deevaan-e-Zeb.un.nisa - First fifty Ghazals rendered from the Persian (1913)

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trbe TlClts^om of tbe iSast Series

Edited by L.

CRANMER BYNG

S.

A.

KAPADIA

THE DIWAN OF ZEB-UN-NISSA

EDITOEIAL NOTE The

object of the Editors of this series is a veryThey desire above all things that, in their humble way, these books shall be the ambassadors of good-will and understanding between East and West the old world of Thought and the new of Action. In this endeavour, and in their own sphere, they are but followers of the highest example in the land. They are confident that a deeper knowledge of the great ideals and lofty philosophy of Oriental thought may help to a revival of that true spirit of Charity which neither despises nor fears the nations of another creed and colour. definite one.

—

L.

CRANMER-BYNG.

S.

A.

northbeook society, 21, Cbomwell Road, S.

Kensington, S.W,

KAPADIA.

WISDOM OF THE EAST

THE DIWAN OF ZEB-UN-NISSA THE

FIRST FIFTY GHAZALS

RENDERED FROM THE PERSIAN BY

MAGAN LAL AND

JESSIE

DUNCAN WESTBROOK

WITH AN INTRODUCTION AND NOTES

LONDON JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, 1913

W.

All Rights Reserved

CONTENTS PAOB

Dedication

6

Introduction

7

Diwan-i-Makhfi

Notes

— The

Ghazals

.

.

25 109

;

:

Thy pleasaunce. Princess, now is desolate Where once the gleaming water- courses traced Their paths among the cypresses, a waste beyond thy ruined garden-gate; dead, the bulbul flown away.

And Zeb-un-Nissa but a memory.

Stretches

The

rose

is

But where the rapt faquirs God's praises tell.

Where at the shrine the pious pilgrims meet.

Thy verses, Makhfi, holy tongues repeat.

Thy name is honoured and remembered

well

For through thy words they win a fleeting gleam Of the Divine Beloved of their dream.

So might we, even in an alien tongue.

Bring from thy mystic garden, where, apart.

Thou dwelt communing with thy burning heart.

These echoes of the songs that thou hast sung.

And catch thy vision of the Soul's Desire, The immortal Phoenix with its wings of fire.

J.

D.

W.

INTRODUCTION The

Princess Zeb-un-Nissa was the eldest daughter of the Mogul Emperor Aurungzebe of India, and was born in 1639.

She came of a distinguished line, in direct descent from Genghiz Khan and Tamerlane. Her Emperor-ancestors were famous not only for their valour and statesmanship, but as patrons and inspirers of art and learning, and, moreover, they themselves possessed distinguished literary gifts. Baber's reminiscences are written in so fresh and delightful a style that their charm holds us to-day, and he wrote poetry both in Turki and Persian, even inventing a new style of verse. One of his sons, Mirza Kamran, was also a writer of Persian verse.

Although Akbar has given the world no writings of his own tradition even says that he never found time to learn to write yet he surroimded himself with a most cultured circle and Abul

—

—

;

talented minister, constantly records in his letters Akbar's wise sayings and noble sentiments.

Jehangir, like Baber, wrote his own memoirs, and they are ranked high in Persian

Fazl,

his

7

INTRODUCTION

8

Shah Jehan wrote some account of and of his travels, and a record called the Dastur-ul-Amal, or Laws of Shah Jehan.

Aurungzebe wrote books on Musulman law, and the collection of his letters, called the Ruqat Alamgiri, is famous. Nor was this literary talent literature.

his court

confined to the men's side of the house. Baber's daughter, Gulbadan, wrote some history of her own times, and has left us an interesting and Zeb-un-Nissa's picture of Baber himself verses still testify to her skill as a poet.

It is difficult to learn precisely the details of they were not written in any connected her life biography, for in her later days she incurred the wrath of her stern father, and no court chronicler dared to speak of her. Her mother was Dilrus ;

;

Banu Begum, daughter of Shah Nawaz Khan.

From her childhood she showed great intelligence, and she was instructed from an early

—

age.

At

seven years old she was a Hafiz she knew the and her father gave a great Koran by heart We read that feast to celebrate the occasion. the whole army was feasted in the great Maidan at Delhi, thirty thousand gold mohurs were given to the poor, and the public offices were closed for two days. She was given as teacher a lady named Miyabai, and learned Arabic in she then studied mathematics and four years astronomy, in which sciences she gained rapid proficiency.

She began to write a commentary ;

;

INTRODUCTION

9

this was stopped by her her early youth she wrote verses, at first in Arabic but when an Arabian scholar " Whoever has written saw her work he said this poem is Indian.

The verses are clever and wise, but the idiom is Indian, although it is a miracle for a foreigner to know Arabian so welL" This piqued her desire for perfection, and thereafter she wTote in Persian, her mothertongue. She had as tutor a scholar called Shah Rustum Ghazi, who encouraged and directed her literary tastes. She wrote at first in secret, but he found copies of her verses among her exercise-books.

He prophesied her future greatness, and persuaded her father to send all over India and Persia and Kashmir to find poets and to invite them to come to Delhi to form a fitting circle for the princess.

This was the more wonderful as Aurungzebe himself cared little for poetry and used to speak against the poet's calling.

He had forbidden the works of Hafiz to be read in school by boys, or in the palace by the Begums, but he made an exception in favour of Zeb-un-Nissa.

Among the poets of her circle were Nasir Ali, Sayab, Shamsh Wall Ullah, Brahmin, and Behraaz. Nasir Ali came from Sirhind, and was famous for his pride and his poverty, for he despised the protection of the great. Zeb-unNissa admired his verses, and in a way he came

on the Koran, but

father.

From

;

:

— INTRODUCTION

10

to be regarded almost as her rival poet. Her coterie used to engage in a poetical tournament

a kind of war of wits. One would propose a sometimes it would be a question another would answer it or contradict it or qualify it or expand it, by a line or lines in the same metre, rhyming with the original line. This is called mushaira a poetical concourse and in this

—

line

;

—

;

quick repartee Zeb-un-Nissa excelled.

She had been betrothed by the wish of Shah Jehan, her grandfather, to Suleiman Shikoh, who was her cousin and son of Dara Shikoh but Aurungzebe, who hated and feared Dara, was unwilling that the marriage should take place, and caused the young prince to be poisoned.

She had many other suitors for her hand, but she demanded that she should see the princes and test theu* attainments before a match was arranged. One of those who wished to marry her was Mirza Farukh, son of Shah Abbas II she wrote to him to come to Delhi so of Iran that she might see what he was like. The record remains of how he came with a splendid retinue, and was feasted by Zeb-un-Nissa in a pleasure-house in her garden, while she waited on him with her veil upon her face. He asked for a certain sweetmeat in words which, by a play of language, also meant a kiss, and Zeb-un;

;

Nissa,

affronted,

said

:

want from our kitchen."

"

Ask

for

what you

She told her father

— INTRODUCTION

11

that, in spite of the prince's beauty and rank, his bearing did not please her, and she refused

the marriage. Mirza Farukh, however, sent her this verse "I am determined never to leave here will I bow my head, here this temple will I prostrate myself, here wiU I serve, and here alone is happiness." Zeb-un-Nissa answered: "How light dost thou esteem this game of love, O child. Nothing dost thou know of the fever of longing, and the fire of separation, and the burning flame of love."

And so he returned to Persia without her.

She enjoyed a great deal of liberty in the palace she wrote to many learned men of her time, and held discussions with them. She was a great favourite with her uncle Dara Shil^oh, who was a scholar and wide-minded and enlightened.

To him she modestly attributed her verses when first she began to write, and many of the ghazals in the Diwan of Dara Shikoh are by her. She came out in the court, and helped in her father's councils, but always with the veil upon her face.

Perhaps she liked the metaphor of the face hidden till the day when the Divine Beloved should come perhaps life behind carven lattices had a charm for her for her pen-name is Makhfi, the hidden one.

"0 envy of Once Nasir Ali said this verse the moon, lift up thy veil and let me enjoy the wonder of thy beauty." She answered :

;

:

;

;

:

:

—

;

—

INTRODUCTION

12

The

I will not lift my veil, For, if I did, who knows ? bulbul might forget the rose,

The Brahman worshipper Adoring Lakshmi's grace Might turn, forsaking her,

To

see

my

face

;

My

beauty might prevail.

Think how within the flower Hidden as in a bower fragrant soul must be, look on it So me the world can see Only within the verses I have writ I will not lift the veil.

Her

And none can

She was deeply religious, but she was a Sufi, and did not share her father's cold and narrow orthodoxy. One day she was walking in the garden, and, moved by the beauty of the world around her, exclaimed, " Four things are necessary to make me happy wine and flowers and a running stream and the face of the Beloved."

Again and again she recited the couplet suddenly she came upon Aurungzebe, on a marble platform under a tree close by, wrapt in meditation. She was seized with fear, thinking he might have heard her profane words but, as if she had not noticed him, she went on chanting as before, but with the second line changed, " Four things are necessary for happiness prayers and fasting and tears and repentance " She belonged, like her father, to the Sunni sect of Musulmans, and was well versed in con-

—

;

;

—

!

INTRODUCTION troversial religious points. sons, Muhammad Ma'uzam,

One

of

13

Aurungzebe's

was a Shiah, and when

sectarian disputes took place in the court the princess was often asked to settle them.

Her decision in one dispute is famous, for it was copied and sent to Iran and Turan, and many scores of Begums are said to have been converted to the Sunni cause on that occasion. At first she took ^ great pleasure in the Tazia celebrationgave them up at her father's wish when he uame to the throne, and adopted a simpler form of ..

faith.

Much of her personal allowance of four lakhs a year she used in encouraging men of letters, widows and orphans, and in sending every year pilgrims to Mecca and Medina. She collected a fine library and employed skilled caligraphers to copy rare and valuable books for her and, as Kashmir paper in providiQg for

;

and Kashmir

scribes

were

famous

for

she had a scriptorium also in province, where work went on constantly. personal interest in the work was great, every morning she went over the copies had been made on the previous day. She

excellence,

their

that

Her and that

had

contemporary fame as a poet, and literary men used to send their works for her approval or criticism, and she rewarded them according to their merits.

In personal appearance she

is

described as

INTEODUCTION

14

and slim, her face round and fair in two moles, or beauty-spots, on her Her eyes and abundant hair were left cheek. very black, and she had thin lips and small teeth.

In Lahore Museum is a contemporary portrait, which corresponds to this description.

She did not use missia for blackening between the teeth, nor antimony for darkening her eyelashes, though this was the fashion of her time.

Her voice was so beautiful that when she read the Koran she moved her hearers to tears. In in later life dress she was simple and austere she always wore white, and her only ornament was a string of pearls round her neck. She is held to have invented a woman's garment, the angya kurti, a modification, to suit Indian being

tall

colour, with

;

conditions, of the dress of the

now worn

women

of Tur-

She was humble in her bearing, courteous, patient, and philosophic in enduring trouble no one, it is said, ever saw her with a ruffled forehead.

Her chief friend was a girl named Imami, a poet like herself. Zeb-un-Nissa was skilled in the use of arms, and several times took part kestan

;

it

is

all

over India. ;

in war.

1662 Aurungzebe was and, his physicians prescribing change of air, he took his family and court with him to Lahore. At that time Akil Khan, the son of He was his vizier, was governor of that city.

In the beginning of

taken

ill,

INTRODUCTION

16

for his beauty and bravery, and was a poet. He had heard of Zeb-un-Nissa, and knew her verses, and was anxious to see her.

On pretence of guarding the city, he used to ride round the walls of the palace, hoping to catch a glimpse of her. One day he was fortunate he caught sight of her on the housetop at dawn, dressed in a robe of gulnar, the colour of the flower of the pomegranate. He said, "A vision in red appears on the roof of the palace." She heard and answered, com" Supplications nor force pleting the couplet nor gold can win her." She liked Lahore as a residence, and was laying out a garden there one day Akil Khan heard that she had gone with her companions to see a marble pavilion which was being built in it. He disguised himself as a mason, and, carrying a hod, managed to pass the guards and enter. She was playing chausar with some of her girl friends, and he, "In my longing for thee passing near, said I have become as the dust wandering round the earth." She understood and answered imme" Even if thou hadst become as the diately wind, thou shouldst not touch a tress of my hair."

They met again and again, but some rumour reached the ears of Aurungzebe, who was at Delhi, and he hastened back. He wished to hush up the matter by hurrying her into marriage at once. Zeb-un-Nissa demanded free-

famous also

;

:

:

:

:

;

INTRODUCTION

16

dom

and asked that portraits of her be sent to her and chose naturally that of Akil Khan. Aurungzebe sent for him but a disappointed rival wrote to him "It is no child's play to be the lover of a daughter Aurungzebe knows your doings of a king. as soon as you come to Delhi, you will reap the fruit of your love."

Akil Khan thought the Emperor planned revenge. So, alas for poor Zeb-un-Nissa at the critical moment her lover he declined the marriage, proved a coward and wrote to the king resigning his service. Zebof choice,

suitors should

;

;

:

!

;

un-Nissa was scornful and disappointed, and wrote "I hear that Akil Khan has left off pa3dng homage to me" or the words might also mean, "has resigned service " "on account He answered, also in of some foolishness." verse, " Why should a wise man do that which he knows he will regret ? " (Akil also means, a wise man). But he came secretly to Delhi to see her again, perhaps regretting his fears.

Again they met in her garden the Emperor was told and came unexpectedly, and Zeb-unNissa, taken unawares, could think of no hidingplace for her lover but a deg, or large cookingvessel.

The Emperor asked, " What is in the deg ? " and was answered, " Only water to be heated." " Put it on the fire, then," he ordered and it was done. Zeb-un-Nissa at that moment thought more of her reputation than of her :

—

—

;

;

—

—

INTRODUCTION lover,

"

17

and came near the deg and whispered, silence if you are my true lover, for the

Keep

my

honour.*' One of her verses says, the fate of a lover ? It is to be crucified for the world's pleasure."

One wonders if she thought of Akil Khan's sacrifice of his life.

After this she was imprisoned in the fortress of Salimgarh, some say because her father distrusted her on account of her friendship with her brother, Prince Akbar, who had revolted against him others say because of her sympathy with the Mahratta chieftain Sivaji. There she spent long years, and there she wrote much bitter poetry My So long these fetters cling to my feet friends have become enemies, my relations are strangers to me.

What more have I to do with being anxious to keep my name undishonoured when friends seek to disgrace me ?

Seek not relief from the prison of grief, Makhfi thy release is not politic.

Makhfi, no hope of release hast thou until the Day of Judgment come.

Even from the grave of Majnun the voice comes to my ears " Leila, there is no rest for the victim of love even in the grave."

1 have spent aU my life, and I have won nothing but sorrow, repentance, and the tears

sake of " What

is

;

:

!

;

—

of unfulfilled desire

B

:

—

—

;

INTRODUCTION

18 Long Long

thine exile, Makhfi, long thy yearning, shalt thou wait, thy heart witliin thee burning, Looking thus forward to thy home-returning. is

But now what home hast thou, unfortunate The years have passed and left it desolate.

The dust of ages blows across its gate.

?

If on the Day of Reckoning God say, " In due proportion I will pay And recompense thee for thy suffering,"

Lo,

all

Were

it would outweigh God's blessings poured upon me, yet He would be in my debt.

the joys of heaven

all

When her memory was becoming dim in the hearts of her friends, Nasir Ali alone thought of her, and wrote a poem to her, saying that, now, the world could not delight in her presence, and he himself had to go about the earth unhappy, having no one but himself to appreciate his verses.

But she sent no answering word.

When she was released she lived solitary in Delhi, and the verses she wrote there are very melancholy, telling of the faithlessness of the times

:

Why

Makhfi, complain of even of enemies ? Fate has frowned upon thee from the beginning of time.

Let no one know the secrets of thy love. On the way of love, Makhfi, walk alone. Even if Jesus seek to be thy companion, tell him thou desirest not his comradeship.

Here is one of her saddest poems, expressing something of the tragedy of her life shouldst thou,

friends, or

:

;;

INTRODUCTION

Id

O

Never the

idle arms. lost Beloved have

ye caressed Better that ye were broken than like this Empty and cold eternally to rest.

O

:

useless eyes.

Never the lost Beloved for all these years Have ye beheld better that ye were blind :

Than dimmed thus by

O

my

unavailing tears.

foolish springs,

That brmg not the Beloved to my abode Yea, all the friends of youth have gone from me.

Each has set out on his appointed road.

O

fading rose.

Dying unseen as hidden thou wert born So

my

Was

heart's blossom fallen in the dust ne'er ordained Hia turban to adorn.

She died in 1689 after seven days' illness, and was buried in her garden at Nawakot, near Lahore, according to the instructions she The tomb is desolate now, although once left. it was made of fine marbles, and had over its dome a pinnacle of gold it was ruined in the troublous times of the dissolution of the Mogul Empire. The great gate still stands, large enough for an elephant with a howdah to enter, and within the enclosure is a tower with four minarets, roofed with turquoise and strawyeUow tiles. But the garden that was in its time very splendid, being held second only to that of the Shalimar of Shah Jehan, has dis;

— INTRODUCTION

20

and the walls rise up now from the waving fields of grain.

The garden which she laid out in Lahore itself and which was called the Chauburgi, or fourtowered, can still be traced by portions of the Three of the turrets walls and gates remaining. over the archway still stand, ornamented with tiles in patterns of cypress-trees and growing flowers, and the gateways have inscriptions in Arabic and Persian. One of these tells that she appeared

;

presented the garden Miyabai.

In

1724,

to

years

thirty-five

what could be found

her

old after

instructress

her

death,

of her scattered writings

were collected under the name of the Diwan-iMakhfi, literally, the Book of the Hidden One. It contained four hundred and twenty-one ghazals and several rubais. In 1730 other ghazals were added. Many manuscript copies were made in both India and Persia some beautifully illuminated examples are known and preserved.

The Diwan-i'Makhfi shares the characteristics of other Sufic poetry the worship of God under the form of the Beautiful Beloved, who is adorable but tyrannical, who reduces the lover to abject despair, but at last bestows on him a gleam of hope when he is at the point of death. The Beloved is the Hunter of the Soul, chasing it like a deer through the jungle of the world ;

—

:

:

INTRODUCTION I have no peace, the quarry It is

I turn to

flee,

but

I,

Thy memory fall

;

21

a Hunter chases me. ;

for over

me

he casts his snare,

Thy perfumed hair.

Who can escape Thy prison ? no mortal From dreams of Thee.

heart

is

free

lover is the madman, who for his love scorned and mocked by the unsympathetic world. The personified Power of Evil, the Enemy, lurks at the devotee's elbow, ready to distract him from the contemplation of God. The poet was evidently acquainted, not only with the theories of Sufism, but with the pracWe read of the tices of the faquirs as well. assembly of the devout, as in the Dargah at Ajmer to-day how they greet the morning with floods of tears and deep sighs, how they beat their hearts of stone till the sparks of divine love fly out from them. The hatchet to strike the flinty heart is the symbol of the Sufic poet one sees it in the portraits of Hafiz and others.

There is also the scoffing at the orthodox who meet within the mosque, and the glorification of the more advanced soul to whom all the universe is the temple of God, nay even God himself " Where I make my prayer at that place is the Kiblah."

But the poems of Zeb-un-Nissa, in addition to what they share with other Sufic poetry, have a special Indian flavour of their own. She inherited the Akbar tradition of the unification

The

is

:

—

—

—

:

INTEODUCTION

22

and knew not only Islam, but Hinduism and Zoroastrianism also. Her special triumph consists in that she weaves together the religious traditions and harmonizes them with Sufic practices. In some of her poems she hails the sun as the symbol of deity. Constantly she speaks of the mosque and the temple

of religions,

—

together or antithetically saying that God is equally in both, or too great to be worshipped in either

:

No Muslim

I,

But an

I

bow

idolater, before the image of

my

And

worship her

No Brahman

My

I,

sacred thread

I cast away, for round

Her

Love,

:

my

neck I plaited hair instead.

wear

Sometimes she even combines the Hindu and

Musulman idea In the mosque

On much

Day

I seek

my

idol-shrine.

Judgment we should have had difficulty in proving that we were true beUevers, had we not brought with us our bethe

of

loved Kafir idol as a witness.

The glorification or adoration of the pir, or spiritual teacher, is also shown in her poems.

He is the intermediary between God and man, and is sometimes symbohzed as the Morning Breeze, bringing from the enclosed garden the

INTRODUCTION fragrance to those, less privileged, stand without the gate.

23

who can

only

The Diimn-i-Mahhfi is widely read in India, and is highly esteemed. Its verse is chanted in the ecstatic concourses which meet at festivals at the tombs of celebrated saints so that, ;

although her tomb has been despoiled of the splendour which befitted the resting-place of a Mogul princess, she has the immortality she perhaps would have desired. In one of her verses she says I am the daughter of a King, but I have taken the path of renunciation, and this is my glory, as my name Zeb-un-Nissa, being interpreted, means that I am the glory of :

—

womankind.

J.

DULWIOH VrLLAOB, March

1913.

D.

W.

p-^l^iill^ In the

Name op God, the Compassionate, THE Merciful

;

;

THE DIWAN OF ZEB-UN-NISSA

To Thee, first, the clouds of Whose mercy is bom The rose of my garden, I look Let the praise of Thy love the beginning adorn Of the verse of my book.

From

!

Athirst

For Thy love are my body and soul Like Mansur the grains of this clod, My body, cry out They are parts, Thou the

—

whole,

Themselves they are God.

The waves Of Thy deluge of love o'er the boat Of mortality roll No Noah could lift from the deeps till Myj^love-drowned soul.

25

it

float

;

As The powers

slaves

of the darkness for

me

Will obedient fly If

a word of my praise be accepted by Thee, Like Suleiman I.

And now

No more

do the ready tears start As laments from my tongue, For like pearls the blood-drops that are drawn from my heart

On my

lashes are hung.

Bear thou, Makhfi, with patience thy pain, It is endless, and leave thou the night Of thy passions for then shall not Khizr attain Such a spring of delight. ;

26

II

Thou Who

things mortal and divine alone we live, May there still shine torch of hope that Thou to us didst give all

Hast fashioned, and by

The

!

the leaven of Thy love, water of Thy mercy run.

Look from above bless Mahmoud and all that he hath done.

Within us

stirs

As streams

And

Whom

of

Whether it be in Mecca's holiest shrine, Or in the Temple pilgrim feet have trod, Still Thou art mine, Wherever God is worshipped is my God.

The morning

I shall greet with tears

And from my To

and

.

sighs,

heart that burns with holy A breath shall rise burnish thus my mirror of desire.

fire

Makhfi, let them rain Give me thy tears, In quenching torrents on my burning heart; So hot its pain

At every

sigh I breathe the flames outstart.

27

:

Ill

O Prophet, o'er the world soul-compelling banner is unfurled See how thy faith hath spread Till Iran and Arabia are led.

Thy lips unclose Thy

Like petals of a newly-budded rose, And from them flow Thy words of wisdom, till not only know The sons of men, But birds within the garden sing again Thy words of gold.

O thou whose beauty I with joy behold,

Nature in truth

Made never

loveliness like to

Snared Till fain

would

me

it

I renunciation's

With patience

And

thy youth.

hath path

tread.

follow where thy holy feet have led.

But how can

My

I

cherished joys to my poor heart deny, Or, even more, My cherished sorrows can I yield, for sore My heart doth bleed Where cruel love hath wounded it indeed.

28

Look thou and Where from my wounds

see there drops continually A crimson flood fragrant flowers are springing from my blood, ;

But

And

every thorn

Wherewith my weary wandering Turns to a rose.

Makhfi,

if

Kaaba keeper

the

To thee Complain not

:

feet are torn

close

his door,

thou possessest even more

A

holy place For look into the Well-Beloved Face, ;

Over His Eyes than Kaaba gates arise heart shall bend.

Itself an archway welcoming the Friend,

Arches more

fair

Thy

29

;

——

IV

My

eager heart a pang of rapture stings the long- wandering wind unto me brings The perfume of thy presence on its wings.

When

so I wait in this my sorrow's night, Until thou givest to my weary sight Thy beauty for my longing eyes' delight.

And

The world through Islam

And walked Bowing

to

To God, Who

saw by thy Scroll of Law, hope and holy awe light in darkness

safe guided

God

in

sinners can forgive

and

lead,

Inscrutable Himself, jet Who can read The hidden heart and comprehend its need.

O

Prophet, shining like a lonely gem.

The fairest of Heaven's highest diadem, Look on men's need and intercede for them.

Thou

art the veil through

which the

light

doth

shine.

Nay, thou thyself the very torch divine

Naught else behold these dazzled eyes of mine.

30

;

;

!

!

—

Here

how dark and long is the path of love winding ways, with many snares beset Yet crowds of eager pilgrims onward throng And fall like doves into the fowler's net.

Its

Now

tell me what the grain that drew the dove The mole it was upon a cheek so fair.

Tell me of what was wove the net of love ?

The wandering curls of the Beloved's hair.

The festival of love The goblet passes

1

holden here, drink thou of this wine, Yea, drain it to the lees, and never fear Intoxication that is all divine. is

;

How

easy 'tis to sigh and to complain All the world weeps to give its woe reHef But proudly in thy heart conceal thy pain,

And

silent

drink the poison of thy

grief.

Here is the source of Hght, the heavenly fount, Here is the vision of eternal grace Brighter than Moses thou, when from the Mount

He

came, God's radiance shining in his 31

face.

The wine

at night unto the morning lends morning to the night so never ends Its dream bequeaths in turn The sequence of the happy soul's delight.

Its exaltation,

:

tell me where the feast is made 1 are the merry-makers ? Lo, apart, Here in soul the feast of God is laid, Within the hidden chambers of my heart.

But, Makhfi,

Where

my

32

;

VI

My

heart

And

is

looted of

its treasure, left

my shame, thus I weep, feeling myself bereft, Knowing myself to blame.

Careless

and unprotected, to

With mine own hands the altar-fire I lit As flame within a lamp my heart afire Glows even through the body casing it,

And

burns

it

with desire.

Could I my fooHsh heart to ashes bum Then might I rest, my sorrow then might cease Unto the ocean of Thy love I turn

To

find within

it

peace.

I sink within its waters, nor above weary limbs uplift, Its surface can Deejtdrowned I within the sea of love

my

Lapped by

its

waves must

A

drift.

wilderness this lonely heart of mine transformed it to another guise, And now it shines as fair as the divine Gardens of Paradise.

Till love

33

;

;

my longing might outpour, My grief might turn to hymns, my pain might tell I would that I

In psalms like that sweet singer sang David of Israel.

of yore,

Unto the fields like pecking birds I go To gather up the ears of golden grain, But only tears, not corn, I gather lo.

They fall in floods like rain.

—

wise one, at the feast of love be glad,

But

careful too, and guard thy cup of wine In ecstasy I drank the share I had, Sage, take heed of thine.

With slumber, Makhfi, heavy

And though thy

;

are thine eyes,

tale has not attained its close,

So deep a languor on thy spirit lies Seek thou for it repose.

U

;

;

VII

As

at the coming of the spring-tide rains Rivers of sap through growing trees upstart, So runs Thy love throughout my very veins, Yea, to the tender tendrils of my heart.

I beat

my

flinty heart

till

from

it flies

The spark divine

And from The

of the eternal fire, the flashing gleams I see arise

Thy

lightning of

love

— my heart's desire.

ye weak in faith, for help is here.

Come, Behold these flashes from our hearts that fly.

Had ye the eye of faith they would appear Like the white light that gleamed on Sinai.

Come to the feast of love, for it is spread Share ye the wine-cup where we drink so deep Behold the wine the tears that we have shed.

The wine-cups are our eyes that ever weep.

—

But, as we drink, upon us falls the spell, The dream, the vision, and the ecstasy The wine of pain turns blood, nor can we teU If

we

exist, or

if

we

cease to be.

35

;

:

Within the jungle of

The

this

world of woe

lion of desire stalks ravenous.

Girded with faith let us as hunters go we resist him he will flee from us.

If

Ofttimes my heart can sing and can rejoice, Pouring forth hymns throughout my rapturous days; Alas, that powers of evil choke my voice, And blast my thoughts, and burn my psalms of praise

!

36

;

vni From

My

the glance

Thou bestowed, O Beloved,

flows beauty no words can express life—^it were little to offer in thanks for bountifulness.

Thy

How shamed

were the pious assembly, how grieved in their hearts when they heard That for love of Thy fluttering tresses the uttermost nations were stirred.

My heart is riven in fragments, ravaged by tearg of

But

my

grief.

to one whom Thy lashes have there cometh relief.

wounded never

feet, O haughty Beloved, I lay down the pride of my brow, I am near to Thy heart as Thy raiment why sayest " stranger art thou " ?

O Maldifi, walk boldly like Majnun in the valley

At Thy

;

A

of grief undismayed, Girt round with thy new dedication, the promise of love thou hast made.

37

IX Saki, do thy task Into this moon-like goblet pour The golden wine that, shining like the sun, From out the dusky flask Comes till my goblet bubbles o'er, As from the clouds the dawn when night is done. ;

Behold my luckless heart, So broken, so dissolved by pain, It even flows in tears between my lashes

;

And

yet how can I part With it, while still to me remain Its shards I wait till it is burnt to ashes.

—

I

1 knew long, long ago, Your promises were less than naught, blotted them for ever from my mind.

Why was I born to know

An

age above

all

others fraught

With love ungrateful and with

fate

unkind

?

But grasp thy joy who knows, Makhfi, what may to thee befall ?

The firm foundations of the earth may shake, The breeze that blows ;

May, if this empty life be all, The bubble of our vain existence break.

38

—

I

;

ASK not from Heaven that

:

it

give

Fortune or power, I ask but a garden apart, Where for the brief hour That we are appointed to live,

Of earth the delight that is nearest divine Might be mine

To

live in the love of

the friends of

The rapturous nightingale Wooing the rose

my

heart.

sings,

In the midst of the garden new-born

But only the gardener knows Of the labour that brings To the garden its beauty he toiled in the heat, ;

And

his feet

Have been wounded by many a

thorn.

Immortal

is beauty, for, see, Like the sun in his might, It illumines the worlds and all things that

are

made

With the joy For

this

of its light

be our thanks unto Thee, 39

— !

;

;

And for

the great teachers vouchsafed in our need To guide and to lead, Their presence to be our safe shelter and shade.

Upon

us Thy mercy bestow Consider how weak,

How

afflicted

we

are

and how sorrowful

then

When we For

oblivion,

passionate seek

and Thou dost know

How

time on our desolate spirit has beat And brought us defeat save us, nor let us endure it again.

happy the seer who knows Good and evil are one,

Who has learned how self-poised he may live, Who is shaken by none, To whom And autumn

spring with its rose are equal not him canst thou :

—

teach Or, careless one, preach hast no counsel to give.

To him thou indeed ;

doth thee lead. thou enter his track.

In the desert like Majnun thou dwell'st evermore, Thou shalt never look back Nor even take heed If perilous love If

40

To thy Nor

thou lose it or keep it, and pain Shalt disdain, seek on the limitless ocean of love for a shore. life if

Makhfi, as out of the nest

The

And

fledgling birds fall

fluttering,

helpless, are

caught in the

snares, '

So see after all Thou art caught like the rest.

For, flying too boldly, thy feeble wings fail, And thou dost bewail Thy fate, thus enmeshed in the net of thy cares.

41

;

XI Awake,

arise,

my

soul, for it is spring

Let the narcissus, with its scent divine, Cast its bewitchment, let the Saki bring His idol, for indeed he worships wine.

To

the forbidden path turn not aside,

And, tyrannous Beloved, let thine eye Look on thy victims trampled in thy pride, Who for a glance from thee would gladly die.

Some pay their worship at the Kaaba shrine, Some pray within the Temple courts apart.

But, Makhfi, think what secret joy is thine, To bear thine idol ever in thy heart.

42

!

XII Feiends had I, many friends, who shared with me Days glad and sad, But mine they are no more, I am cut free

From Dust

falls

all I

had.

within the cup of Kaikobad

And King Nor

Jamshid, they were sad or glad, Or what they did.

recks the world

if

Only to-day have we, and through the sand,

With

We

feet that tire,

march, but never reach the promised land

Of heart's I follow

desire.

on where Wisdom's feet have

And The while

this

hard and thorny path I tread,

Her garment's

How many

led,

firmly hold, fold.

Love, thy sword hath slain, yet will slay They bless thee, nor to God 'will they complain hearts,

And

At Judgment Day. 43

When Thy

mosque to seek thine Thou wendest, may

in the

steps

fall

idol there

gently, Makhfi, lest thou scare birds away.

The

44

:

XIII

Why

should I argue that on Sinai

Celestial radiance glows

My

?

though the world deny, heart enlightened knows.

I cannot reason

;

My

heart is hot within me, yea, has burst In flames of love the while So fierce that like a drop to slake my thirarti Were all the floods of Nile.

So deep in

sin

am

Where holy

To Mecca, even

I

—I cannot wend

pilgrims fare if

Abraham, God's

Should come to lead

me

friend,

there.

I tire of wisdom's kingdom which is mine, I tire of reason's sway carry me to thine, Passion of love, hundred miles away.

A

Lo,

when I come unto the water's The obedient waves retire.

My

flaming heart exultantly shall guidŠ Like Moses' torch of fire.

45

side

Though evil days are mine, of joy With pain that never ends, Fate, do with

me your

The Friend beyond Tell

me,

O

Is this Is

it

Makhfi,

my

is it

bereft,

worst, there

still is left

all friends.

I

sin I bear

who

sin

?

?

the body's or the soul's within

That lived and sinned elsewhere

46

?

—

XIV FOOLISH heart,

Thy

carelessness how can I comprehend ?

Hast thou no strength, no will, to tear apart

The

barrier that divides

See

Emerging

how

the

me from my

buddmg

Friend

?

flower,

from out her torn green dresa, Is beauteous in the garden for her hour.

As Yusuf in his youthful loveliness. fair

Go, breeze of spring, Yakub, blinded by his tears.

The tidings that shall end his sorrowing And lift the darkness from his troubled years.

Haste to

tell

Treading love's path so long,

Under such heavy burdens did I bow.

At last my chastened heart has grown so strong, No task, no pain, can bend my spirit now. fortunate.

More blessed than Alexander's

Come to me, To know the

ye thirsty

:

lot is

this

my

giver of celestial wine.

47

mine. fate

I

have wiped clean

my

heart

From actions, yea, and from desires as well, And yearn alone for peace, to have no part At Judgment Day,

either in

48

Heaven

or Hell.

;

:

XV the fire renewed within my heart, have lashed it with their breath until

Behold

My

sighs

the flames outstart

Nor may this feeble cage, my body, stay The fluttering of this bird, my soul, that longs fly

to

away.

The rocks would

melt,

and into

tears

would

flow,

Could they but hear the never-ending murmur of

my woe

;

For in the dark foreboding of my heart There sounds the warning bell that calls the caravan to start Love, I have bewailed for all these years Thy tyranny, but none has heard my voice except my tears.

Behold how poor I am, but yet so proud, I would not sit at Hatim's table with the eager

crowd I have watched throughout the lonely :

See,

night

Of separation, when there never came delight,

D

49

my

heart's

And

in

my

Gushed from

desolation tears of blood

my

stricken,

never-ending flood

widowed heart

in

:

Yet to me, purged by

My

grief, does hope arise. withered chaplets change to fragrant flowers

of Paradise.

Love holds me

My

faithfulness

in these cruel fetters bound, beside Thy feet, a to Thee :

beaten hound, I crouch and fawn for crumbs of love from Thee.

Makhfi, if thy sighs could reach the bosom of the sea, Even within the cold and lightless deep Caught from thy heart a quenchless flame should leap.

60

—

!

XVI Love, I

am

thy thrall. burning petal glows A spot yet more intense, of deeper dye, So in my heart a flower of passion blows See the dark stain of its intensity.

Deeper than all.

As on the

tulip's

;

This is my pride I the rose of all the world have sought, And,' still unwearied in the eager quest, Fainted nor failed have I, and murmured not Thus is my head exalted o'er the rest,

That

My

turban

glorified.

blessed pain, precious grief I keep, and sweet unrest, Desire that dies not, longing past control My heart is torn to pieces in my breast.

And for the shining diamond of the soul 1 pine in vain.

O

Behold the light That from Thy torch of mercy comes to The garden of my heart, Beloved One,

bless

With the white radiance of its loveliness, Till my wall's shadow shall outvie the sun, And seem more bright.

51

;

;

;

—

I humbly sit apart The Kaaba courts the true believers tread, I dwell outside, nor mix my praise with theirs Yet every fibre of my sacred thread More precious is to God than all their prayers

He

;

sees the heart.

Makhfi sorrowing,

Look from the valley of despair and pain The breath of love like morning zephyr blows, Pearls from thine eyelids fall like gentle rain Upon the garden, summoning the rose, Calling the spring.

52

—

;

;

; ;

XVII The wine

of

my

delight has lost its taste

;

The earth of my existence turns a waste, No wholesome grass grows there, but only weed

My

flaming spring of life has passed indeed.

I searched for joy, but never found the end empty hands, outstretched, can greet no friend And if God's pardon never come to me, prayers must be.

Then less than withered grass

My

my

But, Makhfi, look with a discerning eye

Deeper than thy despair thy bliss may lie Though on the path of love thy feet may tire, New strength shall come to thee, and new desire.

63

;

;

XVIII Tybannical L6ve, that goads me and gives me no rest, As proud as thine arrogant self is this heart in

my

breast,

It will keep in its pain

though

Its faithfulness,

be trampled beneath

it

thy disdain.

This mirror,

my

heart,

is

.

broken against

my

desire

Heaven, give admire

My

me

not of your pity, nay, rather

My soul that head, though I beat

is

it

proud in sorrow, has never

been bowed.

Think not that with joy and with ease I pursue

my

desire

;

With heart that lag and that

is

weary, with footsteps that

tire,

I follow

my

quest,

To attain through the difficult way to the kingdom of rest.

54

;

Yet, Makhfi, look up from thy desolate region of night,

And

see

how

the

army

of sorrow has

taken to

flight

Dawn Has vanished

comes, and despair before the miraculous arrows of

prayer.

55

—

;

XIX Desolate

when

one,

Shalt thou the shining garden see again Keep thou within thee, holy and apart, The garden of thy heart

?

As the long-prisoned bird.

Forgetting that it ever flew, and heard Songs of the wild, and pinions wide unfurled, Makes of the cage its world.

O

No fear indeed thou hast, heart within the net of love held fast,

Of separation's

Thy

love

bitter is

agony

one with thee.

Sadly we wait and

tire,

And In

sight of the Beloved Face desire vain, till in our hearts the hope is born

Of Resurrection morn.

O

heart, thine be

no

less

Than the ascetic Brahman's faithfulness.

The knotted veins his wasted body bears As sacred thread he wears.

56

;

What What

is

a lover's fate ? him unfortunate

shalUbefall to

The world

shall cry, to please its idle

" Crucify

Why

him

?

whim,

'• !

dost thou then complain

That on thy feet there drags this heavy chain Nay, it befits thee well such weights to wear

Much

hast thou learned to bear.

As, far upon the hills, Despairing Ferhad, weary of life's ills, Welcomed kind Death, and wept, so for Weep thou and salve thy grief

And

?

relief !

see the thorny waste

Whereon thy bruised

feet their

pathway

traced,

This wilderness, touched by thy blood that flows, Blooms fragrant as the rose.

Love, shall I repine

The noose of death around my neck to twine At thy behest ? Nay, if thy glory gain, Proud am I in my pain.

O

Makhfi,

if

thy fate

Be that, without the garden, desolate Thou dwell reck not of it; life is a dream,

—

And

To

live

we, that seem and move and love, no more at Than shadows on a wall.

57

all

;

:

—

XX Safely the kings had kept Nor ever known the poison

their regal seat, of defeat,

Had not the Turks the invading army led.

And the crown toppled from each kingly head Master, led by thee So were we not, Vain were our struggles, scant our victory

How

strong thou hast become,

O

:

!

moth,

how

great,

Worshipping thus the flame this is thy fate Vainly to love and die, yet thou canst bear The burning sparks and ever scorn despair !

Thou knowest,

fluttering nearer to the fire.

In death thou shalt be one with thy

O

desire.

—

when on the Judgment Day cruel Love, Thy tyranny God shall in full repay, And all the blameless blood that thou hast shed Shall be revenged upon thy haughty head Black shall the place of judging be, no less

Than Kerbela's accursed

wilderness.

Haply indeed, O Judge,

And

wilt thou be kind, pity in thy heart for sinners find

58

:

— !

Think of the memory of their disgrace, dark humiliation stains their face, The shame that stings and goads them to repent Will these not be sufficient punishment ?

How

Within the desert of the world astray, How many weary wanderers lose their way But Love with beckoning hand appears, to bless,

Finds them a pathway through the wilderness, And though, like Majnun, in the wild they roam, Leads them through toils and tribulations home.

69

XXI Unto

the garden of attainment ne'er

Our pathway

led,

And

never were our eyes anhungered fed With vision of Thy blessed countenance, Never a glance Attained we of that face for ever fair.

my

tears fell down in floods like rain, as I sighed desires unsatisfied, I thought of And memory summoned up with vain regret

Wheref or

And

my

The garden where we met, But meet no more, I tell my heart with

pain.

What have

I then to do with high estate ?

Fortune I lay aside An<J all wherein the world has taken pride Yet in this day of my humility

Precious to me of kings I hold

As wine

60

my

cup

of fate.

:

Despair not, sorrow-laden Makhfi, though No grass appears Withm this desert watered by thy tears.

Why with their arguing do learned men Question God's mercy, when His works His infinite compassion show !

ei

;

;

XXII Green is my garden, watered by my tears, And through my soul the perfume of the Kindling

rose

my heart with its enchantment flows

;

Saki, bring the cup, for there appears

Gleaming within the garden through the night

A

radiance fair our feasting to illume is this glamour shining through ;

What

gloom

My

the

?

heart's blood, glowing, yields the heavenly light.

0, I have drunk my cup of cherished grief, And love the torment of my wounded heart As the scars heal I tear their lips apart, And in my pain find rapturous relief.

Why

should I then permit the winds of care ruffle thus my soul, as airs of spring Through the Beloved's tresses wantoning ?

For I have risen to fortune from despair.

To

fear not, if within the house of prayer feeble camphor candle fails and dies sighs From out the flaming furnace of

The

my

Will rise another light, more

62

fierce,

more

fair.

The perfumed winds that with the dawn

arise,

Have they

away

And

day

not, Makhfi, caught thy soul drenched it with delight, so all the

There cling about thee

airs of

63

Paradise

?

!

XXIII

For my

love's

madness

all

the world on

me

Hath heaped its scorn so from its ways To find a refuge from its cruelty. ;

A

hermitage, with peace

my

I flee,

soul to bless,

Here in a corner of the wilderness, Unseen by secular eyes shall I possess.

Who

the man who boasts to be Love's slave, yet this petty life of his would save ?

Poor Love, whose votaries are not more is

And

brave

When I was young What slips, what

I asked, and Love gainsaid wanderings, on Love's road I ;

made, LTntil I

The mirror

summoned Wisdom

to

my

aid

I

my

heart I burnish bright of Until, reflected fair for delight,

my

The

Self's eternal

beauty greets

my

sight.

Like Yaqub blinded by his agony.

No face in all the world is aught to me What use have eyes except to look on Thee ;

64

?

XXIV

How long, burning heart, Canst thou keep hidden see how flames outstart, And vapour from thy sighs Will darken e'en the stars within the skies.

Driven by my love I must Wander like Majnun, where the desert dust !

Falls on his weary head, Eternally for Leila doomed to shed His unavailing tears.

The soul by Love enlightened never fears The unseeing world that says He must be mad who treads within Love's ways But joyful he and wise, For Love has given new vision to his eyes.

See, Makhfi, cruel Love, in his haughtiness he rides

How

The hearts

of

;

above

men, how red

His sword with lovers' blood that he has shed

66

!

;

;

XXV When I behold the garden in the spring, Rejoicing like a nightingale I sing And if the cruel gardener, with his guile, Try to ensnare me like a rose I smile.

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

The morning breeze that from the garden Can give no joy, no gladness, to my eyes

flies

;

For, useless breeze, never to me he brings The fragrance of Thy garments on his wings.

But here before the garden door I wait Why should I deem myself unfortunate For by Thy holy threshold shall I stay.

?

with

my

lashes sweep its dust away.

This bird,

my

heart,

And And Thy

is

taken in Thy net but yet.

flutters unavailingly

;

captive though it be, how canst Thou keep Prisoned the sighs that from my bosom leap ?

O rare and precious Phoenix of the soul.

Vainly I sought for thee beyond control My heart has yearned for thee ever thy wings Have hung above my soul's imaginings. ;

;

hold'st me from my quest, even in the sea thou enterest When from my anger thou dost seek to flee, My burning soul will find and conquer thee.

Thou Enemy, that

If

bulbul, glad within the garden sing, Makhfi who has won for thee the spring That blossoms in thy heart but in her own The barren winds of lonely autumn moan.

'Tis

;

67

.

XXVI Love,

tell

me what

my kmgdom

is

Thy

nature, that out of

of pride,

canst ravish my soul and canst hold it, and keep it enslaved at Thy side Who knows of Thy infinite wisdom, who knows what Thy lovers have borne When madmen the world has proclaimed them and cast them derision and scorn ?

Thou

;

of

my

abroad

like

To drink

To

sacrifice all

blood I a sea.

am

am

thirsting, to

shed

it

I seeking, to die as a victim

for Thee.

My

heart through the anguish of loving has

swooned 'neath the load Come thou with thy magic, to

Like

my

Ayub

music, and give

spirit reHef

I sit in the ashes

wrath of the

Yet out

of its grief.

of the night of

like the

o'erwhelmed by the

skies,

morning

my

arise

68

:

sorrow shall hope

To the I

desolate mountains, like Ferhad, by sorrow and longing possessed, have wandered with pain and with yearning, with hope and despair in my breast.

Yet, Makhfi, unveiled is thy secret, abroad all thy passion is told Who saw not the beauty of Yusuf when he in the market was sold ? :

69

XXVII I HAVE no need for wine the languorous and magic scent Breathed by the flowers within the garden, lent Intoxication that is more divine. :

To me

Forgive

me

then, I pray,

That I no wine in the assembly quaffed, For I have drunk of a diviner draught.

Its fragrance ever haunts me, night and day.

My heart a bird doth seem That never joyfully can soar and sing.

For, shut within its cage of sorrowing.

It sees the garden only in a dream.

Shall I not then complain every atom of my body cries Against your tyranny, cruel skies.

That yield me days so dark and full of pain

When

Grant me,

?

Fate, this boon,

me a little day of joy, of spring, When even in its cage my heart might Give

Glad as a bird

:

sing

Death comes, thou knowest, soon.

70

;

Although I seem so poor, not for empty-handedness My haughty eagle soul I still possess, And I have had the courage to endure.

Pity

me

How many, many years Within the prison walls of lonely grief Shall I remain and never know reHef, Like Yaqub, blinded by my useless tears

Tom May I

?

Though my proud soul from its saddle low into the dust be by cruel hands of fato downthrust,

know

my

feet will

somehow reach the

goal.

As through life's desert fare Love's pilgrims, Makhfi, may it be thy pride Unto Love's realm their caravan to guide, Thy footsteps be the bell to lead it there.

71

!!

XXVIII

How

uselessly and long I struggled hard With thee, mine Enemy, nor from the fight Aught have I won my trait'rous heart I guard, And turn away for ever from thy sight. ;

if the fire within me rise Into a flame outleaping fierce and swift.

And that the heavy vapour of my sighs Unto the darkened eyes of Heaven should drift

What wonder

Think not, though at the feast no more I sit, That I have done with joy there still remains The dream that once was mine I cherish it, :

Like wine

its

memory

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

courses in

my

veins.

What though within this valley of Despair From sorrow I can never find surcease, May I be given, in answer to my prayer.

One day So sad Until

at least of rest, one night of peace

my fate that, though I long and toil my forces flag and faint and tire,

I cannot burnish off the stains that soil.

The rust that dims mirror of desire.

my

72

Though poor

I

am

indeed, yet

weak am

I

my irresolute will The purse that holds my treasure to untie, Its golden harvest in my lap to spill.

And

And

cannot dare with

yet,

O

Makhfi,

if

with eyes

made

clear,

Freed from the world's illusion, thou shalt Lo, the faquir's torn garments shall appear More regal than the robes of majesty.

73

see,

XXIX Impatient were my hands, and in their haate Never could they untie the knot of fate, So vain it is to wail my life laid waste,

My And

hours unfortunate.

strange

it is

that even in

The sweet tormenting flame Is

my heart my desire

of

quenched impatiently I pulled apart The brands and killed the fire.

And

;

never did the blossoms of success my hope's enchanted garden bloom, my fair beacon-light of happiness Is sunk in gloom.

Within

And

Faithless Beloved, many friends are Thine; So many love and have been loved by Thee, They give their hearts, what carest Thou for mine What need hast Thou of me ?

74

?

XXX RIVAL, snatch not from my lips away The cup that holds the wine of my delight; The mirror of my joy turns cold and grey, Darkened before my sight.

As through the gloom the radiant sun above Comes brightening the world, and shades depart, So do I burnish with the oil of love The rust from off my heart.

1 vainly stretch imploring hands that long To touch Hope's gleaming garment as she flies desire may fail, yet Hope is strong Though ;

my

And

When on Of

keen, and never dies.

the cup that held the drink divine

last night's feast the light of

morning

The joy of night, the magic of the wine, The goblet's sight recalls.

Like thee,

O

Ferhad, in

my

loneliness

upon the mountains I have been.

But never drank the sherbet of success, Sweet as thy lips, Shirin.

Toiling

75

falls.

Mortals we are, and, fashioned thus of earth, Vain, Makhfi, is this world in which we trust.

Dust is the rank of kings, the pride of birth, Yea, thou thyself art dust.

76

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

;

XXXI Down in the My honour

dust and sunken in disgrace lies for all the world to see, But why should I bear shame upon my face What is the honour of the world to me ?

?

Although the times on my unhappy head Have heaped the burdens I can hardly bear, I have not wept I smile in pride instead Upon my brow are graved no lines of care. ;

For many years hath sorrow dwelt with me.

Yet I repine not, and so fiercely wage My war against despair, it turns to flee I

am

Though

the

Rustum

callous

of this later age.

Fate upon

O

me vengeance

wreak,

breezes blowing from the heavens above Bring unto me what I, like Yaqub, seek The perfume of the garments of my Love.

77

;

!

XXXII Hasten, O Saki, bring The wine that it may grant its quickening To my dead heart, and to the withered flowers

Come

like the

showers

That give the resurrection

of the spring.

What weary days Are these, that never in the perfumed ways The bulbul sings among the cypress trees Only the morning breeze Finds entrance there, and with the roses plays. ;

Masiha, thou canst heal, wise Physician, hear our heart's appeal Give us the bitter draught to cure our grief, And grant relief Blame not the shrinking from thy cup we feel.

Thou

;

Glimmer

dawn. be yet withdrawn I long to send, with arrows of my sighs.

Let not the

My

not, pearly

veil of night

Unto the skies eager prayers before the night be gone.

78

;

;

I craved release

From

griefs that

burn and pains that never

cease,

my cries to Heaven were empty breath Not even Death Coming at last, could give my spirit peace.

But

all

If,

on the Judgment Day,

Grieving for

For mercy

my

transgressions, I shall pray

have done, SeK-Existent One, Grant that my tears shall wash the sin away. for the evil I

Makhfi, for thy fate fearful nor disconsolate Higher, upon the Day of Reckoning,

Be not thou

There

Faquir than khig. be then none lowly and none great.

shall

79

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

XXXIII Cast not, Beloved, on me Such angry looks from thy narcissus eyes, Already conquered by their sorcery Before thy feet my heart a captive lies.

Knotted within my heart, The very chords that answered to thy

My

heart-strings at thy presence thrill

For

I

touch.

and start, have sighed and have lamented much.

ye who sleep in peace, not of the troubles Love can send, The days whose tribulations never cease, The weary nights that drag without an end.

You know

Where, then, does Mecca lie ? the Kiblah where I make my prayer TeU me the physic for my malady The anodyne for grief is everywhere.

Here

is

Love, where dost thou lead. travel fares our caravan ?

By Hedjaz desert shall thy footsteps speed, The longest journey since the world began.

Upon what

80

:

So poor, indeed, my fate, Never to me did Love his secrets tell As to those others, high and fortunate,

Who

near his inmost shrine for ever dwell.

81

XXXIV

Why

should we but in the assembly pray ?

Only when friends are gathered call for wine Lo, I have done with this hypocrisy, And ever pray and drink the cup divine.

The fountain

my

?

has run dry, my sorrow flows, Mute is the heart that wailed continually, Silent the bulbul in the garden-close. of

spirit

So that in tears no more

Here, as we tread the pilgrim's way, we find The torch of inspiration like a fire.

Men see it not, so dull they are and blind, They yearn not for the garments of desire.

To each was given on the Creation-day His

fitting portion, his appointed share. should' st thou then demand from destiny More joy than others have, less pain to bear ?

Why

Makhfi, for thy counsel all have come.

Their secrets thou hast kept concealed, apart, But why should'st thou, who for their sakes art

dumb.

Tell shamelessly the secrets of thy heart

82

?

XXXV How

long upon this soul that dwells in pain vengeance, Tormentor, shalt thou pour Could I the Land of Love in peace attain, Thy poisoned sting should torture me no more.

Thy

?

unguent salves these wounds upon my heart, lancet's healing pang I crave, So keen my pain I tear my scars apart.

Come with thy kindly cruelty, and save

No

The diamond

!

From out my keeping has my heart been reft, Why, let it go then wherefore should I weep ?

Over the empty hut a faquir left No watchman comes his careful guard to keep. :

Hearken, the time of parting sounds for thee.

Makhfi, wavering like the fire, thy restless spirit be.

Blown like a flame, tormented by desire ?

How long, O A Kafir shall

83

XXXVI How

hard to read,

O

Soul,

The riddle of life here and life beyond As hard as in the pearl to pierce a hole Without the needle-point of diamond. !

Chide not that 'mongst the flowers

The bulbul doth

ecstatically sing;

His passion, yea and his delight, are ours, Along the garden paths meandering.

We, by our pain made brave.

Seek not despair nor hope

neither outlast day. We take but what Fate gave. as Zuleikha, brooding o'er the past.

Their

Not

;

little

careless ones, in vain

The treasure

of your life has passed away.

Heedless that nothing of your years remain, You talk like children of another day.

How vain the tears you weep Your sorrow fruitless, your remorse too late The threshold with your lashes wherefore sweep, When, Makhfi, see, the shrine is desolate ? !

;

84

XXXVII

When

thou unveil'st thy shining countenance, Burnt are my lashes by thy lightning glance, And all the night I passionately weep While o'er my heart tempests of longing sweep

And

My

if

I see it not, desiring

heart

is

darkened

like

;

it,

a lamp

unlit.

have no hope, no comfort, anywhere.

Caught by the fluttering tresses of thy hair.

I

flower can open in my garden bed Until my heart's blood dyes its petals red.

No

Sing softly of thy love, or silent be, Makhfi, lest the Hunter secretly Shall come and hear thy voice, and capture thee.

^

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

;

XXXVIII The

love of Thee the bulbul sings, The moth that burns its silken wings Thy love has drawn into the fire, And, see, the wine of Thy desire

On

every goblet's

lip it clings.

No

ease,

no

anywhere

Is

now

for

respite

me, for in

Thy

Blindly or willingly I

No

liberty

Bound by

have I at

the fetters of

snare fall. all,

Thy

hair.

So many tears mine eyes have shed, Such streams of blood my heart has bled, That now mine eyes can weep no more,

Nor can the

failing fountains pour,

For dry the source from which they

fed.

Thou, Makhfi, in the burning fire Of love and unassuaged desire Tossing in wild remorse, shalt dwell Love's secrets weakly didst thou tell.

So thou shalt pay with penance dire.

86

XXXIX Not

fierce enough, moth, the flame to burn those yearning wings of thine.

Not bright enough the torch of love within our palace halls to shine.

Mine eyes have scattered pearls of tears, no consolation did they gain; The matchless jewel of my soul is given away, and all in vain Long is my bitter tale of grief, of separation from my Friend, Unfinished is it even yet, although my life has ;

reached

its

end

:

Saki, is thy cup, flows for me

Useless,

Who

no wine

drink alone the wine of blood give thy remedy Tale after tale of love is told, linked

of

;

comfort

to others

:

all together a chain.

The fetters hold my heavy heart, of liberty I dream in vain Under the angry storms of death my boat of life has foundered deep.

My house is fallen, round its dust winds of annihilation sweep.

like

:

87

Yet, Makhfi,

if

within thy heart the flame of

heavenly love

Thy

arise,

lonely desert shall be fair as garden groves of Paradise.

88

;

;

!

XL If from the spot upon my heart the veil Should fall, and all the world should know

my

tale,

How would the roses burn Knowing themselves Though

May

Winds

My

the day the leaping fire of sighs fast-consuming heart arise,

all

from

with envious light

less bright

my

of

mischance so blow and scatter is not yet lit.

it,

torch

and to the woods I fly, hunted still am I I seek the silence of the lake and hill^

I leave the world,

But

in the forest

But Love pursues me The malady For

my

of

still.

Love has turned

my

brain,

have abode with pain Then why should I from sorrow seek to Sorrow is kin to me. all

Here

My

life

I

flee ?

in the dwelling of unhappiness,

silent,

desolate sorrow I possess;

For how can shining love with Within this house of pain ? a9

me

remain

!

Behold the pages

of

my

book

;

of life

black with sin and strife, As if the woe of all the world should be Ever pursuing me.

Blotted

its record,

O Makhfi, from this goblet thou shalt No exaltation, no surcease from pain For tears

of blood that flow

dim Fill it

unto the brim.

90

gain

from eyes grown

;

XLI Thou

bringest never, long-lost happiness,

To still my heart's distress The remedy I crave. Why

to the

Should I thus voice aloud My sadness, drawing scorn upon Telling the world my shame ?

crowd

my

name,

If in the close-hung darkness of the night

There shine no thread of light, matter ? Though no torches flame for me.

My sorrowing heart can see

What

Illumined by the fire of grief it bears. tangled in the cares heart unsatisfied.

Of worldly hopes,

Why

Restless wilt thou abide.

Seeking those things that thou shalt never gain Help askest thou in vain From useless friends, and far into the skies Peace like the Phoenix flies.

Behold, no herb of sweet content has grown For we have only sown In far-off springs the seeds of our disgrace.

How could we bear to face The direful Judgment Day, did we not bring

Our

idol,

witnessing 91

?

;

this Kafir worship which we give true believers live ?

Upon the sea of bliss our boat is set, But comfort comes not yet Over the soul waves of the tempest rise Menacing to the skies.

That by

We

So weary, Makhfi, are thine eyes with tears, Darkened the world appears, Nor can they tell, by grief and watching worn.

The rosebud from the thorn.

;

!

XLII Self-Existent, give

Unto Thy

faithful ones their heart's desire, not with Thy consuming fire O'er-burdened souls, too sorrowful to live.

And

visit

No

longer can I bear

The separation and the

bitter grief

;

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;grant my soul Weary and brokenâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; look on my despair

Afflicted

am

I

relief

!

!

Thou, whose praise we tell, Sever the tjrrant bonds, give to the slave His freedom, save him. Lord, as Thou did'st save Yusuf the Moon of Canaan, from the well ,

My tears fail, for they must spring that fed their fountains has run dry Give me Thy peace, O Lord for what am I ?

The

;

Only a handful

of afflicted dust.

But flowers of hope return To bloom within my garden of desire, For God can call even from flames of fire Tulips like torches to arise and burn.

93

;

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

XLIII

On my

tormented heart appeaxs Another deep and glowing stain, Again there dawns my day of tears Of misery, of weary pain.

So much of mine own blood I shed.

So long the journeys I have done, So difficult the path I tread, To catch the garment of the sun !

New balm within my heart is borne, New lightnings from my glance arise,

Why

then your anger, and the scorn Flashing from your narcissus eyes ?

Out of my heart you reft away The life, my heart from out its place You ravished, and I can but pray lift

the veil that hides your face

94

!

XLIV Long, long am I denied The vision of thy face, for o'er it flows The musky darkness of thy waving hair, As though a temple-curtain should enclose The Kaaba, and our hearts, unsatisfied, Could never see

it

there.

Reason, that can speed

A runner in the valley of desire.

We need not strength like thine, for we A remedy to cure us when we tire

possess

;

The thorns and brambles are the For pain and weariness.

salves

we need

Night after endless night I sat in lonely grief remembering thee; Tears fell into my heart disconsolate.

How long have I, in striving to be free, Broken my bleeding nails, but never quite Untied the knot of fate !

95

:

;

Lo, where the feast was spread, better could I offer to my guest Than wine and music when we revelled long Of all the wines the wine of tears was best, One song of sorrow to another led.

Making continual song.

What

Thou

O happy

?

shalt attain success,

lover,

walking on the height

Thy shadow greater shall be evermore Than King Jamshid's, and plumes and As

pinions bright hath the Phoenix, shall thy soul possess, Arrogantly to soar.

By

sorrow crucified,

A

true beUever lost his Hfe for thee.

And yet did not attain what I attain This new delight which is bestowed on me Even the friends who travelled by my side

Could never know nor gain.

Red with its fount of tears Thy rosy face doth like a tulip show, To tell what dreams within thy heart

My

arise.

have washed with their unceasing The magic cup wherein the world appears Displayed before mine eyes. tears

flow,

:

;

stronger my love shall grow Bearing the bonds of sorrow for thy sake,

More patient and more proud

my

heart shall be,

Like the imprisoned bird who tries to make His cage a garden, though his wild heart know He never shall be free.

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

Behold Love's path it seems Makhfi but be strong to tread Its toilsome way, and come, nor look behind The temple where thou canst bow down thy head.

The idol fairer than thy fairest dreams, Thou shalt desire, and find.

So

long,

;

97

XLV No way The road

of

of joy and ease is mine to tread, shame and madness joyfully I choose

instead

;

And from my shall

heart such streams of blood

pour

the Day of Judgment, that the Desert crimsoned o'er Shall all the rosy hues of heaven outvie, And Paradise be darkened, envious of its flaming

Upon

dye. penitent, I shed one tear of shame.

Then shall be cleansed the follies and the sins that stained my name For God shall show compassion in that day, My record of transgressions shall be wholly swept If,

;

away.

The tree of World's Desire has set its roots Deep planted in the darkness sin and shame its ;

bitter fruits

;

Then

For

barter not the wealth contentment brings all the wide dominions of a thousand mighty kings.

98

If from my heart I loose my heavy sighs Black whirling from the Desert shall the blinding

dust

arise.

Though, Makhfi, God

The

shall pardon at the last, Skirt of Intercession hold within thy fingers fast.

99

;

XLVI GIVE me, friends, your care, madness loudly I proclaim The secrets of the Lord, that all may know.

Like wax I melt within Love's eager flame, But in my breast a heart of stone I bear, Lest in

my

Mocking

Down

its

glow.

unto death I went.

The Heavens upon me showered

their cruel blows.

ye Chosen Ones of God Enemy, when shall I gain repose.

How long shall I groan under chastisement, Wince 'neath the rod ?

Pity me,

!

How darkened is my fame Extravagantly have I spent my store.

And empty-handed in the market stand A dervish am I, and can give no more.

No emperor, with glory round my name And lavish hand. !

100

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

;

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

!

Foundered my boat of life; Vainly upon the ocean of despair I ventured out, seeking the tranquil shore And the Beloved. No farther can I dare I bow to Fate, I turn me from the strife, I scheme no more.

The time of spring is past, rose-leaves in the garden drift apart, Among the trees the bulbul sings no more. long, madness, shalt thou hold heart! exaltation, shalt thou last long, Now spring is o'er ?

The

my

How How

How

uselessly is spent life, cast away the treasure of Friend In bitter separation from strife Surely, O cruel Heavens, might now pain, weary discontent, grief,

my

And

my

my

My

my

my

Attain the end

!

O King, O Teacher, see E'en in the tale of Alexander's fate, Most fortunate of mortals, thou canst read Of Dara, broken and disconsolate Yea, sorrowful his shadowed history Appears indeed.

101

Upon the feasting day Friends joyfully in the assembly meet, But Makhfi in the lane of sorrow goes Slowly and loth, with melancholy feet.

No rest, no ease, no peace upon the way, The faquir knows.

102

!

;

XLVII Unto

the garden floats the wandering air

To tell the roses that are waiting there The tidings of thy coming soft and sweet ;

Their petals open as they kiss thy

feet.

from thy moon-like face the veil arise, will Yusuf turn regretful eyes Homeward to Canaan he will only see

If

No more

:

Thy

face,

and

No remedy

offer all his love to thee.

can heal the heart's distress of thy loveliness.

Except the vision

Here, suffering souls, the solace that you need Tear not your wounds, no longer make them !

bleed.

How difficult the hunted deer to find.

Although his scent be left upon the wind How hard to reach thee, though thine every tress Breathes musk of Khotan through the wilderness I

happy Makhfi fortunate thy day For thou at the Beloved's feet may lay Thy song in homage happier still, if thou !

;

Sing rapturously evermore as 103

now

!

XLVIII So tyrannous thine

Even the morning

No

soft

breeze

assuagement in

It only faints

its

and

eyes,

hot with wrath, breath it hath,

is

dies.

Like Khizr, strong and

fair,

Whose soul is steeped in the immortal spring, The well of life, thou shalt be worshipping With holy words of prayer.

Bom

None Thou

From hope I turned in hate; now false hope can cozen me. know the cruel Heavens conspired with

No I

to the Khalif's place, other heired such high estate as thine, hast the beauty that is all divine, Fairer than peri's grace.

further

To darken thus

my

Makhfi, thy

flows fast,

life

thee

fate.

The days from out thy hand drop evermore;

O

turn no weary traveller from thy door.

Give him what cheer thou hast.

104

XLIX Let not thy

whose

curl,

loveliness

Maddens the world, bring new

Upon thy

distress

lovers, floating free,

Tossed by the wind, that all may see fall beneath thy sorcery.

And

Let not the valley of thy love place of bitter torment prove For dolorous souls, already worn By all the penance they have borne, Betrayed by love, and left forlorn.

A

No

flower,

no nightingale

am

I,

So from the garden mournfully I go.

Back

And

breezes, free to stray. to her garden find your way. greeting to my Love convey.

Exiled and driven from thee I pass

Upon my journey like the grass And patient reeds I bend and shake.

As my despairing road I take, ;

Leaving the body

for

105

thy sake.

Before the soul who understands Be silent in the desert sands He learnt his lore. Break not the rest Of the afflicted and oppressed With poisoned arrows in his breast. :

106

!

MIGHT I have as surma for mine eyes The dust that on her happy threshold lies,

And

there might waiting kneel to kiss at last

Her

feet like those of angels fluttering past

My

soul has girt around it suffering wears it as the garment that a king Gives to his servant, decking him with pride.

Enemy that waitest by side, How long shall I be bent beneath thy rod, friends have And walk the path of pain

And

my

my

trod?

The storm sweeps round

my

house,

its

ramparts-

fail.

deep foundations sway before the gale. a bird, who, flying home to rest, Finds that the waters have o'erwhelmed his nest.

Its

1

am

Sell

No

not the jewel of thy soul so cheap, friends can help thy heart its wealth to keep.

King of all the roses, be thou kind Unto the bulbul, whose unquiet mind Makes him a mad faquir in loving thee For even kings who ride in majesty 107

;

Will stop their chariots e'er a faquir stir.

Blessed is Makhfi God has given to her The pearl of words, jewel of song divine, Fairer than spoils of ocean or of mine. â&#x20AC;˘

108

:

NOTES : in Persian poetry the type of the most fortunate one, as is Darius of the most imfortunate.

Ayub : Job. Diwan : a Diwan consists of a series of groups of ghazals (^.v.), the first collection rhyming with the first letter of the alphabet, the second with the second, and so on through the alphabet.

Ferhad : a lover famous in Eastern story. He loved Shirin (the sweet one), who was the wife of King Khosni, about the end of the sixth century. He was a sculptor, and renowned throughout Persia. The King, fearing his rivalry, tried to divert his mind from his passion, and sought to find for him some impossible task. As Shirin had demanded a " river of milk," he was bidden to clear away the rocks obstructing the passage of tho great mountain of Beysitoun, and to cause the rivers on the opposite sides of the mountain to join. Ferhad agreed on condition that, if he were successful, Shirin should be given to him. For years he labomred, and carved out wonderful caverns, which can be seen to this day ; and the Joui-shir (stream of milk) still flows from the mountain between Hamadan and Hulwan.

Only a few days' work remained to be done, when the King heard reports that the project was succeeding he thereupon sent a messenger to tell Ferhsid that Shirin was dead. On hearing this, Ferhad died, some say by killing himself with his axe, others say by ^.â&#x20AC;˘* throwing himself over a precipice.

Ohazaly or gazel : a form of verse written in a succession of couplets. The first two lines rhyme, and of the succeeding couplets the first Line is unrhymed, the second rhymes with the first couplet, and so on, throughout the poem ; so that, in the whole poem, all the words which rhyme, rhyme with one another. When this form of verse consists of only four lines, it is called a Ruhai.

The

Alexander

109

;

NOTES

110

length of a ghazal varies, but it is not supposed to be longer than eighteen couplets. Often the couplets within a ghazal have no apparent connection, and are complete in themselves. The last couplet usually contains the name of the poet.

Hatim, or Hatim Tai : an Arabian chief famed for his generosity he never refused a request. He was born in :

Yemen,

in Arabia Felix, in pre-Musulman times.

Some one asked for his head, and he gave it, and so died.

Hedjaz : the greatest desert in Arabia ; along its length pass the principal caravan routes.

Jamshid : the type of the magnificent king. He belonged to the mythical Peshdadian dynasty, and flourished about 800 B.C. He was reputed to be the builder of Persepolis.

His reign was a kind of golden age, when sickness and death were unknown. The angel Siroush descended from Heaven to visit him, and left him a robe and an enchanted girdle. He was gifted, like Moses, with a ray of divine light ; so that once, when he was descending Moimt Alborz, the crowd imagined that there were two suns in the world. His ring and throne had magic powers when he looked into his seven-ringed goblet he could see what was passing in all the worlds.

But pride came into his heart, and he forgot God hia subjects revolted against him and drove him from his kingdom and he roamed the earth an outcast for a hundred years. He repented, and was restored, with undiminished youth, to his kingdom and power.

Kaaha : the chief sanctuary of Mecca, the holy city of the Musulmans. The Kaaba was revered before the time of Muhammad, and was then a rude stone building its name came from a word meaning an astralagus, or die, because of its roughly cubical shape.

It has been several times rebuilt, but the old form has been preserved except in secondary details.

Into its wall is built an ancient black stone, possibly an aerolite, said to have been given by the angel Gabriel to Abraham.

Kafir : an unbeliever one who is not a Musulman.

Kaikohad : a Sultan of the Seljukian dynasty, renowned not only for his successful wars, but as a great builder .

:

;

;

;

of palaces.

NOTES

111

Kerhda

: the place of the massacre of Hussain, the grandson, of the Prophet, and his children, by the Ommeyyades.

It is situated in Mesopotamia, near the western bank of the Tigris, twenty-eight miles from the ruins of Babylon. It is a great place of pilgrimage for the Shiahs, who hold that the spiritual leadership of Islam devolved upon Ali, the son-in-law of Muhammad, and The tomb of Hussain is in a large his descendants.

mosque

and each year two hundred thousand pilgrims parts of the Musulman world visit it, sometimes carrying the bones of their ancestors to be buried there.

The story of the death of Hussain is annually read, and sometimes enacted as a miracle-play, in Shiah commiinities, with much wailing and sorrow, on the tenth day of the Mohurrum celebrations.

J^hizr : the angel-guardian of the spring of immortality.

Kiblah : the direction in which Mecca lies, indicated by the mehrab, or niche, in the wall of a mosque, to which the worshippers turn in prayer.

Ijeila and Majnun : the heroine and hero of the celebrated Arabian love-story told by many poets, of whom the most famous are Jami, Nizami, and Hatifi. Kais was the son of an Arabian chief, but, madly loving Leila, the from

;

all

chief, he was called Majnun, was married to a more powerful suitor, and Majnun wandered for years in the desert, where he taught the secrets of love to the birds and beasts.

daughter of a neighbouring or the

JUahmotid

:

mad

one.

Leila

the praised one, a

name

of the Prophet.

-Majnun : the lover of Leila {q.v.), Makhfi : the hidden one.

Mansur : Mansur al-Hallaj, a Persian saint of the ninth century, who was crucified at Baghdad for declaring that he was one with God.

Maaiha

: Messiah. Jesus is known in Musulman tradition aa the Healer.

PhcRnix : a f abtilous bird of great size and beauty, habitually dwelling in the Caucasus Mountains, but appearing at very rare intervals. If it spreads its wings over the head of a man, he becomes a king.

It was supposed to live for seventeen hundred years, and only one existed in the world at a time.

NOTES

112 Rustum

son of Zal, Prince of Seistan a traditional hero famous for his indomitable strength and bravery. He conquered the Dives, or evil spirits, and performed other miraculous deeds, comparable to the labours of Hercules. He is the hero of the Shah-Nameh :

:

Persia,

of

of Firdausi.

Saki

:

Shirin *'

the cupbearer. the beloved of Ferhad sweet." :

{q.v.).

The name meana

King Solomon ; in Musulman legend lord over and demons, of great wisdom and power, understanding the language, not only of all men, but of the beasts and birds. His power lay in his possessing the

Suleiman

:

angels

with the name of God. kohl, or collyrium, a black powder used in Eg3rpt and the East for darkening the eyelids and thus giving lustre to the eyes. seal

Surma

:

: the Turcomans from Turkestan, who ravaged Central Asia from Persia to India and east to China, the Great Wall of which was built as a protection against them.

Yaqvb : Jacob, who in Musulman tradition became blind by weeping for the loss of his son Joseph, who had been he regained sold by his brothers as a slave into Egypt his sight when he smelt the garment of his son which had been brought to him.

Yusuf : Joseph, who is regarded as of superhuman loveliness, surrounded by celestial Hght, the emblem of divine perfection.

He possessed nine-tenths of the beauty allotted to the whole world.

Zuleikha : daughter of Taimus, King of Mauretania. In a dream she saw and fell in love with the image of Yusuf she was not told his name, but only that hiÂť abode was Egypt. She went to Memphis to marry Asiz Potiphar, the Grand Vizier of Pharaoh, imagining her future husband was the vision of her dream. Yusuf was sold as a slave, and was purchased by her ; but, being warned by the angel Gabriel in the Ukeness of his father Jacob, he fled from her.

She is represented aa always brooding over her lost happiness.

Turks

;

;

Printed hp Haeell, Watson

f^QftJ^^b

ds

Viney, Ld.,

London and Aylesbury.

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CARDS OR

SLIPS

UNIVERSITY

PK

6559 Z4.A25

1913

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LIBRARY

Zeb-un-Nissa, Begum The Diwan of Zeb-un-Nissa