PNGAF MAGAZINE ISSUE # 9B - 5A OF 8th June 2021

AUSTRALIAN FORESTERS in PAPUA NEW GUINEA 1922-1975

PNGAF MAGAZINE ISSUE # 9B -5A of 8th June 2021 THE HISTORY OF ASSESSMENT OF PNG’S FOREST RESOURCE TILL 1975.

Editor R B McCarthy1 2021

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District Forester TPNG 1963-1975.

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Cover Page - Photo Mosaic Legend - top to bottom, left to right.

Year 1961 1855

Location Crossing Gogol River Near Port Moresby

1964

Bougainville

1964 1963

Derembat Manus First helicopter Survey.

Gogol TA

1970 1967

Vanimo Ioma

1963

Gogol

1968 1964

Tabibuga Patrol Post Jimi Valley Survey Empress August Bay Bougainville Toneli Harbour Bouganville

1944

Lae

1944

Lae

1970

Tiauru Pandi Survey Camp HQ

1966 1970 1970 1970 1967 1970 1967 1968 1964

Ossima Vanimo Ossima Vanimo Pual River Vanimo Kumsi

1970 1968 1972

Gogol Ramu Kassam Pass area Empress Augusta Bay Bouganville Tiauru Pandi Bialla Jimi Valley TA General

1972 1970

General Vanimo

Characters Gogol Survey 1961 Expedition Port Moresby to crest of Owen Stanley Ranges Advance party heading toward Toimonapu Plantation. Bougainville.

Going ashore 2Gogol Survey Boss Boys 1963 L to R Norm Endacott; Johnny Lowien; David “dokka” Reid, Eric Hammermaster, Jim Cavanaugh, Evan Shield, Peter Eddowes, Pilot Hurrell; Don McIntosh, Bill Jenkin, unknown, unknown, Kevin White, unknown.

Vanimo Survey Communicating by field radio to base at Ioma Gogol Survey 1963 Evan Shield; John Lowien; Eric Hammermaster; Bill Jenkin; Norm Endacott; Kevin White Villagers clustered around the helicopter Ken Granger assessment in Terminalia brassii swamp forests Survey Sept-Oct 1964. Money in the swamp photo Warrant Officer 2 W Spencer using stereoscope on aerial photographs 1 Forest Survey Coy. Lt J S Talbot surveyor; WO 2 W Spencer, draughtsman, and Sgt H M Crossley outside drawing office of 1 Forest Survey Coy 1944.

Dick McCarthy, Bob McKeowen, Francis Tigi Bill Wallace helicopter pilot Ceremonial burning haus pek pek Dick McCarthy Essential item Eric Hammermaster, Gary Flegg, John Davidson, Bill Wallace Bush Survey Camp A typical cleared heli pad Alick and Molly Dockrill Measuring T brassii Mom Hill swamp

Photo credit Mary Jenkin Dept of Territories

Found a tree or two Map with assessment lines Field book recording assessment details Archer tree height converter wheel Weighing wood samples Evan Shield, Dick McCarthy

Dick McCarthy Mapping Dept of Forests Dept of Forests

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Peter Eddowes Ken Granger Mary Jenkin

Ian Whyte Chris Borough Mary Jenkin

Paul Ryan Ken Granger

Aust War Memorial

Aust War Memorial

Dick McCarthy Ken Granger Ian Whyte Ian Whyte Mike Jones Ken Granger Ian Whyte Ken Granger Mark Coode Ken Granger

Gary Archer Ian Whyte

Personal Communication Eric Hammermaster 11/3/21. Gogol trial survey Nov to Dec 1963. Based at Utu Catholic Mission Station. Unknowns would include helicopter mechanic of Helicopter Utilities, soils staff of DASF as Paul Aland and DIES. One of the PNG forestry assistants was Gallope Mato who trained under Jim Cavanaugh post-war.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS “FORWOOD “ HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Before WW1 Owen Stanley Ranges Expedition 1885 Gilbert Burnett 1908 Between WW1 and WW 2 Commonwealth New Guinea Expedition 1920/21 Lane Poole’s Resource Investigations 1922 to 1935 WW 2 Australian Army Forest Survey Unit 1939-1945 Period 1946-63 1963-1975 Tingting I Kamar RESOURCE MANAGEMENT DIVISION DOF PNG Forest Assessment Objectives Reconnaissance Surveys Detailed Surveys Resource Inventory Surveys Working Plan Surveys An Example of a Large-Scale Forest Assessment. Vanimo TA 1970 HISTORICAL LISTING FOREST RESOURCE SURVEYS TILL 1975 BIBLIOGRAPHY ACRONYMS

page 3 page 4 page 5 page 5 page 5 page 5 page 6 page 6 page 7 page 9 page 14 page 23 page 28 page 47 page 48 page 48 page 48 page 48 page 48 page 49 page 56 page 73 page 74

To sustain the political will directed towards progress in good and sustainable use of the forests, there is a need to monitor development, changes or progress in forests and forestry.

Source UNEP. A forest assessment should address all benefits from forests, ranging from biological diversity to pulpwood; and not only the biophysical forest and tree resources, but also the management and uses of these resources.

Source. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific

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“FORWOOD” Forest resource assessments provide essential information for understanding the extent of forest resources, their condition, management and uses. They provide information on development, changes or progress in forests and forestry required for decision-making domestically and internationally. - i.e., the use of the resources.

PNG commenced forest resource assessment before WW 2 to gather the necessary information. PNGAF Mag 9 B # 5-A describes the history of PNG’s national forest assessments till 1975. PNGAF Mag 9B #5-B describes the development in scope and methods.

It traces the development of quality control in terms of statistical significance and objectivity.

This enabled progress to be confirmed. It is essential that measurements and observations need to be stable so that comparable time series can be established.

The earliest national inventories were established to find out what utilisable timber was available. The typical objective was to find out how much wood of commercial sizes and species was available for exploitation. Major issues such as the expansion of agriculture into forest areas and the role of forests in poverty alleviation were not well studied.

Even though assessment techniques have advanced greatly since WW2, field work is still essential to ascertain the attributes of the forest resource.

The Department of Forests through its cadre of foresters, botanists, research scientists as entomologists and fungi specialists together with timber specialist and experts in non-forest product uses, ensured its forest assessments became more complex as they incorporated more forest benefits. These assessments addressed all the benefits of the forests, ranging from biological diversity to pulpwood. They considered the full range of beneficiaries, ranging from local land users to the global population.

Over time, the Department of Forests has collated its forest assessment information into the PNG National Forest Plans3. Forester Dave Num recalls preparing the first National Forest Plan at the time Provincial Governments were being established.

These plans are designed to cover a much wider range of forest benefits than earlier assessments. Deforestation was considered important, but interest in conservation issues had grown and topics such as biodiversity, protected areas and forest fires were also included. Further developments would include providing information about productive aspects, such as overall wood supply, forest plantations, trees outside forests and non-wood forest products.

From the 1970’s, a belief spread that field inventories were no longer required because remote sensing would give all the information needed (FAO, 1968). There is currently a growing awareness that the strong focus on remote sensing in forest assessments may have side-tracked the discipline. A return to field inventories to supply policy-relevant national information seems to be appearing.

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Personal communication David Num TPNG Forests 1966 to 1979.

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO PNG’S FOREST RESOURCE ASSESSMENT. Before WW 1 Owen Stanley Ranges Expedition 1885

Source: 1959 Commonwealth Dept. of Territories. An expedition preparing to set out from Port Moresby in 1885 for the crest of the Owen Stanley Ranges which included assessment of Botanical Resources.

Gilbert Burnett 1908 The Australian administrators of Papua and New Guinea first attempted to survey the timber potential of parts of Papua in 1908. By arrangement with the Queensland Government, a Queensland Forest Inspector Mr Gilbert Burnett went to Papua to report on its timber resources. He stayed there for seven months and visited various places along the coast from the Purari Delta to Samarai and in the vicinity of Buna Bay. Mr Burnet4 reported he had some difficulty in penetrating into the country, but he produced a report of an optimistic nature and a list of about 120 species, mostly indicated by their native names.

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1908 Gilbert Burnett Timber Trees of the Territory of Papua Reports and catalogue.

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Between WW1 and WW2 In 1920/21 the Commonwealth Government commissioned the Commonwealth New Guinea Expedition who presented an interim report titled Reporting on the Natural Resources of the Mandated Territory. May 1922.

Page 8 Interim Report Commonwealth New Guinea Expedition 9/12/20-14/11/21. During the military occupation of the Territory, no organised effort was made to ascertain its actual and potential resources. Casual reports occasionally came through from the Administrator to the Minister of Defence and were based for the most part on observations by police masters, deputy district officers etc. or sometimes through the Rabaul Lands department. Just before the introduction of the New Guinea Bill, the Prime Minister decided that an expedition suitably equipped for the purpose be sent to New Guinea. The writer had a conference with him, and the Minister of Defence and the Expedition was outlined in several official memorandum submitted to and approved by Mr Hughes.

General instructions were that the expedition should not cost more than 10,000 pounds and should not be absent for more than a year, be under the sole control of the Prime Minister’s department and a roving commission within the Territory.

The main purpose of the Expedition was to conduct investigations regarding natural resources along every possible avenue which would yield reliable information helpful to the Federal Government. The Territory had a land area of 72,000 square miles and it was not part of the objects of the expedition to attempt to explore such an area. The main object in making a voyage was to gain information at first hand relating to general questions such as land, manpower, trading, recruiting, waterways and power, anchorages etc. and to visit the more remote and little-known parts away from the shipping routes and in uncharted waters. During its currency, provision was made for conducting the customary observations of a scientific expedition such as meteorological work, mapping rivers, reefs, mountains, measuring potential power of waterfalls, determining latitudes and longitudes, measuring altitudes, taking soundings, recording natural phenomena such as earthquakes, geysers etc.

A boat was purposefully built called The Wattle.

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Lane Poole’s PNG Forest Resource Investigations 1922 to 1935 Lane Poole’s work has previously been described in PNGAF Mag # 9 A of 15th March 2021 page 37 on. After his resignation from the Western Australian Service in 1921, he was commissioned by the Commonwealth in 1922 to report on the forest resources of Papua. This commission was extended to the Mandated Territory of New Guinea in 1923.

In 1923 and 1924, Charles Lane Poole completed a forest resources survey of the Territories of Papua and New Guinea. In 1925, he published his report which recommended the establishment of a forest service.

Charles Lane Poole at Madang, 1924, showing the remains of a radio damaged in the raid at Kohu. Note his gaunt appearance after the rigours of his expedition to Mt Otto. Source: C. E. Lane Poole, Forest Resources (1925), facing p. 198, courtesy of the National Archives of Australia

In 1925, Lane Poole presented his Report Forest Resources of the Territories of Papua and New Guinea to Federal Parliament.

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In 1935, Lane Poole presented a report title Report on the Forests of the Goldfields of New Guinea: Together with recommendations regarding a forest policy for the whole Territory.

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The history of PNG Forestry is intrinsically linked to the development of the Bulolo Wau valleys gold fields and their natural stands of Araucarias. Readers need to refer to separate authors as James Sinclair7 who have described in detail the history of the Bulolo Wau goldfields.

Lane Poole8 in his report on the forests of the goldfields of Bulolo Wau in 1935 stated: that the only asset that he could see to replace the wasting product, gold was timber. The region is purely a forest one, and its climate is decidedly a forest climate – in short proven forest country.

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Cover page C E Lane Poole 1925 Report on Forest Resources of the Territories of Papua and New Guinea Government Printer Melbourne 209 pp.

6 Unpublished TS, 1935. NAA A11938/802.

7 James Sinclair 2019 ISBN 978-1-876561-15-4 “UP THE CREEK - Edie Creek and the Morobe Goldfields” Pictorial Press Corinda Qld. 8 Lane Poole, C.E., 1935. ‘Report on the Forests of the Goldfields of New Guinea: Together with Recommendations Regarding a Forest Policy for the Whole Territory.’ Unpublished TS, 1935. NAA.

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In contrast to the emphasis placed on industry use – values by miners and government officials in the mining office, government forestry officials emphasise the potential for an industry and the wastefulness of the mining community. In his 1935 survey of timber in the Morobe goldfields, Lane Poole was concerned with value of timber and overly critical that the timber was not being used appropriately by mining companies. For example, cedar was used as an allpurpose resource when durability was necessary. He quoted the use of cedar for a water race when the cedar would have been put better to use in the production of fine cabinetry.

Lane Poole as the then Commonwealth Inspector General of Forests for the colony charged with making recommendations on the use of the resources found in the colony, enforced a set of values that sought to match grain and strength with products. He argued that the mining community needed to better use the resources available to them. They were too wasteful, knowing nothing of timber’s value.

Cedar Bridge over Bulolo River above confluence with the Watut River before World War 2. Photo Credit Evan Shield.

Prior to WW2, little commercial interest was shown in PNG’s Forest Resources.

Some Christian Missions and individual plantation owners held leases and operated some sawmills. In 1938, a fledgling forest service was established with appointment of Jim McAdam.

The advent of WW2, with Japan occupying a considerable proportion of PNG, created enormous problems of timber supply within PNG for the Allies as shipping from Australian States was unavailable due to the war effort. This forced the Allies into establishing an Australian Army Forest Survey Unit to locate timber supplies for the army’s defence efforts. At the same time, that Unit was also directed to exercise some control of sawmill operated by various Units of the American, Australian and New Zealand forces. This was especially because all timber supplies were being taken from traditional lands.

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WW 2 Australian Army Forest Survey Unit 1939-1945 The first mapping and estimation of the resource and its potential was conducted by the Australian Army Forest Survey Unit during the latter part of WW2 (1939-45). This was based on interpretation of aerial photographs, flown during the war period and limited ground interpretation. This has been described previously in PNGAF Magazine # 3 of 3rd November 2020. Foresters involved included Jim McAdam, Jim Cavanaugh, Les Carron, Geoff Chandler, Bert Head, Max Jacobs, Knowles Mair, R H Luke, and Bill Suttie.

Australian Forestry Survey Coy units were then located where they could be of optimal use to the allies and at the same time meeting McAdam’s main goals of recording the volume felled by the Allies identifying likely productive forests and felling and milling timber.

The Forest survey units were to record the utilization activities, and to make surveys of forest resources using all the available military resources of aerial photography, operational mapping, and transport.

The units, during the resource survey, gave valuable intelligence data on topography, tracks, anchorages etc. On the areas of easier topography and better forest cover, they laid down actual sample plots and obtained an estimate of the actual timber over a measured acreage.

They collected botanical and wood samples of new species. By the end of the war, the units had collected over 1,500 sheets. The botanists had worked through 620 of them and had listed 295 separate species. These collections formed the basis of the herbarium at Lae. Since then, the forest botanist role was to expand the collection to prepare a flora for the Territory. Great assistance was provided by the late Mr C T White, the Queensland Government Botanist, who came to the Territory and ran a botanical school for the units during the training period.

Copies of the wood samples were sent to the Division of Forest Products of the CSIRO in Melbourne, where Dr. Dadswell accompanied Mr White and lectured to the Australian Forestry School on Wood Technology. The early work of the Division of Forest Products quickly resulted in the development of a card sorting key for the identification of the more common species and the Division later developed similar keys for the Forces as they moved onto Borneo and Malaya.

Two years of intensive work in resource inventory was carried out. Using aerial photographs and criteria evolved from field correlation studies, vegetation types were mapped over an area of some 56,000 square miles, about 30 per cent of the total land area, on one inch to the mile military maps. By the end of the war nearly a quarter of the vegetation mapping had been ground checked. This work provided an excellent base for post-war forestry development.

It mapped and assessed forest areas throughout the country, its work forming the basis of post-war forest planning and industrial expansion, especially during the last few decades. It pioneered the use of aerial photos to map and verify tropical vegetation, and kept resource and production statistics, partly to compensate landowners.

The units were gradually phased out towards the end of 1945, after the war in the south-west Pacific had ended.

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Lae 9/11/1944: Warrant Officer 2 W Spencer using stereoscope on aerial photographs 1 Forest Survey Coy. Photo credit Australian War Memorial.

Lae 9/11/1944: Lt J S Talbot surveyor; WO 2 W Spencer, draughtsman, and Sgt H M Crossley outside drawing office of 1 Forest Survey Coy 1944. Photo credit Australian War Memorial.

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Period 1946-63 Area of Forest in hectares estimated in 1946 (reviewed in 1957) Region Admiralty Islands Bougainville New Britain Papua and New Guinea Total area

Total area investigated 186998 888370 3375806 10167045

Area under 10degree slope 58793 289360 1162910 3782177

14618219

5273240

Area of potential forest type 15281 155400 789950 1217300 569800 (swamp forest) 2743731

The above information estimated a possible resource of at least 90,000,000 cubic metres in accessible forests.

After 1946, until the forest service built up an adequate staff, any forest inventory work was directed towards identifying and sourcing timber supply for war reconstruction within PNG. During the 1950’s, the Department of Forests adopted a policy of resource assessment which became the main commitment of the 1960’s. Again, inventory work progressed only as fast as the demand for timber permits and staff availability allowed.

Resource inventories in Papua New Guinea were applied to provide information concerning the size of the resource and its commercial log volume content based on sampling at an extremely low intensity which has rarely exceeded 1 % and has often been less than 0.1%.

In the 1946-1963 period some 600,000 ha were covered by conventional systematic inventory methods.

In the 1946-1963 period some 600,000 ha were covered by conventional systematic inventory methods. Foresters involved included Jim McAdam, Jim Cavanaugh, Don McIntosh, Ted Gray, Alec Hart; Kevin White, Eric Hammermaster, Neil Brightwell, Alan White, Evan Shield, Bill Jenkin, Norm Endacott, Ken Granger and many others.

Prior to 1963, assessment work was carried out by small teams spending long periods in the field. The largest area which could be attempted by these methods was approximately 40,000 hectares requiring a party of two leaders and 20 labourers to spend six months in the field.

Evan Shield9 reported in 1965, that with a greatly increased rate of urban and rural development, the establishment of an export market to Japan and the availability of locally trained technical staff boosted the rates of inventory enormously.

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Evan Shield TPNG Forests 1958-1971 part of his Oxford Thesis.

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Paul Ryan (TPNG Forests 1962-1972) in front of a Haus Kiap, the accommodation in the local village, after a hard day’s work in the forest. Photo credit Paul Ryan.

Crossing the Gogol River. Gogol Survey 1961. Photo credit Mary Jenkin.

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Gogol Survey Land Survey 1961 Carrier Line. Photo credit Mary Jenkin.

Gogol Rest House under construction 1963. Photo credit Mary Jenkin.

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David Read; Kevin White10; Norm Endacott11 and others 1963. Photo credit Mary Jenkin.

Organising carriers Vanimo Survey 1962. Photo credit Mary Jenkin.

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Kevin White TPNG forests 1957-1977.

Norm Endacott TPNG Forests 1963-1975.

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Vanimo Survey 1962 Bill Jenkin12 poisoned leg being carried out. Photo credit Mary Jenkin.

Vanimo Survey 1962 Bill Jenkin poisoned leg being carried out. Photo credit Mary Jenkin.

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Bill Jenkin TPNG Forests 1949-1975.

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Vanimo Survey 1962 Bill Jenkin poisoned leg being carried out. Photo credit Mary Jenkin.

Vanimo 1962 Launching Sea canoe. Photo credit Mary Jenkin.

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Ken Granger13 described a field assessment in the Warangoi in 1963 where four days were spent constructing a bridge to cross a flooded river.

Departing Keravat for the Warangoi, September 1963. Photo credit Ken Granger.

Rod Bartlett watches the bridge construction. Warangoi bridge under construction.

Photo credit Ken Granger.

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Personal communication Ken Granger TPNG Forests 1963-1971.

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Labourers’ first Warangoi camp, 1963

Our first Warangoi camp, 1963 Photo credit Ken Granger.

The survey sampling plan was to cut lines due south from the south bank of the river and establish a sample plot every five chains by identifying and measuring each tree of a “merchantable size” that fell within a one chain radius of the five-chain mark. Girth measurement was typically done with a tape at breast height (GOBAB = girth over bark above buttress) and the log length was estimated. Where the buttresses were too large the girth was estimated. We would occasionally check our height estimates by using an Abney level set at 45o.

Going ashore at Derembat Manus 1964. Photo credit Ken Granger.

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Peter Eddowes14 described in 1964, the first of the ‘major’ wood collection assessments for Tonolei Harbour (Bougainville) to collect wood (round log) sample material of the swamp species of Terminalia brassii, at nearby Toimonapu plantation, for veneer/plywood trials by the CSIRO. “After landing in Keita on our DC3 charter flight, we were met by our pre-arranged transport for travel down the coast. This happened to be a farm tractor with a flat-top trailer! What a ride we had, as we wound our way through the many copra plantations, and seemingly endless rows of coconut palms, on the bumpy/bouncy ride to our destination. Upon conclusion of this part of the exercise, at Toimonapu plantation, we then were to trek over the Crown Prince Range and down into Tonolei Harbour which was to take two days.

Pictured: Advance party heading toward Toimonapu Plantation. Bougainville. 1964.

Photo credit Peter Eddowes.

The plantation (Burns Philp) where we stayed was, at this time, managed by a P.J McDonald (query may have been Clarky – Mr Clark) and his wife. Old P.J was an eccentric character, and a true colonialist and monarchist. He wore a large ‘handle-bar’ moustache, a pith helmet, and starched whites. He arose every morning, religiously at 0600 hrs, and dressed immaculately, with a baton under his arm, would march down to his established flagpole area, together with his entourage, and have one of his Buka bois, also decked out in lap-lap, starched white shirt, and trumpet in hand, play a ‘reveille’ whilst another ‘boi’ hoisted up the Union Jack!

What a grand performance it was, an undoubted display of patriotism and loyalty to the ‘Crown’. It no doubt helped in the preservation of his sanity?”

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Peter Eddowes TPNG Forests 1961-1981.

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1963-1975 Up until 1963 forest surveys were ground based but to complete the comprehensive coverage of PNG’s forest resources to meet the Commonwealth Government’s timeframe, helicopter transport was introduced in 1964 to take over most of the support tasks and to position field parties on site. Over 3.6 million hectares were assessed in the six years 1964 to 1969.

This was documented15 by Don McIntosh and Eric Hammermaster in 1968. Major surveys then undertaken included timber areas as Vanimo, Empress Augusta Bay, Open Bay, Wanigela, West New Britain, Middle Ramu, Bulolo Wau, Ioma, Sagarai Gadaisu, Cape Rodney, Tonolei Harbour etc.

From 1963 -69 approximately 3,600,000 ha were assessed when helicopter techniques of inventory were introduced.

“The MONEY IN THE SWAMP” photo Photo credit Ken Granger September 1964.

Ken Granger assessment in Terminalia brassii swamp forests Empress August Bay Bougainville Survey Sept-Oct 1964. Photo published in November 1964 Courier Mail and New Guinea Times Courier.

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McIntosh DH and Hammermaster ET 1968 Forest Resource Assessment using Helicopter Transport 9th Commonwealth Forestry Conference 1968.

Don McIntosh TPNG Forests 1948-1973. Eric Hammermaster TPNG Forests 1956-1979.

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16Gogol

Survey Boss Boys 1963 L to R Norm Endacott; Johnny Lowien; David “dokka” Reid, Eric Hammermaster, Jim Cavanaugh17, Evan Shield, Peter Eddowes, Pilot Hurrell, Don McIntosh, Bill Jenkin, unknown, unknown, Kevin White18, unknown.

Photo credit Mary Jenkin.

Gogol Survey 1963 Evan Shield, John Lowien19, Eric Hammermaster, Bill Jenkin, Norm Endacott, Kevin White. Photo credit Mary Jenkin.

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Personal Communication Eric Hammermaster 11/3/21. Gogol trial survey Nov to Dec 1963. Based at Utu Catholic Mission Station. Unknowns would include helicopter mechanic of Helicopter Utilities, soils staff of DASF as Paul Aland and DIES. One of the PNG forestry assistants was Gallope Mato who trained under Jim Cavanaugh post war.

17 Jim Cavanaugh TPNG Forests 1938-1972.

18 Kevin White TPNG Forests 1957-1977.

19 John Lowein TPNG Forests late 1940’s to early 1970’s.

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Typical helicopter survey crew changeover 1960’s. Photo credit Ken Granger.

Pictured: The very first ‘chopper’ as used in forest survey work. Gogol forest resource.

Madang. 1963. Photo credit Peter Eddowes.

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Gogol Survey 1963 Bill Jenkin Photo credit Mary Jenkin.

Gogol Survey Boss Boys 1963. Photo credit Mary Jenkin.

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Uvol base camp, March 1965. Photo credit Ken Granger.

Chris Brown (right) at Uvol, March 1965.

Curious locals at Uvol, March 1965.

Photo credit Ken Granger.

My Arawe mackerel.

Photo credit Ken Granger.

Puddles butbut (John Lake20.) The flash shower.

Photo credit Ken Granger.

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John Lake TPNG Forests 1962-1968.

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Evan Shield22 recalls he and Bob Bruce sharing a somewhat leaky tent somewhere in West New Britain in 1966 while the rain poured down ...engaged in a lively discussion as to why it was necessary to make ground slope corrections when estimating tree / log height.

Another instance was when Peter Bleeker (LRRS, CSIRO) who was a big guy and Evan (and others) were returning to base camp after a day's fieldwork, Evan was crossing a small stream by walking on a single log bridge some locals had provided long ago ... Evan sensed it was not secure and turned to ask Peter not to venture onto that log until he had completed his crossing. He was too late. Under their combined weight, the log broke, and they both ended up in said stream. Other party members thought it hilarious until they realised that they had no option but to get wet to the waist in fording that stream ...

John Davidson23 recalls on the HQ fire (although he cannot find a date,) that the fire did destroy all the original survey books and maps from Keravat that Alan Williams had sent to HQ following his 1971-72 theodolite survey of the locations of all the deglupta “plus” trees that were tied into culverts on Kalabus Road. This was an upsetting loss to the breeding programme for the species at the time, since there were no other copies, and the field markers were disappearing and the paint rings wearing off the trees. It was definitely in the late 1970s as quoted. John would to this day appreciate if anyone comes up with an exact date. John often wonders if the fire was significant enough to be mentioned in the local press.

Mark Coode24 botanist recalls being attached to Grant’s survey in Kaut New Ireland in 1967.

Trying to sort out why some of the logs of Terminalia sank and some did not, without success - there seemed only the one species involved, a new one later called T. archipelagi.

Gary Archer25 recalls for the surveys that he was part of that the Tonolei Survey shown by Peter Connell as 1970 was in fact August-November 1969, because he was allowed to stay back a week later than everyone else to see his first son Robert born. He was born on 12 August 1969.

Gary Archer recalls that the Bulolo Araucaria plantation survey is omitted from the list. This was in 1970 and was led by Neil Brightwell. The 1970 survey was headquartered at the Bulolo Forestry College. He was lecturing at the College in 1972 and 1973, and he does not know of any plantation survey going on during that time. (Dick McCarthy was there in 1973 as well.) So, any extra Bulolo survey would presumably have had to be in 1971.

The method was to run lines between plantation rows and establish plots at a spacing of 5 chains distance along these lines. The plot sides were pegged out midway between plantation rows, and because of variations in plantation spacing the plots were all somewhat different in size and shape. Each plot had all four sides and one diagonal measured to allow plot areas to 21

Cartoon from Bob Brown’s Grass Roots Guide to PNG Pidgin South Pacific Post.

Personal Communication 14th Jan 2021 Evan Shield TPNG Forests 1958-1971.

Bob Bruce TPNG Forests 1961-1982.

23 Personal Communication 2nd Feb 2021 Prof John Davidson TPNG Forests 1962-1980.

24 Personal communication Mark Coode 15th April 2021 TPNG Forests 1966-1972.

25 Personal communication Gary Archer 15th April 2021 TPNG Forests 1963 to 1973.

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be calculated, and a draftsman drew up each plot from these measurements as two adjacent triangles and measured their areas. (This could have been done on computer by using the measurements in triangle formulae, but never mind.) While travelling between plots a handheld counter was used to count the number of trees on each side of the line. These counts were then used to estimate stocking per acre. These stocking estimates by counter were inaccurate - on sloping ground the actual spacings between trees and rows were often less than the nominal spacing, because tree planters often laid their measuring sticks along the slope instead of holding them horizontal. Gary compared the actual tree stockings from the measured plots with the estimated stocking from the counts and found that the counts underestimated stocking by an average of about 5 percent. In individual compartments on steeper slopes the underestimates would have been even greater.

Ken Granger26 recalls that the forest assessment surveys he was involved with from 1963 to 1967 included: AREA Trans Warangoi Munawai TNTA Cape Hosking extend Derembat NTA Bagum Kuriendal Plantation Empress Augusta Bay Fulleborn-Uvol Hoskins-Matnakunai West New Britain Middle Ramu Wau extension Ioma-Kumusi

DISTRICT East New Britain New Ireland West New Britain Manus West New Britain East New Britain Bougainville East New Britain West & East NB West New Britain Madang Morobe Northern

LEADERS Bartlett & Granger Bartlett & Granger Bartlett & Granger Bartlett & Granger Bartlett & Granger Granger Hammermaster Hammermaster Brightwell Brightwell Shield Shield Hammermaster

YEAR 1963 1963 1963-4 1964 1964 1964 1964 1965 1965 1966 1966 1967 1967

Mike Jones recalls 27 the 1971 Bulolo plantation assessment. Chris Done28 and Ian Whyte29 ran the assessment with him and Francis Tigi running the mapping and plotting of assessment lines. The mapping was supplied by contractors. He remembers setting out the lines in a grid formation through the established plantation. It was Chris and Ian’s first major project, certainly Chris’s. He remembers Chris became extremely ill and spent a lot of time in hospital with scrub typhus.

Mike Jones30 recalls past assessments he was involved with.

Cape Hoskins with Rex Grattidge 1969 Gogol river and Vanimo 1970 with Dick McCarthy and many others Bulolo plantation 1971 with Chris Done and Ian Whyte.

Open Bay 1972 with Dick McCarthy 26

Personal communication Ken Granger 15th April 2021 TPNG Forests 1963-1971.

Personal communication 15th April 2021 Mike Jones TPNG Forests 1967-1973.

28 Chris Done TPNG Forests 1966-1975.

29 Ian Whyte TPNG Forests 1969-1979.

30 Personal communication Mike Jones 22nd April 2021 TPNG Forests 1967-1973.

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Kainantu with Ken Hart31 1972 which was aborted by hostile landowners Western Fly 1973. We stayed at Kiunga at the Kennecott mess (it was a great camp, plenty of food, beer, and movies every night). He read that Fred Kleckham must have run the camp for Kennecott sometime after we left. The assessment was run by Eric Hammermaster and Chris Done.

Peter Eddowes32 recalls he did a lot of survey work together with Greg McDonald and Maru Kumul (1964 onwards) but these forest surveys mainly regarding the collection of large (authentic) sawn material to go to CSIRO. This included data of forest type(s), location, habitat, species by volume etc., incl., Oriomo river, Tonolei Harbour, Goroka (Lufa) Highlands, Vanimo, Papuan Islands, New Britain, etc. Records for most of this work, at that time, would have gone on file at H.Q (Konedobu). Later work (1966 onwards) was typed up and put into the "Research Notes" (grey covered booklets) as was, at that time, compiled, kept, and maintained at the FPRC library Hohola.

John Godlee33 recalls that he did a couple of minor surveys in the Sepik and the Hoskins area but would hardly rate them as important. As you know he was mainly running Keravat and then, Bulolo plantation operations.

Neil Brightwell34 recalls many of the concerns are probably wrapped up in the New Britain General 90-10-1 (1) file under Brightwell 1966.

If memory serves (and it often does not) the volumetric calculations and area assessments, for the Tiauru-Pandi and Open Bay surveys which were conducted in the field in 1965 together with the Kandrian-Gasmata, Arawe and Kapaluk areas which were conducted in 1966, took so long that they decided they would be best rolled into one general report for the island of New Britain. All these surveys were run by Neil Brightwell together with Ken Granger. This report may also include a note on the Nakanai plateau, visited and sampled in the TiauruPandi assessment.

The 90-10-13 Keravat-Vudal report Brightwell 1965, however, does confound him. He has no recollection of either doing or reporting on this area except as may be included in the 9010-1- (1) file noted above. This file may refer to a small survey done out of Keravat in 1963

by Ken Granger independently. In 1963 Neil was based in Keravat and produced a short (five(?) year) working plan for the Keravat plantation and timber stand improvement areas.

Neil doubts that such a report (lacking any volumetric data) would have been filed in the 90 series files. On recall Alan White35 may well have placed it in the round file.

It would have been impossible to file the report on the Bulolo plantations assessment 1970 in the conventional filing system as it was produced on large size continuous computer paper and was quite bulky. This survey was run by Neil Brightwell using variable sized triangular plots and a Hoop pine tree volume table (ex -Queensland}, programmed in Fortran by Neil

31

Ken Hart TPNG Forests 1963-1980.

Personal Communication 16th April 2021 Peter Eddowes TPNG Forests 1961-1981.

33 Personal communication 18th April 2021 John Godlee TPNG Forests 1955-1980.

34 Personal communication 18th April 2021 Neil Brightwell TPNG Forests 1961 – 1984.

35 Alan White TPNG Forests 1956-1977.

32

30

Brightwell and heavily transcribed by Dave Num into a language acceptable to Treasury's new IBM 360 computer.

In relation to the Bulolo Plantation assessment 1970, Neil suspects that the field plots were actually quadrilateral with the areas being calculated using bearings and distances from the corners to calculate and sum two triangles.

With the loss of all those records, it must give you some satisfaction to realise that your magnum opus may shed some light onto yet another dark age.

Neil regrets that he is unable to assist with anything that transpired between Sept 1967 and December 1969, as he was largely tied up with Antarctic activities and some long service leave in Africa, Europe, and southern Asia.

Evan Shield36 recalls missing from the list are two in which he had personal involvement: (a) the Cape Rodney inventory in 1963 ... Was it for a TRP purpose? and (b) the Imila River inventory (on the top of Marshall Lagoon) in 1964 ...

Dave Num 37 recalls missing is a survey Neil Brightwell did in Bulolo plantations. It was after he returned from Antarctica and probably in early 70's. He remembers doing the computer processing.

Chris Borough38 recalls he has some recollection re ERAVE - Pai - A but he did do a small survey out of Kikori and maybe this was the report? All others seem correct. Re Tuolumne Corp. Chris’s interaction was with John from Tuolumne on a visit to Canberra in July 1969 to run a simulation model of the entire forest resource using the CSIRO supercomputer (The IBM1130 with 8k RAM at UPANG was a bit short on capacity!). The concept was to use the flash model to optimise the use of the entire PNG forest resource. Chris was very dubious of the practicality of the goals of the project - it seemed to fizzle out after he returned to POM and Tuolumne was sent packing. Chris think Don MacIntosh must have got cold feet on the project.

Paul Ryan39 recalls he was on an inventory survey of Markham/Watut area in 1967 under Neil Brightwell. That could well be the Lae TA. Evan Shield also ran the Gogol inventory of about May/June 1970, perhaps the one for which there is “data only”. He was not involved with any Hoskins survey in 1966 but was there with Chris Borough and others about 1968/69.

He ran the Jimi Valley inventory in 1968, then the Mt Giluwe inventory survey the same year.

Jim Riley40 He was sorry to hear of Chris's passing. Most PNG forestry types probably do not know Chris shared Jim’s donga at Bulolo for about 6 months when out of the bush from Helicopter surveys. When back from a survey at Jim’s Donga, Chris became extremely ill.

Jim took him down to Bulolo hospital where he spent a week or two, before they sent Chris to Lae Hospital. He was there for a few weeks where they could not figure out what was wrong with him. Jim heard Chris was coming back to Bulolo and went to the airstrip to meet 36

Personal communication Evan Shield 19th April 2021 TPNG Forests 1958-1971.

Personal communication Dave Num 20th April 2021 TPNG Forests 1966-1979.

38 Personal communication Chris Brough 21st April 2021 TPNG Forest 1960-1971.

39 Personal Communication 22nd April 2021 Paul Ryan TPNG Forests 1962-1972.

40 Personal communication 16th Dec 2020 Jim Riley TPNG Forests 1967-1977.

37

31

his plane. An apparent skeleton, covered with skin that looked a bit like Chris walked off the plane. Chris had signed himself out of Lae hospital and was very determinedly heading south for salvation! A few weeks later via Bulolo hospital nurses, Jim found out that they had finally diagnosed Scrub Typhus, which then had about a 5% survival rate. So, Chris was probably lucky to enjoy another 50 years of life. Jim is sure Pip could confirm all this and probably add to it. Jim caught up with Chris again in 1972 or 73, at Popondetta. He was with Groome & Associates, a NZ Forestry Consultant firm. They jointly showed a group of Japanese around the Kumusi Log export area. (Which Fletchers took on with disastrous results!) An amusing aside. Coming down the road from a visit to Kokoda, (Jim thought only one of the party, who was in the other vehicle spoke English) an old Sawmiller in the back suddenly said in perfect English, "This is a lot different to the last time he came down this road!”

Jim Riley41 recalls he does not recollect any Bulolo Surveys 1969-70. Being at the College it is likely he did not know. However, he was called to a high-level Fletcher Forests conference Auckland when they were contemplating purchasing CNGT. The only Bulolo Survey figures he saw was one Ralph Butterworth and he did as an exercise for students on one of the BFC's courses at the Gorge area. He was surprised that was used. That had to be in 1975-76 When Ralph was there. No other Bulolo Survey figures were available, but the Wau area figures of the Oak Forest areas were okay.

Paul Ryan 42 recalls playing the kiap role. We did it out at Brown River for Turi and the Trees. PNG Dept of Forests publication 1968.

Jim Belford43 recalls that there must have been a “decentralization” of surveys of sorts in the 1973 + era as while he was District Forester in Vanimo. He was tasked with drawing up contingency plans for inventory of Siassi Island and the Cromwell Mountains in Morobe Province, and completion of the whole of Manus Island (He had done Derimbat Extension and other areas in ‘72/’73). These were co-ordinated through HQ and were fully funded with helicopter support with up to 50 field officers under the standard field practices with main camp messes and supply. And yours truly- besides being the only Forest Officer there was everything from Camp Commandant, planner, field checker, heli workload organizer and chief cook and bottlewasher etc -that was it, no other support. Our Base Camps were at the Patrol Post at Sialum for Cromwell Mountains, the Patrol Post on Siassi for that one, and at Ango-American’s geological survey camp on the south coast of Manus. They were carried out in ’74 and ’75 from memory with Cromwell the last in two parts. Manus took about 3 months (?) and the others a bit shorter. From memory, Gabriel Samol helped with Cromwell at the end. It was the hardest logistically. He suspects the reports would be buried at HQ if not gone in the fire. There are probably records in the provinces, but they appear missing from any listings so far.

41

Personal communication Jim Riley 24th April 2021 TPNG Forests 1967-1977.

Personal Communication 15th May 2021 Paul Ryan TPNG Forests 1962-1972.

43 Personal communication Jim Belford 26th May 2021 TPNG Forests 1970-1981.

42

32

Eric Hammermaster 44 recalls early helicopter surveys included: • • • • •

1963 Gogol 1964 April 14-25 Cape Rodney 1964 Sagarai 1964J aba River Bougainville 1965 Kandrian to Uvol — West New Britain With Bill Wallace45 as the pilot for the whole job was also an advantage. Bill was quite a raconteur and a great promoter of “games of skill and chance”. Many an evening was spent at liar dice or seven card brag (for matches).

Photo credit Ken Granger.

44

Personal communication 28th May 2021 Eric Hammermaster TPNG Forests 1956-1979.

Wallace W G 1966 Cutting Pads in the Forest for Bell 47G-3B-1 Helicopter Operations. Government Printer Port Moresby 1966.

45

33

Field team and their equipment, Aiome, June 1966. Photo credit Ken Granger.

Sling loading for a pad cutting team, Aiome, July 1966. Photo credit Ken Granger.

A typical cleared pad, Ramu area, July 1967. Photo credit Ken Granger.

34

John Davidson46 reported that William “Bill” Wallace was the pilot on the Ioma survey and is in this photograph taken by Ken Granger in May 1967.

Alick and Molly Dockrill47 in the Kassam Pass area, Jan 1968.

Botanical survey.

Photo credit Mark Coode.

46 47

Personal communication John Davidson 1 May 2021 TPNG Forests 1962-1980.

Alick Dockrill TPNG Forests 1966-1972.

35

A Bell 47 3B1 helicopter on the ground at Baiyer River during one of our forest inventories. Photo credit Paul Ryan.

Villagers clustered around the helicopter at Tabibuga Patrol Post (near Koinambe Mission) prior to our flying into the Jimi Valley. Photo credit Paul Ryan.

36

Crossing a cane suspension bridge with part of our gear. Photo credit Paul Ryan.

Carriers resting on the track between villages. Fresh leaves for the rear end each day. Photo credit Paul Ryan.

37

Chris operating VL8PN radio to Rabaul Sept/Oct 1967. Photo credit Chris Borough.

9/10/1967 Massive Waves at Matanakunai. Dave Num, Gary Flegg and Ron Turner.

Photo credit Chris Borough.

38

Chris receiving hair cut from TO Sylvanus Gorio Ioma July 1967.

Photo credit Chris Borough.

Loading chopper on river pad. Photo credit Chris Borough.

39

Chris communicating by field radio to base at Ioma. Photo credit Chris Borough.

Engineer Rod Turner servicing chopper.

Photo credit Chris Borough.

40

Janet and Robyn Borough at Stockholm Plantation M V Mangana. Photo credit Chris Borough.

48

Bob Lyons and Ross Lockyer camped out in the jungle somewhere north of Bulolo in 1969 for about a week wandering about through miles of bush surveying for klinkii pine and other hardwood resources. He was Forestry Dept from Lae or it may have been Moresby at the time. Ross was Bush Boss at CNGT. He was a bloody good bloke. The photo's not good. It was off an old 35mm slide. Photo credit Ross Lockyer.

48

Ross Lockyer personal communication 6 May 2020 CNGT Timbers bush boss 1967-1970 and then TPNG Forests 1971-1973. Bob Lyons former patrol officer and then TPNG Forests 1966-late1970’s.

41

Gogol Survey 1970 forest survey helicopters and Gogol bridge June 1970.

Photo credit Ian Whyte49.

Survey Camp on the Gogol River 1970. Photo credit Ian Whyte.

49

Ian Whyte TPNG Forests 1969-1979.

42

The leaders of each forest survey were responsible for documenting the survey and preparing future development plans for the area. One such example was the 1970 assessment of the timber potential of the Tiauru Pandi Timber area – part of the North Coast of New Britain designated area for agricultural development such as oil palm plantations by Dick McCarthy with Bob McKeowen as the cartographer.

1970 Dick McCarthy50 on Tiauru Pandi Survey (We did find a tree or two at Bialla.)

Photo credit Dick McCarthy.

50

Dick McCarthy TPNG Forests 1963-1975.

43

Bob McKeowen in disguise on Tiauru Pandi Survey 1970. Photo credit Dick McCarthy.

Ulamona Catholic Mission Dick McCarthy, Bob McKeowen TPNG Forests 1967-1976, Francis Tigi 1970. Photo credit Ken Granger.

44

Pages 56 to 72 describe details of individual resource assessments from 1943 to 1971. This work was detailed in the Resource Information System update by forester Peter Connell51 in November 1971.

Several PNG Forestry identities were involved in the assessment of PNG’s forest resources up until 1975. These included Don McIntosh, Jim Cavanaugh, Eric Hammermaster, John Lowein, Ken Granger, Bill Jenkin, Norm Endacott, Evan Shield, Kevin White, Peter Eddowes, Ian Whyte, Alan White, “Docca” Reid, Chris Brown, John Lake, Robin Hoskins, Phil Ainsworth, Gerd Streihler, Bob McKeowen, Paul Ryan, Chris Borough, John Davidson, Jim Belford, Gary Archer, Dave Num, Alec Hart, Neil Brightwell, Rex Grattidge, Bob Bruce, Heinar Streimann, Cliff Southwell, Alan Cameron, Dick McCarthy, Murray Day, Chris Done, Mike Jones, Des Harries, Gabriel Samol and others.

Many botanists, cartographers and other technical specialists accompanied these inventories including Peter Eddowes, John Womersley, Ted Henty, Mark Coode, Barry Conn, Bob Johns, Heinar Streimann and others.

The national forest inventory in PNG was largely completed by 1968 describing standing log volume and areas for specified timber areas. This was described in New Horizons 197252p7.

Locality Total land mass Tree cover Commercailly accessible forest

Area in hectares 46,886,000 40,000,000 13,000,000

In 1972, the Department of Forests publication New Horizons53 p8, detailed an appreciation of the work performed and of the assessed resource by major forest types.

Forest System

Specified Timber Area

Area in thousands of hectares

Western Papuan Papuan South Coast

Not available Abau

South East Coastal

Bismarck

3000 (est) 90

Volume in thousands of cubic metres (M3) 0.5 – 1.5 metres GAB* Not available 3540

Volume in thousands of cubic metres (M3) 1.5 metres + GAB* Not available 4365

Aroa Sagarai Gadaisu

45 48

1179 4250

1179 3303

Musa Kumusi Ioma Mai’ama Open Bay

80 28 182 24 104

4719 2360 11780 2830 4480

2478 2360 10380 2950 7080

51

Peter Connell TPNG Forests 1971 to 1978.

New Horizons – Forestry in Papua New Guinea a Dept of Forests Publication 1973 Jacaranda Press.

53 “New Horizons – Forestry in Papua New Guinea a Dept of Forests Publication 1973 Jacaranda Press.

52

45

Solomons Sepik Ramu Highlands

Ania Kapiura Kandrian Arowe Kapaluk Melkoi Nakanai Kaut Torakina Vanimo Middle Ramu Giluwe Jimi

TOTAL * Girth above buttress

110 121 157 103 27 n/a 10 13 239 131 n/a n/a 1,512

7080 7790 8260 6135 2360 2360 470 945 8495 5665 Not available Not available 81,600

5660 8260 8730 6135 1650 4955 470 1160 10620 5665 1840 5190 83,000

The Dept of Forests reported that the forest resources were extensive and varied in composition. Some 200 species have economic potential but only some 30 species account for the bulk of merchantable timber.

By 1972, approximately one-third or 4.4 million hectares had been classed as having economic potential and assessed to a level where development planning was possible.

The forests are divided into seven fairly homogeneous systems.

By 1975 some 4,800,000 ha had been covered. By the late 1980’s, over 7,400,000 hectares had been covered.

Forest Systems 54 Dept of Forests PNG 1970.

By 1974 the Resource Atlas of PNG stated that the merchantable area was some 1699000 ha with a further 900,000 ha already under existing operations, a total of 2,599,000 ha.

54

Dept of Forests PNG 1970 Forest Systems of Territory of Papua and New Guinea.

46

Resource Management Division of the Department of Forests PNG The majority of work undertaken by the Department of Forests in the field of resource management had been the surveying and assessment of the resources and the acquisition of suitable areas for development.

Forest Inventory The usual purpose of a forest area assessment is to determine as precisely as available time and money will permit, the volume of standing trees in a given area. To attain this objective, requires a reliable estimate of the forest area and measurement of all or an unbiased sample of trees within this area.

In PNG there were three types of inventories (reconnaissance, resource inventory and working plan) based on the planned use of the forested area in question. Aerial photographs are an essential part of these activities.

Inventory planning checklist included: • • • • • • • •

Purpose of the inventory.

Background information.

Description of the area to be assessed.

Information required from the assessment.

Inventory design.

Measurement procedures Compilation and calculation procedures Reporting of results, maintenance, and storage of records.

In more recent years, the emphasis shifted to the preparation of detailed harvesting plans to ensure greater utilisation of the forest resources and to ensure rehabilitation of the regenerative capacity of the forest for the next harvesting cycle.

Resource inventories in PNG were initially undertaken to provide information concerning the size of the resource and its commercial log volume content based on sampling at a very low intensity which rarely exceeded 1% and has often been less than 0.1%.

The mean commercial volume over 50 cm girth over buttress and bark (sometimes converted to diameter over buttress and bark) and occasionally the mean volume of trees less than 50 cm girth over buttress and bark was calculated. With the results, suitable correction factors were used to allow for sampling errors etc. Volumes were calculated in forest inventories from a tree volume equation developed by Evan Shield55 in 1965 from work undertaken in his dissertation at the Commonwealth Forestry Institute Oxford from data supplied by the Department of Forests.

55

Shield E H 1965, The application of new sampling methods to previously inaccessible tropical forest areas, with particular reference to Papua New Guinea. Commonwealth Forestry Review vol 55 No 1 March 1976.

47

In relation to a sustained yield concept, the felling cycle is based on a 35-year rotation on a selection logging model.

Forest Assessment Objectives The surveying and assessment work undertaken varied in detail and depended on the circumstances and objectives of the forest area in question. Intially, reconnaissance surveys were undertaken to classify localities into timbered and non-timbered areas and ascertain if there was sufficient timber resource available to support industry besides its apparent economic potential and access.

Reconnaissance Inventory Surveys Reconnaissance surveys are designed to indicate the possibility of full scale assessment or to fill in at a general level broad gaps in the preliminary inventory of forest resources. They are normally restricted to an aerial examination of the area, together with limited ground sampling.

Detailed Inventory Surveys - Resource Inventory Surveys These are generally pre-investment exercises and conducted over areas which appear to have potential for economic development. These areas may range from a hundred hectares to 400,000 hectares and the techniques vary accordingly. Usually a ground sample intensity of 0.15% to 0.5 % was attempted.

The objective of the survey was to collect data and information sufficient to enable early development including: • Definition of areas considered to have sufficient timber resource for development.

• A species structure and volume tabulation.

• Determination of possible access routes, bridge sites, port and aerodrome locations etc. considered necessary to service the proposed forest industry.

• The compilation of sufficient reliable basic data so that a potential investor may make sound decisions.

Detailed Inventory Surveys - Working Plan Surveys Working plan surveys are carried out in selected areas of high potential, or in those areas currently being harvested to ensure that logical economically feasible and practicable plans for current and future development as reforestation or agricultural development are prepared.

Higher sample intensities, up to 5% and more diverse programs of data collection are involved.

48

An Example of a large-Scale Forest Assessment in 1970, undertaken for Pulp and Paper Forest Resources -Vanimo Timber Area Project.

The PNG Administration initiated a project designed to evaluate the pulping and papermaking potential of mixed tropical hardwoods in the Vanimo Timber area in detail. The intended outcome of this work is that it would then identify other timber resource areas in PNG as a source of wood chips.

To determine the quality and potential market quality of the PNG forests for pulping potential, the Department of Forests through its Forest Products Research Centre Hohola engaged CSIRO Forest Products Laboratory56 to undertake that work. The CSIRO investigation57 initially selected Block 6 Vanimo Timber area (some 54,000 ha). Block 258 Vanimo Timber area (some 60,000 ha) was included in the investigations.

Evan Shield59 described the Vanimo Timber Area as one of the more important components of the forest resources of PNG. This was because of its size and its species composition. The high frequency of occurrence of Kwila was the dominant feature of this.

Vanimo Township 1990’s. Photo credit Evan Shield.

56

CSIRO Division of Chemical Technology Technical Paper # 1 1975 “The Pulping and Papermaking Potential of Tropical Hardwoods 1 Phillips F H and Harries E D TPNG Forests 1955-1976.

57 CSIRO Division of Chemical Technology Technical Paper # 2 1975 “The Pulping and Papermaking Potential of Tropical Hardwoods 1 Phillips F. H., Logan A.F. and Balodis V. 58 CSIRO Division of Chemical Technology Technical Paper #34 1975 “The Pulping and Papermaking Potential of Tropical Hardwoods 1 Logan A.F., and Phillips F H. 59 Evan Shield personal communication 17 April 2020.TPNG Forests 1958-1971.

49

Details of the Vanimo Timber Area: Block Number

Forested Area (Ha)

Forested area Production Forest Area (ha) as % of area 1 28,070 76.8 21,560 2 58,010 80.6 46,740 3 24,560 73.8 18,140 4 64,670 93.9 60,700 5 60,010 79.4 47,670 6 51,900 75.7 39,270 Totals 287,240 81.5 234,080 [Later, the net loggable area was defined as 207,080 hectares (or 72 % of the gross area) after making allowance for village reserves, stream reserves, inaccessible areas, and areas for preservation of significant natural features.]

The Timber Rights to the Vanimo Timber Area were purchased in 1967.

In 1970, a major forest inventory was conducted to augment the original inventory work. It was integrated with the collection of a representative sample of the commercial wood resource’.

In 1970, field sampling for wood samples was combined with an inventory survey led by Evan Shield. For the inventory survey, sampling circular plots were established along strip lines at 100 metre intervals. The strip lines, 1.5-2 km long, were chosen to give adequate representation of the forest. The wood sample collection parties followed the inventory 50

survey and collected samples from several plots from each strip line. Samples were then carried to the end of each strip line for collection by helicopter.

Vanimo T/A location forest sampling strip line map. Mike Jones Dept of Forests 1970.

..

Vanimo – Ossima mission air strip. Photo credit Mike Jones.

51

From a base camp located on the airstrip at Ossima, two Bell 47G-3B1 helicopters ferried staff to sites throughout the Timber Area. A total of 93 Forestry Department staff was involved, together with two pilots and two aircraft engineers. The Departmental staff were divided into four-man teams, each team allocated to one of three functions that were carried out sequentially on each site sampled: (1) inventory, (2) verification and (3) wood sample collection.

Vanimo Survey 1970. Photo credit Ian Whyte.

A small number of staff at base camp organized these activities and, just as importantly, the supplies required to maintain the momentum of activity. Of importance was the arranging the air delivery from Vanimo (typically in a Cessna 206) of fuel for the helicopters and food for the staff. Given that this was the largest fixed-wing aircraft that could use the airstrip at Ossima, and it carried only two (200 litre) drums of Avgas per trip, this service had a high frequency.

Besides the typical inventory results, this work produced a representative sample of 44 tonnes of wood, packed into copra sacks. Each sack was flown from Osama to Vanimo, then shipped by coastal vessel to the Hohola Research Centre in Port Moresby. There they were chipped prior to dispatch to CSIRO Melbourne for pulping trials.

Evan Shield60 recalls a tale re PNG times all those years ago: “As you well know, in 1970, we ran a large survey of the Vanimo region. In the course of this work, we collected 44 tonnes of wood samples for CSIRO DFP in Melbourne for evaluation of pulping behaviour of these resources. These samples were reduced to chips under the supervision of Des Harries61 at the Utilization Division's office (laboratory facility at Hohola). The CSIRO team leader for this 60 61

Even Shield personal communication 27th May 2018 TPNG Forests 1958-1971.

Des Harries TPNG Forests 1955-1976.

52

project was Bill Balodis. Many years later, I met Bill in Launceston, Tasmania ... and I remember his telling me of the admiration he had for what we (the Forestry Department staff) were able to accomplish in those days. He contrasted this with his more recent experiences in PNG when hurdles seemed so numerous as to be insurmountable.”

Pual River Area 1970. Photo credit Mike Jones.

Vanimo Survey 1970 Dick McCarthy with (Big Ev) Evan Shield at the scales at Ossima/ airstrip optimising pulpwood samples for loads for the Cessna trips. Photo credit Ian Whyte.

Photo credit Ian Whyte 1970 Survey Ossima Dick McCarthy participating in ceremonial burning of the haus pec-pec at the Base Camp (comment by Ian “your effort at putting the fire out did not work”).

53

Forests Survey Camp Osima. Photo credit Mike Jones 1970.

Mission Church Osima Vanimo. Photo credit Mike Jones 1970.

54

55

HISTORICAL LISTING FOREST RESOURCE ASSESSMENTS /SURVEYS TILL 1975 (Updated by Forester Peter Connell Nov 1971) GENERAL File # 90-0-1

Title Forest resources TPNG

90-0-2

Resource development

90-0-3

Assessment technique

90-0-4 90-0-5 90-0-6

Resource data analysis Resource costing analysis Harvesting and sales

CENTRAL DISTRICT 90-1-1 Rigo-kapagere crown land 90-1-2 Brown river

90-1-3

Cocoa lands DA 663

90-1-4 90-1-5

Kanosia Aroma Togonumi TA

90-1-6

Kubuma – del vava

90-1-7

Woitape 56

Author McAdam McAdam McAdam Data only Dept IBRD Suttie Reserve bank Akizuki Lawrence Endacott Dept Dept

date 1947 1949 1954 1971 1963 1964 1964 1967 1967 1970

Tuolumne Corp Dept Dept

1969 1966 1960

Jackson McAdam Hart Van Wijk Jackson McDonald McDonald Levingston Survey corps Pearson McDonald Gray Vickery Jackson Goodger McVeagh Cavanaugh Levingston Gray McDonald McVaugh Cavanaugh

1951 1948 1952 1954 1954 1954 1955 1963 1944 1955 1955 1955 1947 1951 1954 1960 1960 1966 1959 1950 1959 1959

1971

90-1-8

Trans Vanapa

90-1-9

Mori River

90-1-10 90-1-12 90-1-13

Amazon Bay Trans Goldie Marshall lagoon/Mullins Harbour

90-1-14

Cape Rodney

90-1-15 Kuriva River 90-1-16 Abau 90-1-17 Bailebo 90-1-18 Duruma 90-1-19 Gaile 90-1-20 Galley reach 90-1-21 Hall sound 90-1-22 Hood bay 90-1-23 Kapa kapa 90-1-24 Kemp welch r.

90-1-25 Lea lea inlet 90-1-26 Marshall lagoon 90-1-27 Oveau 90-1-28 Port Moresby 90-1-29 Uberi 90-1-30 Urama 9011-31 Vanapa 90-1-32 Yule 90-1-33 Aroa 90-1-34 Durama 90-1-?

Port Moresby -Kairuku GULF DISTRICT 90-2-1 Delta mangrove 90-2-2 Kikori 90-2-3 Biamuru 90-2-4

Tauri River 57

McDonald Gray Coppock Hammermaster Pearson Aland/Williams McDonald Grundy Edwards Hammermaster Chappie Grant L.B.D. Lake Pulp data only Num Departmental Vigus Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army CSIRO

1959 1959 1959 1965 1957 1959 1959 1961 1961 1965 1964 1965 1964 1965 1969 1969 1970 1971 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1962

Cavanaugh Jackson McDonald Kazakoff Hart

1950 1954 1957 1962 1953

90-2-5 Kerema-vailala 90-2-6 Erave-Pai -A 90-2-7 Bulldog WESTERN DISTRICT 90-3-1 Oriomo River

90-3-2 90-3-?

90-4-1 90-4-2

Bami river Morehead – Kiunga MILNE BAY DISTRICT Misim Island Kasi kasi

90-4-3 90-4-4

Woodlark Island Normandy Island

90-4-5

Milne Bay Area

90-4-6 90-4-7 90-4-8 90-4-9

Goodenough Island Sideia Island Fergusson Island Sagarai-Gadaisu TA

90-4-10 90-4-11 90-4-12 90-4-13 90-4-14 90-4-15 90-4-16 90-4-17 90-4-18 90-4-19 90-4-20 90-4-21 90-4-22 90-4-23 90-4-24

Argyle Awaima Bay Baxter Harbour Dawson st East cape Ferguson Is W Ferguson Is E Frere Cape Goodenough Bay Goodenough Island Guaugurina Bay Kiriwina Island Milne Bay Mullins Harbour Normandy Island 58

Gray Foryta CSIRO Borough army

1968 1968 1967 1939-45

Jackson Vickers Kazakoff Cameron CSIRO

1957 1961 1961 1962 1967

Schacht Jackson Hart Jackson Munro Allen Gray Edwards Lowien Allen Departmental Lowien Lowien Lowien Brown Hammermaster Departmental Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army

1952 1961 1951 1954 1962 1948 1959 1960 1965 1948 1965 1965 1965 1965 1965 1965 1971 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45

90-4-25 Posa Posa Harbour 90-4-26 Sagari River 90-4-27 Sideia Island 90-4-28 Thompson Mt 90-4-29 Kiriwina 90-4-30 Samarai 90-4-31 Trobiand 90-4-?

East Papua NORTHERN DISTRICT 90-5-1 Buna-Oro Bay 90-5-2 CSIRO survey Buna Kokoda CSIRO 90-5-3 CSIRO Wanigela Cape Vogel 90-5-4 Kwagiri Crown Lands 90-5-5 Sinapa Crown Lands 90-5-6

Wanigela Crown Lands

90-5-7

Sangara Estates

90-5-8

Hydrographers Range

90-5-9

Gona Area

90-5-10 90-5-11

Collingwood Bay Ioma TA

90-5-12

Kumusi TA

90-5-13 90-5-14 90-5-15 90-5-16 90-5-17 90-5-18 90-5-19 90-5-20 90-5-21

Buna Danwatu Douglas Harbour Dove Kokoda Kwagira Moi Biri Bay Musa River Nelson Cape 59

Army Army Army Army Army Army Army CSIRO

1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1969

Survey corps CSIRO CSIRO CSIRO Cavanaugh Graham Cavanaugh Graham Cavanaugh Zieck Vickers Cavanaugh Cavanaugh Cavanaugh McDonald McDonald McDonald Cavanaugh McDonald Brown Hammermaster McAdam Allen Hammermaster Hammermaster Departmental Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army

1945 1953 1954 1954 1951 1948 1951 1948 1957 1960 1961 1951 1952 1955 1959 1960 1960 1960 1960 1965 1965 1948 1949 1967 1967 1971 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45

90-5-22 Opi River 90-5-23 Ora Bay 90-5-24 Popondetta 90-5-25 Wanigela 90-5-26 Sceputa 90-5-?

Safia-Pongani MOROBE DISTRICT 90-6-?

Bulolo Wau Araucaria 90-6-1 Waria River Valley 90-6-2 Finschhafen 90-6-3 Sawet Forest Area 90-6-4 Umboi Island 90-6-5 Development of Bulolo Valley

90-6-6 90-6-7

90-6-8

90/6/9 90/6/10 90/6/11

Timber Potential Bulolo Wau Bulolo Logging Areas Latep Middle creek Crooked creek Rifle range Inakanda Taun Long island Nawi-Banda Nawata Banda Wau Resource Block IV Izzy dizzy LA + ext Beenleigh LA + ext Drome LA Bamboo LA Bulolo-Wau Working plan

90-6-12

Garagos? Wampit Area Trans-Busu LA Trans-Busu LA Trans-Busu LA -Block 11 Trans-Busu LA – Block 111 Lake Trist

90-6-13 90-6-14 90-6-15

Markham River Valley Yala Bunga-Buso 60

Army Army Army Army Army CSIRO

1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1963

McAdam Cavanaugh O’Brien Cavanaugh Cavanaugh Cavanaugh Gilmour Munro Departmental Grattidge

1941/42 1945 1955 1955 1955 1951 1960 1968 1967

Ross Ross Cavanaugh Ross Ross Coppock Ross/Ridgewell Ross/Ridgewell Ross/Ridgewell

1956 1956 1956 1956 1956 1956 1956 1956 1956

Survey corps Kazakoff/McVeagh Kazakoff/McVeagh Kazakoff Kazakoff Hammermaster/Shield McIntosh Cavanaugh Fryar Ross Cavanaugh McVeagh Cavanaugh Departmental CSIRO Mallard Cavanaugh

1945 1955/1959 1955/1959 1955 1955 1964 1966 1951 1949 1961 1958 1958 1959 1959

1960

90-6-16

Morobe Coast TA

90-6-17 90-6-18

Sarawket Range Upper Watut Resources

90-6-19

Oomsis – Gabensis

90-6-20

Lae TA

90-6-?

90-6-?

90-6-?

90-6-?

Wau Extension Assessment of Bulolo Plantations Bulolo Assessment Reexamination of Bulolo Plantations for Thinnings Finschhafen Hercules Bay Ikwap Kalasa Lae Leron Mageri Point Malasanga Masaweng R Mongi R Nadzab Nauti Onga Roamer R Salawaket Mt Salamau Sio Timbe R Tolokiwa Island Umboi island Uruwa Wago Waime Wau Busu Busu

90-6-21 90-6-22 90-6-23 90-6-24 90-6-25 90-6-26 90-6-27 90-6-28 90-6-29 90-6-30 90-6-32 90-6-32 90-6-33 90-6-34 90-6-35 90-6-36 90-6-37 90-6-38 90-6-39 90-6-40 90-6-41 90-6-42 90-6-43 90-6-44 90-6-45

61

McIntosh Ross Lowien Read Miller Hughes Cavanaugh Read Div. Botany Div. Botany Oswell Cavanaugh Hosking Brightwell Lyons Shield (incl. Granger) Brightwell Done/Whyte Connell Peter

1961

Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army

1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45

1962 1966 1963 1952 1952 1964 1967 1970y 1958 1960 1966 1967 1969 1967 1970 1971 1972

90-6-46 Markham 90-6-47 Baden Bay 90-6-48 Baum and Biaru 90-6-49 Boana 90-6-50 Bulowat 90-6-51 Komatury 90-6-52 Amari 90-6-53 Mubo 90-6-54 Labu MADANG DISTRICT 90-7-1 Madang hinterland 90-7-2

Kar kar Island

90-7-3

90-7-5 (1)

CSIRO survey Gogol upper Ramu CSIRO survey lower Ramu/Atitau Gogol TA reports

90-7-5 (11) 90-7-5(111) 90-7-?

90-7-6 90-7-7 90-7-8 90-7-9 90-7-10 90-7-11 90-7-12 90-7-13 90-7-14 90-7-15 90-7-16 90-7-17 90-7-18 90-7-19 90-7-20 90-7-21 90-7-22 90-7-23 90-7-24 90-7-25 90-7-26

Gogol TA field sheets Gogol TA pulp data Middle Ramu Rami TA Ex Gogol areas Addu Amaimon Annanberg Bagasin Baga baga island bogadjim Bogia Dumpu Gusap Karkar w Karkar island Kubari mt Madang Malala Matuka Musak Nankina Nubia Obulu

90-7-4

62

Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army

1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45

Vickery Cavanaugh Survey corps McVeagh CSIRO

1947 1953 1945 1959 1956

CSIRO

1958

Read Dept Dept Data only Data only Shield Shield Ryan Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army

1962 1964 1968 1962 1970 1966 1967 1970 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45

90-7-27 Pommern bay 90-7-28 Ramu 90-7-29 Saidor 90-7-30 Singorkai 90-7-31 Tamol 90-7-32 Urigina 90-7-33 Uvo 90-7-34 watam SEPIK DISTRICT 90-8-1 Sepik basin botanical expedition 90-8-2 Marienberg hills 90-8-3 Sepik basin resources 90-8-4 Sago Metroxylon Area

90-8-5 90-8-6

Lumi Kobori Upper Karawari

90-8-7 90-8-8

Ambunti Hawain TA

90-8-9 90-8-10 (1)

Pual River Vanimo TA reports

90-8-10 (11) 90-8-11 90-8-12 90-8-13 90-8-14 90-8-15 90-8-16 90-8-17 90-8-18 90-8-19 90-8-20

Vanimo TA pulp data Aitape Ambunti Amer Bewami But Hauk Kairiru Maprik Mori Nanu 63

Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army

1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45

Womersley Cavanaugh Cavanaugh Jackson Cavanaugh Floyd Cavanaugh Cavanaugh White Mallard Godlee Southwell Godlee Morgan /Southern Munro Munro Read Jenkin McIntosh Grattidge Tuolumne Corp Tuolumne Corp Borough W Sepik Timbers Shield/Data only Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army

1949 1952 1952 1953 1953 1954 1954 1954 1959 1959 1960 1965 1960 1957 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1966 1967 1968 1970 1971 1970 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45

90-8-21 90-8-22 90-8-23 90-8-24 90-8-25 90-8-26 90-8-27 90-8-29 90-8-30 90-8-31 90-8-?

90-8-?

Omba Onkoro Pelama Paul Seno Serra Suain Tring Vanimo Wewak Wewak – lower Sepik Aitape – Ambunti Vanimo MANUS DISTRICT 90-9-2 kali 90-9-3 Admiralty group 90-9-4 Manus 90-9-5 Pomio 90-9-6 Sanders 90-9-7 Hyane Harbour 90-9-?

Derembat NTA NEW BRITAIN ISLAND 90-10-1 (1) New Britain general

90-10-1 (11)

New Britain general

90-10-?

90-10-?

90-10-2

Kuriendai Plantation ENB Fulleborn- Uvoi ENB Ulamona Balimo River

90-10-3

Nakanai Mts

90-10-4

Gazelle Peninsula 64

Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army CSIRO CSIRO CSIRO

1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1959 1966 1968

Army Army Army Army Army Army Bartlett & Granger

1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1964

Survey corps Luke RH Ross Lake Brightwell Sabah timbers Dept Tuolumne Corp Tuolumne Corp Granger Hammermaster Heather Pearson McVeagh Ridgewell Cavanaugh Pearson Floyd Richardson Hart Floyd Heather

1945 1946 1958 1965 1966 1967 1967 1968 1964 1965 1948 1956 1956 1956 1957 1954 1954 1955 1955 1948

90-10-5 90-10-6

Pulie River Toriu River

90-10-7 90-10-8

Willnumez Peninsula Bagun TA

90-10-9

Bola TA

90-10-10

Lolobau Island

90-10-11

Warangoi

90-10-12 90-10-13

Trans Warangoi Johanna river Kerevat-Vudal

90-10-14 (10

Kuli Dagi TA reports

90-10-14 (11) 90-10-15 90-10-16 90-10-17 (1)

Kuli dagi TA field sheets Bakada TA Hargy TA Cape Hoskins TA reports

90-10-17 (11) 90-10-18

Cape Hoskins TA field sheets Tiauru Pandi TA

65

Ridgewell Cavanaugh Richardson Ridgewell Lake Bartlett & Granger J Thurstens & Sons Data only Dept Pearson Cavanaugh Kazakoff Graham/Baseden Cavanaugh Bartlett & Granger Grant Ross Havel Bartlet/Granger Brightwell Departmental Pearson Cameron Brightwell Departmental Data only Departmental Departmental Graham Floyd Richardson Pearson Departmental Warfe/Munro Departmental Pearson/Ward Bartlett & Granger Ryan Grattidge Data only Granger Tuolumne Corp Pulp data only McCarthy

1958 1958 1958 1960 1964 1964 1968 1968 1969 1961 1955 1956 1957 1963 1965 1953 1960 1963 1965 1960 1961 1963 1966 1963 1963 1969 1951 1954 1959 1960 1960 1960 1961 1963 1968/69 1970 1965 1969 1970 1970

90-10-?

90-10-?

90-10-20

Hoskins-Matnakunai West New Britain Open Bay TA

90-10-21 90-10-22 90-10-23 90-10-24 90-10-25 90-10-26 90-10-27 90-10-28 90-10-29 90-10-30 90-10-31 90-10-32 90-10-33 90-10-34 90-10-35 90-10-36 90-10-37 90-10-38 90-10-39 90-10-40 90-10-41 90-10-42 90-10-43 90-10-44 90-10-45 90-10-46 90-10-47 90-10-48 90-10-49 90-10-50 90-10-51

Abhingi Adi River Aliai Andru r Ania Annen point Anu river Arawe Atalik likum Awio river Bali Balima river Bango mts.

Bangula bay Berg berg river Hoskins Jacquinot bay Kalilai Kanu river Kapure Kulu river Lambert cape Lau Loi river Lolobau Manang river Marklo Massava bay Megigi Mevelo Moewe

Brightwell Brightwell Heather Lane Poole Cavanaugh Hammermaster Division Botany Vol data only Borough Tuolumne Corp Department Int. Timber Ind. McCarthy Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army 66

1965 1966 1950 1952 1962 1965 1968 1969 1969 1969 1970 1971 1972 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45

90-10-52 90-10-53 90-10-54 90-10-55 90-10-56 90-10-57 90-10-58 90-10-59 90-10-60 90-10-66 90-10-67 90-10-68 90-10-69 90-10-70 90-10-71 90-10-72 90-10-73 90-10-74 90-10-75 90-10-76 90-10-77 90-10-78 90-10-79 90-10-80 90-10-81 90-10-82 90-10-83 90-10-84 90-10-85 90-10-86 90-10-87 90-10-88 90-10-89 90-10-90 90-10-91 90-10-92 90-10-93 90-10-94 90-10-95 90-10-96 90-10-97 90-10-98 90-10-99 90-10-100

Montagu Mululus mt.

Open Bay Orford Penck mt Pondo Pulie River Rabaul Rault cape Rottock bay Rugen Rudiger point Stockholm Talasea Tangi mt Tavalo river Tol Toriu river Turner cape Via river Wakis Wangore Warangoi Whiteman e Whiteman w Wide bay New Britain Blanch bay Borgen bay Bushing bay Cape deschamp Drina Mt Taure Eber bay Eisis river Father the Fulleborn Harbour Gaho Gasmata Gauffre Cape Gavuvu Gazelle Gloucester Cape Melkoi

Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army 67

1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45

90-10-101 Ubili 90-10-102 Vitu 90-10-103 Heath Island 90-10-104 Mt Lollo BOUGANVILLE DISTRICT 90-11-1 Buka Forest Lands 90-11-2 Tinputz 90-11-3 Kuraio (part of 90/11/4 along Tsinimutu River inland from Kuraio Mission 90-11-4 Torokina-Empress Augusta Bay 90-11-5 CSIRO Bougainville - Buka 90-11-16 Asitavi

90-11-7 90-11-8

South Bougainville botanical rep.

Tonolei TA

90-11-9 90-11-10 90-11-11 90-11-12 90-11-13 90-11-14 90-11-15 90-11-16 90-11-17 90-11-18 90-11-19 90-11-20 90-11-21 90-11-22 90-11-23 90-11-24 90-11-25 90-11-26 90-11-27 90-11-28 90-11-29

Aita Aitara Baniu Bougainville Buka island Inus (wakanai) Kahill point Kara Kieta Konus Moltke cape Motupena point Puriata River Taiof island Tarbut Taroka Mountain.

Tenekau Teop Toimonapu Terokina Vito 68

Army Army Army Army

1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45

Heather 1948 Heather 1948 Granger/Hammermaster 1964

Hammermaster CSIRO Gray Hammermaster Clark Foreman Richardson Munro Kazakoff Hammermaster Departmental Pulp data only Ryan Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army Army

1964/65 1964 1958 1966 1969 1955 1962 1963 1963 1963 1963 1970 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45

90-11-30 Mptupena and Puriata River NEW IRELAND DISTRICT 90-12-1 Emirau Island 90-12-2 Twoi Island

90-12-3 90-12-4 90-12-5 90-12-6 90-9-?

D’ Jaul Island Konobo Area Munawai Area Kaut TA Munawai TNTA New Ireland

EASTERN HIGHLANDS DISTRICT 90-13-1 Central highlands recce 90-13-2 Goroka 90-13-3 Okapa 90-13-4 Guruka TP Area

Army

1939-45

McAdam Read Read Heather

1950 1949 1950 1952

Smith Bartlett and Granger Clark Bartlett & Granger Departmental Departmental

1962 1963 1965 1963 1968 1970

Cavanaugh Cavanaugh Ross McVeagh Cavanaugh 90-13-5 CSIRO Goroka-Mt Hagen Survey CSIRO 90-13-6 Bomai Jenkin 90-13-7 Mt Fiora Henty 90-13-8 Kainantu Purchase Harries 90-13-9 Lufa Jenkin Hosking 90-13-10 Oiana TA Hosking McIntosh 90-13-11 Marafunga McIntosh Hosking 90-13-12 Upper Chimbu Cavanaugh Nyama ?

90-13-13 Bena bena Army 90-13-14 Finintegu Army 90-13-15 Kainantu Army 90-13-16 Otto mt Army 90-13-17 Toro Army 90-13-18 Aiyura Army WESTERN HIGHLANDS DISTRICT 90-14-1 Central Highlands Recce.

Cavanaugh 90-14-2 Mt Hagen Cavanaugh 90-14-3 Wabag Cavanaugh Jenkin 90-14-4 Kum Forest Ross Mallard 69

1950 1957 1957 1958 1958 1957 1962 1963 1965 1966 1966 1967 1962 1966 1959 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1939-45 1950 1957 1957 1962 1960

90-14-5 90-14-6 90-14-7

CSIRO Goroka Mt Hagen Survey Kiaimanda Sau River Headwaters

90-14-8 90-14-9 90-14-10 90-14-11

Nebilyer Watershed Gum Creek – Nondugi Kuna River Jimi TA

90-14-1 Karimui 90-14-?

CSIRO Wabag -Tari SOUTHERN HIGHLANDS DISTRICT CSIRO Southern Highlands termed Wabag-Mendi Survey 90-15-1 Southern Highlands recce.

90-15-2 Lake Kutubu 90-15-3 Ialibu TA 90-15-4 Mt Giluwe TA

Cavanaugh CSIRO McVeagh McVeagh McVeagh Howlett Read/Lowien Lowien/Jenkin Jenkin/Lowien Womersley Ross Ryan Army CSIRO

1960 1958 1959 1959 1959 1959 1963 1963 1963 1955 1957 1968 1939-45 1960/61

CSIRO

1960/1961

Grundy Gray Ryan Ryan Departmental

1962 1967 1968 1971

Commentary re Historical Surveys.

Ken Granger62 described the CSIRO land resource surveys 1953 – 1969 and their contribution to PNG’s forest resource and botanical knowledge in PNGAF magazine Issue # 7 of 11th January 2021. (issuu.com/rbmccarthy).

63 64

Ken described the fourteen integrated land resource surveys that CSIRO undertook during the period 1953-69, with the aim of identifying areas suitable for accelerated development. The 62

Ken Granger TPNG Forests 1963-1971.

CSIRO 1973 Land-form Types and Vegetation of Eastern Papua Land Research Series No.32.

64 CSIRO 1965 Lands of the Port Moresby-Kairuku Area, Territory of Papua and New Guinea Land Research Series No 14.

63 63

70

resulting reconnaissance-level regional survey reports and maps provided extensive baseline information for national development planning. Substantial botanical collections carried out during the surveys contributed greatly to the Papua New Guinea National Collection at the Lae Herbarium.

CSIRO Survey areas in PNG. 1953 – 196965

The annotations used on the map do not reflect the order in which the surveys were undertaken nor the sequence of report publication. The chronological sequence is as follows: k

1953

Buna - Kokoda

l

1954

Wanigela - Cape Vogel

d

1956 and 1958 Ramu - Madang

e

1957

Goroka - Mt Hagen

c

1959

Wewak – Lower Sepik

f

1960 and 1961 Wabag – Tari

i

1962

Port Moresby – Kairuku

m

1963

Safia – Pongani

n

1964

Bougainville – Buka

h

1966

Kerema – Vailala

b

1966

Aitape – Ambunti

g

1967

Morehead – Kiunga

a

1968

Vanimo

j

1969

East Papua

65

Gael Keig, Robin L. Hide, Susan M. Cuddy, Heinz Buettikofer, Jennifer A. Bellamy, Pieter Bleeker, David Freyne and John McAlpine: CSIRO and land research in Papua New Guinea 1950–2000: part 1: preIndependence, CSIRO Publishing Historical Records of Australian Science https://doi.org/10.1071/HR18019.

71

Eric Hammermaster66 in 1995, described the work undertaken in data collection in the preparation of the publication (Hammermaster E T and Saunders J C Forest Resources and Vegetation Mapping of Papua New Guinea 1995 PNGRIS Publication No. 4 ISBN 064219605 2).

There existed several different forms of assessment data which were mapped onto a 1:250000 topographical map. This was then overlain by the same scaled vegetation map and forest type occurring within that area noted.

Basic data sets included: 1 Field inventory reports up to about 1980 held on the DOF 90 series files. (This is the preceding historical listing of forest resource data).

2 Reports 1980 to 1988 held by individuals.

3 Resource data 1989-1995 available for the computer program FIPS (Forest Inventory Processing System).

4 Some provincial inventory reports and other provincial staff field work reports.

5 Individual forest industry companies detailed forest inventories for various timber concessions; their five year and one year logging plans.

6 Fourteen regional resource surveys undertaken by CSIRO between 1953 and 1972.

The data was subsequently tabulated for all areas within a province by forest types, inventory area, list species percentages, source of data, volume/hectare, gross area, sample area, year of collection.

66

Eric Hammermaster TPNG Forests 1956-1979.

72

Bibliography Department of Forests 1969 Publication. Turi and the Trees.

FAO. 1948. Forest Resources of the World. Unasylva, 2(4).

FAO. 1968. World Forest Inventories. Unasylva, 22(3): 2.

FAO. 2001. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000 - main report. FAO Forestry Paper No. 140. Rome. Available on the Internet: www.fao.org/forestry/fo/fra/main/index.jsp.

Gael Keig, Robin L. Hide, Susan M. Cuddy, Heinz Buettikofer, Jennifer A. Bellamy, Pieter Bleeker, David Freyne and John McAlpine: CSIRO and land research in Papua New Guinea 1950–2000: part 1: pre-Independence, CSIRO Publishing Historical Records of Australian Science https://doi.org/10.1071/HR18019.

Hammermaster E T and Saunders J C Forest Resources and Vegetation Mapping of Papua New Guinea 1995 PNGRIS Publication No. 4 ISBN 064219605 2.

Luke R H 1946 An estimate of the Timber Resources of New Britain. Australian Forestry, 10:1, 72-80, DO1: 10:1080/00049158.1946.10675246.

McIntosh D H and Hammermaster E T 1968 Forest Resource Assessments using Helicopter Transport in the Territory of Papua and New Guinea. Paper 9th Commonwealth Forestry Conference 1968.

Minister for Forests 1973 New Horizons - Forestry in Papua New Guinea – Brisbane.

Paijmans, K. 1975 Vegetation Map of Papua New Guinea and Explanatory Notes to the Vegetation Map of Papua New Guinea - Land Research Series No. 35 – Melbourne.

Phillips F H (CSIRO) and Harries E D (FPRC DOF PNG) 1975 The Pulping and Papermaking Potential of Tropical Hardwoods 1.

Phillips F H (CSIRO), Logan A F (CSIRO), Balodis V (CSIRO) 1975 The Pulping and Papermaking Potential of Tropical Hardwoods 11.

Shield E H 1965, The application of new sampling methods to previously inaccessible tropical forest areas, with particular reference to Papua New Guinea. Commonwealth Forestry Review vol 55 No 1 March 1976.

Shillinglaw A W the Military Survey of the Forest Resources of the Commonwealth Territories, Australian Forestry, 9:2, 57-59, DO1:10.1080/00049158.1945.10675232.

Wallace W G 1966 Cutting Pads in the Forest for Bell 47G-3B-1 Helicopter Operations.

Government Printer Port Moresby 1966.

73

ACRONYMS ACT ACIAR AEC AFS AFPNG AIF AMF ANBG ANGAU ANU APMF APPM ASIO ASOPA BA BCOF “Beer Time” BFC BGD BUC C cm CALM CFA CNGT CRE CRE

CSIRO CHAH DASF DBH/. dbh DEPT DOF e.g.

Etc FAO F &TB FPRC Forkol GAB

Australian Capital Territory Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research Administrators Executive Committee Australian Forestry School Association of Foresters of PNG Australian Infantry Forces Australian Military Forces Australian National Botanical Gardens Australian New Guinea Administrative Unit Australian National University Australian Paper Manufacturers Forestry Pty Ltd Australia Paper and Pulp Manufacturers Australian Security Intelligence Organisation Australian School of Pacific Administration basal area British Commonwealth Occupational Force 1945-52 Any time.

Bulolo Forestry College Bulolo Gold Dredging Company Bulolo University College Commonwealth Centimetre Western Australian Department of Conservation and Land Management Commonwealth Forestry Association Commonwealth New Guinea Timbers Bulolo Commander Royal Engineers CRE is a term inherited by RAE from RE and is the term for the Commanding Officer of a RAE unit which is headed by a Lt Col. Although the officer is called the CRE the name is also used for the name of his unit. E.g., CRE Aust Forestry Group or 1(NG Forests).

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria Dept of Agriculture, Stock and Fisheries Diameter at breast height Department Department of Forests For example et cetera (more of the same) Food and Agriculture Organisation Forest and Timber Bureau Canberra Forest Products Research Centre Hohola Bulolo Forestry College Girth above buttress 74

Gbhob Gubab GIS ha IBRD IFA ITTO L of N LRRS m3 MM NAA NARI NB no.

NG NGF NGIB NGO NGVR NZ NSW NTSC OISCA P or p PIB PIR PNG PNGAA PNGAF PNGFA PNGFIA PNGRIS PNGUT POM Q QF RAE RPC SFM SP UK UN Unasylva UNE UNEP UNI UNITECH

Girth breast height over bark Girth under bark above buttress Geographic Information Systems Hectare International Bank for Reconstruction and Development Institute of Foresters of Australia International Tropical Timber Organization League of Nations Land Resource Soils Survey (branch of CSIRO) cubic metre Military Medal National Archives Australia National Agriculture Research Institute New Britain Number New Guinea New Guinea Forces (relates to plant collection of Lae Herbarium) New Guinea Infantry Battalion Non-Government Organisation New Guinea Volunteer Rifles New Zealand New South Wales National Tree Seed Centre PNG Bulolo Organisation for Industrial, Spiritual and Cultural Advancement International Japan. page Papuan Infantry Battalion Pacific Islands Regiment Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea Australia Association Papua New Guinea Australian Foresters Magazine Series Papua New Guinea Forest Authority PNG Forest Industries Association Papua New Guinea Resource Information System PNG University of Technology Port Moresby Queensland Queensland Forestry Royal Australian Engineers/Australian Army Royal Papuan Constabulary Sustainable Forest Management South Pacific United Kingdom United Nations Journal of FAO of UN University of New England Armidale NSW United Nations Environment Program University University of Technology Lae PNG 75

UNRE UPNG UQ US USA TPNG TUBL TA TA TRP Vol VSF WA WB WW2

University of Natural Resources and Environment University of Papua New Guinea University of Queensland United States United States of America Territory of Papua and New Guinea Territory United Brewery Ltd Timber Area Timber Authority Timber Rights Purchase volume Victorian School of Forestry Western Australia World Bank WORLD WAR 2

76