER B: Arrangement: 8.5 Circumference: 220mm Notes: The holes are consistently sized and a common pattern is illustrated.

Casting Exercise Hole Depth & Shape Analysis

FLOWER C: Arrangement: 9.4

To study the depth of the Hole I cast inside to result in a concave looking seed. Unfortunately due to the level of detail on the 3d print it made it incredibly difficult to be left with the negative mould. However three of the casts were successful and I was able to understand the shape of the void.

Circumference: 215mm Notes: The holes are more warped usually due to weather conditions.

FLOWER E: Arrangement: 9.5 Circumference: 205mm Notes: The holes are consistently sized and a common pattern is illustrated A

FLOWER F: Arrangement: 8.4 Circumference: 205mm Notes: The holes are more warped usually due to weather conditions.

FLOWER D: Arrangement: 8.4 Circumference: 225mm Notes: The holes are consistently sized and a common pattern is illustrated

152

Hole Arrangement THE TAPER EFFECT If X is considerably bigger than Y then the head of the flower begins to taper, also these tend to have symmetry running down the middle of the flower.

After counting all the holes on all the flowers in relation to which ‘ring’ the holes were in. The more holes on the outer rings lead to a higher possibility in a hole in the middle. An average was also generated so I could see how many holes the average flower had.

When X is much longer than Y a tapering effect is produced. Flowers with this head shape seem to also produce many but small seeds.

FLOWER B: 11.7.1 Circumference 190mm Notes: Largest hole 11mm Smallest hole 4mm. Tapering effect has started due to X being a considerable amount longer than Y.

Circumference 175mm Notes: Largest hole 12mm Smallest hole 3mm.

Tapering effect has started due to X being a considerable amount longer than Y.

Nucifera Rhythmic Strategy 14

Number of Holes

12 10 8 6 4 2 0 3

5

7

9

11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37

Outer ring

Inner Ring

Middle hole

FLOWER 1-38: When looking at a large group of these flowers consistencies are hard to notice but breaking the flowers down into logical groups produces some interested results.

The results show that the flowers with more outer holes are more likely to have a middle hole. Further to this it clearly shows that the more holes a flower in the outer ring the more likely for more holes in the other rings. Other evidence shows the amount of holes does not determine the size of the holes.

154

Casting around the balloons with the average hole sizes provides me with the opportunity to see the relation between the depth and width of the holes.

FLOWER A: 9.6.1

A

1

Concave Analysis

FLOWER C: 11.7.1 Circumference 150mm Notes: Largest hole 11mm Smallest hole 4mm.

Tapering effect has started due to X being a considerable amount longer than Y.

Largest hole depth - 50mm Smallest hole depth - 22mm

Pod Crease CONES The shape of the pod is like a ‘cone’. The observation made was the larger the head the more creases on the back of the pod had. Heads with a circumference of 180mm+ have more creases than the smaller heads.

Cone Form Finding Paper Stacking

Section A

Paper is a cheap recyclable material which obtains many ideal properties for model-making. However it is not always ideal to use this material due to its lack of tensile qualities. Although when all the cones were intersecting the structure became rigid considering it was paper.

I looked into the opportunity the cone can present itself with, using a stacking technique I created various geometric forms.

This however does not have the level of intricacy I am looking for within the plant. After conducting the analysis I have come to the conclusion that I will continue design with a focus on the holes.

The flowers with larger heads (180mm circumference) had heavily defined creases, on the other hand the smaller heads had a much smoother surface.

Cone Profile

A Section B

B

156

Geometry

Treatment

Mix & Repeat

Resultant Hydrophobic Sand

GEOMETRIC ATTRIBUTES The petals of the Nelumbo Nucifera has a very uniform structure which allows the plant to open and close with simplicity. The plant begins to open as day approaches and closes by night to protect the pod.

The petal structure shows overlap producing a cup like figure.

Likewise the Leaf which is essential for the plants success, the Lotus has a leaf which sits on the surface of the water providing the plant with balance. The structure branches in a radial manner and gets more complex towards the end of the plant where the same repeated pattern occurs halfway up the branch.

Leaf Structure The leaf structure illustrates the pattern the leaf takes. X shows the initial distance is 66% of the overall radius, then W, W1 and W2 all show that this pattern repeats at a consistent 50%

50º

50º

50º

50º 60º 60º

60º

60º

158

Lotus Dissection LOTUS BREAKDOWN The lotus is broken up into several components, I will focus on the ‘Lotus pod’. The pod includes; - Cone Shaped Pod - A Dense Surface - Seed Pods - Seeds

1

2

3

4 6 5

160

7

Segments Exploded

Water Lily Family NELUMBO NUCIFERA “LOTUS POD”

Nymphaea Nouchali referred to as the blue or star lotus, this is native to Eastern parts of Eastern Asia and is the national flower of Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. Buddhists refer to this plant as one which resembles; virtue, discipline and purity.

The Nelumbo Nucifera is a plant which is grown in four different continents, Asia, Europe, Africa and America.

This unique plant is part of the water lily family. The flower takes between 2 and 5 years to fully grow depending on the conditions. Each plant produces seeds from the lotus pod unlike any other water lily.

16% of individuals are unable to look at this plant due to phenomenon ‘trypophobia’. This is the fear of a cluster of holes, when individuals look at this plant it triggers this effect in them and often makes individuals turn away from it. However this plant has many useful features which are useful to our generation.

Stigma Disk Nuphar Pumila, this flower slightly more unique in that it has a star shaped stigma disc. This plant also has hairs on the underside of the leaves

The seed has several layers protect the seed from animals and harsh conditions.

Nelumbo Nucifera, this water lily also known as the Lotus Flower is the national flower of Vietnam and Thailand. This flower looses its petals early and the pod bearing lotus head continues to grow.

Red Dwarf Water Lily, the smallest of the family, but as all of the flowers above they open their petals by day and close by night.

Seed Sections

162

About 7

FLOWER ANALYSIS 1

Germination

The Nelumbo Nucifera has a wide range of useful properties includ-

8

In Season The pods seeds are ready to be dropped.

Circle of Life The plant dies but stays standing leaving a “wooden like� texture.

ing; helping in the cure of Cancer, assisting with recovery, reducing blood pressure and has oils to help with the skin.

6

2

This whole plant is also edible and is often eaten in Asia. The seeds

Natural Progression The seed is withered away by the water.

are popped and eaten similarly to popcorn, the roots are used in stirfries and soups.

Another amazing feature this plant obtains is, it has hydrophobic

5

Flowering Leaves provide stability and the flower is fertilised by a beetle

Growing The pod continues to grow after the flower dies.

properties which allow the plant to stay clean even in dirty conditions.

Foundations Growing downwards produces strong foundations.

3

4

Early Sprouting

Where the Plant Grows

16% 164

Percent of individuals cannot look at this plant without trypophobia taking effect.

4

Found in 4 Continents.

Used in cancer research and aids in curing cancer.

Seeds have been known to live up to 1300 years.

Water and dirt bounces off the plant staying clean due to its hydrophobic properties.

About FLOWER ANALYSIS The Nelumbo Nucifera has a wide range of useful properties including; helping in the cure of Cancer, assisting with recovery, reducing blood pressure and has oils to help with the skin.

7

In Season The pods seeds are ready to be dropped.

This whole plant is also edible and is often eaten in Asia.

The seeds are popped and eaten similarly to popcorn, the roots are used in stir-fries and soups.

1

Germination

Another amazing feature this plant obtains is, it has hydrophobic properties which allow the plant to stay clean even in dirty conditions.

6

Growing The pod continues to grow after the flower dies.

2

1300

Natural Progression The seed is withered away by the water.

Seeds have been known to live for more than 1300 years

5

Flowering Leaves provide stability and the flower is fertilised by a beetle

Natural Resin

16

Foundations Growing downwards produces strong foundations.

16% of individuals suffer from trypophoiba a fear of a cluster of holes 3

10

Used in the battle against cancer Where the Plant Grows

4 166

200ml of Water required annually

4

8

Circle of Life The plant dies but stays standing leaving a “wooden like� texture.