2004 Winter Remembrance

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An Arizona Memorial Museum Association Publication

The USS Arizona Memorial on the morning of December 7, 2003 appeared as a tranquil resting place for the men that sacrificed their lives 62 years ago.

inside Features

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Pearl Harbor Day A record crowd helped to commemorate December 7, 1941.

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Beyond the Coral Reef Dr. Dwayne Minton, Park Ecologist at War in the Pacific National Historical Park on Guam, describes efforts to save the ocean ecosystem.

Volunteers Honored United States Secretary of the Interior Gale Norton and Hawaii Governor Linda Lingle honored the USS Arizona Memorial Volunteers.

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The Persistence of Memory A noted columnist for The New York Times compares plans to commemorate Ground Zero with the USS Arizona Memorial.

The Flowering of Saipan Saipan’s unique relationship with the United States is a model for the future of global economies.

Operation Forager The United States’ plan to take the South Pacific back from the Japanese began at Saipan.

Japanese-Americans in World War II Part I Nisei soldiers helped shorten WWII by translating Japanese intelligence for a country that needed them, but didn’t necessarily trust them.

Departments

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Editor’s page Inside the parks Curator Corner New and returning members

EDiTor Ray Sandla WriTErS Tammy Ann Duchesne Harry Honda Dwayne Minton Ray Sandla Tom Shaw PhoTogrAPhy Brad Baker Ray Sandla Tom Shaw The Arizona Memorial Museum Association is a non-profit cooperating association of the National Park Service providing funding for interpretive and educational programs at the USS Arizona Memorial, Kalaupapa National historical Park on Molokai, hawaii, and War in the Pacific National historical Park on guam.

Front cover photo of Saipan’s Bird Island by Tom Shaw All other photos by Ray Sandla unless otherwise creditied

remembrance is a Quarterly Publication for Members of the Arizona Memorial Museum Association

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Jessica Jordon is the Coordinator for the 60th anniversary of the Battle for saipan and tinian, as well as for Guam’s 60th Liberation Day anniversary. Her job has wide ranging responsibilities, but her priorities are clear. “number one is making sure the veterans who attend the ceremonies are satisfied with the experience,” she said in a recent interview. realizing this is, in itself, a subjective criteria, ms. Jordan has taken steps to assure involvement by the local and military population on behalf of the veterans.

In the Commonwealth of the northern mariana Islands (CnmI), there is a longstanding tradition that takes place between the elderly and young children. In a sign of respect, a child will take the hand of an elder, or Man Amko, and place it gently on their own forehead. this small gesture symbolizes not only the closeness of the extended family, but a dedication to cultural continuity.

One of many projects planned for the commemoration, the “Young Writers project”, 60 Memories, 60 Years Later, attempts to build on this tradition. Man Amko will relate stories of World War II and its aftermath to young relatives, who will then interpret these stories in any number of ways, from writing to painting. the intent of the project is to increase awareness and appreciation of history and culture. Jessica Jordon, who was born and raised on saipan, hopes it will also increase appreciation for america’s role in the islands’ history: “On saipan and in the CnmI as a whole, america’s historical role |

p a g e has been seen as both liberator and, because of Japan’s long history in the islands, occupier. On Guam it is more clearcut, but saipan poses a problem in perception. We hope through education to argue against the romantic illusion that saipan was better off before the war.” as far as the military’s role in the commemoration, ms. Jordan’s initial frustration at securing commitments from a necessarily security-conscious armed forces has given way to elation with the announcement of an incredible keynote speaker (please read the press release on page 19.) the aptly titled “Honoring the memories, Celebrating the Freedoms” commemoration will also involve locals hosting veterans’ luncheons, school field trips to museums, and local radio stations sponsoring “On this Day in History” spots. ms. Jordan hopes that through education and improved communication, a greater appreciation of the sacrifices made for CnmI’s freedom will evolve. “I want to keep the memories and the appreciation that those memories inspire alive beyond the events in June. through amma’s commitment to education, veterans and local people alike will come to realize america’s true place in the history of these islands.” thanks to the generous donations of amma members, whose contributions have made many of the events possible, that commitment can continue.

many photographs exist of World War II cemeteries in far off places. the one above depicts some of the losses of the 4th marine Division, who were in the first wave to hit the beaches of saipan. these graves, with their humble markers, clean rows, and regular spacing, represent the young men who gave everything for a people and a place many of them had never heard of. men return to places of battle for many reasons. to commemorate, to grieve, to honor those who died too young. When I found this picture among archival material sent to me by the War in the pacific museum Curator, I realized why commemoration is so important. Whether it was a friend, or a brother, or some of their own blood, veterans of war leave something behind. they leave a piece of their lives, a bit of personal history, a story no one but others who survived, and the ones who never came back, could understand.

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My brother and I visited the Arizona memorial and museum on December 12th and we came back again on December 16th. the visits were the highlight of our trip to Honolulu, Hawaii. We were both impressed by the work of your staff and moved by visiting the memorial and listening to one of the survivors. I joined the arizona memorial museum association during our first visit. please pass on our thanks for such a memorable visit and please keep up the good work. regards, Keith Wiseman Essex, England

On reading about Tony Paloma in the Fall, 2003 issue about “knowing what it means to hate and what it means to try and forgive,” I was reminded of an experience I had that your readers might find interesting.

For twenty-five years I taught american History at Brigham Young university-Hawaii r e m e m b r a n c e

on Oahu’s north shore. I was privileged to teach for the elder Hostel program. my class, “the attack on pearl Harbor,”often had people who were actually at pearl at the time [of the attack] or had some other personal connection.

On one occasion I had a “tug Boat annie” type named Wilma* sitting by herself in the front row. I never really knew what her situation was relative to pearl Harbor, but she really hated the Japanese. at the same time in my american History class, I was covering WWII and mariko*, a shy young woman from Japan, one day dropped by my office to discuss it. I was quite surprised to hear what she had to say. she knew about Hiroshima and nagasaki, but she had never heard about pearl Harbor and was shocked to hear of the events of that day. I asked her if she would come to my elder Hostel class and tell them what she had told me. somewhat fearfully, she agreed. the next day, mariko and a friend showed up as scheduled. I had told the elder Hostel

students they were coming and couldn’t help but notice Wilma had a scowl on her face. then mariko started to talk and with a trembling voice admitted she knew nothing about December 7 until she heard it in my class. then, with tears in her eyes and quivering lips, she said, “I’m so sorry, I’m so sorry.” after I excused the girls, there was silence in the room and even a few tears. I was pleasantly surprised when Wilma, with a tremble in her own voice, said, “Listening to that girl has erased fifty years of bitterness in my heart.”

I have had many great experiences in teaching...but that was one I think I remember the most and have since hoped that all my elder Hostel students might have shared Wilma’s sentiments. mahalo nui loa and keep up the good work, Ken Baldridge Pleasant Grove, Utah *Editors note: Students’ names were changed by Mr. Baldridge. w i n t e r

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the sun broke through at 6:45 am on December 7, 2003 at the uss Arizona memorial Visitor Center despite a week of wet weather and threatening clouds.

Below: the Hawaii Historic arms association displayed authentic 1941 schofield Barracks uniforms during the ceremony.

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Ceremonies are held at the uss Arizona memorial every year to commemorate December 7, 1941. the day gives the national park service, the united states navy, the arizona memorial museum association, veterans’ organizations, and other interested parties the opportunity to re-dedicate themselves to preserving the memory of the sacrifices made 62 years ago. the day was memorable for many reasons, not the least of which was the weather. all

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week in Honolulu, unusually heavy rains had created concern that the ceremonies would be washed away. as if on cue however, the sun appeared and stayed out until formal activities ceased at approximately 11:30 am. mr. ernest Borgnine, the keynote speaker for the Hollywood Remembers Pearl Harborthemed event, recounted his ten-year navy career to the delight of the estimated 2500 guests in attendance. mr. Borgnine tirelessly volunteers his time to deserving events and organizations throughout the year and the arizona memorial museum association was honored to sponsor his visit. the most moving part of the ceremony r e m e m b r a n c e

was the Wreath presentation. pearl Harbor survivors, aided by national park service rangers, symbolically remembered the battleships present at pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. the significance of these living legacies of pearl Harbor paying tribute to their former shipmates was not lost on the silent, respectful crowd. after the guided missile destroyer uss O’Kane passed in review, the us navy tug tiger I provided a spectacular water cannon tribute to all those military and civilian, men, women, and children, who sacrificed their lives on that fateful sunday morning, 62 years ago.

From top left, clockwise: The Joint Service Color guard presents the colors at the Pearl harbor Day ceremonies at the USS Arizona Memorial.

Mr. Ernest Borgnine addresses visitors and guests during his keynote speech. Mr. Borgnine’s love of life and fondness for his two Navy careers (he re-joined immediately after December 7, 1941) were plainly evident in his speech.

National Park Service, USS Arizona Memorial historian Daniel Martinez assists Mr. Borgnine as he signs books and greets well-wishers at the AMMA bookstore. Mr. Borgnine stayed 2 hours longer than originally scheduled and graciously signed every last request.

The USS O’Kane passes the Memorial in review in a Navy tradition signifying respect and remembrance. hawaii historic Arms Association vintage vehicle collection parked on the Visitor Center grounds for inspection. w i n t e r

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Photos: Ray Sandla

Flowers surround the grave of Mother Marianne Cope. The statue was erected near the grave site by “the people of the settlement.�

Kalaupapa nun reaches first steps to sainthood mother marianne Cope ministered to leprosy patients for 30 years a roman Catholic nun who dedicated her life to leprosy patients in Kalaupapa was named venerable yesterday, the first of three steps toward sainthood. a Vatican panel of cardinals and bishops unanimously voted to affirm that mother marianne Cope demonstrated "heroic virtue" in her 30 years of ministering to the patients, according to sister mary Laurence Hanley, director of the nun's canonization cause for the sisters of the third Order of st. Francis in syracuse, n.Y. the affirmation by the Congregation for the Causes of saints now goes to pope John paul II for approval. the pope has already elevated Father Damien DeVeuster to the second sainthood step, beatification, for his 16-year ministry in Kalaupapa. Cope brought Franciscan nurses to the molokai settlement in 1888, the year before DeVeuster died of the disease, and she continued to work there until her death in 1918. an official with the Congregation for the Causes of saints said he could not comment on her case and refused to confirm the decision. But he did not dispute the Franciscan sisters' account.

"I think it's the biggest deal," said Hanley, who co-authored "pilgrimage and exile: 4

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mother marianne of molokai." "this will be a big step in justice to have her life and virtue recognized." members of Cope's order in Hawaii were enthusiastic about the news. "We have more than our foot in the door," said sister William marie eleniki, the regional administrator of Franciscans who work in island schools and st. Francis medical Center. "We continue to pray that the process continues." sister Francine Gries, executive director of st. Francis Hospice, said the story of Cope's work in Hawaii, told by a teacher when she was a schoolgirl in Ohio, led her to join the Franciscan order and volunteer for Hawaii service.

"I spent seven years at Kalaupapa, an experience I wouldn't trade for anything," Gries said. sister richard marie toal, 87, who retired after 36 years as a nurse at Kalaupapa, said: "I prayed for this every day.

I hope the pope will make her a saint in my lifetime." the new Jersey native also was inspired by Cope's story to join the order and seek service in Kalaupapa.

While the Vatican decision was cheered by supporters, sainthood is not necessarily near. the canonization cause was launched nearly 21 years ago. In 1996, Vatican historians approved the accuracy of information

prepared, but it wasn't until last October that theologians in rome gave their approval, as well.

Validation of one miracle attributed to Cope is required for beatification, the second step to canonization. another verified miracle is required for sainthood. a mainland teenage girl's unexpected recovery, attributed to others' prayers to Cope, will be submitted to the Vatican for consideration as a miracle, Hanley said. the Vatican is now reviewing a second miracle attributed to Damien that could qualify him for sainthood.

Born Barbara Koob in Germany in 1838, Cope joined the Franciscan sisters in 1862. she came to Hawaii in 1883, caring for leprosy patients at the Kakaako Branch Hospital for five years until volunteering to supervise a new home for girls in Kalaupapa. she eventually took over Kalaupapa's home for boys, too. she was known for brightening the days of her young patients on the isolated molokai peninsula, sewing them clothes, taking them on picnics, planting trees and flowers, and playing piano as they sang.

Honolulu Star-Bulletin reporter Mary Adamski and the Associated Press contributed to this report. Story reprinted with permission of the Honolulu Star-Bulletin. r e m e m b r a n c e

a time not forgotten sons of Guam remembered Photo of Sons of Guam Memorial: Tammy Duchesne – Photo of Jorge Christobal: Victor Consaga

By Tom Shaw

President & CEO of AMMA

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n December 6, 2003 a memorial was dedicated on Guam to the 12 Chamorro (native of Guam) men who perished during the attack on pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941. many men from Guam who enlisted in the u.s. armed Forces during World War II lost their lives for our freedom. Guam’s first losses occurred during the pearl Harbor attack and these men had not previously been acknowledged in their homeland in any formal manner. the arizona memorial museum association and the national park service at War in the pacific national Historical park on Guam set about to correct this oversight.

In august 2003 Cindy rapadas, the regional manager for the association, began plans in earnest to commemorate the sacrifice of these men with a beautiful and lasting granite memorial. surviving family members were contacted, invitations went out, and on December 6, 2003 the men, known collectively as the sons of Guam, were immortalized at asan Overlook. after introductions by Cindy rapadas and superintendent eric Brunnemann, mr. toni ramirez of the Guam Historical preservation Office recognized the pearl Harbor dead and those in the audience who attended as pearl Harbor survivors. One of those, mr. Jorge e. untalan Cristobal, uss California, was the guest speaker for the event. mr. Cristobal recounted his experience on the uss California on December 7, 1941 and his fond memories of the time r e m e m b r a n c e

Left: The Sons of guam Pearl harbor Memorial commemorates the men from guam who gave their lives on December 7, 1941 during the Japanese attack on Pearl harbor. right: Jorge E. Untalan Christobal, USS California Pearl harbor Survivor also took part in the liberation of guam, his home island, from the Japanese in 1944. Below: The Sons of guam.

spent with the other natives of Guam who did not survive the attack. mr. Cristobal was also instrumental in the liberation of Guam on July 21, 1944 when he returned to the island as a translator in military service for the american Forces. His remarkable stories of contact with his family there in the ensuing weeks will be forever remembered. a procession to the memorial itself after the speeches was led by the st. Francis school Honor Choir who had sung the national anthem as well as the Guam Hymn earlier.

During the dedication of the memorial, attended to by archbishop anthony s. apuron of the archdiocese of agana, hundreds gathered to pay their respects to the fallen of pearl Harbor from Guam.

Wreaths were laid as well as many floral offerings and 12 memorial candles presented, one for each of those remembered. the united states navy participated by sending a rifle detail which presented a 21 Volley salute to their fellow sailors. taps was then played by mr. tony sanchez, sFC u.s. army, retired. recognition should also go out to the Father Duenas memorial school navy JrOtC Color Guard who presented and retired the colors during the ceremonies.

Your membership in the arizona memorial museum association has gone a long way toward making this event possible. personal thanks from relatives of those commemorated on that day go to you as supporting members of amma.

USS ARIZONA MA 1C Gregorio S. N. Aguon MA 2C Nicholas S.N. Fegurgur MA 2C Francisco Reyes Mafnas MA 2C Vincente Gogue Meno MA 2C Jose Sanchez Quinata MA 2C Francisco Unpingco Rivera

USS NEVADA MA 1C Andres F. Mafnas

USS OKLAHOMA MA 1C Ignacio C. Farfan MA 2C Jesus F. Garcia

USS WEST VIRGINIA MA 2C Jose S. N. Flores MA 1C Jesus M. Mata MA 1C Enrique C. Mendiola

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Volunteers in Parks (ViP) Coordinator Terry Dorman’s (right, at microphone) introductory remarks at the ceremony honoring USS Arizona Memorial Volunteers stressed the loyalty and commitment the volunteers feel toward the Memorial. Standing from left: hawaii governor Linda Lingle, Secretary of the interior gale Norton, and Park Superintendent Doug Lentz.

Photos by Brad Baker

uss Arizona memorial volunteers receive national recognition

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n sunday, January 11, 2004, u.s. secretary of the Interior Gale norton and Hawaii Governor Linda Lingle honored ten uss Arizona memorial volunteers with the “take pride in america secretarial award” for contributing over 3,000 hours each of service at the park.

Citing volunteerism as an integral component of budget challenged national parks, secretary norton added, “these ten patriots, seven of whom are survivors of pearl Harbor, have demonstrated their love of country through an extraordinary personal commitment to the uss Arizona memorial. as good stewards of national history and public land, they are a great example for all take pride in america volunteers.” park superintendent Doug Lentz praised the volunteers’ dedication to the memorial, adding, “Our volunteers have a personal connection to the memorial and their emotion and enthusiasm rubs off on the visitor.”

Honored at the ceremony were Hilma Chang, ray emory, richard Fiske, Gilbert Hatter, everett Hyland, stanley Igawa, robert Kinzler, John newton, Herb Weatherwax, and (posthumously) Warren Verhoff. together these individuals have contributed over 60,000 hours of volunteer service to the uss Arizona memorial terry Dorman is the Volunteers in parks (VIp) coordinator for the national park service at the memorial. the successful and popular program has grown under mr.

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Dedicated USS Arizona Memorial Volunteers include, from left, Everett hyland, ray Emory, gilbert hatter, robert Kinzler, John Newton, Stanley igawa, and herb Weatherwax. Missing from the photo is volunteer hilma Chang.

Dorman from 8,000 to 22,000 hours a year. “team effort is what makes this program grow,” he said after the ceremony.

“Our volunteers are crucial and are here…because this is something they believe in, it’s something that provides them with a real sense of personal pride.”

With the aid of the loyal volunteers and caring and devoted pearl Harbor survivors, visitors get a true sense of what the uss Arizona memorial is all about.

For more information about volunteerism and the take pride in america visit to the uss Arizona memorial, visit www.takepride.gov r e m e m b r a n c e

Stand out from the crowd.

arizona memorial museum association

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Member polo shirt (White) $29.95

Member watch $24.95

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official logo merchandise available only from the amma bookstore

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-Linda Wade

South Pacific coral reefs like this one in Tarawa, Kiribati, provide hospitable environments for a wide variety of ocean life.

beyond the

Coral r National Park Service marine biologists and ecologists on Guam are studying ways to protect the beauty and diversity of the ocean near War in the Pacific National Historical Park

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he coral reefs at Guam’s War in the pacific national Historical park (Wapa) are some of the most diverse ecosystems in the national park system. While final species inventories have not been completed for the park, Wapa’s coral reef biologists estimate that over 3000 species of plants and animals live on park’s reefs.

Coral reefs around the world are in danger of disappearing, and the reefs around Guam are no exception. Coral reefs are being severely impacted by human activities such as fishing, coastal development, pollution, and global climate change. On Guam, the most significant threat to the health and survival of its reef is high sediment loads, or dirt running off land and onto the reef.

What are Coral Reefs?

Coral reefs are tropical marine ecosystems that support a high diversity of plants and animals. Because of their exceptionally high species diversity, scientists often refer to coral reef as the tropical rainforests of the oceans. the reefs in Guam are among the most diverse within us waters. a recent inventory of Guam’s reefs documented over 5500 known species and estimated that twice this number are yet to be described.

Corals form the foundation of coral reefs.

Corals are animals that create calcium carbonate (CaCO3) — or limestone — skeletons, which form the matrix of the reef. at first glance, these organisms may appear to be rocks on the bottom, but they are alive. a thin skin of tissue overlays the limestone “rock,” and continues to

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deposit more CaCO3 so the coral can increase in size. If the animal dies, the reef no longer grows, and over time, the remaining limestone skeletons will erode, eventually destroying the reef and the animals that rely on it. reef-building corals live in a symbiotic relationship with algae called zooxanthelle. this relationship is critical to the survival of the coral and the coral reef. the algae use sunlight to photosynthesize and provide nutrition to the corals. zooxanthelle also assist with depositing CaCO3. Without the zooxanthelle, reef-building corals could not survive.

While well adapted to surviving in the marine environment, certain conditions can put stress on the coral animal and reduce its ability to survive. Corals generally need clear, clean water. the temperature of the water is also very important, as most species can survive only in a narrow temperature range. even though they are made of rock, many coral skeletons are brittle and fragile, and can be broken easily by waves, anchors or feet. primary threats to Guam’s coral reefs include sedimentation, overfishing, pollution, and typhoons. In nearly every case, threats to Guam’s reef are linked to human activities on the island. the most significant threat to Guam’s coral reefs is sedimentation.

What is sedimentation? sedimentation is the accumulation of sediments, or dirt, on the reef. sedimentation is a natural event and results from erosion of the land and reef. areas with high natural sedimentation rates, such as river mouths, general-

by Dwayne Minton

Park biologists collect a sediment trap as part of their project to assess spatial and temporal patterns of sedimentation on the park’s coral reef.

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High sediment loads kill coral in two primary ways. First, sediments can settle directly on top of corals and smother them. Corals are not capable of moving, and most corals have very poor mechanisms with which to remove sediment. second, sediment affects water clarity, making the water cloudy or turbid. High turbidity reduces the amount of light that gets through the water column to the corals, and reduces the ability of zooxanthelle to photosynthesize.

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terns of sedimentation on the reef.

Determining the origin of those sediments will help the park to develop a strategy to reduce the effects of this impact.

What, Where, When and How Much the year-long project is measuring sedimentation rates at fifty sites along roughly two linear miles of reef using sediment collectors

“Coral reefs around the world are in danger of disappearing, and the reefs around Guam are no exception.” under natural conditions, most areas around Guam should have low levels of sedimentation. However, human activity has significantly increased the rate of sedimentation along many areas of the coastline, including along the coast within War in the pacific nHp. these human activities are primarily related to poor land management practices, including urban development, unregulated use of off-road vehicles and wildfires.

Wildfires and the demise of Guam’s coral reefs 2

Photo: Chuck Savall

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1 & 3 courtesy NoAA

4 1 Rhipidigorgia flabellum Valenciennes or Venus’ fan. Although found in waters around Florida, this illustration, from an 1880 report

by Louis Agassiz, attests to man’s enduring fascination with coral.

2 Portrait of a pink anemone fish, orange with white stripes, nestled in a green magnificent sea anemone, heteractis magnifica.

3 Lionfish, pterois volitans.

4 holly Tupper (biological technician) and Dwayne Minton dwaynus mintonius (ecologist) boat to sediment trap collection sites.

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Wildfires are a significant problem on Guam because the native ecosystems are poorly adapted to burning. Fires are not a natural occurrence on the island, and the vast majority of all wildfires are the result of human activity, mainly arson. Local hunters intentionally set fires to facilitate hunting pigs and deer, and in the process burn off vegetation, leaving the land bare and the soils exposed. Heavy seasonal rains wash the soils into Guam’s nearshore marine environment and onto the coral reefs.

Fire statistics from the past ten years show that, on average, over 700 fires are set a year, burning as much as 15,000 acres of land.

While this acreage is small compared to mainland us standards, 15,000 acres is equal to about 20% of the total area of the island. If a fire of similar magnitude was to occur on the mainland usa, the entire states of California, Oregon, Washington, nevada, arizona, Idaho, montana, and Wyoming would be in flames. the repeated burning of the land from year to year has created a chronic erosion problem, particular on the southern half of the island where most of the burning takes place.

Wildfires in the park are also not uncommon. Between June-november 2003, two large fires occurred in the park, and that was during the island’s wet season! the park averages five to ten fires a year, most occurring between march and June, during Guam’s dry season. How much of this dirt winds up on the park’s coral reef is uncertain, but the biologists at War in the pacific are conducting research to measure spatial and temporal pat-

placed on the bottom at two depths (thirty and sixty feet). sediment collectors are returned to the lab every twenty-one days where the dirt is dried and weighed. In addition to the dry weight, the percent of organic material and percent of carbonates is also determined using Loss on Ignition techniques. these descriptive measures allow the park staff to estimate how much of the collected sediments are coming off the land in runoff and how much are naturally occurring marine derived sediments such as beach sand. the park staff hopes to have sufficient data by late summer to move into phase II of their work; developing a series of strategies that will seek to reduce sediment loads on the reef. this will involve the development and implementation of a series of Best management practices (Bmps) to reduce upland soil erosion, runoff and sedimentation coupled with active land management and restoration.

Without better land management, Guam’s diverse and beautiful coral reefs may become a thing of memory.

Our Partners a project of this scope and magnitude could not be accomplished with out the assistance of many people. this project has received considerable support by way of inkind services and goods from the Guam Department of agriculture (Guam Division of Forestry and Guam Division of aquatic and Wildlife resources), Guam Bureau of statistics and plans, the university of Guam College of Life sciences, micronesian Divers associations, and the administrative, maintenance, Interpretive, and Cultural resource Divisions of War in the pacific nHp.

For more information on coral reefs: www.coralreefnetwork.com www.coralreef.org www.nmfs.noaa.gov/prot_res/pr/coralhome.html r e m e m b r a n c e

serious History at Dawn We slept

The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor Gordon W. Prange with Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon paperback, $20.95 + $10.55 first class S & h member price, $17.81 + $10.55 first class S & h

Day of Infamy

The Classic Account of the Bombing of Pearl Harbor Walter Lord paperback, special price $12.95 + $7.75 S & h (regularly $24.95) member price, $11.01 + $7.75 first class S & h

Left for Dead

A Young Man’s Search for Justice for the USS Indianapolis Peter Nelson paperback, $15.95 + $7.00 S & h member price, $13.56 + $7.00 first class S & h

submerged Cultural resources study

USS Arizona Memorial and Pearl Harbor National Historic Landmark Daniel J. Lenihan, Editor

ArizoNA MEMoriAL

M U S E U M A S S o C i AT i o N

the arizona memorial museum association (amma) is a non-profit organization dedicated to financially supporting national park service (nps) educational and interpretive initiatives throughout the pacific region.

Kalaupapa national Historical park on the island of molokai, and the uss Arizona memorial at pearl Harbor, Hawaii, War in the pacific national Historical park on Guam, and american memorial park on saipan all receive significant aid from amma to communicate the ideas of courage and sacrifice that these sites represent.

Chief among amma's revenue resources are its bookstores. through the sale of books, posters, dvds and other products pertaining to WWII in the pacific, amma generates income which it can then allocate to crucial interpretive projects and as direct aid to the national park service.

If you would like to support amma and the national park service by ordering from the arizona memorial museum association bookstore, please call our toll free number, send an email, or visit us online. amma members save 15% on all bookstore orders. please inquire when ordering.

paperback, $4.95 + $7.75 S & h member price, $4.21 + $7.75 first class S & h

Arizona Memorial Museum Association telephone toll free: 1-888-485-1941 email: azmemph@hawaii.rr.com

www.arizonamemorial.org/bookstore

The persIstenCe of memOrY

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Mood over meaning recently, new York times columnist maureen Dowd expressed frustration and disappointment at the finalists chosen to design the World trade Center ground zero memorial. rejecting the ideas of transcendence and “closure” that the plans seemed to exemplify, ms. Dowd wrote, “they represent the triumph of…mood over meaning. the designs are more concerned with the play of light on water than the play of darkness on life.” ms. Dowd contrasted the “ambient light and transient emotion” of the proposals with the emotionally affecting uss Arizona memorial site. the tangible, sunken remains of the ship combine with the timeless understatement of the memorial structure to form an immediate and lasting sense of loss. the visitor sees a persistent memory within an enduring physical presence. purposefully lacking a sense of nostalgia, the ship, and the memorial that span it, connect the past, present, and future. “the memorial cannot be sunshine-and-light therapy to make current generations feel they have moved beyond grief and shock,” ms. Dowd wrote about ground zero. “It must be witness and guide to future generations so they can understand the darkness of what scarred this earth…. that’s what makes other memorials, like pearl Harbor’s sunken Arizona, which still emits oil bubbles almost 62 years later, and the rebuilt Berlin church that retained its bombed spire, so emotionally affecting. they remain witnesses to the evils of modern history.”

Left: A model of the USS Arizona and the Memorial at the Visitor Center Museum. National Park Service divers provided the exacting measurements and present condition for the model. After his dive on the remains of the Arizona, NPS diver Jim Delgado called the resting battleship a “temporal touchstone.”

Photos: Maile Hirota

Above: The World Trade Center site as it appeared in December of 2003. The subway station had recently reopened under the site. 130 Liberty Street, draped in black, stands next to 90 West Street. Both buildings were heavily damaged during the attack Left: Winning proposal for the ground zero Memorial by Michael Arad and Peter Walker.

Reflecting Absence the winning design for the World trade Center site was officially chosen in early January of 2004. “reflecting absence” by michael arad and landscape designer peter Walker outlines the footprints of the former twin towers with deep reflecting pools and an underground museum. Despite the planned incorporation of bedrock and portions of the original retaining wall from the site, victims’ families, represented by support and advocacy group Voices of september 11th, were unhappy with the lack of artifacts within the planned museum.

In new versions, the site has been opened up to extensive landscape redesigns and inclusion of authentic objects related to the attack.

In a press release, Voices of september 11th applauded the changes. "all of america became deeply familiar with the structures at Ground zero after the attacks. We hope that the final decisions on this memorial's design help to convey those structures powerfully, as a vivid remembrance of the losses suffered that day and as symbols of the country's strength in the face of national tragedy." the arizona memorial museum association is proud of its involvement with the uss Arizona memorial and honored to financially support national park service initiatives on its behalf.

Source: Lower Manhattan Development Corporation r e m e m b r a n c e

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the flowering of saipan The islands of the Northern Marianas can claim a distinct historical heritage, but the future of the island chain may hold bigger challenges by ray sandla at the end of World War II, the united states found itself in control of large areas of the Central pacific. Created by the recently established united nations, the trust territories of the pacific Islands (ttpI) comprised the twenty-one hundred islands of the cultural area known as micronesia. the marshalls, ponape, truk, the marianas, Yap, palau, and Kosrae all fell under the adminis1 4

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tration of the us navy until 1951, when the us Department of the Interior acquired jurisdiction. In the 1970’s, the seven districts began a process leading to the establishment of four self-governing districts: the Commonwealth of the northern marianas Islands (CnmI), the Federated states of micronesia consisting of Kosrae, pohnpei (ponape), Chuuk (truk), and Yap, the r e m e m b r a n c e

republic of the marshall Islands, and the republic of palau. the un officially dissolved the trust territory in 1990.

Due to its unique relationship with the united states, the CnmI has several distinct economic advantages over its pacific cousins. CnmI residents are united states citizens and although not eligible to vote in us elections, they do not pay federal taxes and receive aid in the form of general, capital improvement, and technical assistance.

Dr. Wali Osman, Bank of Hawaii senior Fellow for the pacific economies at the east-West Center, writes in the CnmI economic report, “CnmI residents enjoy the full protection of us institutions, as well as a relatively high standard of living.

Overall, the commonwealth combines features of a us territory, a state, and an independent nation all in one.”

The Economy saipan, as the largest and most heavilypopulated island in the commonwealth, has been the biggest beneficiary of the rapidly growing economy. the ability to pay large numbers of asian workers at less than the us minimum wage, while having unfettered access to us markets, has allowed the local garment industry to flourish. this manufacturing component of the economy employs 45% of the labor market and together with the wholesale trade, accounts for approximately one-third of the gross business revenues of the commonwealth. tourism, the next largest sector of the economy, has suffered the same fate as

much of the pacific region since september 11, 2001. But unlike other areas, CnmI’s planned economic diversity has helped the area weather the unpredictability of the tourism market. the asian financial crisis in 1997, and the tragic crash of a Korean airlines jumbo jet on Guam cut tourist traffic by half by the beginning of 1998. after slowly recovering, the economy was dealt further setbacks as repercussions of the 9/11 attacks and the sars epidemic swept asia. recent announcements of a 7% economic growth rate in Japan has saipan looking forward to the stabilization of a market that in 2002 accounted for over 325,000 of the 475,000 total tourists to visit the commonwealth.

One of the more interesting recent developments in the commonwealth is the growing mainland Chinese tourism market. With the construction of a resort/casino on tinian, and plans for another, gambling has become, in the words of Dr. Osman, “an important part of the strategy to make the commonwealth a versatile destination, rather than a simple manufacturing economy.”

The Bad News In the mid-1990’s a political, and very public, firestorm erupted over the treatment of temporary foreign workers in the commonwealth. Citing lower than us minimum wage pay and sensationalized accusations of sweatshop-like conditions in the garment industry, president Clinton asked for Congressional intervention.

Above: Japanese coastal bunkers once defended this area around Magicienne Bay (Lau Lau Bay) on the island of Saipan. This beautiful and unique spot is now home to botanical gardens and golf courses. With the Marianas Trench, the world’s deepest ocean, a short distance to the east, the island offers unparalleled sport fishing and diving opportunities. right: Jerry Facie locates, recovers, and rehabilitates World War ii in the Pacific historical artifacts on the island of Saipan in his spare time. This 14-piston Japanese zero airplane engine was found near the present Saipan international Airport along with several tanks and anti-aircraft guns. The jungle on the island is slowly reclaiming many WWii sites and artifacts and it is a race against time for Mr. Facie and those like him.

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after a lengthy General accounting Office investigation, the garment industry agreed to comply with united states OsHa rules and settled a large employee lawsuit against manufacturers to effectively close the controversy. more troubling for the economy are the new rules for international trade instituted by the World trade Organization that are set to take effect in January of 2005. saipan has generally enjoyed the benefits of the WtO’s liberalizing international trade reforms. a true interdependence had developed between fast-growing east asian economies and the CnmI involving not only foreign workers, but foreign investment as well. the tiny islands in the western pacific and their asian partners have come to exemplify the promise of the new global economy.

Ironically, new rules to relax trade even more will have detrimental effects on the CnmI economy. WtO standards will erase quotas on textile goods, making it easier for large producers of such goods to expand their exports to the us, europe, and other important markets. First to benefit from such changes will be China and mexico, whose lower labor costs and generally better economies of scale favor them over smaller producers.

Hope for the Future as is evident by its relative self-sufficiency, the CnmI government has resisted the temptation so far to rely on any one industry for growth and prosperity. But with the looming decline of manufacturing, there are signs that saipan and the Commonwealth may have no choice but re-tool the islands’ economies strictly to attract tourists.

It is estimated that in the not too distant future, China will have the region’s largest middle-class and 30-60 million outbound tourists. the CnmI is well situated to take advantage of this growth. along with its close proximity, Dr. Osman’s economic report states, “the unique advantage of the commonwealth is that it can attract Chinese travelers to a Chinese-owned establishment that is also part of a tropical paradise under the american flag in the pacific.” also important for the local economy are the planned improvements to saipan’s capital city Garapan. this laid-back beach town will soon have world-class facilities for tourists and residents alike. In addition to these efforts, the national park service will soon open its new visitor center that will house expanded exhibition space and a new retail store, financed and run by the arizona memorial museum association. enhanced cooperation between 1 6

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Tall grass nearly covers a crumbling Japanese era building and a rusting Japanese tank near the Saipan airport. Until recently, artifacts such as these were considered more of a nuisance than valuable records of history.

Banzai Cliffs look more dramatic than dangerous until you realize those small dots on the far side are cars and trucks. indoctrinated by the Japanese that Americans were devils who would kill men, women, and children indiscriminately, thousands of civilians jumped to their deaths here despite the pleas of American soldiers and Japanese-American translators. Many American soldiers would never forget the sight of women following their children into the sea. r e m e m b r a n c e

The Last Command Post was literally that for the Japanese on Saipan. here Lt. general yoshitsugu Saito and Admiral Nagumo, the man who led the Japan attack at Pearl harbor, committed ritual suicide.

american memorial park and amma was the reason members of the Board of Directors, and president tom shaw, and myself as the membership representative, visited the island late last year.

A Whole New World Jerry Facie’s house looks out over the eastern side of saipan with a spectacular view of overgrown sugar plantations, jun-

natives of the trust territories, and in 1986, a prior service benefit for people who had served the us between 1944 and 1967.

In his free time, mr. Facie is actively involved in locating and rehabilitating historical sites and artifacts on the island. I was fortunate to be able to ride with him around the island as the amma delegation toured important sites and relics of the war. mr. Facie’s revitalization of the islands

nected to the past, I’ll do it.” another dedicated resident of saipan is Chuck sayon, site manager for the national park service at american memorial park. the park is very popular with locals, encompassing the only lighted tennis courts on the island, a thriving marina, and an outdoor amphitheater that hosts everything from graduation ceremonies to government inaugurations. mr. sayon has worked hard to integrate the park more closely with the revitalization plans of Garapan, the main commercial and tourist center of saipan, which starts right at the park’s doorstep. amma president tom shaw, Board Finance Chair noel Bragg, Fundraising Chair pat Lucas, and Budget Chair al rodrigues attended a meeting hosted by Chuck sayon at which the nps manager laid out in breathtaking detail his plans for the park. mr. sayon's ideas were well thought-out, and his enthusiasm is compelling. the Board came away from the meeting with a new appreciation for the potential of the site and for the future of saipan in general. amma has been instrumental in funding park initiatives and is interested in the future of saipan. amma's mission is to financially support educational and interpretive projects of the national park service throughout the pacific region. the memorial association endeavors to serve this mission by maximizing the money generously contributed by its members.

“”It’s an honor for me to contribute in any way I can.” gle, and a vast expanse of what magellan optimistically named mar pacifico. mr. Facie’s day job is prior service trust administrator for the CnmI. During and after World War II, micronesians all over the pacific performed valuable services at very little pay for the us military and the Interior Department. In 1968 the us established a social security system for

sense of history also includes active involvement in the planning for the 60th anniversary of the Battles for saipan and tinian. I asked him why he works so hard.

“It’s an honor for me to contribute in any way I can” he said, looking at me as if he’d like to drop me at the next live ammunition site, of which there are many. “If I can make veterans and locals feel more con-

–Jerry Facie

Cooperative relationships between local government, the national park service and the dedicated members of amma can only help the flowers of saipan to flourish.

For more information on Saipan: www.nps.gov/amme www.cnmi-guide.com www.cnmi.net www.worldwarii.info

The amphitheater at American Memorial Park hosts important social and governmental events throughout the year. The Saipan government and the National Park Service are working together to expand and modernize the facilities at the park.

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operation

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The assault on Saipan firmly established the United States within the Japanese inner defense perimeter Following the attack on the american pacific Fleet at pearl Harbor, Japanese forces advanced on many fronts in the pacific. the Battle of the Coral sea, although a loss for the us navy in tactical terms, halted the southward advance of Japan. the subsequent american victory at midway Island is often called the turning point of the War. the Japanese navy’s ability to support the forces occupying the islands of the pacific was severely damaged. the american conquest of Guadalcanal was the beginning of a long counteroffensive. saipan and the other islands if the northern marianas were German-controlled until seized by Japan in World War I. Following the war, Japanese rule was recognized under a League of nations man1 8

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date. Located only 1250 miles from tokyo, saipan became a vital Japanese administrative, supply, and communications center. the assault on the mariana Islands was the first breaching of the inner defensive line of Japan’s empire. the orders to proceed with Operation FOraGer, as the invasion was code-named, were issued by admiral Chester W. nimitz, Commander-in-Chief of the us pacific Fleet and the pacific Ocean areas. the landings were carried out by the 5th amphibious Corps, commanded by Lt. General Holland smith.

On June 15th, following six days of bombardment by ships and planes, us marines of the 2nd and 4th Divisions landed on the southwestern coast of the island at Chalan Kanoa. the army’s 27th Infantry Division

Top: July 15, 1944. US Marines of the 2nd and 4th Divisions crash the beaches of Saipan. The bravery needed to face the terrible reality of the Pacific campaign was never better represented.

Above: Captain oba, leader of the last remaining Japanese holdouts on Saipan, finally surrendered his sword to Lt. Col. howard Kurgis, USMC on December 1, 1945. r e m e m b r a n c e

followed them ashore.

Fierce Resistance Despite having undergone days of bombing, Japanese forces fiercely opposed the landings. the 31st army, commanded by Lt. General Yoshitsugu saito, inflicted over 4,000 casualties on the americans in the first two days of fighting.

Overcoming this opposition, the 2nd marines took Garapan, and the 4th marines captured aslito airfield on June 18th. Having failed to contain the invaders, General saito was forced to withdraw to form defensive lines in the north and in the island’s central highlands. the capture of mt. tapotchau on June 27 by us marine units was accomplished only with difficult, bloody fighting. the 27th Infantry Division attacked the most heavily defended Japanese positions, located east of the peak in steep, heavily forested terrain that americans came to call purple Heart ridge and the Valley of Death. the defenders were overcome with the aid of accurate fire from naval forces, and the american advance continued. the last organized resistance on saipan came on the night of July 6-7, with a mass attack by Japanese forces assembled in the region near makunsha Village. some participants were armed only with hastilymade spears. they charged along the coastal lowlands towards tanapag Village, hoping to reach and destroy american supply depots. this tactic is often called a banzai attack, a term, used by the allies, derived from the battle cry Tenno heika banzai or long live the Emperor, but more commonly known among the Japanese as a gyokusai attack, which loosely translates as breaking of the jewels. this was the largest such attack of the war and estimates of the resulting Japanese dead range from three to over four thousand.

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Civilian Tragedy Following the slaughter, american forces advanced up the island to marpi point. most of the remaining Japanese military leaders and troops, and some civilians, chose suicide over surrender. among the military, this choice was based on the warrior’s code (Bushido) which forbade surrender. the civilian deaths were partially the result of propaganda which led civilians to expect torture and death from the americans. In addition, there were an unknown number of incidents in which Japanese military personnel killed civilians or forced them to kill themselves. the island was declared secure on July 9, 1944. several small groups of Japanese soldiers who had avoided the suicidal final charge took to the forests and mountains r e m e m b r a n c e

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June 1944. Saipan invasion. Naval vessels fire salvos at the island as Marines attack from across a volcanic hill. w i n t e r

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of the island to continue the fight. the largest, best organized of these groups was led by Captain sakae Oba. refusing to believe early reports of surrender of Japan, he and about fifty battle-weary followers fought on, finally emerging from the jungle to surrender on December 1, 1945.

Over 28,000 Japanese died in the battle for saipan, while almost 3,500 americans perished. With the island’s capture, the americans penetrated the inner defenses of the Japanese empire and began the final phase of the war. american intelligence analysts gained literally tons of secret and sensitive Japanese documents that revealed much about Japanese military planning and strategy, and aided in the decoding and interpretation of Japanese communications.

The Bombing Begins most importantly, saipan and the other islands of the marianas became the prime launching platform for airborne attacks against the Japanese home islands. In november, 1944, american army air Corps units flying the B-29 superfortress, the world’s first strategic bomber, began the destructive bombing campaign that would culminate in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and nagasaki, ending the pacific War. emperor Hirohito announced the defeat of Japan on august 15 and the formal surrender was signed september 2, 1945, aboard the uss Missouri in tokyo Bay. This article was taken from the National Park Service American Memorial Park brochure.

Top right: August 27, 1945.

Low flying planes photographed these scenes of ruin and destruction in downtown Tokyo. Devastating bombing missions were carried out from captured airfields in the Marianas from october 1944.

The 21st Bomber Command flying B-29 Superfortress Bombers, the world’s first strategic bomber, dropped thousands of tons of incendiaries over heavily populated cities, as well as industrial and military targets. Despite upwards of 700,000 people killed in these horrific raids, the Japanese fought on. right: June 14, 1945. The B-29 Superfortress named in honor of fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz at Northwest Field on guam. All told, over 25,000 individual aircraft sorties were flown from Marianas airfields.

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60th Anniversary of the World War II Battles for Saipan and Tinian

Source: National Park Service

Artist rendering of the new visitor center.

national park service unveils new visitors center a ribbon cutting ceremony for a new visitor center will take place on the grounds

of american memorial park during the 60th anniversary of the WWII Battles for saipan and tinian on June 14, 2004. the joint project of the CnmI government and the national park service (nps) will house beautiful new museum space for the nps’s collection of historical artifacts and a 500 square foot bookstore for the arizona memorial museum association. although the formal opening of the center won’t occur until December, the ribbon cutting will symbolize the park service’s commitment to providing a state-of-the-art educational and interpretive environment for future generations to appreciate the sacrifices made by the united states military and by the Chamorro and Carolinian population of saipan during World War II.

press release February 11, 2004 For Immediate release

General tibbets to Highlight saipan’s 60th anniversary event at the invitation of the Governor of saipan, retired General paul tibbets, the man who piloted the Enola Gay, will return to the islands which launched his flight on august 6, 1945 – a flight that changed the course of history. General tibbets will be the keynote speaker at the 60th Commemoration of the Battles of saipan and tinian, an event to be held on both islands in mid-June, 2004. the mariana Islands, specifically saipan, tinian and Guam, were key pieces of real estate for american troops in World War II. the land battle began on June 15, 1944, when u.s. marines and Infantry fought through a hail of bullets to set foot on saipan. the battle raged for weeks until saipan was finally declared secure on July 9th, at a cost of more than 3,000 american lives, over 30,000 Japanese, and over 900 of the local population.

Once the islands were secured and runways constructed, the americans could launch B-29 Bomber raids against mainland Japan. at one point, northfield on tinian became the busiest airport in the world, with planes taking off every 45 seconds. Yet the Japanese were undeterred and vowed to fight the americans with every citizen of Japan. the decision to use america’s “secret weapon” was left up to president Harry truman. If the u. s. could avoid an invasion of the Japanese homeland, it was estimated that 1 million american lives would be spared. so on august 6, 1945, paul r e m e m b r a n c e

Photo: War in the Pacific NHP Photo Archives

Paul W. Tibbits, Jr. in 1945 just prior to the atomic bomb flight.

tibbets and his crew took off from tinian in the Enola Gay bound for Hiroshima. the resulting explosion, coupled with the similar bombing of nagasaki three day later, convinced the Japanese that continuing the war was futile. they unconditionally surrendered to the americans on september 2, 1945, thus bringing an end to World War II. the Commemoration of the 60th anniversary of World War II will be held on saipan and tinian from June 10th through June 16th, 2004. many veterans of the campaign, their families and friends, historians and others interested in the War in the pacific will be returning to honor the men and women of america’s “greatest generation”. to learn more about the event or to find out how to attend, visit www.worldwarii.info.

War in the marianas memorial Dedication sunday June 13, 2004 the marianas memorial will commemorate the Chamorro and Carolinian people who lost their lives when World War II arrived in the mariana Islands. Caught between two warring armies, the united states of america and Japan, more than 400 Chamorro and Carolinian people died of wounds, starvation and thirst.

During the bitterly contested threeweek battle of saipan, Chamorros and Carolinians hid in caves desperately seeking shelter from ground battles, air attacks, and naval gunfire. When opportunity offered, they made contact with american marines and soldiers who took them to safety in Camp susupe.

World War II did not end after the Battle of saipan for the Chamorro and Carolinian peoples in the mariana Islands. the american military re-developed saipan into a huge military base, and the native peoples were interned in Camp susupe.

With the surrender of Japan in august 1945, the tides of war receded. the Chamorro and Carolinian survivors were granted their freedom and began working with americans to rebuild their homeland. a re-birth of native culture flourished. new concepts, such as democracy took hold, while health services improved, vegetation returned, and a modern economy emerged.

Let us remember our family members, who were not able to share with us the reflowering of the islands, which grew from the ashes of war into the islands we live on today. minaggen

Gunnammwey

peace

Mungnga ta'lo ma konsedera Na un ma gana.

Na'saonao gi kurason-mu i klaru Na inemprentan lina'la' Never consider defeat again Let the vision in your heart be your life

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Japanese-american linguists in the pacific War

by Harry Honda Editor Emeritus, Pacific Citizen

T

he need by u.s. military for more personnel with knowledge of the Japanese language became alarmingly apparent by 1936 as the Japanese military had extended their forces from the siberian border and across northern China.

In november, 1941, the army assembled 60 nisei (second generation Japaneseamericans), Kibei (american-born Japanese who returned to Japan to be educated) and Hakujin (caucasian), housed them in an obsolete hangar at the presidio of san Francisco, and established the military Intelligence service Language school (mIsLs) with a staff of civilian instructors directed by John also. a pair of far-sighted army intelligence officers, Lt. Col. John Weckerling and Capt. Kai rasmussen, were in charge of the hushhush operation that was started with a paltry $2,000 grant from the War Department. some held a dim view of training nisei because their loyalty was suspect. Weckerling and rasmussen, both military attaches at the u.s. embassy in tokyo in the 1930s, knew the nisei's value to the u.s. military and never doubted their loyalty to america. the first team of nisei linguists committed to combat accompanied the 7th 2 2

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Infantry Division in the attu-Kiska Campaign in the aleutians (June 1942-July 1943). It was to regain the only american territory invaded by Japanese forces. But this news was kept secret because of the nature of their work. americans read of nisei GIs in combat for the first time after the 100th Infantry landed in north africa in July 1943, and then Italy and France until the war ended. army commanders in the pacific theater were first reluctant to have nisei, no matter how expert, in their units as intelligence specialists. the danger was their being killed in the forward zones or by mistake from their own. Capt John Burden, a tokyo-born physician living in maui when pearl Harbor was attacked, did much to convince army brass of the nisei's loyalty to the united states. an army reserve officer who spoke fluent Japanese and a Hakujin graduate of the first mIsLs class in June, 1942, Burden served in new Georgia with his Japanese american team preparing for the Guadalcanal invasion in October, 1942.

His team was retrieved in the Fiji Islands after the invasion; they had intercepted and translated critical Japanese communications. after that operation, the mIsLs which had relocated to minnesota, first at Camp savage and then Fort snelling, was not graduating nisei fast enough to meet

1853 Commodore Matthew Perry sails into Tokyo bay with a letter from US President Filmore, demanding Japan open its doors to western trade 1905 Asiatic Exclusion League, a virulent anti-Japanese movement, formed in San Francisco 1940 Selective Training and Service Act drafts 5,000 Japanese -Americans into service 1941 November- First Military intelligence Service Language School (MiSLS) class begins to train combat translators and interpreters of Japanese 1941 December- Japan attacks Pearl harbor 1942 February 19- Executive order 9066 signed by FDr setting in motion relocation of Japanese to detention camps 1942 May- inaugural class of 45 MiSLS students sent to various commands throughout the Pacific First defeat for Japan at the Battle of the Coral Sea US Army organizes all-Nisei (2nd generation) hawaii Provisional Battalion, later the 100th infantry Battalion 1942 June- Battle of Midway proves to be the first major defeat for Japan in the Pacific r e m e m b r a n c e

the demand for more linguists.

By war's end, the school had trained and sent afield 5,700 linguists. they served in the alaskan, Central and southwest pacific Campaigns, and the China-Burma-India theater, which includes Okinawa, site of the worst battle in the pacific. after the war, many continued in military intelligence duties as translators at the war crimes trials and in the allied Occupation of Japan.

1942 August- Battle for guadalcanal sees first involvement of MiS in frontline interrogation of captured Japanese 1942 recruitment begins of JapaneseAmericans at detention camps in US as translation and interpretation support proves invaluable 1943 442nd regimental Combat Team formed by US Army that will eventually combine with 100th infantry Battalion and become the most decorated unit for its size in US military history 1944 442nd rCT rescues 36th infantry Division (Lost Battalion) in France suffering more than 800 casualties

their valued talent and skill was demonstrated through intercepting and translating captured documents, interrogating prisoners, as translators for military brass, crawling into enemy caves and tunnels coaxing the enemy soldiers and civilians to surrender without further bloodshed. On saipan, for example, where 30,000 Japanese had dug into deep mountain caves, sgt. Bob Hoichi Kubo entered one cave, laid down his 45-caliber pistol, shared his K-rations with hungry soldiers and talked them into surrendering. In the process, 122 civilian women and children were saved. Kubo was awarded the Distinguished service Cross for his selfless action. reviewing the wartime accomplishments of the nisei language specialists, maj. Gen. Clayton Bissell, chief of the War Department military intelligence division, declared before a 1944 class of mIs graduates: "If you Japanese americans are ever

questioned as to your loyalty, don't even bother to reply... Your gallant deeds under fire will speak so loudly that you need not answer" ... Gen. macarthur's chief of intelligence, Gen. Charles Willoughby, unequivocally credited his mIs nisei linguists with saving countless lives and "shortening the war in the pacific by two years." General Douglas macarthur stated with pride: "never in military history did an army know so much about the enemy prior to actual engagement." maj. Gen. Frank D. merrill of "merrill's marauders" fame in Burma stated, "as for the value of the nisei, I couldn't have gotten along without them." He ordered his unit of 2,700 men to protect with their lives the team of 14 nisei mIs assigned to the marauders. unlike the action stories of the nisei in europe that were reported in the american press as their heroic exploits unfolded in Italy and France, the nisei war effort in the pacific in military intelligence service (mIs) was tOp seCret for more than 25 years after the end of war. It was only through the Freedom of Information act of 1971 that many secret mIs operations in WW II became known.

This article reprinted with kind permission of Ohana Magazine.

1945 50 MiS men serve with Marine Divisions in the Battle for iwo Jima convincing many Japanese to surrender 1945 April- MiS translators shorten the Battle of okinawa, the last amphibious assault of the war August- US drops atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of hiroshima and Nagasaki September 2- Japan formally surrenders 1945 More than 5,000 MiS participate in the Allied occupation of Japan 1946 March-Tule Lake, the last of the US detention camps, closes r e m e m b r a n c e

Far left: Dorothea Lange National Archives photo.

Above: Saipan and Tinian were dangerous terrain for unwary soldiers. This Japanese prisoner is helped out of a cave on Tinian. he will be interrogated by MiS soldiers.

Left: Japanese soldiers were often interrogated with the help of Japanese American translators from the MiSLS. Photos courtesy War in the Pacific National Park National Historical Photo Collection w i n t e r 2 0 0 4 2 3

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Photo: War in the Pacific National Historical Park National Archive and Historic Photo Collection

Photographic evidence of B-29 nose art will be used to interpret a vital part of the history of the United States in the Pacific during World War ii.

Generous donors provide photographic record of World War II in the pacific

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n June, William H. Long, a WWII veteran, contacted the web designer of the american memorial park’s website and informed him that he had several photographs from his experiences during his service in the pacific during WWII. the webdesigner on saipan then forwarded William Long’s message to the War in the pacific’s museum Curator, tammy Duchesne. about the same time that Long had emailed the web-designer, Duchesne had applied for a grant to develop a WWII website for Wapa. after receiving the forwarded email, Duchesne was very interested to see the photos and thought that these photos might be great assets for the proposed website.

Over the course of a couple weeks, Duchesne and Long emailed each other and Long provided scanned images of some of the photos from his scrapbook. Long’s scrapbook included many photos of nose art and civilian life on saipan. the scanned photographs that were emailed to Duchesne were beautiful and very interesting. after some deliberation, Long generously decided to donate his scrapbook and its almost 100 photos to War in the pacific national Historical park in Guam. Long’s donation will enable people from all over the world to see what the pacific looked like dur2 4

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Photo courtesy of William Long

William and Joan Long have contributed to the important historical artifact collection at War in the Pacific National historical Park. Mr. Long hasn’t changed all that much in the 60 years since the war, as can be seen in the lower left-hand photo on page 23.

ing WWII in 1944.

In addition to generously deciding to donate the scrapbook and all its contents, Long was also kind enough to agree to be interviewed. the audio tape containing his oral history will be placed in Wapa’s oral history collection which will allow future researchers and historians the opportunity to hear the first-hand accounts and memories of someone who was integral in the Liberation of Guam.

William Long and his beautiful wife Joan

met Duchesne in new Orleans where Long described the photos and detailed his experiences while serving in the pacific during the war. the meeting between Bill and tammy was long awaited and the memories that were created will last even longer. photographic resources and first hand accounts of WWII will be preserved forever, as will the meaningful friendship that evolved from this meeting.

Long’s irreplaceable photographs from 1944 will be carefully protected in the museum collection while selected images from Long’s scrapbook will be included on the park’s upcoming website. In addition to using web-media to share these images with the public, War in the pacific nHp, american memorial park, and the arizona museum memorial association are exploring the possibilities of using aircraft art images from the Long photo collection to develop a traveling trunk exhibit which can be easily assembled, displayed, transported, and sent among different venues and exhibit halls in Guam, saipan, micronesia, Hawaii, the us mainland, and other interested geographies.

While War in the pacific nHp remains without a museum and american memorial park waits for its museum to be constructed, this traveling trunk exhibit will provide people with the opportunity to view and to appreciate the museum collection photographs. the corresponding text will interpret the history behind the aircraft art or “nose art” phenomenon. In addition to these images gracing a traveling exhibit and interpreting a portion of WWII, aviation, and pacific history, these images will also be used on mugs and merchandise items in both the park’s bookstores. these images, which used to grace B-29 bombers, can now accentuate various merchandise items so that veterans and park visitors can remember or reflect on an art-form that was popular on the runways and airfields of bases throughout the pacific and european theater during the second World War. thanks to Bill Long’s scrapbook donation, a traveling exhibit will educate people at different venues and sites while merchandise objects will allow veterans, historians, park visitors, and nostalgia-seekers the ability to take a part of WWII history home with them to remind them of the history they learned at War in the pacific, american memorial park, or at one of the venues that hosted the traveling exhibit. this cooperative venture shows how while museum collections are kept under tight lock and key, creative and innovative ideas and strategies can be used to make collection items available and accessible to teach history in non-traditional methods and eye-catching venues. r e m e m b r a n c e

Other recent donations to War in Pacific NHP: Glenn sherrill of moab, utah, a national park service ranger at Canyonlands national park donated 35 photos and three oral history tapes. these photos belonged to Glenn's father mack sherrill who served in the 28th photo reconnaissance squadron and these images detail mack sherrill's time on saipan.

Glen also donated three oral history tapes which were recorded in 1996 and detail his father's personal experiences while serving in the pacific theater of WWII; mack served in various locations throughout the pacific including Kwajalein and saipan.

Bob Blair of allison park, pa, donated two aerial photos from 1944 which show the current location of War in the pacific national Historical park and an additional 43 images from the island of Guam taken during the year following the liberation of the island. among the photos are images of servicemen, artillery, fortifications, the destruction left by the war, B-29s on Guam, the marine camp, and the villages and scenery of Guam. Blair served on Guam for 18 months and was part of the 134th nCB (trucking) unit. Blair also donated a map of Guam from 1945.

Photographs from the

William H. Long Collection

Photos from the glenn Sherrill Collection.

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