2025
Silent Cries: Child Abuse Trends in Alberta A Continuation of the State of Child Wellbeing Report
Land Acknowledgement Red Deer Polytechnic and the Central Alberta Child Advocacy Centre respectfully acknowledge that our organizations are situated on Treaty 7 land, the traditional territory of the Blackfoot, Tsuut’ina and Stoney Nakoda peoples. The central Alberta region in which we learn, work and serve also falls under Treaty 6, traditional Métis, Cree and Saulteaux territory.
Central Alberta Child Advocacy Centre, Red Deer Polytechnic and Sheldon Kennedy Centre of Excellence. (2025). ‘State of Child Wellbeing’ report. A continuation of the ‘State of Child Wellbeing’ report. Complied by Emile Johnson, Dr. Jones Adjei, Cassandra Galenzoski and edited by Dr. Tonya Wolfe and Mark Jones.
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Table of Contents
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Executive Summary
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Case Stories
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Introduction
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Notable Developments: Human Trafficking
24 Municipal Rates in Alberta - Victims of policereported crime
• 17 Years and Younger • 11 Years and Younger • 12 to 17 Years
28 Rate of sexual violations against all ages in Canada
10 Self-reported Physical and Sexual Abuse During
Childhood in Alberta vs. Canada Across Selected Demographics: • Higher Vulnerability in Specific Groups • Geographical Differences
• Alberta Trends by Age Group • Canada vs Alberta
31 Rate of sexual violations against children in Alberta 33 Rate of sexual violations against children in Alberta • Overall Rates for All Ages
14 Annual admissions (number, percent) to residential facilities for victims of abuse, by resident type and area density
37 Recommendations
20 Victims of police-reported violent crime
41 References
• 17 Years and Younger • 11 Years and Younger • 12 to 17 Years
Slient Cries: Child Abuse Trends in Alberta
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Executive Summary
The ‘Silent Cries: Child Abuse Trends in Alberta’ report continues the work of the ‘State of Child Wellbeing’ report of 2024, offering a detailed analysis of child abuse trends, particularly focusing on Alberta. The data for this report was gathered from a range of sources from 2017 to 2024. The report includes key recommendations aimed at offering a thorough overview and actionable insights. Alberta consistently shows higher rates of child abuse compared to national averages, with certain demographic groups being disproportionately affected. The report emphasizes the need for targeted interventions and policies to address these disparities. Key recommendations include enhanced support for Indigenous communities, comprehensive training for professionals, improved data collection, strengthened legal frameworks, and increased funding for support services. Although significant funds are allocated to address child abuse, the issue is not necessarily the amount of money, but instead, how effectively it is used. Without precise and up-to-date data, resources may be spread too thin or misallocated, leading to inefficiencies. This report advocates for a centralized data repository to improve the accuracy and timeliness of data, enabling better decision-making and ensuring that funds are directed to the areas and populations most in need. A centralized data repository
Slient Cries: Child Abuse Trends in Alberta
would allow for more informed, data-driven decisions by providing real-time insights into child abuse cases and trends across Alberta. This targeted approach contrasts with the current system, where funds are dispersed broadly without a clear understanding of their impact. By focusing resources where they are most needed, we can minimize wasteful spending and ensure that every dollar has the greatest possible impact. This report serves as a critical resource for stakeholders, policymakers, educators, and community leaders to better understand and combat child abuse in Alberta. By adopting the recommendations, particularly around data centralization, Alberta can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of its child protection efforts, ensuring that resources are used where they are needed most.
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Here are some key findings and facts about child abuse and sexual violence against children in Alberta, with a focus on notable sub-populations:
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Across selected demographic groups, Alberta consistently showed higher rates of self-reported childhood maltreatment compared to the national averages. In 2018, the overall physical and sexual abuse rate in Alberta was 28.82 per cent while Canada’s rate was 27.04 per cent.
Among major cities in Alberta, Lethbridge consistently showed higher numbers of family and non-family violent crimes against children 17 years and under compared to Calgary and Edmonton from 2019 to 2023.
Albertans with disabilities reported elevated rates of physical and sexual abuse during childhood at 40.38 per cent in 2018, compared to Canada’s average of 37.37 per cent. These rates are attributed to several socio-economic, systemic, and environmental factors.
Slient SlientCries: Cries:Child ChildAbuse AbuseTrends TrendsininAlberta Alberta
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Edmonton, Alberta’s rate of sexual violation against children from 2021 to 2023 has been consistently higher than the national average.
Edmonton consistently showed higher rates of sexual violations against children across all age groups compared to Lethbridge and Calgary from 2019 to 2023.
In 2018, Indigenous individuals in Alberta who identified as First Nations experienced significantly higher rates of childhood abuse compared to the general population. Among them, 43.8 per cent reported experiencing physical and/or sexual abuse during childhood, while 38.13 per cent of Métis individuals in Alberta reported similar experiences.
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In 2021, sexual violations against children reached a peak rate of 43.01 incidents per 100,000 overall in Alberta which was higher than the national average in Canada which was at 33.57 per 100,000.
Between 2021 and 2023, Red Deer recorded the highest rates in policereported sexual assaults and sexual violations against children in Alberta.
Sexual minorities in Alberta reported the highest rates of childhood abuse at 42.8 per cent in 2018, highlighting the added risks and challenges faced by 2SLGBTQ1A+ individuals.
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Case CaseStories Stories
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Fell through the Cracks Madison* experienced sexual assault by an unknown male. Despite being initially willing to pursue an investigation, Madison later retracted her disclosure, stating the encounter was consensual. Given her extensive history with law enforcement and child protective services, Madison struggled with whether to proceed with the investigation. A year after the first reported event, Madison was referred to the Central Alberta Child Advocacy Centre (CACAC) once again for another incident involving sexual assault and exploitation by an unknown male. At this point, Madison was engaging in high-risk behaviours, including selling herself for cigarettes and drugs. She declined to proceed with law enforcement actions. Sadly, two months later, Madison overdosed and passed away.” Reflecting on Madison’s case, the CACAC team could not help but ask, “What could we have done differently?” It is a difficult question, but it highlights a critical point: real, impactful changes in the system are only possible if we have the data to show policymakers the urgent need for intervention. Madison’s story is one of many silent cries that went unheard, and as a child, she should never have had to endure such repeated trauma. “Yellow* is a ten-year-old boy diagnosed with special needs, including ADHD, fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, and a learning disability. His journey has been filled with struggles and aggression, defiance, and running away have been regular parts of his life. Despite his challenges, Yellow’s voice remained unheard, his cries for help unnoticed in the chaos of fragmented records and disjointed services. Recently, Yellow found the courage to disclose something no child should ever experience. He revealed that while living in a group home, he had been sexually assaulted more than 20 times by an older resident also living in the group home. Sadly, the warning signs had been lost in the system.” Yellow’s case was not new to the agencies involved. During the past year, several reports have been filed about him, including frequent episodes of running away and physical altercations. Yet, despite these numerous alerts, no one connected the dots. There was no comprehensive record and no centralized data system to ensure that Yellow’s escalating cries for help were heard and understood. Until his brave disclosure, no one knew the depths of his trauma. Yellow’s story is not just about one child; it is a heartbreaking example of the gaps in our system that allow vulnerable children to fall through the cracks. Without a centralized data system, the agencies responsible for protecting him were unable to piece together his full history. The absence of shared information meant that opportunities for early intervention were missed, and Yellow was left in harm’s way. * Disclaimer: No names, images or identifying details from cases are used in these case studies. Names have been changed to protect identity.
Slient Cries: Child Abuse Trends in Alberta
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Case Stories This case brings to light an urgent need: we must do better for children such as Yellow, and it is not just about the amount of money we put into the system. A centralized data system could have flagged the behavioural concerns, the frequent absences from school, and the physical aggression as part of a larger, more troubling picture. With such a system in place, Yellow might have been removed from danger sooner, and his abuser identified before causing further harm. Vulnerable children deserve better. They deserve to be seen, heard, and protected from repeated trauma. Yellow’s story is a cry for change. We must build systems that do not just collect data but connect it, ensuring that no child’s suffering goes unnoticed or unaddressed. It is time to act, to create a future where children such as Yellow receive the care, protection, and justice they need.
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Coordinated Effort
When the CACAC team first encountered Chloe*, she was living with her mother and father in a seemingly stable household. However, beneath the surface, she was enduring unimaginable pain and faced numerous challenges such as substance abuse, high-risk behaviours, self-harm, and mental health concerns. Chloe reported engaging in sexual activity with multiple men, all significantly older than her, in a single night. This raised serious concerns about exploitation and trafficking. However, the investigation could not move forward due to a lack of information related to the offenders, concerns for Chloe’s safety, and her decision not to continue with the case. To help Chloe, a multidisciplinary team was formed comprised of members from Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), Children and Family Services (CFS), Alberta Health Services (AHS), and the Central Alberta Child Advocacy Centre (CACAC). Data was shared between organizations, helping to provide extensive case management that enabled Chloe to eventually provide additional information related to the offenders. As a result, arrests were made, and Chloe is currently enrolled in mental health and other recovery programs.” This case underscores the critical need for a centralized data repository that would enhance coordination and information sharing among agencies, enabling timely and more effective interventions for individuals such as Chloe. By providing a comprehensive view of a case and facilitating evidence-based decision-making, it can prevent critical errors and improve long-term outcomes for vulnerable individuals.
* Disclaimer: No names, images or identifying details from cases are used in these case studies. Names have been changed to protect identity.
Slient Cries: Child Abuse Trends in Alberta
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Introduction There is growing evidence that childhood maltreatment, defined variously to include physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, exposure to intimate partner violence, and neglect, is associated with harmful childhood effects such as increased child aggression, antisocial behaviour, internalization of violence, and mental health problems (Afifi et al. 2006; Afifi et al. 2008; Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016; England-Mason et al. 2018; Scott et al. 2010). In addition, Adverse Childhood Experiences (childhood maltreatment) have been linked with negative outcomes in adulthood during the life course, including alcohol and drug addiction, antisocial and criminal behaviour, and an increased risk of later abuse of one’s spouse or child (Almeida et al., 2024; Durrant & Ensom, 2012; Afifi et al., 2017; Kessler et al., 2010). Recent research on child abuse in Canada has provided significant insights into the prevalence, reporting, and consequences of childhood maltreatment across the country. These include the Canadian Incidence Study (CIS), a national study that examined the incidence of reported childhood maltreatment cases investigated by child welfare authorities across provinces. The most recent report from 2019 highlighted that there were approximately 2.25 cases of confirmed physical abuse per 1,000 children in Canada (Fallon et al. 2022). Statistics Canada analysis of the 2018 Survey of Safety in Public and Private Spaces (SSPPS) offers additional recent data on child abuse victimization in Canada. This survey revealed that 27 per cent of Canadians over the age of 15 reported experiencing physical or sexual abuse as a child, with women being slightly more likely to report such experiences. A significant portion of these incidents went unreported to authorities, especially among those who experienced a single type of abuse. However, individuals who
Slient Cries: Child Abuse Trends in Alberta
encountered multiple types of abusive behaviours were more likely to report their experiences. The study also found that childhood victimization was associated with a range of adverse outcomes in adulthood, including higher rates of homelessness, poorer mental and physical health, increased substance abuse, suicidal thoughts, and revictimization. Indigenous peoples, 2SLGBTQ1A+, individuals, and older age cohorts reported higher rates of childhood victimization. In a separate study, the Canadian Centre for Child Protection report revealed that between 2017 and 2021, more than 500 students in Canada in school level incidents were sexually victimized by school personnel, with 71 per cent of the victims being female. The report found that 74 per cent of the offending personnel held secondary roles, such as coaches. Recommendations from this report include the establishment of independent investigative bodies, making disciplinary records public, mandating child protection training for all school staff, and providing trauma-informed support for victims. Even though several studies report elevated levels of child abuse prevalence in Canada, there is little information about the trends using nationally representative data sources. The objective of this ‘Slient Cries: Child Abuse Trends in Alberta’ report is to review the available nationally representative studies to extend our understanding of the geographic and demographic disparities in childhood maltreatment victimization and to identify subgroups where the incidence is not improving over time. Building on the foundation of the ‘State of Child Wellbeing’ report, this document explores detailed trends in child abuse in Alberta. The previous report provided a broad overview of child well-being, incorporating data on maltreatment, family violence, and community characteristics. This continuation focuses specifically on child abuse trends to offer more thorough insights and reinforce the recommendations provided earlier.
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Human trafficking has been broadly defined to include the recruitment, transportation, and harbouring of people through coercion or deception for purposes of exploitation (UNODC 2004). Recent research on human trafficking in Canada, particularly in the years 2023 and 2024, highlights several critical trends and governmental efforts to combat this grave issue. Here are the key findings from the latest reports and data: • In 2023, there were 570 reported incidents of human trafficking in Canada, marking a slight decrease from the previous year. Despite this decline, the numbers remain significantly high, especially in provinces such as Nova Scotia and Ontario (Heidinger, 2023; Statistics Canada, 2024). • A high percentage of victims are women and girls. Indigenous Peoples, 2SLGBTQ1A+ and youth in care are particularly vulnerable.
Notable Developments Human Trafficking
• The Canadian Government’s Human Trafficking National Strategy to Combat (Davis, 2023) included an investment of $57 million over five years. This strategy focuses on prevention, protection, prosecution, partnerships, and empowerment of victims and survivors. • In 2023, the federal government announced additional funding of $158,500 over two years for “Project Recover.” This initiative aims to help survivors of human trafficking regain financial independence by resolving fraudulent debts and improving financial literacy. • Between April 2022 and March 2023, Canadian authorities have made significant efforts to prosecute suspected traffickers, reflecting their commitment to holding perpetrators accountable. However, comprehensive data on convictions remains limited, making it challenging to assess the overall effectiveness of these prosecutions. • Organizations such as the Canadian Centre to End Human Trafficking have made several policy recommendations to improve the next National Strategy. These include focusing on housing and homelessness, improving immigration policies for migrant workers and international students, and enhancing prevention efforts around major events like the 2026 FIFA World Cup.
Slient Cries: Child Abuse Trends in Alberta
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Self-reported physical and sexual abuse during childhood in Alberta vs. Canada across selected demographics Data Source: Released 2023, Statistics Canada. Table 35-10-0167-01 Self-reported physical and sexual abuse during childhood These statistics underscore the critical need for targeted social policies and interventions to address childhood abuse, with particular attention to vulnerable groups such as Indigenous populations, individuals with disabilities, and sexual minorities. Implementing effective measures is essential to reducing these disparities and fostering supportive environments for all children.
Slient Cries: Child Abuse Trends in Alberta
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42.8%
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Canada
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Figure 1: Highlights the percentages of individuals from various demographic groups in Canada and Alberta who reported experiencing physical and/or sexual abuse during their childhood in 2018.
Slient Cries: Child Abuse Trends in Alberta
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Higher Vulnerability in Specific Groups Indigenous Populations: In Canada, 37.63 per cent of First Nations individuals reported experiencing abuse, with the rate rising to 43.8 per cent among First Nations individuals in Alberta. Métis populations also showed elevated abuse rates, with 39.97 per cent in Canada and 38.13 per cent in Alberta. These disparities highlight the heightened vulnerability of Indigenous populations, often driven by systemic issues such as colonialism, intergenerational trauma, social marginalization, and ongoing inequalities. These factors contribute to the disproportionate rates of abuse, emphasizing the need for tailored interventions and policies to address these deep-rooted challenges.
People with Disabilities and Sexual Minorities: These groups also exhibit higher rates of abuse, suggesting that individuals with disabilities and those identifying as sexual minorities may be at increased risk due to factors such as exclusion, discrimination, and reduced social or physical independence. Sexual minorities reported the highest rates of abuse, with 41.95 per cent in Canada and 42.81 per cent in Alberta, highlighting significant challenges stemming from discrimination and social stigma. Canadians living with disabilities experienced an abuse rate of 37.37 per cent, with Alberta reporting an even higher rate of 40.38 per cent. These disparities may be driven by systemic inequities, lack of accessible support services, and societal biases that further isolate these vulnerable populations.
Youth vs. Overall Population: In Alberta, younger individuals aged 15 to 24 reported a 21.9 per cent rate of physical and sexual abuse, slightly higher than the 20.19 per cent reported nationally for this age group. These differences may stem from various factors, including potential underreporting among younger individuals due to fear, stigma, or a lack of awareness about abuse. Alternatively, the lower national rate could reflect the positive effects of recent protective measures and societal efforts to prevent abuse in this demographic. Nonetheless, the reluctance to report abuse may still skew these statistics, underscoring the need for continued initiatives to encourage reporting and provide comprehensive support for those affected.
Immigrants and Visible Minorities: Immigrants and visible minorities in Canada report abuse rates that are slightly below the overall average, yet these figures remain concerning. Nationally, immigrants reported a 25.80 per cent abuse rate, with the figure rising to 27.32 per cent in Alberta. Similarly, visible minorities reported rates of 24.87 per cent across Canada, compared to 26.25 per cent in Alberta. While these rates are marginally lower than the national averages, they are nonetheless significant and highlight persistent challenges. These disparities may reflect complex factors, including the struggles of integration, limited access to community support, and systemic discrimination. Additionally, cultural stigma, fear of authorities, and mistrust of institutions may lead to underreporting, potentially masking the true scope of abuse within these communities. Alberta’s slightly higher rates suggest that regional differences, such as variations in support services or socio-economic pressures, may exacerbate vulnerabilities. Addressing these issues requires targeted interventions to bridge gaps in social services and foster trust within immigrant and minority communities. Building culturally sensitive support systems and creating safe environments for reporting abuse are essential steps toward reducing these disparities and ensuring the well-being of all individuals. Slient Cries: Child Abuse Trends in Alberta
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Geographical Differences: In 2023, Alberta reported an overall rate of 30.12 per 100,000 poeple for sexual violations against children, surpassing the national average of 28.69 per 100,000 people. This consistent trend of higher rates in Alberta compared to national figures highlights important regional disparities. These differences may be influenced by Alberta’s unique social and economic conditions, as well as variations in social policies and the availability of support services. The province’s higher rates could point to gaps in prevention and intervention resources or cultural and socioeconomic factors that heighten vulnerability among certain populations. Conversely, these elevated figures might also reflect more robust reporting mechanisms or heightened public awareness in Alberta, which could lead to a more accurate representation of abuse cases. Understanding these regional contrasts is essential for tailoring effective strategies to address childhood abuse, mitigate its prevalence, and reduce its long-term impacts on vulnerable populations.
Slient Cries: Child Abuse Trends in Alberta
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Annual admissions (number, percent) to residential facilities for victims of abuse, by resident type and area density Data Source: Statistics Canada. Table: 35-10-0052-01 – Annual admissions (number, percent) to residential facilities for victims of abuse by resident type and area density.
Figure 2 from Statistics Canada displays annual admissions to residential facilities for victims of abuse, segmented by resident type (e.g., women, men, children) and area density (urban versus rural). The data is broken down by province, highlighting admissions to both short-term and long-term accommodations. This provides insight into the varying demand for services based on the geographic area and the type of residents, allowing for a regional comparison of service needs across different types of facilities.
Slient Cries: Child Abuse Trends in Alberta
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Accompanying Girls and Boys to Residential Facilities (2020/2021 & 2022/2023) 30
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Figure 2: Accompany Girls and Boys to residential facilities for victims of abuse (percent of admissions), 2020/2021 & 2022/2023
Slient Cries: Child Abuse Trends in Alberta
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This dataset is particularly relevant to the’Silent Cries’ report as it highlights the scale of support required for children and families in facilities like shelters, especially during times of crisis. The comparison across provinces and time periods underscores variations in shelter usage, which may be influenced by regional factors such as access to services, social support networks, and economic conditions. The data further emphasizes the importance of establishing an Alberta-specific centralized data hub. By capturing the unique data disparities within the province, Alberta can better understand its own challenges, customize interventions more effectively, and allocate resources where they are most needed. A centralized hub would provide a clearer picture of how Alberta’s rates of shelter usage and childhood abuse compare to national trends, ensuring more specific policy responses and improving support for at-risk populations. This dataset from Statistics Canada would help inform and substantiate the findings in the ‘Silent Cries’ report, enhancing its depth and impact. During the 2020/2021 period, Alberta reported a higher proportion of “Accompanying Girls” and “Accompanying Boys” admitted to residential facilities for abuse victims compared to the national averages. Approximately 22 per cent of admissions in Alberta were girls, exceeding the national average of 20 per cent. Similarly, 19 per cent of admitted individuals in Alberta were boys, slightly higher than the national figure of 18 per cent. These disparities highlight Alberta’s consistent trend of elevated admission rates for youth who have experienced abuse, suggesting potential regional differences in the prevalence of abuse, reporting practices, or availability of residential services. Understanding these contrasts is vital for developing targeted policies to address the unique needs of abuse victims in Alberta. Analysis of Child Admission Rates by Gender in Alberta and Nationally In 2022/2023, Alberta reported notable gender disparities in child admissions that exceeded national averages. In Alberta, 20 per cent of admissions involved girls, compared to 17 per cent for boys. Nationally, the percentages were slightly more balanced, with 20 per cent for girls and 19 per cnet for boys. This contrast highlights a greater gender gap in Alberta, underscoring potential regional differences in the factors influencing child admissions.
Slient Cries: Child Abuse Trends in Alberta
The COVID-19 pandemic likely had a substantial impact on these figures, as increased stress, isolation, and disruption of regular social services during this period may have intensified domestic abuse cases, leading to a rise in child admissions. Additionally, spikes in cases of child abuse have been documented during not only viral outbreaks and catastrophic weather (Seddighi et al., 2019), but also during routine events such as summer vacations and holidays (Rosenthal CM & Thompson LA, 2020). When comparing child admissions between Alberta and Ontario in 2021, Alberta reported a higher percentage of both boys and girls admitted, despite Ontario’s larger population. In Ontario, girls accounted for 21 per cent of admissions and boys 19 per cent, whereas in Alberta, the figures were slightly higher, at 22 per cent for girls and 19 per cent for boys. This contrast may stem from several factors, including differences in demographics, the impact of local policies during the pandemic, and variations in reporting practices. Notably, Ontario experienced a steady decline in reported cases of child abuse between 1993 and 2013 (Fallon et al., 2019). While the study did not definitively link the decline in reports to a reduction in actual child abuse rates, it raises the possibility that underreporting in Ontario could partially explain the admission discrepancy when compared to Alberta. Understanding these regional disparities is crucial for assessing how demographic and policy differences may influence child admissions and for developing strategies tailored to provincial needs. Provincial differences in child admission rates may arise from a combination of factors such as population density, the strength of child protection systems, and the overall awareness and accessibility of reporting mechanisms. In Alberta’s case, the higher percentages may reflect not only demographic and systemic differences but also socio-economic challenges that fuel family stress and increase the likelihood of abuse (Alberta Federation of Labour, 2024; Cameron, Tedd & Yu, 2023). To address these disparities effectively, a comprehensive approach is required. This includes enhancing reporting systems and increasing public awareness while also addressing the underlying socio-economic conditions, such as unemployment and gaps in support services, that contribute to Alberta’s higher rates of child admissions.
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2022/2023 Accompanying Girls and Boys Residing in Shelter for Reasons of Abuse 2000
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Figure 3: One day snapshot of Accompany Girls and Boys residents (numbers) in residential facilities for victims of abuse, by reason for seeking shelter: 2022/2023
Slient Cries: Child Abuse Trends in Alberta
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In 2021/2022, Alberta experienced a significant decline in the number of children accompanying women in shelters. Female children decreased to 134, while male children dropped to 141. These figures marked a notable reduction compared to previous years. However, in 2022/2023, Alberta recorded a substantial increase, with 259 female children and 239 male children documented in shelters. These numbers positioned Alberta among the provinces with the highest counts, second only to Ontario, which reported 594 female and 592 male children during the same period. Alberta’s consistently high numbers of children in abuse shelters reflect underlying social and economic challenges. Domestic violence in the province has reached a ten-year high. During the COVID-19 pandemic, hotlines and shelters reported a more than 50 per cent increase in calls for assistance and rising demand for spaces (Scott, 2020). This trend underscores the region’s critical and ongoing need for shelter services. The uniform value of 418 across all selected characteristics (Indigenous identity, residency status, ethnocultural group) in Alberta’s 2022/2023 dataset suggests potential rounding or generalized aggregation by Statistics Canada. While this simplifies reporting, it risks masking Alberta’s significant demographic diversity, including variations among Indigenous Peoples, immigrant, and rural populations. Locally collected data could better reflect Alberta’s unique demographics: Northern Alberta’s significant Indigenous population might show different trends compared to national averages. Urban centres such as Calgary and Edmonton may differ significantly from rural areas. Alberta’s growing immigrant population could highlight distinct trends overlooked in aggregated data. The Accompanying Girls and Boys chart for Alberta shows distinct counts (259 girls, 239 boys), demonstrating demographic variation absent in the generalized totals. This contrast illustrates how national aggregation obscures provincial nuances critical for informed decision-making. Generalized data risks misguiding policy, particularly for marginalized groups such as Indigenous communities and immigrants. Precise, localized data enables tailored interventions and effective resource allocation, as seen in the actionable insights provided by the gender-specific data. Alberta’s unique demographic dynamics warrant localized data collection to ensure accuracy, representation, and effective policymaking. The discrepancy between aggregated totals and specific charts underscores the value of granular, regionally tailored data.
Slient Cries: Child Abuse Trends in Alberta
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Accompanying Children Residing in Shelters by Selected characteristics (2022/2023) Accompanying Children
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Figure 4: One-day snapshot of Accompanying Children of residents in residential facilities for victims of abuse in Alberta, segmented by gender: 2017-2021.
Slient Cries: Child Abuse Trends in Alberta
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How Age Relates to Violent and Traffic Offences Reported by Police Data Source: Statistics Canada. 35-10-0049-01 Victims of police-reported violent crime and traffic violations causing bodily harm or death by age of victim and type of violation
Alberta generally tracks close to, or above, the national average across age groups, suggesting a consistent or increasing utilization of services compared to the national average. The fluctuating numbers in Alberta across the years may indicate variable needs or changes in service availability or utilization patterns. The steady increase of all violations (homicide, other violations causing death and attempted murder, sexual assaults, sexual violations against children, assaults, other violent violations, criminal code traffic violations causing death or bodily harm) of older children (ages 12 to 17 years) both in Alberta and nationally suggests a growing or sustained demand for services in this age group. This points to evidence of requiring further targeted outreach or increased needs among teenagers.
Slient Cries: Child Abuse Trends in Alberta
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17 Years and Younger In Canada, the number of children who have experienced police-reported violent crime has shown a consistent upward trend, rising from 973.43 in 2019 to 1198.07 in 2023. These rates are calculated per 100,000 population within each age and gender group, reflecting a steady national growth. In contrast, Alberta’s figures exhibit more volatility. The province recorded a peak of 880.64 in 2019, followed by fluctuations before climbing to 1043.80 in 2023. Despite the variations, Alberta’s rates have also increased, albeit with a less consistent trajectory compared to the national trend.
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Figure 5: Individuals who have experienced police-reported violent crime by age of individual (17 years and younger), 2019-2023.
Slient Cries: Child Abuse Trends in Alberta
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12 to 17 Years Canada (Female): In 2019, the annual metric for Canadian females in this age group was high at 2480.07, followed by a significant decline in 2020 to 2116.65. By 2023, the metric rose alarmingly to 2814.30, exceeding 2019 levels. This sharp increase is a significant concern. Canada (Male): Canadian males in that age group recorded a metric of 1662.71 in 2019, which dropped to 1266.17 in 2020. By 2023, the metric climbed steeply to 2044.53. This increase parallels the trend observed in females and is indicative of escalating challenges faced in our Canadian society. Alberta (Female): Alberta females in this age group showed a metric of 2383.10 in 2019, closely mirroring the national average. In 2020, the figure dropped to 2051.63, but by 2023, it surged to 2609.90. This upward trend is particularly concerning, as it suggests worsening conditions that require immediate attention to prevent further escalation. Alberta (Male): In 2019, Alberta males in this age group had a metric of 1621.76, followed by a drop to 1271.54 in 2020. By 2023, the metric increased significantly to 2020.63, highlighting a worrying trajectory that underscores the need for targeted interventions.
Total Violations for Ages 12 - 17 (2019-2023) 2,800
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Slient Cries: Child Abuse Trends in Alberta
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Figure 6: Individuals of policereported violent crime by age of individual (ages 12 to 17 years), 2019-2023.
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11 Years and Younger Canada: After a slight decline in 2020 (382.67 from 431.03 in 2019), the numbers rebounded significantly, reaching 537.17 in 2023, surpassing pre-pandemic levels. Alberta: In contrast, Alberta’s trend highlights potential challenges in advocacy, social service programs, or funding. While peaking at 366.53 in 2019, the numbers dipped to 332.35 in 2020 and showed a rise to 377.92 in 2023.
Total Violations in Canada and Alberta (2019-2023) Canada
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Figure 7: Individuals who have experienced police-reported violent crime by age of individual (11 years and younger), 2019-2023.
Individuals who have experienced police-reported violent crime and traffic violations causing bodily harm or death, by age and gender of individual, and type of violation.
Slient Cries: Child Abuse Trends in Alberta
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Municipal Rates in Alberta Individuals Who have Experienced Police-reported Crime Data Source: Statistics Canada. 35-10-0200-01 Family and non-family victims of police-reported violent crime. Based on Statistics Canada’s dataset (physical assault, sexual assault, harassment, and threats), Red Deer (became census metropolitan areas as of the 2021 Census) and Lethbridge consistently report higher violent crime rates than Calgary and Edmonton, highlighting unique challenges in smaller cities. In contrast, Calgary and Edmonton show more year-to-year fluctuations, with Calgary experiencing a notable dip in 2020, likely due to the impact of COVID-19 on crime reporting and social behaviour. Violent crime trends across Alberta vary annually, reflecting complex factors such as economic conditions, population changes, and public health events, rather than a consistent increase across cities and age groups. This contrast underscores the need for localized strategies tailored to smaller cities, alongside approaches addressing urban-specific challenges in Calgary and Edmonton. Greater Alberta data autonomy would enhance real-time data collection and enable targeted resource allocation to high-need areas such as Red Deer and Lethbridge. These insights support developing effective interventions to address violent crime and its impact on Alberta’s diverse communities.
Slient Cries: Child Abuse Trends in Alberta
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17 Years and Younger The trends across Lethbridge, Calgary, Edmonton, and Red Deer demonstrate notable variations over the years: Lethbridge shows a relatively stable trend with a slight upward trajectory, increasing from 968.57 in 2019 to 1132.86 in 2023. In contrast, Calgary experienced a minor decline, moving from 771.04 in 2019 to 762.90 in 2023. Edmonton experienced significant growth, rising sharply from 795.86 in 2019 to 1014.78 in 2023. Albeit, Edmonton’s rates grew at a faster pace, Red Deer presents a unique case, with no reported data for 2019 and 2020. However, by 2023, it shows a dramatic figure of 2022.93, far surpassing the other cities and indicating a possible anomaly or rapid growth in recent years. Red Deer’s relatively high observation appears to be an outlier, warranting further investigation to understand the underlying factors.
Total of Victim (Male and Female) by City, (2019-2023)
Lethbridge
Calgary
Edmonton
Red Deer
2019
2020
2021
2022.93
2022
1014.78
762.90
1132.86
1694.38 919.73
710.66
857.81
737.02
703.70
881.52
580.10
0
795.86
500
771.04
1,000
1070.47
1,500
1190.14
1763.30
2,000
968.57
Rate per 100,000 Population
2,500
2023
Figure 8: Family and non-family individuals who experienced police-reported violent crime in Lethbridge, Calgary, Edmonton, and Red Deer (ages 17 years and younger), 2019-2023.
Slient Cries: Child Abuse Trends in Alberta
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12 to 17 Years The data on family and non-family individuals who experienced police-reported violent crime and traffic offences causing bodily harm or death, by age and gender of victim (total, relationship of accused to victim) from 2019 to 2023 reveals varied trends across Alberta cities, highlighting potential social and systemic factors. In Lethbridge, cases rose steadily from 2138.72 in 2019 to 2586.81 in 2023, suggesting heightened awareness and reporting mechanisms. However, persistent challenges such as poverty and limited access to services may still contribute to the slight increase. Calgary, on the other hand, saw a marginal decline from 1808.18 in 2019 to 1765.33 in 2023. This could indicate effective prevention programs and support systems or, conversely, barriers such as stigma and distrust in reporting processes, which may mask the true prevalence of abuse. Edmonton experienced a sharper increase, with cases rising from 1841.62 in 2019 to 2324.06 in 2023. This suggests the compounded effects of social stressors, such as economic challenges and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, which may have strained families and escalated abuse rates. Red Deer presents a striking anomaly, with no data available for 2019 and 2020, but a significant jump to 4156.42 cases in 2023 from 3850.69 in 2021. This spike raises concerns about previously underreported cases or emerging social issues that demand urgent attention. The varying trends across these cities reflect a complex interplay of factors, including economic pressures, access to resources, and pandemic-related disruptions. These findings underscore the need for localized strategies and targeted interventions to address the root causes of child abuse and improve support systems for vulnerable families.
Total Violations for Gender of Individual by City (2019-2023) 4156.42
Rate per 100,000 Population
4,000
3850.69
3,500
3644.76
3,000
2651.28 2,500
2241.96
2138.72 2,000
1,500
1841.62
1739.62
1808.18
1537.15
2019 Slient Cries: Child Abuse Trends in Alberta
1328.88
2020
1874.36
Calgary
2586.81
Edmonton
2112.13
Figure 9:
1765.33
2022
Red Deer
2324.06
1675.85
1669.05
2021
Lethbridge
2023
Family and non-family individuals who have experienced police-reported violent crime in Lethbridge, Calgary, Edmonton, and Red Deer (ages 12 to 17 years), 2019-2023.
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11 Years and Younger Data from family and non-family individuals who experienced police-reported violent crime and traffic offences causing bodily harm or death by age and gender of victim (ages 12 to 17 years) highlights varying child abuse trends across Alberta cities. In Lethbridge, reported cases increased slightly from 444.52 in 2019 before dropping significantly to 380.82 in 2023. This decline may reflect either a reduction in actual abuse or shifts in reporting practices and service availability. In Calgary, cases decreased from 291.62 in 2019 to 244.76 in 2023, suggesting potential success in prevention efforts or reduced reporting, possibly due to stigma or limited access to resources. In contrast, Edmonton reported a rise from 325.14 in 2019 to 361.88 in 2023, likely driven by heightened awareness, better detection systems, or worsening social conditions, such as economic challenges or family instability. Red Deer shows the most striking pattern. No data was recorded for 2019 and 2020, however, rates increased from 625.79 in 2022 to 823.02 in 2023. This surge may reflect a genuine increase in incidents or improved reporting infrastructure following years of data gaps. Addressing these variations requires enhanced child protection resources, equitable policy implementation, and continued vigilance in monitoring and addressing root causes of abuse.
Total Violations by City (2019-2023)
800
Rate per 100,000 Population
700
600
Lethbridge Calgary
500
Edmonton Red Deer
400
Figure 10: 300
200
2019
Slient Cries: Child Abuse Trends in Alberta
2020
2021
2022
2023
Family and non-family individuals who have experienced police-reported violent crime in Lethbridge, Calgary, Edmonton, and Red Deer (ages 11 years and younger), 2019-2023.
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Rate of sexual violations against all ages in Canada The rates of sexual violations for all age groups in Canada show a notable peak in 2021. This could potentially be attributed to factors such as increased reporting or changes in data collection methods. There have been many reports indicating that COVID-19 isolation measures increased sexual indications. Between the months of April and June 2020, the director of Cybertip.ca, Stephen Sauer, noted an 81 per cent increase in the sexual exploitation of minors (Thompson, 2020). It should also be noted that the data analysis of the dip in 2020 and increase in 2021 has brought child advocacy to the discussion table. This was highlighted in the ‘State of Child Wellbeing’ report (in 2024). It might also reflect an actual increase in incidents, but without additional context or data it is hard to determine the exact cause.
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Alberta Trends by Age Group In Alberta, there has been a constant increase in all violations (homicide, other violations causing death and attempted murder, sexual assaults, sexual violations against children, assaults, other violent violations, Criminal Code traffic violations causing death or bodily harm) on children across all categories since 2019. Several reports have also linked this shift to the effects and measures related to COVID-19. The age group of 12 to 17 years consistently shows the highest rates of sexual violations, suggesting that this demographic is particularly vulnerable. This could influence policy and protective measures targeting this age group. The youngest group (ages 11 years and younger) and the overall rates of sexual violence across all ages show fewer dramatic fluctuations than the other specific age groups, but still reflect the general trend of a peak in 2021.
Rates of Sexual Violations Against Children in Alberta by Age Groups (2019-2023)
s
Rates of Violations
300
12
250
200
17 years and younger 150
11 years and younger 12 to 17 years
100
2019
Slient Cries: Child Abuse Trends in Alberta
2020
2021
2022
2023
Figure 11: Rates of sexual violations against children in Alberta by age groups, 2019-2023.
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Canada versus Alberta Alberta’s rates of sexual violations (per 100,000 population) against children who are ages 12 to 17 years in Alberta were generally higher than the national average from 2019 to 2021. There has been a mild decline in 2022 and 2023. The 12- to 17-year-old age group is the most affected in Alberta and Canada, with notably higher rates than younger children. There is a significant peak in 2021 across most categories and both regions. This may indicate an exacerbation of factors contributing to these rates during that year, potentially connected to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Rates of Sexual Violations Against Children in Alberta and Canada by Age Groups (2019~2023)
300
Rates of Violations
250
200 Alberta 17 years and younger Alberta 11 years and younger Alberta 12 to 17 years
150
Canada 17 years and younger Canada 11 years and younger Canada 12 to 17 years
100
Figure 12: Rates of sexual violations against children in Alberta and Canada by age groups, 2019-2023.
2019
Slient Cries: Child Abuse Trends in Alberta
2020
2021
2022
2023
30
Rate of Sexual Violations Against Children in Alberta The chart presents rates of sexual violations against children of different age groups in Alberta as a whole, and specifically within the cities of Lethbridge, Calgary, Red Deer and Edmonton during the years 2019 to 2023. Here is a breakdown of the trends and key observations: Alberta’s rates generally follow similar trends to Canada’s, with peaks in 2021 across all age groups and declines in the subsequent years. While Alberta tends to have higher rates of sexual violations against children than the Canadian average, the recent downward trends suggest progress in addressing this issue. However, the persistent gaps, particularly in the 12- to 17-years-old age group, highlight the need for continued targeted interventions and policy measures in Alberta to close this gap. Within Alberta, the rates are lower in Calgary over time, while rates in Lethbridge and Edmonton have remained consistently higher than the national rates.
Slient Cries: Child Abuse Trends in Alberta
31
Rates of Sexual Violations Against Children by City (2019-2023)
Lethbridge 50
49.44
Calgary Edmonton
47.91
Rates per 100,000 Population
Red Deer 40
37.72
37.79 36.14
35
32.97 30
25.56 27.24
25
20
33.76 32.98
28.80
28.13
19.65
19.89 20.77
2019
29.07
2020
16.99
2021
2022
2023
Figure 13: Rates of sexual violations against children of all ages in Lethbridge, Calgary, Red Deer and Edmonton, 2019-2023.
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Rate of Sexual Assaults Police Reported Overall Rates for All Ages: In 2021, Alberta reached a peak of 100.92 incidents per 100,000 for sexual assaults, which was higher than the national average in Canada at 87.66. Lethbridge and Red Deer consistently reported higher rates than the national averages during the time interval, while the rates in Calgary were consistently below the national rates.
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Rates of Sexual Assaults (All Ages) per 100,000 Population (2019-2023)
Rates per 100,000 Population
160
140
120
100
80
60
2019
2020
2021
2022
Lethbridge
Edmonton
Alberta
Calgary
Red Deer
Canada
2023
Figure 14: Rates of sexual assaults – police reported, by all ages in Canada, Alberta, Lethbridge, Calgary, Red Deer, and Edmonton, 2019-2023.
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34
Rates of Sexual Assaults Related to Children (17 years and younger) Police-reported, Canada and Alberta (2019-2023) 400
Rates per 100,000 Population
350
300 Alberta 17 years and younger Alberta 11 years and younger Alberta 12 to 17 years
250
Canada 17 years and younger Canada 11 years and younger Canada 12 to 17 years
200
150
100
50
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
Figure 15: Rates of sexual assaults (police-reported) by age groups in Canada and Alberta, 2019-2023.
Slient Cries: Child Abuse Trends in Alberta
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Certain trends and regions in Alberta stand out as particularly concerning in terms of sexual assault rates. The 12- to 17-years-old age group consistently reports much higher rates compared to younger children, with Alberta peaking at 170.31 per 100,000 in 2021. Although lower than the national average, the year-on-year fluctuations in Alberta’s rates suggest underlying issues that require further examination, such as gaps in prevention, reporting systems, data management or community support. Among Alberta cities, Lethbridge emerges as particularly alarming. It often reports higher-than-average rates of youth-related crimes, including sexual assaults, relative to its population size. This trend may be influenced by its smaller population base and unique regional dynamics, which amplify the per capita impact of reported incidents. Edmonton also warrants attention, frequently recording higher rates than Calgary. This trend reflects the challenges associated with urban concentration, including socio-economic factors and disparities in community resources. While Calgary shows relatively lower rates, its urban scale could mask underreporting or localized issues within certain communities. Red Deer, located in a rural-urban transition zone, exhibits fluctuating rates that sometimes align more closely with smaller cities. This instability raises concerns about the adequacy of resources for prevention and reporting in mid-sized municipalities. Overall, Lethbridge, Edmonton, and now Red Deer, stand out as particularly concerning areas. This highlights the need for targeted interventions, increased support services, and enhanced efforts to address systemic factors contributing to higher sexual assault rates in these regions. Rates of sexual violations against children are generally higher in Alberta compared to other regions. However, for police-reported sexual assaults, Alberta’s rates are lower. Case Study 1 (Madison’s example on page 6 of this document) may highlight this hesitancy specific to Alberta.
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Recommendations for Policymakers and to Improve Data Collection and Research
“
Data from the report highlight that Indigenous populations in Alberta experience significantly higher rates of childhood abuse compared to the general population. Specifically, in 2018, 43.8 per cent of First Nations individuals and 38.1 per cent of Métis individuals in Alberta reported experiencing physical and/or sexual abuse during childhood, far exceeding the provincial average of 28.8 per cent and the national average of 27.0 per cent. These alarming statistics underscore the urgent need for targeted interventions to address the unique challenges faced by Indigenous communities. This should include trauma-informed care, mental health services, and community-led initiatives to address the historical and systemic factors contributing to higher abuse rates. While there are existing programs aimed at supporting Indigenous populations, the data suggests that these efforts are insufficient given the persistently high rates of abuse. The significant differences in abuse rates between Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations highlight the gaps in current services. Enhanced support through more comprehensive, culturally sensitive, and adequately funded programs, is necessary to bridge these gaps and provide effective care and support. Importance should also be placed on establishing mental health and counselling services that integrate traditional Indigenous healing practices, such as talking circles, sweat lodges, and the involvement of Elders. This aligns with Call to Action 21: “Provide sustainable funding for existing and new Aboriginal healing centres to address the physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual harm caused by residential schools.”
Slient Cries: Child Abuse Trends in Alberta
The ‘State of Child Wellbeing’ report highlights the need for regular training for all professionals working with children through enhancing Data-Informed Practices. The data from the report above highlights several key issues that underscore the need for comprehensive training: The report indicates that marginalized groups, including Indigenous populations and 2SLGBTQ1A+ individuals, face significant challenges that increase their vulnerability to abuse. Regular training is crucial for professionals who work with children, including educators, healthcare providers, and law enforcement. Mandating this training can help them better understand and address the unique challenges children face, particularly in recognizing and responding to signs of abuse. By equipping these professionals with the necessary knowledge and skills to provide appropriate support and comprehensive training contributes to improved long-term outcomes for children, including better mental health, a reduced risk of re-victimization, and a greater chance of leading healthy, productive lives.
“
Additionally, it is important to prioritize the hiring of Indigenous counselors and mental health professionals who are familiar with the cultural context and specific challenges faced by Indigenous children and families. This aligns with Call to Action 23, which emphasizes the need to “increase the number of Aboriginal professionals working in the health-care field and ensure their retention in Aboriginal communities.”
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“ “
The ‘State of Child Wellbeing’ report advocates for a holistic view of child welfare, and the ‘Silent Cries’ report notes limitations in self-reported data, such as potential recall bias and under-reporting. Both reports highlight the reliance on observational data for developing recommendations and insights. Establishing a standardized national database for child abuse and sexual violence reports to ensure consistent and accurate data collection across provinces would enhance the quality and reliability of the data used in policy-making, ensuring that interventions are based on accurate and up-to-date information referencing Call to Action 55 (i): “Provide annual reports on the number of Aboriginal children in care, reasons for apprehension, and spending on preventive and care services.”
The ‘State of Child Wellbeing’ and ‘Silent Cries’ reports suggest that current legal measures may not be sufficient to deter abuse or provide justice for individuals who have experienced abuse. The Canadian Incidence Study (CIS) and other surveys show that a significant portion of abuse incidents go unreported or are inadequately addressed by existing legal frameworks. It is crucial to enforce stricter penalties for perpetrators of child abuse and ensure that laws are consistently applied. Additionally, Alberta should create independent bodies to oversee investigations and ensure that disciplinary actions are transparent and fair, echoing Call to Action 50: “Fund the establishment of Indigenous law institutes for the development and use of Indigenous laws and access to justice.”
Slient Cries: Child Abuse Trends in Alberta
“ “
Alberta shows significantly higher rates of childhood abuse compared to the national average, with 28.8 per cent of individuals reporting childhood abuse compared to the national rate of 27.0 per cent. This high prevalence underscores the urgent need for more robust support services. Investing in support services leads to better long-term outcomes for children, including improved mental health, educational attainment, and overall quality of life. Allocating more resources to residential facilities for victims of abuse helps to ensure they are adequately staffed and equipped to handle the needs of children. This includes providing comprehensive support services, such as counselling, legal aid, and educational assistance. This recommendation aligns with Call to Action 22: “Recognize the value of Aboriginal healing practices and use them in the treatment of Aboriginal patients in collaboration with Aboriginal healers and Elders requested by Aboriginal patients.”
Establishing a centralized database that collects comprehensive data on child abuse cases across the province will ensure consistency and ease of access for study. This database should integrate with existing systems used by child welfare authorities, police, healthcare providers, and educational institutions to streamline data collection and sharing. Implementing real-time data entry protocols will ensure that information is up-to-date and can be promptly used for decision-making and policy development.
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“ “ “
Standardizing data collection methods is crucial. Establishing uniform definitions and metrics for reporting child abuse will ensure consistency across different agencies and regions. Providing training for all professionals involved in data collection will ensure they understand and consistently apply these standardized methods. Regular audits of data collection practices will help identify and address any inconsistencies or gaps.
Collecting disaggregated data is essential to capture the experiences of key demographics, including age, gender, ethnicity, geographic location, disability status, and socio-economic background. Special focus should be given to vulnerable groups such as Indigenous populations, sexual minorities, and children with disabilities. This approach will help identify and address their unique needs. Granular data collection should go beyond the incidence of abuse to include the context, circumstances, and outcomes associated with each case.
Engaging Indigenous communities and other vulnerable groups in community-based, cooperative research projects, will ensure that their knowledge and experiences are respected. Data collection and research involving Indigenous communities must respect principles of data sovereignty, giving these communities control over how their data is used and shared. Capacity building within Indigenous communities to conduct their own research should also be supported through training and resources.
Slient Cries: Child Abuse Trends in Alberta
“ “ “
Conducting longitudinal studies that track the long-term outcomes of children who have experienced abuse will provide insights into the effectiveness of interventions and support services. Developing cohort studies that follow specific groups of children over time will help identify risk factors, protective factors, and trends in child abuse. Additionally, policy impact studies should be conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of policies and programs over time, informing future policy development.
Regular reporting and analysis of data are essential. Annual reports that provide detailed analysis of child abuse trends, highlighting changes over time and the effectiveness of interventions, should be published. Developing interactive data dashboards will allow policymakers, researchers, and the public to explore data on child abuse trends and related factors. Executive summaries of these reports should highlight key findings and recommendations for busy stakeholders.
Collaborative research networks can enhance the scope and depth of research efforts. Establishing research consortia that bring together academic institutions, government agencies, non-profits, and community organizations will facilitate collaboration on child abuse research. Developing data-sharing agreements will facilitate the exchange of information between different organizations while protecting the privacy and confidentiality of individuals. Encouraging interdisciplinary research that combines insights from psychology, sociology, public health, law, and other fields will help develop a comprehensive understanding of child abuse. .
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“ “ “
Ethical considerations and safeguards must be prioritized in all research efforts. Ensuring informed consent from participants in research studies, with special protections for children and vulnerable populations, is crucial. Implementing strict confidentiality protocols will protect the privacy of individuals whose data is collected. All research projects should undergo ethics reviews to ensure they meet high standards of ethical conduct.
Funding for research is essential to support these efforts. Providing grants for research projects focused on child abuse prevention, intervention, and support, with a priority on studies that address the needs of vulnerable groups, will ensure sustained research efforts. Encouraging partnerships between government agencies, non-profits, and academic institutions, to pool resources and expertise for large-scale research initiatives will enhance the impact of these efforts. Developing sustainable funding models will ensure ongoing research and data collection over the long term.
Utilizing technology can further enhance data collection and analysis. Advanced analytics, such as machine learning and artificial intelligence, can help identify patterns and trends in child abuse data that might not be immediately apparent. Implementing mobile data collection tools will allow for efficient and accurate information gathering in the field. Geographical analysis can be used to identify hotspots of child abuse and allocate resources more effectively.
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Durrant, J. & R. Ensom (2012). “Physical punishment of children: Lessons from 20 years of research”. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 184(12), 1373–1377. England-Mason, G., R. Casey, M. Ferro, H.L. MacMillan, L. Tonmyr, & A. Gonzalez (2018). “Child maltreatment and adult multimorbidity: Results from the Canadian Community Health Survey.” Canadian Journal of Public Health, 109(4), 561-572. Fallon, B., Joh-Carnella, N., Trocme N., Esposito T., Inanlou-Nosrati M., Vezina-Collin, D. (2019). An examination of trends in child sexual abuse investigations in Ontario over time. Child Abuse & Neglect, 88, 389-399. Fallon, B., Joh-Carnella, N., Trocme, N., Esposito, T., Hélie, S., & Lefebvre, R. (2022). Major findings from the Canadian incidence study of reported child abuse and neglect 2019. International journal on child maltreatment: research, policy and practice, 5(1), 1-17. Gershoff, E.T., & A. Grogan-Kaylor (2016). Spanking and child outcomes: Old controversies and new meta-analyses. J Fam Psychol; 30(4):453-69. Heidinger, L. (2022). Profile of Canadians who experienced victimization during childhood, 2018. Juristat: Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, 1-31. Heidinger, L. (2023). “Trafficking in persons in Canada, 2022”. Statistics Canada—Catalogue no. 85-005-X. Kessler, R.C., K.A. McLaughlin, J.G. Green, et al. (2010). Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. Br J Psychiatry; 197:378–85. Rosenthal CM, Thompson LA. Child abuse awareness month during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. JAMA Pediatr (2020). DOI: http:// dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1459 Scott C. Alberta sexual violence helpline saw 57 per cent rise in calls during lockdown. Toronto, Canada: The Toronto Star [Internet]. Available from: https://www. toronto.com/news-story/10014101-alberta-sexual-violence-helpline-saw-57-per-cent-rise-in-calls-during-lockdown/ (3 June 2020, accessed 13 Sep 2024). Scott, K.M., D.R. Smith, P.M. Ellis (2010). Prospectively ascertained child maltreatment and its association with DSM-IV mental disorders in young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry 67:712–9. Seddighi H, Salmani I, Javadi MH, et al. Child abuse in natural disasters and conflicts: a systematic review. Trauma Violence Abuse (2019). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838019835973 Statistics Canada. Table 4 Residents in facilities for victims of abuse, by province or territory, April 13, 2023 Statistics Canada. (2024). Table 35-10-0052-01 Annual admissions (number, percent) to residential facilities for victims of abuse, by resident type and area density
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.25318/3510005201-eng Statistics Canada. (2024). Table 35-10-0200-01 Family and non-family victims of police-reported violent crime and traffic offences causing bodily harm or death, by age and gender of victim DOI: https://doi.org/10.25318/3510020001-eng Statistics Canada. (2024). Table 35-10-0049-01 Victims of police-reported violent crime and traffic violations causing bodily harm or death, by age of victim and type of violation DOI: https://doi.org/10.25318/3510004901-eng Statistics Canada. (2024) Table 35-10-0054-01 One day snapshot of women and accompanying children (number, percent) residing in residential facilities for victims of abuse compared with indi viduals living in Canada, by selected characteristics DOI: https://doi.org/10.25318/3510005401-eng Statistics Canada. (2024). Table 35-10-0051-01 Victims of police-reported violent crime and traffic violations causing bodily harm or death, by age and gender of victim, and type of violation DOI: https://doi.org/10.25318/3510005101-eng Statistics Canada. (2020). Table 35-10-0167-01 Self-reported physical and sexual abuse during childhood DOI: https://doi.org/10.25318/3510016701-eng The Canadian Centre to End Human trafficking. The Canadian Centre To End Human Trafficking. (n.d.). https://www.canadiancentretoendhumantrafficking.ca/ policy-recommendations/ Thompson, E. (2020, July 13). Child sex exploitation is on the rise in Canada during the pandemic. CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/pandemic-child-sexualabuse-1.5645315 Tonmyr, L., Martin, W.K. How has child maltreatment surveillance data been used in Canada? Health Res Policy Sys 12, 65 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/14784505-12-65 Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Calls to Action. (n.d.). https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/british-columbians-our-governments/indigenous-people/ aboriginal-peoples-documents/calls_to_action_english2.pdf United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). 2004. Protocol to prevent, suppress, and punish trafficking in persons, especially women and children. Supplement to United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. New York, NY: United Nations.
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