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HISTORY | MEMORY | MEMORIAL
A TEACHERS WORKSHOP
An Arizona Memorial Museum Association Publication | www.arizonamemorial.org
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May 28, 2007. The USS Arizona Memorial’s Shrine Room contains a marble wall honoring the sailors and marines killed aboard the ship on December 7, 1941.
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A Day to Remember Memorial Day 2007 took place earlier this summer but its message of remembrance should be carried year ‘round.
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Known Only to God Pearl Harbor Survivor Ray Emory can name every ship that was at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. His goal is to help name all of the unknowns at Punchbowl’s National Cemetery of the Pacific.
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A Sacred Place Native-American musician Travis Terry paid tribute to all of the people who sacrificed their lives at Pearl Harbor.
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Flying High Again A Pearl Harbor tribute by the US Air Force Thunderbirds.
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Midway to an Uncertain Future Stuck between tourist destination and wildlife refuge, Midway Atoll hosted the 65th Anniversary Battle of Midway commemoration.
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Miracle at Midway Even armed with a formidable intelligence advantage, the US came close to losing the Battle of Midway.
A Long Time Coming War in the Pacific National Historical Park finally has a new Visitor Center. The Pearl Harbor Memorial Fund Find out about Planned Giving, and the new PHMF travel website. Live and Learn AMMA’s biggest educational effort is its Teachers Workshop, held at Hawaii’s internationally recognized East-West Center.
Cover Photos: From top, left to right: Joan Rodby, civilian Pearl Harbor Survivor; teachers at the USS Bowfin; Punchbowl Cemetery’s Honolulu Memorial; Harry Butowsky, National Park Service Historian; Michael Carter, Kapolei Middle School speech contest winner; the USS Utah Memorial; teacher Kimberly Johnson; Glenn Blanchard inside the USS Bowfin; AMMA Chairman of the Board George Sullivan; Namji Steinemann, Director of the AsiaPacificEd program, left, Kahu Clark, middle, and AsiaPacificEd’s Cheryl Hidano; Jennifer Eskridge; NPS historian Daniel Martinez; Lucyanna Oda, Kapolei Middle School speech contest finalist; Pearl Harbor Survivor Herb Weatherwax; Chelsea Belford, Kapolei Middle School speech contest finalist; Daniel Martinez and teachers at the USS Utah Memorial; model planes used in the attack simulation were built by Brad Sekigawa; Barbara Hoff, left, and Jean Johnson; teachers at the National Cemetery of the Pacific; a teacher presentation on how what was learned in Hawaii will be taught back home; Yujin Yaguchi, whose tireless efforts secured Japanese participation in the workshop, during his presentation.
EDITOR Ray Sandla WRITERS Laurie Moore Ray Sandla Tom Shaw PHOTOGRAPHY Daniel Martinez Rhiannon O’HalloranWaddell Ray Sandla Tom Shaw The Arizona Memorial Museum Association is a non-profit cooperating association working with the National Park Service to provide funding for interpretive and educational programs at the USS Arizona Memorial, Kalaupapa National Historical Park on Molokai, Hawai‘i, War in the Pacific National Historical Park on Guam, and American Memorial Park on Saipan.
Remembrance is a Publication for Members of the Arizona Memorial Museum Association
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Memorial Day 2007 Every now and then, I’ll get a telephone call or a letter from a member, a former member, or someone interested in the history of Pearl Harbor. I recently received a phone call from Mr. Patrick Taaffe, who was calling from Ireland to ask about a gift membership he had purchased for his son. He said his son would be humbled to receive the membership. He told me about a 45th anniversary trip that he and his wife had taken from Dublin to Hong Kong, Cairns, Sydney, Honolulu, San Francisco, New York, and London. In a classic Irish lilt, Mr. Taaffe asked if he could relate an experience he had while visiting the USS Arizona Memorial this past August. “It was early on a Sunday. We went out to have a look at the names on what you have to remember is a memorial, a graveyard, not some tourist attraction. I went down on one knee near the railing. I could see the oil coming up in the water and it made a kind of rainbow as it broke the surface. It was beautiful and I think a way for God to show how much he cares for the men who died there. I saw f lower petals falling past me into the water and looked up to see a little Japanese girl with her parents standing near. She was taking rose petals from a paper bag full of f lowers and dropping them into the water. I thought to myself, it is hate that starts wars, and it is forgiveness that ends them. I was having difficulty getting up so the father of the girl came over and bowed while he asked if he could help me up. It will always be in my memory that a little girl taught me it was time to forgive. It was a little girl that showed me the way. It’s funny that sometimes you have to get old to understand things. That’s when you try to stop thinking of time, but unfortunately, time starts thinking of you.” Mr. Taaffe closed with “God Bless America.” The Arizona Memorial has a unique effect on people. Mr. Travis Terry, whose tribute to the Memorial and those who fought at Pearl Harbor appears on page 3, felt a solemnity and sense of peace that echoed through the Native-American songs and chants he performed at the Remembrance Circle. As the grandson of Iwo Jima f lag raiser Ira Hayes, Mr. Terry embodies the diverse contributions of all Americans to the cause of WWII. These were days, much like the days immediately following September 11, 2001, that brought the country together. It was as if the things that formerly had divided people: race, culture, language, now brought them together. People fought for the freedom to be different, for the freedom to pursue a national end with a diversity of means. A great country is, after all, great people. Different, yes; diverse, absolutely, but with a singleness of purpose that can never be denied. This universal message is the message of the USS Arizona Memorial. Memorial Day is our chance to say thank you to the men and women who give their time, their energy and sometimes their lives, to preserve the freedoms of all the people who call America home. RAY SANDLA, EDITOR
ray_sandla@arizonamemorial.org
Contact Information: Membership Nettie Stillwell Associate Director of Communications and Development membership@arizonamemorial.org Tel: (toll free) 1-888-332-1941 Fax: 1-808-487-3312 www.pearlharbormemorial.com r e m e m b r a n c e
Remembrance Ray Sandla Publications/Special Projects ray_sandla@arizonamemorial.org Tel: 1-808-485-2748 Fax: 1-808-485-2766 www.arizonamemorial.org
Mail Order Angel Galinato Mail Order azmemph@hawaii.rr.com Tel: (toll-free): 1-888-485-1941 Fax: 1-808-485-2766 www.arizonamemorialbookstore.org/ S U M M E R | F A L L
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A Day to Remember MEMORIAL DAY 2007 The USS Arizona Memorial and Memorial Day go way back. Originally, the Memorial was to open on the 20th anniversary of the Pearl Harbor attack, December 7, 1961. However due to fundraising and construction concerns, dedication ceremonies were held on Memorial Day, May 28, 1962. Of equal concern at the time was the purpose of the Memorial itself. Was it honoring the sacrifice and courage shown by military personnel and civilians on December 7, 1941? Was it commemorating the beginning of the brutal War in the Pacific? Was it a symbol of America’s entry into WWII? Or could it be construed as a 2
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physical remonstration for vigilance and preparedness? Today, the answers to these questions seems academic and largely irrelevant. The Memorial has come to symbolize a diversity of meanings: a sailor who manned the decks of the USS Arizona; a Honolulu fireman, giving his life trying to save the lives of people he had never met; an Army nurse working for days on end without sleep, caring for the wounded with competent determination. Today, the Memorial is a place of memory and memorialization. There is no better time to remember those who gave so much for what we enjoy today. r e m e m b r a n c e
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2 Above left: The USS Arizona Memorial, May 28, 2007. 1: An unprecedented panel of distinguished Pearl Harbor Survivors told their stories and answered questions from an audience of Memorial Day visitors. From left: Everett Hyland, injured on the USS Pennsylvania. Mr. Hyland’s injuries were so severe, he was left in the hallway of the Naval Hospital, where those given up for dead were left; Sterling Cale, pharmacist mate, Pearl Harbor shipyard dispensary. Mr. Cale witnessed the attack and would later recover bodies from the USS Arizona; Bob Kinzler, Schofield Barracks. After the attack, Mr. Kinzler helped set up a battle station at a local high school; George Brown, ship’s cook on the USS Oklahoma. Mr. Brown escaped from the overturned ship with his life by squeezing through a half-opened hatch; Tom Unger, a civilian who one day after Pearl Harbor enlisted in the Hawaii Territorial Guard, then, the US Army; Al Rodrigues, Bishop’s Point, Pearl Harbor who shot a .30 caliber rifle at passing Japanese planes; Herb Weatherwax, Schofield Barracks. Mr. Weatherwax was one of the first American soldiers to shake hands with the Russians at Torgau, Germany; Bill Cope, Hickam Field, US Army Air Corps. Mr. Cope and his new bride, Ruth, watched Japanese planes fly directly over their home on their way to Pearl Harbor; Ray Emory, USS Honolulu. Mr. Emory manned a machine gun during the attack, firing at the oncoming Japanese planes.
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2: The well of the USS Arizona Memorial exposes the area just in front of where the galley was located on the sunken ship. A gun tub and a boat crane base are visible on most days. 3: The Marine Corps Band played on the back lanai of the Visitor Center. 4: A lucky visitor meets with Pearl Harbor Survivors Sterling Cale, middle, and Al Rodrigues. 5: A member of the Marine Corps Band. r e m e m b r a n c e
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Ray Emory doesn’t relate his own Pearl Harbor experience very often.
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the work that remains to be done identifying the unknown Pearl Harbor casualties buried at Punchbowl’s National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific.
t all started in 1990 with a visit to the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific at Punchbowl for Pearl Harbor survivor and retired contractor Ray Emory. Walking among the over 13,000 WWII soldiers and sailors interred at Punchbowl, the former USS Honolulu sailor was struck by the vast number of “unknown” markers. Mr. Emory was determined to fittingly honor these men, for as he says, “These guys got killed in battle for their country and they should be so recognized, period.” He has spent the last 15 years researching records of not only the Pearl Harbor attack, but also the lesser known 36 unidentified dead from the West Loch disaster of May 21, 1944 that killed163 men and wounded 396 more. His research so far has positively identified four formerly unknowns buried at Punchbowl, but this has not been the only result of his efforts. Mr. Emory was able to get 70 Punchbowl headstones changed to reflect that the men died aboard the USS Arizona. And in 2002, 177 gravestones were replaced with ones identifying the men buried there with such ships as the California, Oklahoma, Utah, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Nevada, and Curtiss. “I’m going to put it this way, put yourself in a sailor uniform for a second,” the former sailor said. “You get killed. There are several things on the grave marker you want right. You want your name, rate, when you were born and died, and I think you’d be damn proud for the government to say I was on the San Francisco or someplace.” Mr. Emory’s message on Memorial Day to the visitors at the Memorial Visitor Center could not have been clearer after he recited, from memory, the names of the more than 100 ships present at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Remember the day, but more importantly, remember the people who may still lie unknown.
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Top: Crosses mark the unidentified at Halawa cemetery before the remains were moved to Punchbowl. Above left: The view from the top of Punchbowl’s grand staircase.The first internments at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific were made on January 4, 1949, with official opening ceremonies the following July 19. 23 WWII Medal of Honor recipients lie in Punchbowl as well as noted war correspondent Ernie Pyle and many members of the famed 100th Infantry Battalion and the 442 RCT. Many Pearl Harbor dead were buried at Punchbowl including hundreds of “unknowns.” Middle: The Honolulu Memorial, co-located in Punchbowl, is administered by the American Battle Monuments Commission. A 30-foot sculpture of a woman standing on the symbolized prow of a US Navy carrier, holds a laurel branch while behind her is a small chapel. To the right and left are huge mosaics of crucial War in the Pacific Battles and in front, framing the grand staircase, are 10 Courts of the Missing which include 18,096 names of War in the Pacific missing, lost, or buried at sea. Right: Ray Emory spoke at Memorial Day ceremonies held at the USS Arizona Memorial on May 28, 2007. r e m e m b r a n c e
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A Sacred Place On July 12, 2007, the USS Arizona Memorial received a visit from Travis Terry, a Native-American musician of the Pima tribe. Mr. Terry’s grandfather was Ira Hayes, one of the original six flag raisers on Iwo Jima’s Mt. Suribachi. Mr. Terry is married to a Navajo woman and lives near Canyon de Chelly National Monument in Arizona. He came to Hawaii to take part in the Navajo Coordinated School Health Symposium held in conjunction with the 81st Annual School Health Conference. Mr. Terry asked USS Arizona Memorial historian Daniel Martinez if he could perform a brief commemoration ceremony at the Visitor Center Remembrance Circle. Part of the National Park Service mission is to recognize the many distinct cultures that make up the United States and to allow them access to historic places, so Mr. Martinez happily agreed. Mr. Terry played his flutes, chanted Native-American prayers and songs, and asked those lucky enough to attend to remember the fallen of Pearl Harbor. “The song simply goes: This land is your land, this land is my land From California to the New York highlands To the redwood forests, to the Gulf Stream waters This land, this land, was made for you, and you, and you, and you, and you And me. “But how many of us live up to that song today? Or do I segregate myself simply because of my color, simply because of my culture, simply because of my language? “The small children have no concept of what occurred. Teach them, show them, understand them and they too will understand why you’re here. It is not an amusement park; it is not a place of gathering to see who you’re going to date tonight; it is not an area to be popular and walk around, showing off who you are. This place is sacred. This area is sacred to the men, the women, the boys, the girls of all cultures that were here. They are not forgotten, not in the least.
Top: Travis Terry, Native-American musician and grandson of the Iwo Jima flag raiser Ira Hayes, performs a commemoration ceremony at the USS Arizona Memorial Visitor Center Remembrance Circle. He asked the visitors assembled around him to remember the fallen of Pearl Harbor as individuals made up of differing cultures, religions, and ethnicities who sacrificed everything for the freedom America enjoys today. Above: Travis Terry’s flutes arranged over the map of Oahu at the USS Arizona Memorial’s Visitor Center Remembrance Circle.
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“...[W]e’d like to ask you to bow your heads for just one minute. And as I pray in my language, the remembrance of all these people, as well as civilians, as well as children, as well as grandparents, as well as the animals that once roamed in this lovely area of land. Pay tribute and homage to them. “For my grandfather Ira Hayes, who placed the flag on Iwo Jima, as [well as] many boys from Newport, Chicago, Los Angeles, Indiana, Mississippi, Georgia...we salute every one of those cultures and those nationalities, and each denomination of each person that paid the ultimate price. They paid with their lives to let us be what we are now...free! Freedom! That is who you are. Thank you.” Photos by Daniel Martinez
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FLYING HIGH AGAIN US AIR FORCE CELEBRATES 60 YEARS OF SERVICE by Will Hoover The Honolulu Advertiser t 2:35 p.m. yesterday (September 15, 2007), thousands of people in Waikiki craned their necks and held their breath as half a dozen low-flying F-16 Fighting Falcon jets screamed through the skies overhead. The Air Force Thunderbirds had hit the air flying with a blast. Faith Duh, 9, a Kamaile Elementary fifth-grader, wasn't taking any chances. For nearly 10 minutes before the show started, she stood by the beach not far from the Hawai'i Army Museum at Fort DeRussy, with her index fingers plugged in her ears. "It may be loud," said Faith, who wore a pink backpack on her head to protect her from the drizzling rain. Her mother, Nova Duh of Makaha, explained that neither of them had been to an air show before. When the jets did arrive, Faith squinted hard, momentarily frightened by the roar. Seconds later, though, she was lost in the excitement of the experience. "Wow, it's spectacular!" she shouted with delight. "It's amazing! It's cool! Ya-hoo!" Not far away, Daniel Erickson, 6, a Nimitz Elementary first-grader, was even more animated. "They're flipping!" he screamed to his mother, Genevieve Erickson. "They're twirling! Are they Blue Angels?" "No, they're Thunderbirds," said Stephanie Robey, the Ericksons' neighbor at Hickam, who was there with her husband, Jody, and daughters Kristin, 9, and Katelynn, 7. "The Blue Angels are next month." 6
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CAPPING AIR FORCE WEEK The Thunderbirds' air show was the culmination of Air Force Week Honolulu, celebrating the 60th anniversary of the Air Force. "The USAF Thunderbirds is the Air Force's premier aerial demonstration team," said Col. "Rojo" Herrera Jr., director of the eight-day event. "What they intend to do is show some of the maneuvers and demonstrate the capabilities of the planes, as well as the pilots." Because of yesterday's cloudy and somewhat soggy weather conditions, the crowd was given the Thunderbirds' lowaltitude show, which is different from the high-altitude performance the group practiced under clear, sunny skies Thursday afternoon, Herrera said. Air Force regulations prohibit aerial demonstration teams from losing sight of the ground during a performance. And because some of the high-altitude acrobatics would have required flying above the clouds, the Thunderbirds switched to the low-altitude show, he said. Still, overcast skies and occasional showers could not dampen the enthusiasm of cheering spectators who lined the beaches yesterday, some of whom arrived hours early to secure a choice location. Timothy Hayes and John DiNuzzo, who came in from the U.S. Vets shelter in r e m e m b r a n c e
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Kalaeloa, had before 9 a.m. staked a claim on a partially shaded concrete picnic table on the lawn of the Hale Koa Hotel — touted by some as the best place to watch the aerial demonstration. "Today, we need to say thanks to Orville and Wilbur Wright," said Hayes, an aspiring writer. "For if it was not for the two Wright brothers, we would not have been able to enjoy the performance of the Thunderbirds today." FINE PLACE FOR A SHOW Farther down the beach, F-16 fighter pilot Lt. Gen. Bruce "Orville" Wright, commander of the 5th Air Force in Japan, said he couldn't agree more. Wright, who had traveled to Waikiki to take in the air show, was able to offer some technical explanation about the capabilities of yesterday's overhead flying machines. The F-16 jets were traveling between 300 mph and 500 mph — flying as low as 300 feet, the veteran pilot explained. Because of the small turn radius of yesterday's performance, the F-16 Fighting Falcons could be doing 400 knots (460 mph) and turning 180 degrees in less than half a mile, producing G-forces up to nine times the weight of the pilot. And, according to Wright, yesterday's display of such awesome jet power couldn't have happened at any finer location. "I don't know that there's a prettier, more impressive place to have a Thunderbirds show than on the beach at Waikiki," he said. So much so, Wright said, that for this Waikiki Thunderbirds show, pilots were allowed the unusual move of bringing along their spouses — both husbands and wives. "There are two female Thunderbird pilots, you know," he said. That was welcome news to Kristin Robey, a Nimitz Elementary fourth-grader. "I want to be a pilot," she announced as the half-hour show ended and the crowds began to disburse. "I want to be the first female pilot to sit first seat in the Thunderbirds. And I'll set a world's record." r e m e m b r a n c e
Opposite page left: The U.S. Air Force Air Demonstration Squadron Thunderbirds fly over the U.S.S. Missouri and the U.S.S. Arizona Memorial in Honolulu, Hawaii, on September 13, 2007. U.S. Air Force photo by Staff Sgt. Derrick C. Goode. Opposite page right and this page, top right: Ssgt Kristin Machado, Thunderbirds aerial photographer captures the F-16s over Pearl Harbor from the air. This page top left: National Park Service Project Manager for the new USS Arizona Memorial rebuilding effort Mr. Tom Fake, took this photo of the Thunderbirds banking gracefully over the Memorial on their final run. This page, bottom left: The U.S. Air Force Air Demonstration Squadron Thunderbirds arrive at Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, on September 12, 2007. U.S. Air Force photo by Staff Sgt. Derrick C. Goode. This page, bottom right: Photo by Ray Sandla.
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A Long Time Coming
Now located in the old U.S. Army Reserve office in Santa Rita, there's more than 4,000 square feet of space to house over 11,000 artifacts from a broad spectrum of World War II. The items have been kept in storage away from the public and researchers while the park searched for a permanent home for the center, Creachbaum said. The collection includes photographs, films and oral histories of people who were involved during the occupation and liberation. There are also military personnel using different types of uniforms from the era and as well as artifacts from the insular guard who were originally on the island to protect the island, during the invasion, she said. There will also be a designated space where items are stored and protected and where researchers and the public, after making an appointment with museum curators, will be able to view certain parts of it, she said. While new exhibits are still in the works, and expected to be ready in 2009, temporarily loaned items from the Guam Humanities Council are on display. Bonus features of the center includes a bookstore and an auditorium where films will be shown each day. AT A GLANCE •The T. Stell Newman Visitor Center will be open from 9 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Sunday through Saturday (closed during lunch from noon to 1 p.m. on weekends only). The center is located southbound on Marine Corps Drive before Naval Base Guam in Agat in the old U.S. Army Reserve building. •For more information, visit www.nps.gov/wapa.
by Lacee A.C. Martinez July 2, 2007 - Pacific Daily News
Just in time to help celebrate 63 years of Guam's liberation from Japanese occupiers, the T. Stell Newman Visitor Center, part of the War in the Pacific National Parks, reopened its doors yesterday after spending nearly five years out of commission. "It has been a long time coming," said parks Superintendent Sarah Creachbaum. "We're so excited to be able to open up for business with the new center and share the park's mission." That mission is: to commemorate the bravery and sacrifice of those who participated in the Pacific Theater during World War II. It's the only national park designated to commemorate all of the Allied Forces involved during World War II, she added. The center was originally located in Asan against the same beach line where American servicemen landed to recapture Guam six decades ago, but was ravaged during Supertyphoon Pongsona in 2002. The building took a beating from damaging winds and waves, which swept through center because of its near-sea level location. The parks could no longer lease the same location because it was deemed unsafe for government agencies, Creachbaum said. 8
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The 4,149 square foot War in the Pacific National Historical Park T. Stell Newman Visitor Center was re-located from its original location at Asan Beach, which was destroyed during Supertyphoon Pongsona in 2002. The National Park Service will manage the US Navy owned building and the Arizona Memorial Museum Association will run a bookstore inside the center. Proceeds from sales of books, DVDs, and collectibles will go to support educational and interpretive efforts at honoring those who fought in the War in the Pacific, as well as those civilians that lived through the Japanese occupation. With the addition of member contributions, AMMA was able to provide the center with state-ofthe-art theater components which will allow a fuller breadth of interpretive experiences for students, teachers, military personnel, and tourists.
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live and learn AMMA’s educational efforts now include major support for an ongoing, nationally recognized Teachers Workshop. The aim of the workshop is to give teachers better tools to educate new generations about Pearl Harbor. Pearl Harbor has become an enduring part of U.S. popular history and culture as an event that drew the United States into World War II and forever changed this nation. As an iconic landmark of American history, the USS Arizona Memorial is uniquely important for U.S. national identity. In Japan, although Pearl Harbor is far less visible in popular history and culture, it is seen as the seminal event that brought the nation into a full-blown conflict with the United States and its ultimate defeat. However, the way Pearl Harbor is remembered today in Japan understandably differs from the context of American memory. While many Americans regard Pearl Harbor as a site of tragedy from which the nation emerged victorious, Pearl Harbor for many Japanese is often seen as a "mistake" and a reminder of the tragedies of war and the devastations that followed the use of atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. At the same time, because many Japanese view Pearl Harbor as the place where the conflict between the United States and Japan began, little attention is given to the political and geopolitical developments in Asia and the Pacific that led to the attack and the impact that it had on the Asia Pacific region as a whole. Similarly, this longer historical context is often lacking in popular American representations of Pearl Harbor, which typically begin on the morning of December 7, 1941. “Pearl Harbor: History, Memory, Memorial” addresses this lack of historical context by exploring the multiple histories that converge at Pearl Harbor while illumi-
nating one of the most important (if at times antagonistic) bilateral relationships in the 20th century—that between the United States and Japan—and the impact of that relationship on both nations’ international affairs. Importantly, it examines the cultural as well as intercultural significance of Pearl Harbor by highlighting not only American and Japanese but also Hawaiian and diverse American experiences, especially those of Japanese Americans. Doing so reminds us that despite the mythic status of the Pearl Harbor story in American culture, there are, in fact, a number of “Pearl Harbors,” with different impacts and memories for diverse Americans and for people throughout the world. The week-long workshop “Pearl Harbor: History, Memory, Memorial” at the EastWest Center provides teachers the historical and cultural context for understanding the Pearl Harbor attacks, and features visits to the Arizona Memorial and other attack sites on Oahu, simulations, curriculum applications and resources including personal narratives and veteran survivor stories. The workshops are organized by the EastWest Center's AsiaPacificEd Program in close collaboration with the National Park Service, which operates the USS Arizona Memorial, and the Arizona Memorial Museum Association (AMMA). The program is made possible through a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) under the We the People Initiative, and with additional support provided by AMMA. Several schoolteachers from Japan joined the U.S. teachers at the Pearl Harbor workshop in July.
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“Coming here to witness memorials and sites of history...helps me see the history through the eyes of the people who experienced it; American, Japanese, and Hawaiian. I hope that it will help me teach the history so that my students have a sense of what it was like for the people living here during World War II...giving them a much bigger vision than their textbooks could ever provide.” – Aditi Mehta Doshi
The above description was taken from the AsiaPacificEd website and outlines the goals of the workshop. The following pages show some of the highlights, impact on teachers and organizers, and fellowship that results from this most unique and original learning experience.
Los Angeles, California
Generous member donations to AMMA directly impact how the history of Pearl Harbor is taught in schools in the United States and in Japan. With your continuing support, the lessons and meanings of Pearl Harbor will reach an ever expanding audience. r e m e m b r a n c e
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“It’s one thing to read and see things in movies, but it’s a different matter when you actually...peer out into the harbor and see the great ships and wonder what it was like to be here at the time. It’s that opportunity...that you get to bring back to your classroom and share with your kids.”
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1: Teachers took an attack site tour to familiarize them with places that would learn about the rest of the week. The USS Utah is an important historical site often overlooked due to its inaccessibility. 2: Joan Rodby was ten years old in 1941 and witnessed the attack from her family home on Diamond Head. 3: At the end of the five day workshop, teachers presented their ideas on how they would integrate what they’d learned during the week. 4: Pearl Harbor Survivors Sterling Cale, left, Everett Hyland, and others, provided first-hand accounts to the teachers and proved the most meaningful experience of the week. 5: The Ford Island seaplane ramp site tour stop where shrapnel and strafing scars can still be seen. 6: The workshop attack site tour starts, fittingly enough, at the USS Arizona Memorial. 7: Jay Shuttleworth at the USS Bowfin Submarine Museum and Park, examines the sail of the Pearl Harbor Avenger. 8: Kazunori Adachi was one of the Japanese teachers who took advantage of the opportunity to engage in meaningful exchanges of teaching methods concerning Pearl Harbor. 9: Daniel Martinez, National Park Service historian at the USS Arizona Memorial, pre sented a three-dimensional simulation of the Pearl Harbor attack. Many of the teachers plan to use the video taken of the simulation in the classroom. 10: Kapolei Middle School speech contest winner Michael Carter spoke of why new generations should remember Pearl Harbor. 11: Pearl Harbor Survivor Al Rodrigues and other Survivors of the Pearl Harbor attack, met with teachers for lunch at the Hickam Officer’s Club.
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MIDWAY UNCERTAIN to an
FUTURE
by Tom Shaw President/CEO, Arizona Memorial Museum Association mall specks of sand and coral dot the ocean. Far from any land mass, small shrubs, a few trees and invasive weeds cover the landscape of Sand Island. From the air, Eastern Island still evokes memories of a different time when US Navy planes regularly took off and landed on the barren and remote sand bar. Most Americans would be hard pressed to locate Midway on a map or to impart the importance of this area in the beginning months of the War in the Pacific. Yet Midway Atoll, tiny, remote, and all but forgotten geographically, defined a major turning point in World War II. Part of the Hawaiian Archipelago and yet 1300 miles from Honolulu, this isolated atoll consists of just over 2 square miles above water. Sand Island, the only inhabited island, is currently overseen by federal Fish and Wildlife officials. There are also a number of contract employees who help to maintain the buildings and infrastructure that support the continuing research, study, ecology and preservation efforts on the island. These efforts concentrate necessarily on the numerous species of birds prevalent here. It is estimated that in April-June of each year as many as 400,000 nesting pairs of albatross are on Sand Island producing an additional 400,000 chicks‌ and this is just this one species. On June 4, 2007 Military Historical Tours returned to Midway chartering a Continental Airlines 737 for the trip. On board were three survivors of the Battle of
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Midway, each with his own story to tell, each with a different perspective of the battle that took place 65 years ago. Our gracious hosts were Col. Warren Wiedhahn USMC (Ret.), President and CEO of Military Historical Tours (www.miltours.com) and Lt. Col. Gary Andrejak, USAF (Ret.), Tour Director. Our publisher, Ray Sandla, and myself traveled with Col. Wiedhahn, Lt. Col. Andrejak, the Midway veterans, dignitaries from Honolulu and others from the US mainland to Midway to participate in the 65th anniversary ceremonies. Along with the Military Historical Tours plane, a cruise ship from the Princess Lines lay anchored off shore. Altogether around 1500 persons were on island for the morning ceremonies. r e m e m b r a n c e
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Beginning at 1230, the ceremony included speakers The Honorable Dirk Kempthorne, Secretary of the Interior, The Honorable Linda Lingle, Governor of Hawaii, The Honorable BJ Penn, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Admiral Robert Willard, Commander, U.S. Pacific Fleet and Dr. James D’Angelo, President and Chairman of the International Midway Memorial Foundation. All remembered the valiant heroics of a few men pitted against an imposing enemy in the waters off Midway Islands. In June of 1942, Japanese forces confidently moved to take Midway Islands. With a vast attack and landing force the plan was to overwhelm the enemy and take away this stepping stone to the Western Pacific. The success of this plan would put Japanese airpower within striking distance of Hawaii. In the meantime, US Forces in Hawaii had worked feverishly to translate radio intelligence intercepts and somehow divine Japanese intentions. Due to this incredible intelligence breakthrough, the small and vastly outnumbered US fleet was able to strategically position itself off of Midway and awaited the advancing Japanese fleet. Although fairly certain there would be a Japanese attack, the US possessed little information as to the exact size, scale and timing, or intentions of the attack. Both sides flew numerous reconnaissance missions attempting to detect the enemy. After locating the Japanese fleet, US forces failed in early attempts to successfully attack the Japanese ships. Many American lives were lost in these attempts, many American planes shot down by fire from ships as well as Japanese planes providing air cover. Eventually fortunes changed and American planes
were able to successfully penetrate Japanese defenses. Within hours, 3 Japanese carriers were knocked out of battle and a fourth was later lost. So damaging to the Japanese fleet was this engagement that Japan was never again able to successfully go on the offensive in the continuing War in the Pacific. We were on Midway to remember those gallant airmen, marines, sailors, soldiers and officers who served both on December 7, 1941 and during the Battle of Midway in June of ’42. Many participating in the ceremonies gave thanks for the great sacrifice and devotion shown here 65 years ago. After the ceremonies some participated in continuing tours of the facilities and historical sites on the island while others relaxed on the pristine beaches or went for a swim in the crystal clear waters surrounding Sand Island. Taking off after dark to avoid bird strikes we watched the movie “Midway” and reminisced about our experiences. Many said it was unfortunate that these islands are so remote and isolated. Few get to experience the history and ecology of a place so important to American, and world, history. Yet ironically, it is fortunate that more tourists don’t come here. The preservation efforts of the Fish and Wildlife Service represent the best chance for much of the flora and fauna that exist here, allowing the island every opportunity to return these islands to the way it was before human intervention. My understanding is that Military Historical Tours is planning another trip to Midway in June 2008. If you wish to visit a place of incredible beauty, isolation, and history, consider a visit to Midway Atoll. You may be one of the very few to take this incredible journey.
Opposite page, above: Midway Atoll from the air. Sand Island to the right is the only accessible island at this time. Eastern Island is the home of the historic runways where pilots launched to engage the Japanese in 1942 as well as an historic 3-inch anti-aircraft gun, revetments, and a memorial erected by the International Midway Memorial Foundation. The cruise ship brought close to 1500 visitors to the island. Opposite page, below: Tom Shaw in front of the main hanger on the Midway tarmac. This page, top left: A youthful gooney bird watches the setting sun over Sand Island’s inner harbor. Top middle: On the evening of December 7, 1941 a Japanese shell hit this command center and power plant, killing 1st Lt. George Cannon, the first Marine to receive the Medal of Honor in World War II. Top right: Admiral Robert F. Willard, Commander, US Pacific Fleet, addresses the commemoration crowd. Bottom left: Virtually all the unpaved areas of the atoll are riddled with underground Laysan albatross nesting burrows. Bottom right: USS Hornet plane captain Bill Tunstall, 85, attended the commemoration ceremony on Midway. r e m e m b r a n c e
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Left: Navy SBD’s during the attack on the Japanese fleet off Midway, June 4th to 6th 1942. Visible in the center is a burning Japanese ship (Photograph was enlarged from the original 16 mm. motion picture color film). Above: Damage on Midway Island before the Japanese raiders were repelled, June 4, 5, 6, 1942. Burning oil tanks hit by Japanese bombs: gooney birds in the foreground.
Preface to Miracle at Midway by Gordon W. Prange with Donald Goldstein and Katherine Dillon o plot pattern is as dear to the American heart as that of the victorious underdog. Because of the power, size, geographical location, and nature of this country, very seldom in the last century has the United States had the luxury of being in that position. The battle of Midway was one of those few occasions when the Americans were underdogs and victorious. Less than six months after their victory at Pearl Harbor, the Japanese sent forth an enormous, combat-seasoned fleet of eightyeight surface warships* with the dual mission of capturing Midway atoll and luring the remains of the weakened U.S. Pacific Fleet to their destruction. This was to be the opening salvo of their second phase operations which contemplated the isolation of Australia at one extreme and possible capture of Hawaii at the other. But events did not conform to the Japanese pattern. Forewarned through superior cryptanalysis and radio intelligence, American naval forces much inferior numerically to the Japanese (twentyeight surface warships),* but superbly led and manned, sped past Midway and were waiting on the enemy’s flank. The result was by no means a foregone conclusion. The Japanese spearhead held the veteran carriers Akagi, Kaga, Hiryu, and Soryu, under the command of Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo. This was the admiral and four of the six carriers which had attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, and since then the Nagumo task force had scored one victory after another in the south Pacific and Indian Oceans.
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Nagumo, his carrier captains, and his airmen fought skillfully and bravely at Midway as flight after flight of American bombers struck impotently. Then, suddenly, superb command decisions, precision dive bombing and a pinch or two of luck all came together. When the battle ended, Japan had lost her four carriers, a heavy cruiser, and over 300 aircraft. Yet the battle could have gone the other way, and even so, the United States lost one carrier, Yorktown, and a destroyer, Hammann. Events at Midway cast serious doubt upon the popular contention that, had the Japanese not achieved surprise at Pearl Harbor, they would have been open to almost certain defeat. This time the U.S. Pacific Fleet knew the Japanese were coming, almost to the minute when they would strike, where and in what strength. American ships were in the open sea, free to maneuver and with the advantage of surprise. Nevertheless, the results were such a narrow squeak that we believe the title Miracle at Midway is not so much alliterative as exactly factual. Land-based bombing proved totally ineffectual and carrier-based efforts equally so until the lastminute linking up and successful marksmanship of the dive bombers. In view of the fact that six months of war had passed since Pearl Harbor, with consequent combat seasoning on the part of commanders, ships and crews, one cannot help but suspect that, had the U.S. Pacific Fleet sortied to meet Nagumo’s task force on December 7, results might have been just as bad if not worse. This was the opinion of Admiral Nimitz, who frankly considered it “God’s mercy” that Admiral Husband E. Kimmel’s ships were at their moorings instead of on the deep Pacific. In some ways, Midway was the reverse image of Pearl Harbor. This time the story was one of Japanese overconfidence, careless planning, slipshod training and contempt for the enemy; of American cool-headedness, ingenuity, and intelligence well acted upon. At the time, the nation rejoiced that Pearl Harbor had been r e m e m b r a n c e
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at least partially avenged. Yet Midway was much more than that; it is generally conceded to have been the turning point in the Pacific war. Over three years of hard-fought combat remained but the United States had captured the initiative. Before Midway, Japan had been fighting an aggressive war of conquest, spreading the boundaries of her Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere ever outward. After Midway, her problem became how to hold what she had; how to defend an ever-shrinking periphery until at the last she had been driven back where she started and beyond. Midway offers many opportunities and temptations to play with the fascinating “ifs, ands and buts” of history, especially on the American side. Suppose Nimitz had not stuck with his assessment that Midway was the main Japanese target, that their projected simultaneous assault on the Aleutians was primarily a diversion? He was under enormous pressure to reject the validity of the information being fed to him by the Combat Intelligence unit on Hawaii. Some of his own staff found it difficult to credit that Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, formidable Commander in Chief of the Combined Fleet, would assemble such an armada against Midway, not to mention Kiska and Attu. It was like fishing for min-
nows with a harpoon. The commanding general of the Hawaiian Department was sure that Yamamoto planned another assault on Oahu, this time in force. And some in the high reaches of the War Department believed that the Japanese were headed for the West Coast, to launch air strikes against the aircraft factories in southern California. Nimitz was not an obstinate man; he listened courteously and respectfully to all sides of the question. But once he made his decision, he proceeded full speed ahead. For that, the United States owes him a tremendous debt. The story of any major battle is necessarily complicated. At Midway many events were going on at the same time, so that not even participants – perhaps participants least of all – could see the big picture or know what was going on. Little of genuine controversy remains, although the wisdom of decisions is forever arguable, and some tactical events are blurred in the heat and smoke of battle. So inevitably some readers will disagree with one or another of our findings and conclusions. This is fine with us. Gordon Prange never claimed to possess the all-seeing eye, the all-knowing mind, and still less do we, his literary successors.
The extremely complicated and long-running Battle of Midway is best illustrated through maps. The above maps, designed by Arcadia Consultants for Cynthia Parzych Publishing, Inc. appeared in the Pacific War Atlas. AMMA is pursuing publishing opportunities with this long out-of-print book.
Also, to learn more about the Battle of Midway, please use these links: http://www.navy.mil/midway/index.html US Navy website dedicated to Midway http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/wwii-pac/midway/midway.htm Naval Historical Center http://www.nationalgeographic.com/midway/ The National Geographic site chronicling efforts to locate the sunken USS Yorktown Available at the AMMA online bookstore www.arizonamemorialbookstore.org Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway By Jonathan Parshall and Anthony Tully hardback, $35.00 + shipping & handling AMMA member price $29.75 + shipping & handling
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The Unknown Battle of Midway: The Destruction of the American Torpedo Squadrons By Alvin Kernan hardback, $26.00 + shipping & handling AMMA member price $22.10 + shipping & handling
The Battle for Midway: The Discovery of the USS Yorktown A National Geographic Society Video DVD $23.95 + shipping & handling AMMA member price $20.36 + shipping & handling
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Military Historical Tours
WARREN WIEDHAHN COLONEL, USMC (RET) Members of the Arizona Memorial Museum Association staff, myself included, have been the lucky recipients of battlefield trips sponsored by Military Historical Tours (MHT). From Midway to Iwo Jima to Normandy, Korea, and Vietnam, MHT provides professional, learned encounters with the places of American military history. Their guides are knowledgeable and are genuinely nice people who care about their guests; their itineraries are flexible yet complete. Many of the articles on the War in the Pacific that have appeared in Remembrance over the years are a direct result of MHT’s generous contributions to our organization. Through these contributions, members of AMMA, as well as its staff, have been able to experience places that are unknown or underappreciated by most people. But they are places that, for some, will never be forgotten. On a recent trip to Midway, I sat down with MHT President Warren Wiedhahn to ask how it all started.
Well let me give you a little of background.... I joined the Marine Corps in 1948 and went right to Tsingtao China...right out of boot camp, and when I got back from China in 1949 (we were the last Marines to leave China) the Korean War broke out in 1950 and I went right to Korea. I was at the Fusong perimeter, the Inchon landing and the Chosin reservoir. So early in my years I got kind of an indoctrination in regard to the Pacific and travel and it just kind of stuck with me. So after Korea I got a commission, and to make a long story short I stayed in the Marine Corps for a total of 33 years and retired as a Colonel. After I retired, some people asked me to put a tour together to go to Okinawa for an anniversary. And I said I didn’t know how to do it and they said well you’re the president of the company why don’t you make it happen. So I did it. And then it led to one tour and two tours and three tours so how did I start the company? It was almost by serendipity. I was familiar with the
Pacific, I was familiar with travel, I liked travel, and I started doing it. My company really took off, which is Military Historical Tours, for the 50th anniversaries of World War II. And we did all of the anniversaries from Europe to the Pacific, Guam, Saipan, Tinian, Iwo Jima. And then I just kept on going. When I first started this company there were only, well there were about four or five companies in the business, doing what I’m doing; now I’m that last man standing. The interesting aspect of this, is that when I first started this I was taking veterans and their families back to the battlefields. Now we’re taking veterans and their families but we’re [also] taking military historians, military educators, military students. We just took 22 Virgina Military Institute students and their professor back to Iwo Jima last year, so it’s kind of morphing into something different then what it was before. Military history is coming into vogue. More and more people are interested in military history. This is my first time on Midway, I’m fascinated by this.
Military Historical Tours on the web Fellow Veterans, Family Members, Military Historians, and Educators: We are pleased to showcase our website (http://www.miltours.com/). Hopefully, you'll see something there that will stir your curiosity, imagination, patriotism or simple desire to return to one of the world's historic battle sites. We are pleased to announce that for the thirteenth year, we have been selected by the Combat Veterans of Iwo Jima, Reunion of Honor Committee to coordinate the 63rd Anniversary Return to Iwo Jima in March, 2008. This unique pilgrimage, one of the most fascinating and inaccessible battlefields in American History, is always very popular. If you're interested in joining us, contact us immediately or register via our ONLINE REGISTRATION FORM (http://www.miltours.com/Tours/Reservations2.htm) to guarantee your seat. There are also many new and exciting additions to MHT on the Web. From Korea, World War I and World War II sites in Europe, to Vietnam and others. To encourage the active exchange of ideas and information relating to all fields of Military History, we have added an MHT Review. We hope you will take a few minutes and read what others have said about the tours. Whether you are veteran, a serious student of history, or just want to visit the ground which holds a special meaning to you or your group, we will be happy to discuss your travel needs. Sincerely & Fraternally,
Warren Warren Wiedhahn Colonel, USMC, (Ret) President/CEO 2 0
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membership opportunities
Aloha and a warm welcome to members of the Arizona Memorial Museum Association! As the new membership director at the Memorial, I am honored to be part of the Arizona Memorial Museum Association (AMMA) family and I’m looking forward to getting to know as many members as I possibly can. Please feel free to contact me with your questions, concerns or suggestions at the numbers and email listed below. Membership is the heart and soul of the Arizona Memorial Museum Association. Working together, AMMA and our members ensure the perpetuation of four historical sites, Kalaupapa National Historical Park on Molokai, Hawaii, War in the Pacific National Historical Park on Guam, and American Memorial Park on Saipan, held in trust by the National Park Service. Look for more details regarding membership at these historic sites on our website at www.arizonamemorial.org and in future issues of Remembrance. At the USS Arizona Memorial support is imperative to preserve the history of December 7, 1941 and to provide essential funding for the important educational and interpretive programs offered at the USS Arizona Memorial. Become a member today! Your support is essential to our mission and it is easy to become a member. We offer a variety of ways to join. Complete the adjacent form and mail it to: Arizona Memorial Museum Association 1 Arizona Memorial Place Honolulu, HI 96818 • Join online at www.arizonamemorial.org • Call toll-free at 1 (888) 332-1941 • Join at the bookstore when you visit the USS Arizona Memorial
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Memorial Day, 2007 at the USS Arizona Memorial
1 Arizona Memorial Place Honolulu, Hawai’i 96818