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A GENERATION REMEMBERED DECEMBER 7, 2006
An Arizona Memorial Museum Association Publication | www.arizonamemorial.org
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Zenji Abe (facing the camera, left) and Takeshi Maeda (right) pose for photographs outside the main Hilton Hawaiian conference room where Pearl Harbor 65th Anniversary Symposium sessions took place December 2-5, 2006. The two naval aviators participated in the “Tora, Tora, Tora: The Japanese Aerial Experience Over Pearl Harbor” session. Zenji Abe passed away on April 6, 2007. Photo by Sue Husch.
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A Generation Remembered Pearl Harbor 65th Anniversary Commemoration keynote speaker Tom Brokaw thanked a generation for their service during, and after World War II.
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Capturing History US Navy photographers caught incredible images of the 65th Anniversary Commemoration ceremonies.
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Plenty of Heart and Plenty of Hope The USS Oklahoma Memorial finally finds a home.
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A Distant Connection Pearl Harbor Survivors provide an example of a life well-lived.
God’s Little Garden USS Utah Survivor Lee Soucy hopes everyone will remember his ship and the brave men who died aboard her on December 7, 1941.
The Pearl Harbor Memorial Fund Plans for memorializing the stories of a generation at the new Pearl Harbor Memorial Museum and Visitor Center are relying more than ever on the generosity of those whot care about the preservation and protection of history.
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Pearl Harbor 65th Anniversary Symposium Highlights of the four day event held this past December included several of the few remaining eyewitnesses to December 7, 1941.
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Calculated Risk Some thought the Doolittle Raid ineffective at best; until the Battle of Midway. A Warrior Rests Zenji Abe, champion of friendship and reconciliation, passed away April 6, 2007. Who Will Tell Their Stories AMMA member Tom Sakiyama reflects on history. Cover Photo: December 7, 2006. USS Arizona Survivor Clarendon Hetrick in the shrine room of the USS Arizona Memorial where the names of shipmates killed on December 7, 1941 cover the marble wall. Back cover: Vincent Vlach returns salute as he makes his way to the USS Arizona Memorial Visitors Center through an honor cordon for USS Arizona Survivors. One hundred Sailors and Marines from USS Paul Hamilton (DDG 60), USS Russell (DDG 59) and Combat Service Support Group Three made up the honor cordon. Both U.S. Navy photos by Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class James E. Foehl.
EDITOR Ray Sandla WRITERS David Gibson Rhiannon O’HalloranWaddell Tom Sakiyama Ray Sandla Lee Soucy
The Arizona Memorial Museum Association is a non-profit cooperating association working with the National Park Service to provide funding for interpretive and educational programs at the USS Arizona Memorial, Kalaupapa National Historical Park on Molokai, Hawai‘i, War in the Pacific National Historical Park on Guam, and American Memorial Park on Saipan.
Remembrance is a Publication for Members of the Arizona Memorial Museum Association
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All Together Now or the first time in the history of the Arizona Memorial Museum Association (AMMA), two organizations, as well as two publications, are being combined. Remembrance, the newsletter for AMMA members and Heroes, the Pearl Harbor Memorial Fund newsletter, have come together to mark the beginning of a beautiful friendship. The Pearl Harbor Memorial Fund, the capital campaign initiated by AMMA specifically to raise money to build a new Visitor Center and Museum, handled its donors separately from people who joined AMMA, sending thank you letters, gifts, and news from the Fund office. Members of AMMA usually joined at the Visitor Center bookstore and received their news through the membership office. What these two groups of people have in common is an intense interest in, and a dedication to, the perpetuation of memory held in trust for the American people by the National Park Service here at the USS Arizona Memorial. This dedication, whether through support for the new Visitor Center and Museum or for the varied educational and interpretive programs that the National Park Service and AMMA cooperate to provide, is in the best tradition of membership generosity and compassion. In an effort to direct more of your financial support to educational programs and to the planning and construction of the new Visitor Center, AMMA has established a Development office. All donor/member concerns now will be handled by one administrative center. This centralization will more efficiently manage fundraising and communications, giving you a more direct channel to progress on all fronts. The Arizona Memorial Museum Association welcomes all of its supporters on our continuing mission to preserve and to protect American history. We’re all members now.
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AMMA would like to thank all of the passionate devotees of history who attended this past December’s Pearl Harbor 65th Anniversary Symposium. Without the support of these enthusiastic patrons, important scholarship such as the symposium could not take place. I especially would like to thank Mr. Tom Sakiyama, an AMMA Gold Level member who donated his photographs of the events of that week as well as a touching personal reminiscence. Thank you also to the many noted historians, scholars and authors who proved the relevance of this history by their passionate and enlightening devotion to education. But most of all, thank you to all of the veterans who gave so much of themselves during the week. Whether presenting a symposium session, signing autographs for well-wishers, or simply lending authenticity to the conference by their presence, the veterans represented honor and duty with memorable fortitude. We owe them everything. RAY SANDLA, EDITOR
ray_sandla@arizonamemorial.org
Left: An Army Nurse Corps veteran smiles for Navy photographer James E. Foehl at the Pearl Harbor Day Ceremony. Center: Pat Thompson and Jack Evans jitterbug at the Pearl Harbor Gala Dinner and Dance, a fundraising event held December 5, 2006. Right: Don Stratton (left), USS Arizona Survivor and John Finn, Kaneohe Naval Air Station Chief Ordnanceman and Medal of Honor recipient at the Gala.
Contact Information: Development Office David Y. Gibson Senior Director of Communications and Development dgibson@pearlharbormemorial.com Tel: 1-808-487-3327 Fax: 1-808-487-3312 www.pearlharbormemorial.com r e m e m b r a n c e
Remembrance Ray Sandla Publications/Education/Special Projects ray_sandla@arizonamemorial.org Tel: 1-808-485-2748 Fax: 1-808-485-2747 www.arizonamemorial.org
Mail Order Shannon Marquez Mail Order azmemph@hawaii.rr.com Tel (toll-free): 1-888-485-1941 Fax: 1-808-485-2747 www.arizonamemorial.org/bookstore S P R I N G
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Photos this page: Mass Communication Specialist David Rush, USN
A GENERATION REMEMBERED Tom Brokaw gave the keynote address at the Pearl Harbor 65th Anniversary Commemoration This past December 7 marked the 65th Anniversary of the attack on Pearl Harbor. The theme of the joint US Navy/National Park Service commemoration, “A Nation Remembers” was a tribute to the men and women who fought and won World War II. For many of this generation, 2006 would be their last visit to Hawaii. Tom Brokaw’s keynote speech, a portion of which appears below, bid a heartfelt aloha to this greatest of generations.
Top: Tom Brokaw giving the keynote address at the 65th Anniversary Pearl Harbor Day Commemoration. Above: Pearl Harbor Survivors Association National President Mal Middlesworth salutes the USS Russell as it passes in review during the Pearl Harbor Day ceremonies. 2
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Let me set the record straight, I need not take a bow. My role was to be a doorman. I opened a door and I said to America and to the world, “There are stories here that you must hear. This way please.” And what has been especially gratifying is that America and the world responded. When I wrote the book I expected that it would be popular with members of that generation. I had no way of knowing how it would touch the hearts and the minds of their children and grandchildren and so for me for all the years I spent on television, and I am extraordinarily grateful for that, my single greatest accomplishment was getting to know the Greatest Generation and in some small way making sure that the world knew who they were and what they had accomplished. In this place, on that day of infamy, America was confronted with a challenge as great as the Revolutionary War that lead to the Declaration of Independence and the birth of this nation, a challenge as great as the Civil War when our young republic was almost mortally wounded by
the violence of differences over slavery and State’s rights. A few weeks ago, I was the speaker at the one hundred and forty-third anniversary of Lincoln’s Gettysburg address at Gettysburg. What you will hear today will not even bear faint resemblance to his timeless eloquence. What you will be reminded of is what he said that day; that the world will little note nor long remember what we say here today, but it can never forget what you did here sixty-five years ago. The attack was here at Pearl Harbor. But on the mainland, everyone felt wounded and shocked and enraged; and life would never be the same again. And here, as before, America met the challenge and emerged stronger at the broken parts. It arose from the burning waters of this beautiful harbor, from the sunken and listing ships, from the cratered airfields, from the graves of those that died that day, and those who fought back for almost four years on six of the seven continents, and in all the seas, and in r e m e m b r a n c e
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all the skies. Hand-to-hand on the beaches and in the jungles of the Pacific. Face-to-face across North Africa and Europe. Ship to ship. Plane to plane. Sub to ship. Tank to tank. There were brilliant successes and catastrophic mistakes, ungodly cruelties and heroism everywhere. At home the country was converted to a war machine, churning out new weapons, new airplanes, vessels and vehicles, cracking codes and inventing new ones on the run, growing more food and eating less so the troops would have what they needed, and in secret laboratories and at remote
the Enlistment Office had a long line of Sioux warriors waiting for the doors to open the next morning. AfricanAmericans who were subjected to such ungodly discrimination joined up to defend the country that they loved so much better than it loved them. Japanese-American citizens went into uniform and fought heroically even as their relatives were being shipped off to internment camps. In Washington, a great President stirred this country even more with his declaration that this was a “day of infamy” and he offered a long prayer without apology to help us
“...the world will little note nor long remember what we say here today, but it can never forget what you did here sixty-five years ago.” test sites developing a new bomb of great promise and great peril. It was, for one generation in particular, the end of innocence and the beginning of greatness. The generation that had come of age in the Great Depression, when life in our country was about sacrifice and deprivation, about lost jobs and dried up farms, dashed dreams and few expectations beyond what the next day may bring. That was also a time however of common purpose and sharing. Survival, after all, depended on that. This nation which had been through so much was about to go through so much more, but it was leaned and toughened and it was ready for what lay ahead. When news of the attack on Pearl Harbor spread across the mainland, by radio and tickertape and word of mouth, public announcement at sporting events and community gatherings, America became, in an instant, the land of the indivisible. Critics or skeptics of the idea that America should get involved in foreign adventures changed their minds overnight and enlisted the next day. Kids lied about their age to join up. City slickers and country boys bunked side by side. On the reservation in South Dakota,
through the difficult days ahead. And, so it was, from Pearl Harbor to the White House, from Ivy League campuses to working class ghettos, from hardscrabble farms to great mansions, from small towns to large cities, from factories to Wall Street. We were a closed fist against the evils of Japanese imperialism and German fascism. There are so many lessons from that time for our time, none greater than the idea that one nation, greater than the sum of its parts, facing a historic challenge with everyone, civilian and serviceman, on the frontlines of resolve and sacrifice, a nation longing to be lead, and finding leadership at every turn. That leadership was on display here sixtyfive years ago in every corner of the hell that was that Sunday morning; at every turn, heroic leadership from every seaman, soldiers and pilots, to compliment the work of the men with the stars, bars, and gold braid on their shoulders. It was here that the Greatest Generation was forged. And, in the years to come, across the Pacific, and across the Atlantic, and in North Africa, it would be burnished and steeled to serve this nation in peace as well as in war.
Now you can experience this historic commemorative ceremony, as well as Tom Brokaw’s stirring speech in its entirety, in a special edition, 100-minute DVD made possible through the sponsorship of the Arizona Memorial Museum Association and the National Park Service. Watch the full pageantry of the observance including music by the U.S. Pacific Fleet Band, an authentic Hawaiian blessing, the traditional wreath presentations, rifle salute, echo taps, a missing man formation flyover above the USS Arizona Memorial performed by the Hawaii Air National Guard F-15 Eagles, and a breathtaking rendering of honors by sailors aboard the USS Russell.
“A Nation Remembers” Special Edition DVD Price: $19.95 Order your special edition DVD by Phone, Email or Online: Phone: (808) 949-2811 Email: thomas@cosmo-media.com Website: www.Cosmo-Media.com/specials.html SPONSORED BY THE ARIZONA MEMORIAL MUSEUM ASSOCIATION
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A NATION REMEMB All photos by Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class James E. Foehl, USN except 3 and 8 by Chief Mass Communication Specialist David Rush, USN
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(1) Medal of Honor recipient John Finn at the Pearl Harbor Day Commemoration. (2) Pearl Harbor Survivor Dr. Rodney West leaving the USS Arizona Memorial on December 7, 2006. (3) A crowd estimated at 3000 to 3500 witnessed Pearl Harbor Ceremonies at Kilo Pier, Naval Station Pearl Harbor. (4) Tom Brokaw (l), Secretary of the Interior Dirk Kempthorne, (m), and Admiral Gary Roughead, Commander, US Pacific Fleet, pay tribute to the men killed on the Arizona. (5) Members of the Japan Religious Committee for World Freedom pray for those killed aboard the USS Arizona in the Shrine Room of the USS Arizona Memorial. (6) Retired Lt. Cmdr. and Pearl Harbor Survivor Joseph Langdell passes through an honor guard on his way to the USS Arizona Memorial Visitor Center. (7) Hawaiian children blow conch shells to begin the ceremonial Hawaiian blessing at the Pearl Harbor Day ceremonies. (8) Airman Victoria Sheppard of the USS Arizona Detachment talks to USS Vestal Pearl Harbor Survivor John Murphy following the Pearl Harbor Day Ceremony. (9) Marines from Headquarters Service Battalion, Camp Smith, Hawaii, fire a rifle salute as a sailor sounds Taps during the Pearl Harbor Day Ceremony.
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Photo: Chief Mass Communication Specialist Don Bray, USN
Left: USS Oklahoma survivors and various dignitaries line up to break ground for the new USS Oklahoma Memorial on Ford Island, December 7, 2006. Above: The official program for the event.
Plenty of Heart and Plenty of Hope The USS Oklahoma Memorial Finds a Home On the 65th Anniversary of the Pearl Harbor attack, USS Oklahoma survivors as well as US Navy and National Park Service officials, broke ground on the site of a new USS Oklahoma Memorial. The new memorial, dedicated to the ship that suffered the second greatest loss of life after the USS Arizona on December 7, 1941, will be located on Ford Island, close to where the Oklahoma was berthed 65 years ago. Last year, Oklahoma survivor Paul Goodyear spoke after receiving a $100,000 check from the Oklahoma Centennial Commission. Years of lobbying various governmental agencies to formally recognize his shipmates lent his remarks a bittersweet edge. “This memorial isn’t about us,” the 88 year-old Pearl Harbor Survivor said at the state capitol in Oklahoma City, “This is about our 429 shipmates... they had a horrific death, drowning in dark compartments before they could be rescued. It isn’t right that they had to go that way and it isn’t right that we’ve had to deal with so much red tape and federal bureaucracy just to get this far – but I’m grateful we’re finally on the verge of getting this memorial completed while some of us are still alive to see it.” The memorial will sit a few hundred 6
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yards from the spot where 65 years ago, the battleship was sunk by nine Japanese torpedoes in just 12 minutes, leaving many of the crew trapped inside. “Some of the men swam to shore and came ashore right where the memorial is going to be, and we view that as hallowed ground,” said Tucker McHugh, retired Navy commander and co-chair of the group raising funds for the memorial. Before the groundbreaking, Mr. Goodyear spoke of the bond that still unites Oklahoma survivors and their families, “Our battle lasted only 11 and a half minutes. There was something in that 11 and a half minutes that bonded all those kids into a cama-
raderie that no one can understand –including ourselves.” The memorial’s design has not been finalized, nor has the necessary money been raised. Approximately $260,000 of the estimated $750,000 has been donated so far, mostly by Oklahoma residents. At the ceremony, Paul Goodyear summed up his and his fellow survivors’ feelings about the new memorial, “I think if you will listen deep down in your hearts, I think you will hear 429 thank-yous.” Tax-deductible donations can be sent to: USS Oklahoma Memorial, PO Box 7734, Edmund, OK, 73083-7734.
The new USS Oklahoma Memorial will be located on Ford Island, a few hundred yards from where the ill-fated battleship was moored 65 years ago. r e m e m b r a n c e
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God’s Little Garden New Life on a Dead Ship By Lee Soucy, USS Utah Survivor
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f the many ships that were sunk or disabled during the surprise Japanese Navy air raid on Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941, only two relics remain: the famed USS Arizona and the lesser known USS Utah. The Utah was a 30 year old battleship in 1941 that had been decommissioned in 1930, disarmed, and then re-commissioned in 1932 as a mobile target vessel for submarines and airplanes. Numerous newspaper and magazine articles, television documentaries and award-winning books have described the destruction of the Arizona, but comparatively little has been recorded about the Utah. I was a Pharmacist Mate 2nd Class assigned to the Utah in 1941 and in this essay would like to focus on my former ship and the men who served aboard her.
For many years prior to and even after the creation of a memorial in 1972 on Ford Island, about a mile across from the Arizona, the Utah lay in obscurity on the bottom of the harbor...the ship, its memorial, and its victims, including a Medal of Honor recipient, were often ignored even on such occasions as Memorial Day and Pearl Harbor Day. “A nation is recognized not only by the men it produces, but also by the men it honors – the men it remembers.” – John F. Kennedy
Some time ago my wife Peggy (a Navy Nurse at the Pearl Harbor Naval Hospital, 1943-45) and I took our family of nine; children, grandchildren and spouses, to Hawaii. Among other things, we all made a pilgrimage to the remains of the ship I was on during the Japanese assault – the USS Utah. What a memorable trip that was! The Navy made it possible for us to visit where I had served on that fateful day. I could feel the emotions stirring within me as I stood on the shore-side memorial gazing across a small span of water at the partially submerged oil-smeared hulk...As I called back to mind how many of my shipmates had been trapped below decks as the ship was capsizing, tears snuck out of my eyes after all these years. I remember how we all ran amidst volleys of machine-gun fire, from strafers as we scurried to abandon ship. But for a few inches or seconds in that race with death, I could have ended up as one of the victims. Truly now, r e m e m b r a n c e
was I saved by inches, by seconds, or by the grace of God? “Though I walk in the midst of trouble you preserve my life. You protect me against the wrath of my enemies.” – Ps 138:7 In the midst of my reverie, I heard, “Pop (all four generations of my family call me “Pop”), what are those plants growing out of your [boat] sic?” My attention was diverted back to the flowering shrubs rising out of the rusting hulk. Will wonders never cease? New life on a wasting wreck? Quickly taking in the healthy looking appearance of the foliage in the seemingly hostile environment, a mixture of murky fuel oil and salt water splashing the luxuriant leaves, I blurted out, “That’s God’s little garden. He grows flowers there to decorate the graves of my shipmates.”
My children and grandchildren do not believe all the “true” stories that I make up (even my great-grandchildren are beginning to doubt my veracity), so when I saw the looks of wonder forming on their faces, I quickly added, “Who but God could make plants root in iron? Who but God could make them thrive in a bed of rusting steel?” Maybe some [have] forgotten the Utah, but God has not. As more people are allowed to visit the Utah Memorial and look at the hideous hulk, they may think to themselves, “What an ugly sight!” May it serve as a symbol that war is ugly. May they also understand that the generation that was made to believe that they were invincible suffered great losses because they were caught unprepared and unaware of impending disaster. Especially worthy of note by visitors is the plaque at the entry to the 75 foot platform overlooking the decomposing Utah monument. It reads: “While we honor those who here gave their last full measure of devotion all of us pray that the time will come when we no longer need to dedicate memorials to [those] who died in battle – that we will dedicate memorials to those who live in peace – to all nations and all men” Frank G. Moss United States Senator (Utah) Dec. 7, 1971, USS Utah Memorial ground breaking S P R I N G
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A Warrior Rests Zenji Abe, 90 By Rod Ohira, Honolulu Advertiser It was a memorable moment when three Pearl Harbor survivors accepted an offer from a former enemy fighter pilot who participated in the Dec. 7, 1941 attack to shake hands on a live national TV show in 1991. The pilot was Zenji Abe, a frequent visitor to Hawai'i who dedicated his life to reconciliation and peace between American and Japanese veterans in the years following the 50-year commemoration of the attack that drew the United States into World War II. Abe died April 6 in Ibaraki Prefecture, north of Tokyo, from a heart condition, according to an Asahi Shimbun newspaper report. He was 90. His funeral was held Monday in Ibaraki. "All members of our family appreciate your friendship and thoughtfulness to our father," Kyoji and Naomi Shin wrote in an e-mail to Daniel Martinez notifying him of Abe's death. Martinez, National Park Service historian for the USS Arizona Memorial, recalled it was not a token gesture by Abe in 1991 when he put his hand out to the three survivors on the "Today Show," which was being televised from the Visitors Center at Pearl Harbor. "I admired the bravery it took for him to come to Pearl Harbor and extend his hand in reconciliation and the courage of the three survivors to take his hand," Martinez said. "I believe that was the turning point for many veterans ... the event that led the way." "It took 50 years for that to happen because the war was so bitter," added Martinez, who developed a close relationship with Abe after meeting him in 1991. Abe was short in stature but a big man in heart and courage, Martinez said. "He was a warrior as an enemy in World War II who became a man of peace and reconciliation, and a friend to the park," Martinez said. It was on his third trip to Pearl Harbor and the Arizona Memorial in 1991 that Abe met the late Richard Fiske, who in 1941 was a 19-year-old Marine bugler aboard the battleship USS West Virginia that was hit by nine Japanese torpedoes and two aerial bombs.
Abe flew a Type 99 dive bomber in the attack and dropped a 550-pound, delayed-fuse bomb on the West Virginia; it failed to detonate. Fiske, who fought at Iwo Jima in 1945, had been a volunteer at the Arizona Memorial for nine years when they met. Their story of how once-bitter enemies became close friends is told in the book "Pearl Harbor Warriors" from letters from the two men to author Dorinda Makanaonalani Nicholson and her granddaughter, Jennifer. In one letter, Fiske told Abe that "yesterday's enemy is today's friend" and invited him to come to Hawai'i. In another letter to Nicholson's granddaughter, Abe wrote: "Children can learn from the mistakes of the past and maybe teach their countries how to spread peace. It is most important we work together to understand each other." A most-chronicled gesture between the two men involved Abe giving Fiske $300 and asking him to lay two roses at the Arizona Memorial each month for the Japanese and American troops who died, and for him to play taps. Fiske fulfilled the request for 12 years on the last Sunday of every month until his death. Abe explained to Fiske the unique request was his way of saying, "I'm sorry." "He said he was sorry but he said it was a time of war — and that's how I felt about it," Fiske once told The Advertiser. "I don't feel guilty. I'm very, very sorry, but when you go to war, you do what you have to do." Abe retired from the Japanese military as an admiral and from civilian life as senior managing director of the UBE Plastic Co. He wrote his memoir on the attack on Pearl Harbor in a book titled "The Emperor's Sea Eagle," which was published in Japan. It was translated into English and is available at the Arizona Memorial Museum Association bookstore. Yoshitaka Yamada of the Consulate General of Japan's office in Honolulu met Abe last December. "It's very important to know history, especially from a person who can tell you how to contribute to peace and healing," Yamada said. The Arizona Memorial Museum Association would like to express its condolences to the Abe family. Mr. Abe was a great friend of the USS Arizona Memorial, and his regular donations of flowers in tribute to those who died on December 7, 1941 will never be forgotten. A tireless advocate for the reconciliation of former enemies, he brought great honor to those who sacrificed so much, both Japanese and American, during the War in the Pacific. For more information on Mr. Abe’s book, please visit the AMMA bookstore online at www.arizonamemorial.org, call us toll-free at 1-888-485-1941, or email remembrance@arizonamemorial.org.
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Photos by Tom Sakiyama
HIGHLIGHTS r e m e m b r a n c e
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All of the seminar sessions and most symposium events took place in the Hilton Hawaiian Village’s Tapa Ballroom. Photo: David Gibson
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he following selection of Pearl Harbor 65th Anniversary Symposium highlights are in no way meant to lessen the importance of any of the sessions or events that occurred December 2 – 5, 2006. Space limitations do not allow for the full breadth of educational and inspirational speeches, presentations, and controversy that took place in Hawaii. Leading authors, historians and journalists energetically debated still evolving meanings and lessons of the attack; Pearl Harbor Survivors and Japanese attack veterans remembered their parts in this history in startling detail; an attack site bus tour brought attendees into physical contact with the places that still bear 65 yearold scars. The four day symposium, sponsored in large part by the Arizona Memorial Museum Association, reflected a strong abiding interest in the start of a world war for America. The emotion of remembrance was never so strong. For more information on obtaining video copies of all of the sessions and events of this past December, please see the advertisement in this issue of Remembrance, or visit the Arizona Memorial Museum Association website:www.arizonamemorial.org. SESSION 4 JAPAN 1941: WHY THEY ATTACKED Professor Goldstein has a distinctive way of presenting pertinent information, at once clarifying, relevant, and highly entertaining. As moderator Paul Stillwell put it, “Do you wonder why his students love to attend his classes?” Dr. Goldstein, spoke about the tangled web of pre-war international politics. Below is a small excerpt from his December 3, 2006 presentation.
Dr. Donald Goldstein is the preeminent authority on the Pearl Harbor attack and was the instrumental force behind Gordon Prange’s numerous works on Pearl Harbor. Dr. Goldstein is a professor at the University of Pittsburgh’s Graduate School of Public and International Affairs. His monumental contribution was producing At Dawn We Slept. 1 4
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“...this shows you how things change: in WWI [the Japanese] were our allies. And we fight the war in WWI and when the war is over they have a Treaty of Versailles and there’s 14 points and all the guys get together and another cat enters here…named Woody Wilson, Woodrow Wilson. Now ol’ Woody was a Jimmy Carter type guy, you know peace, love, with all this stuff, give away the Panama Canal, give away everything he wanted, never saw a gun he liked; unlike Ronald Reagan who never saw one he didn’t. What happens here is that Woody’s at the conference, this is important, and the Japanese begin to say, ‘Where’s our booty?
Where are our islands?...The British are getting Iraq, are getting Egypt, the French are getting Syria...and Lebanon. Why don’t we get something?’ And they begin to yell the race card. Woodrow had to give in, and so he gave them all the German held islands north of the equator. All the places that you guys had to go through, Tarawa, Okinawa, that whole area in there, the Marshalls, the Gilberts, where the real fighting took place. The real war. You know, and I gotta stop here just at one point, people in America forget this... but it was you guys that won the war in the Pacific. The Pacific was an American war and it starts right here.” r e m e m b r a n c e
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SESSION 9 EARLY WARNINGS: RADAR CONTACT AT OPANA
Opana Radar The display from the Opana SCR-270B radar unit showing close-in echoes and ground “returns.”
65 years have passed since the Japanese surprise attack on Oahu plunged the United States into World War II, yet debates continue concerning how the actions of individuals might have changed this history. The Pearl Harbor Symposium’s Session 9 presented a rare and dramatic opportunity to hear about the Pearl Harbor attack from one of the most important players in the story. Kermit Tyler was on duty at the Fort Shafter radar control center early in the morning of December 7. Also on duty that morning was Private Joseph McDonald, who took the first call from the Opana radar station on Oahu’s North Shore identifying a large group of planes coming in from the north. Mr. McDonald’s son George joined the session and Harry Butowsky, National Park Service historian and expert on the history of radar and the Pearl Harbor attack, moderated.
KERMIT TYLER “At that time even the word radar was secret... The first time I was assigned to this duty as pursuit officer, was the Wednesday before the attack on Pearl Harbor.... My next assignment was Saturday noon. But late in the morning, Saturday, I received information that I should come in on Sunday at four o’clock. [I] turned on the radio as I was cruising into town and I heard Hawaiian music. Well this told me one thing for sure, a bomber pilot friend of mine had said anytime they play music in the middle of the night a flight of B-17’s was coming in. So, nothing happened until oh, a little after 7.” GEORGE MCDONALD “These are my father’s words in regards to that conversation. ‘It was our northern station, an excited voice asked...if the plotters were around, I said no. And then the voice which I could hardly hear, said that there’s a large number of planes coming in from the north. Three points east, 132 miles. I know that they must have picked up something big or they wouldn’t have called.’ “Privates Lockhart, Elliot, and McDonald have all received medals for their efforts on December 7th. I had a conversation last evening with the last remaining radar operator at Opana, Joe Lockhart. He received the Distinguished Service Medal for the Opana warning. We share concern that the Opana radar warning was disregarded.” HARRY BUTOWSKY “[T]he story of the Opana Radar site and the men operating it is world famous and has entered the mythology of the history of World War II.... This is the story of the first operational use of radar in the United States in wartime. But we have to remember, on the morning of December 7, 1941 the United States was not at war. The first operational use was essentially during peacetime.... The failure to warn the army command in Hawaii on the morning of December 7, 1941 was not a failure of technology as much as it was a failure of organization. The use of radar was not fully incorporated into an integrated air defense system of the Hawaiian Islands. While the technology radar functioned as intended and detected the incoming planes, there was no way to accurately assess the information or communicate this information and knowledge to those in command. Let me emphasize that Privates Eliot and Lockhart, Private McDonald and Lt. Tyler were ordinary men placed in extraordinary circumstances and each one of these men did his duty.” r e m e m b r a n c e
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SAILORS OF THE PACIFIC FLEET SESSION 11 Donald Stratton USS Arizona “…The fireball went about five, six hundred feet in the air and just engulfed us up there in the fire control platform ...there’s probably 50 men that manned that station, well there was only six of us [left]. After the fireball kind of died down, and the tradewinds blew a little of the smoke away why we got out on the platform and we noticed a sailor on the aft of the Vestal and got his attention. He threw us a heaving line...we pulled that across and we proceeded to go across that line, hand over hand, to the Vestal... Had to crawl across burning decks and about 40 foot in the air, over the water, onto the Vestal, and that was after we were burnt. I was burned over between 60-70% of my body.”
“Despite the claims of several noted historians, and there’s some here today, and of highly acclaimed books, the U.S.S. Utah did not resemble an aircraft carrier in any shape, form, or fashion. I know that’s a trite expression, but I don’t know how else to say it. And the Japanese did not mistake the Utah for a carrier... Anybody with the visual acuity required to fly an airplane could not mistake that.… Now I don’t know how many pilots are here but I don’t care how above you get, there’s no way that that can be mistaken for a carrier. You couldn’t fly a kite off the Utah. I hope you young people that... are gonna be historians are paying attention because...before I die I need to straighten this out.”
Lee Soucy USS Utah
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Jack Evans USS Tennessee “...my battle station was in the foretop a 110 feet above the water. As I hit the main deck I could see out of the corner of my eye that there were a lot of aircraft turned upside down and hangers burning over on Ford Island and I thought, “This is getting to be a bigger problem then I had anticipated.” And when I got to my battle station in the foretop, the first Japanese torpedo plane had dropped a torpedo I think it was into the West Virginia, which was moored outboard of the Tennessee. The Tennessee was just forward of the Arizona, so we had the Maryland in front of us, the Oklahoma on the outboard of the Maryland, if you put a big bulls-eye over Battleship Row we were pretty close to the geographic center.”
“[W]e were in the wrong place at the wrong time I guess. We were pretty close to the explosion. I never heard anything, but first thing I realized I was flat on my face, my arms were extended in front of me. Skin was all peeled off.... I picked myself up and didn’t realize how badly I was hurt. Which luckily you don’t feel anything, and I was standing there and I felt wet, my shoes felt wet, I looked down and I had blood spurting out of my left leg. Boy scout training, stop the bleeding. I took my forefinger and pushed it on the hole, my finger went into my leg up to the second joint and I figured I’d rather bleed. About this time some officer spotted me and he hollered, ‘Get that man down to sick bay.’”
Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941
Everett Hyland USS Pennsylvania
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DAY THREE SESSION 15 SESSION 16 SESSION 17
Pearl Harbor in Scale Women of Pearl Harbor Diving Into History: The National Park Service as Underwater Stewards SESSION 18 Contested History: The Kimmel-Short Controversy SESSION 19 Hidden History: The Discovery of the Midget Sub SESSION 20 Where Did They Go from Battleship Row? A History of the Salvage at Pearl Harbor SESSION 21 Aftermath: The Last Detail SESSION 22 The Real McCoy: A Shipyard Worker’s Witness to History SESSION 23 At Dawn We Slept: The Writing of an Epic SESSION 24 New Beginning: The New USS Arizona Memorial Museum and Visitor Center SESSION 25 The Verdict of History: A Review of the Meaning and Lessons of Pearl Harbor in the 21st Century CLOSING CEREMONIES
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CALCULATED The April 18, 1942 Doolittle Raid secured its place in American combat history by forcing the Japanese to reconsider their perceived invulnerability, setting the stage for the Battle of Midway Text: Naval Historical Center
RISK
Top: Photo taken from a Doolittle Raider during its bombing run of a Japanese Naval Base. According to Calculated Risk: The Extraordinary Life of Jimmy Doolittle, the targeting of military installations was to be strictly adhered to. Above left: Doolittle’s plane lifts off the carrier Hornet’s deck. Above right: Doolittle sits dejectedly next to his crashed B-25. He initially felt the mission a failure. Photos: National Archives.
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he April 1942 air attack on Japan, launched from the aircraft carrier Hornet and led by Lieutenant Colonel James H. Doolittle, was the most daring operation yet undertaken by the United States in the young Pacific War. Though conceived as a diversion that would also boost American and allied morale, the raid generated strategic benefits that far outweighed its limited goals. The raid had its roots in a chance observation that it was possible to launch Army twin-engined bombers from an aircraft carrier, making feasible an early air attack on Japan. Appraised of the idea in January 1942, U.S. Fleet commander Admiral Ernest J. King and Air Forces leader General Henry H. Arnold greeted it with enthusiasm. Arnold assigned the technicallyastute Doolittle to organize and lead a suitable air group. The modern, but relatively well-tested B-25B “Mitchell” medium bomber was selected as the delivery vehicle and tests showed that it could fly off a carrier with a useful bomb load and enough fuel to hit Japan and continue on to airfields in China.
T
wooden dowels were placed in each plane’s plastic tail cone, simulating extra machine guns that might hopefully persuade enemy fighters to keep their distance. Each B-25 carried four 500-pound bombs on the mission. One bomb was decorated with Japanese medals, donated by Navy Lieutenant Stephen Jurika, who had received them during pre-war naval attaché service and now wished to pointedly return them to a hostile government. The leading bomber, piloted by Lieutenant Colonel Doolittle, had but a few hundred feet of deck run to reach flying speed, but every subsequent one had a little more. Each was helped off by a Navy launching officer, who timed the start of each B-25’s take-off roll to ensure that it reached the forward end of the flight deck as the ship pitched up in the heavy seas, thus giving extra lift at a critical instant. After dropping their bombs, mainly on or near their intended targets, Doolittle’s sixteen B-25B bombers left Japanese airspace, essentially unhindered by enemy air interception and anti-aircraft gunfire. One of them, suffering from excessive fuel
Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto...resolved to eliminate the risk of any more such raids by the early destruction of America’s aircraft carriers, a decision that led...to disaster at the Battle of Midway a month and a half later Gathering volunteer air crews for an unspecified, but admittedly dangerous mission, Doolittle embarked on a vigorous program of special training for his men and modifications to their planes. The new carrier Hornet was sent to the Pacific to undertake the Navy’s part of the mission. So secret was the operation that her Commanding Officer, Captain Marc A. Mitscher, had no idea of his ship’s upcoming employment until shortly before sixteen B-25s were loaded on her flight deck. On 2 April 1942 Hornet put to sea and headed west across the vast Pacific. Joined in mid-ocean on 13 April by Vice Admiral William F. Halsey‘s flagship Enterprise, which would provide air cover during the approach, Hornet steamed toward a planned 18 April afternoon launching point some 400 miles from Japan. However, before dawn on 18 April, enemy picket boats were encountered much further east than expected. These were evaded or sunk, but got off radio warnings, forcing the planes to take off around 8 AM, while still more than 600 miles out. Most of the sixteen B-25s, each with a five-man crew, attacked the Tokyo area, with a few hitting Nagoya. Damage to the intended military targets was modest, and none of the planes reached the Chinese airfields (though all but a few of their crewmen survived). However, the Japanese high command was deeply embarrassed. Three of the eight American airmen they had captured were executed. Spurred by Combined Fleet commander Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, they also resolved to eliminate the risk of any more such raids by the early destruction of America’s aircraft carriers, a decision that led them to disaster at the Battle of Midway a month and a half later. The sixteen bombers employed on the Doolittle Raid were all B-25B models, third production version of North American Aviation’s B-25 “Mitchell” medium bomber design. Delivered in 1941, these aircraft were stripped of some of their defensive guns and given extra fuel tanks to extend their range. Two r e m e m b r a n c e
consumption, had no hope of reaching China and so headed for the closer Soviet Maritime region. After landing north of Vladivostok, this plane and its five crew members were interned by the then-neutral Soviet authorities. The crew ultimately returned to the U.S. by way of Iran. The other fifteen planes, with their seventy-five men, flew on toward China, where darkness forced four to crash-land or ditch offshore. With fuel running out after some fifteen hours of flying, eleven crews took to their parachutes. Three men were killed at this time. Local residents saved most of the others and heroically spirited them through Japanese-held territory to safety. The vengeful enemy retaliated with a vicious ground offensive, killing tens of thousands of Chinese over the following months. The Japanese also were able to capture eight men from two planes’ crews. Three of these prisoners of war, Second Lieutenants Dean E. Hallmark and William G. Farrow and Sergeant Harold A. Spatz, were executed at Shanghai in October 1942. Another, Lieutenant Robert J. Meder, died in prison more than a year later. One of the twenty-three men who received Distinguished Flying Crosses, the seriously injured 2nd Lt. Ted W. Lawson, wrote a best-selling memoir of the raid and its aftermath. In 1944, this book, “Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo”, served as the basis for a Hollywood motion picture of the same name.
new release now at the AMMA bookstore:
Calculated Risk The Extraordinary Life of Jimmy Doolittle A Memoir by Jonna Doolittle Hoppes hardback, $24.95 + shipping & handling Member Price $21.21 (15% discount) www.arizonamemorial.org/bookstore S P R I N G
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Who Will Tell Their Stories? Reflections on the Legacy of a Generation By Tom Sakiyama Zenji Abe was the first familiar face I saw entering the opening night reception of the Pearl Harbor 65th Anniversary Symposium, held December 2-5, December. I approached and mustered my best Japanese-American bow and asked, “Would Mr. Abe allow me to take a photograph?” I quickly took a couple of pictures and his daughter, Naomi Shin said, “I’m sure Mr. Abe would like you to be in the picture too.” I extended my hand to Mr. Abe as I knelt beside him for the photo. He grabbed my right hand with both of his. I thought how thin yet soft his hands felt, certainly no longer the hands of an air warrior. He had spoken at the 60th about the “electricity in the air” as he and his comrades prepared to launch from the carrier Akagi. I heard he had battled cancer after the 50th and speculated that he must have something important to say this one last time to his former foe. I was certain he would again extend the hand of reconciliation. As the evening progressed, I saw Don Stratton (USS Arizona) with his wife; Jack Evans, the USS Tennessee sailor, and Pat Thompson, a 10 year old girl in 1941 who together with Mr. Evans won the jitterbug contest held the night of December 6, 1941; Lee Soucy (USS Utah); Kermit Tyler (Ft. Shafter radar control center); Paul Stillwell (US Naval Institute historian and moderator in 2001 and 2006); Everett Hyland (USS Pennsylvania); Donald Goldstein (author and historian); Harry Butowsky (National Park Service historian) and many more I recognized by face but not by name. I was delighted that so many I remembered from the 60th were back and so many were looking GREAT! My delight was tempered however with the knowledge that so many Pearl Harbor Survivors had been called to eternal rest since the 60th Anniversary. The passing of time would deprive us from hearing firsthand the evolution of the relationship between former enemies Richard Fiske and Zenji Abe; a relationship that evolved from bitterness to friendship, from illness to health. We would not be spellbound by Phil Rasmussen’s story of his air victory in a P-36, his warm, gentle voice conveying humbleness and awe that he would be thrust into history in such dramatic fashion. At the 2001 Pearl Harbor Symposium, Mr. Rasmussen reminisced about the high life of a Wheeler Field pilot in pre-war Hawai'i. With a devilish smile, he recalled buzzing the Matson line ships with flower leis as they approached Honolulu, hoping that he and his buddies might land an introduction to the young women disembarking near the Aloha tower. Time caught up with Jim Daniels, a fighter pilot off the carrier Enterprise in 1941. In 2001, Jim shared his terrifying December 7 experiences with friendly fire and a near miss with the top of the beached USS Nevada as he approached Ford Island from the Pearl Harbor channel. I vividly recall the emotion I heard in his voice and saw in his face as he spoke of the loss of his Enterprise colleagues as they made their “normal” breakup and approach. Someone on the ground got spooked and suddenly every gun in the area began to fire. There they were; lights on, wheels down on final approach, facing friendly fire so thick “you could walked on it.” After the 60th, I had USS Utah and USS Ward caps made 2 0
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Tom Sakiyama and Lee Soucy. Tom is a Gold level member of the Arizona Memorial Museum Association and graciously donated this article and many of the photos of the Symposium seen in this issue and online.
that I proudly wear hoping that someone will ask or comment. Surprisingly, people ask! Just this last week, a man stopped me and asked about the Utah. I spoke a few minutes about meeting Lee Soucy, visiting the Utah Memorial, and saying a prayer for the 54 still on board. “My dad was on the Utah at Pearl! His name was Leslie K. Poledna.” I saw Leslie’s son Dennis Poledna a day or so later and he pulled his father’s pocket knife from his pocket. The blade was broken on Dec. 7th when his dad tried to break a latch with the blade looking for clothing on Ford Island. Dennis then shared more about his dad’s naval career with me. At a recent luncheon, a number of people gathered around a table to see my photographs from the Pearl Harbor symposium, including the poster size print of the Arizona Memorial and the USS Missouri photographed on December 6, 2006. One gentleman’s face lit up as he recognized his old ship the Missouri, commenting how beautiful she still looks. Another woman gasped as she recognized the oil slick originating from the Arizona. “My father is still there, you know,” she said as she pointed to the Arizona. “Olsen, Olsen with an ‘e’,” she spoke gently. “That’s kind of different, Olsen with an ‘e’. When I was there, the ranger let me touch his name on the wall. They don’t let just anybody do that.” So who will tell their stories? Just as the Missouri’s guns seemingly stand guard over the crew of the Arizona, I think all of us who have in any way been touched by the events of 7 December 1941 have been called to stand guard over the memory and lessons of that infamous day. Historians tell us that the lack of political and military imagination left America blind and deaf to the capabilities and possibilities of a known foe that terrible morning. Let us resolve to redouble our efforts to foster understanding so that our neighbors, who might be curious and inquisitive about the events surrounding Pearl Harbor, can learn something about that day. May our actions and their results give testimony to the fidelity to duty, to acts of courage, and to the great sacrifices of 7 December 1941. May future historians write that the lessons learned transcended the lifetimes of the greatest generation and continue to bless Americans born even into the 21st century. We, the beneficiaries of that great legacy, will tell their stories. r e m e m b r a n c e
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My name is Everett Hyland and I am a Pearl Harbor Survivor. I was aboard the USS Pennsylvania on December 7, 1941 when the Japanese bombs fell, though I don't remember much about the attack after one of them hit our ship. In fact, I don't remember anything until about Christmas of 1941 due to my injuries; the guys who pulled me off the Pensy almost gave me up for dead. I went on to serve in the Navy until 1945, earning seven campaign ribbons and the Purple Heart. This letter is not about me though. It's about the Arizona Memorial Museum Association; an organization that needs the help, now more than ever, of people like you. I volunteer my time at the Memorial because I believe that people should know how it felt to be here 65 years ago. I want to help people see that history is not just about things you read in books or see in movies. The history here at Pearl Harbor is about the people who sacrificed their lives that day, and the people who lived to tell about it. A unique connection develops between the past and the present when someone like me can bring it to life. When a child hears me talk, I can see the history of this special place come alive in their eyes. For those who are already members, thank you for your continuing support. For those who might have let their membership expire, I invite you to rejoin our efforts. And for those new to our mission, I ask that you consider lending us a hand. Your membership donation can help in many different ways. But mostly, it helps to keep a time that changed my life, and the lives of so many, from becoming just another chapter in a book. Thanks for your time,
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