PNGAF MAGAZINE ISSUE # 9D4B2 of 15th June 2022 Plantation Tree Growing Aspects.

AUSTRALIAN FORESTERS in PAPUA NEW GUINEA 1922-1975

PNGAF MAGAZINE ISSUE # 9D4B2 of 15th June 2022 THE DEVELOPMENT OF PNG’s FOREST MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS A history of plantation development globally, especially in tropical rainforest areas as pertinent to PNG’s forest tree plantation development.

A Historical Snapshot of PNG’s Plantation Species Tree Growing Aspects.

Press article WANTOK Jan 13-19, 2005.

Editor R B McCarthy1 2021.

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Dick McCarthy District Forester TPNG 1963-1975.

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E. alba Papua . Photo credit Dick McCarthy 2010.

Forest Regions 1974/75 PNG Bulolo Wau Forest Area

Kerevat Forest Area

Mt Lawes Forest Area (Brown River)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS “FORWOOD” Forest Tree Plantation Development History of PNG Forest Tree Plantation Development 1908 Burnett 1925 Lane Poole 1935 Lane Poole 1938 Lane Poole 1946 McAdam 1947 White CT 1952 McAdam Notes Bulolo Wau Forest area Notes Mt Lawes Forest Area Notes Kerevat Forest Area Background Village-based/landowner Plantations Issues facing Forest Plantation Development- land tenure Historical Snapshot Development of PNG’s Silvicultural Techniques 1955 Heather 1957 Dun, McIntosh, Havel, Womersley, McAdam 1958 Womersley 1959 Bernelot 1960 Baseden, Havel, McIntosh, Womersley, Gray E C 1961 Suttie 1962 Baur, Havel, White K 1963 McCarthy, White K 1964 Cliford, White K 1965 Gay, Havel 1966 Gray, Cameron, White- Silvicultural Techniques PNG 1967 Cameron, Levingston 1968 Davidson, Cameron, White, Clifford, Gray, Smith 1969 Gray 1970 Gray, Howcroft, Nash, Smith 1971 Fielding, Gray, Havel 1972 Davidson, Gray, Havel, White 1973 Davidson, Gray, Howcroft, Wylie, Shannan, Lamb 1974 Davidson, Gray, Howcroft, Lamb, Wylie, Dunn, Fenton 1975 Davidson, Gray, Lamb, Howcroft, Dalton, White, Thistlethwaite 1976 Davidson, Godlee, Lamb, White, Wylie 1976 FAO PNG Silvicultural Studies 1976 FAO Plantation Characteristics 1977 Davidson, Fenton, Roper, Watt, Gray, Hartley, Howcroft, White 1978 Gray, Howcroft 1982 Wylie 1986 Vigus – Waghi Swamp project 1992 Mori 1993 Srivastava Eucalypt in Papua New Guinea 1994 Cameron, Vigus 1996 Vigus 1998 AFPNG, Vigus 2002 Vigus, Howcroft Balsa Manual, and 2018 - Peters References Page 70. Acronyms page 84.

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“FORWOOD” From Burnett (1908) to Lane Poole (1925) the forest resources of TPNG were identified. McAdam (1944/45) reviewed TPNG’s forest resources utilising the work performed by the Australian Army Resource Survey.

Lane Poole, Source ANU AFS Archives.

Jim McAdam, Source ANU AFS. Archives. Jim McAdam (1938 and 1946) commenced forest plantation development in Wau. By 1965, the Department of Forests developed forest plantations of indigenous and exotic species in selected areas as Bulolo Wau plantation area 1949/50, Kerevat (near Rabaul) 1951, Mt Lawes (Brown River) near Port Moresby 1955, Asaro near Goroka in 1963 and Wahgi Valley near Mt Hagen 1965.

Species planted included Araucaria cunninghamii – Hoop pine, Araucaria hunsteinii – Klinkii pine, Tectonia grandis – Teak, Eucalyptus deglupta – Kamarere, Pinus sp including P caribaea and P merkusii, Eucalyptus robusta, Eucalyptus grandis, Anthocephalus cadamba – Labula, Ochroma laogpus –Balsa, Terminalia species including T. brassii.

L to R. Barry Gray, Bob Johns, Col Roach, Pilot taking aerial survey Araucaria spp. Photo Credit Barry Gray.

Dr. Barry Gray (TPNG Forests 1966-1974) in the forthcoming PNGAF Mag re forest research summarized the development of silvicultural activities in TPNG Forests. Here the Department employed research foresters as Joe Havel, Kevin White, Alan Cameron, John Davidson, David Lamb, John Smith, Bob Thistlethwaite, Leon Clifford. The Department employed entomologists as Barry Gray, Ross Wylie, Brenton Charles Peters, and Senior Technical Research Officers as Neville Howcroft.

Ted Gray. Source ANU AFS Archives 1951.Ted Gray2 (TPNG Forests 1946-1969) recalled that Jim McAdam (TPNG Forests 1938- 1959) collected seed and established a nursery at Wau soon after the War. Jim McAdam in his presidential address “Forestry in New Guinea” in 1952 to the Papua and New Guinea Scientific Society states 45 acres of hoop pine and klinkii pine were planted the previous year. Ted Gray could not recall any substantive research being conducted during his time at Bulolo from 1952-1954. The early plantings in the Bulolo-Wau area copied the techniques developed by the Queensland Department of Forestry.

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Personal communication Ted Gray/Barry Gray 26/5/20

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Bill Heather AFS 1942. L to R. Dick Woods, Al McArthur, Bill Hindmarsh, Bill Heather, Hugh Bell. Source ANU AFS archives.

Bill Heather (TPNG Forests 1947-1955) and forest ranger W R Fryar started the Kerevat Forest plantation program with Eucalyptus deglupta (Kamarere) at Kerevat New Britain in 19483.

Barry Gray notes that the earliest published reference located re silvicultural research was that by Jim McAdam in his 1952 presidential address: “At Kerevat, the department has commenced silvicultural research work on the coastal stands. Kamarere, teak and balsa are being established on about 100 acres this year”. Seed for teak plantings was from earlier German Kokopo plantings.

Dave Dunn FAO in Venezuela. Source IFA obituary.

Dave Dun (TPNG Forests 1955-1961) was first based at Bulolo in 1955 and in Port Moresby as the Chief of Division of Silviculture from 19561958 participated in research. In 1957 Dave prepared a paper titled “Plantation research, Bulolo” for the pre-conference tour 7th British Empire Forestry Conference.

Kevin White. Source IFA obituary.

Kevin White (TPNG Forests 19571977 succeeded Dave Dun as Chief of Silviculture from 1958 to 1977.

Kevin played a pivotal role in the planning and supervision of silvicultural research in PNG. In a departmental report covering the years 1960-1965 silvicultural research was “formulated at the headquarters level with major priorities in improvement of nursery techniques; determination of thinning schedules for management objectives; selection and testing of parent trees and seed orchard establishment, and insect control”.

(REF Progress report 1960-65 prepared by the Department of Forests for the Commonwealth Forestry Conference. 1968, Pp. 1-21).

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John Davidson personal communication

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Robin Levingston AFS 1953 Graduates. Source ANU AFS archives.

A description of early research in the Brown River was made by Robin Levingston (TPNG Forests 1952-1967) Reafforestation with teak. in the South Pacific Bulletin 1967. Robin described the establishment of an eight-acre trial in 1955-56 of Araucaria, Cedars, Eucalypts, Pinus, and Teak. The teak was very successful while the others were failures or marginal and following further trials in 1958-1959 the first large plantings of teak in the hilly country commenced and a reduction in planting the logged lowland rainforest. The seed for the original Brown River plantings came from the old German teak plantings at Sek near Madang. These German plantings (dated 1914?) of some 2400 acres had the best trees harvested by the Japanese during WW2.

Joe Havel with students studying botanical specimens PNG Forestry College Bulolo.

Photograph 1964 Dept. of Forests Port Moresby.

Joe Havel (TPNG Forests 1963-1965) was the first full- time silvicultural researcher in the Department of Forests in Papua New Guinea. Early research into Klinkii Pine silviculture4 was undertaken by Joe Havel which was completed by 1959 and published in 1965.

Joe Havel in his M.Sc. Thesis (p. 146) acknowledged his time at Bulolo from 1952-1954. Havel, in the introduction in his M.Sc. Thesis (Thesis submitted to the University of Queensland 1959), notes “the investigations here described were intended to deal with the many problems met in raising and planting klinkii pine seedlings. Though the Queensland hoop pine technique were useful as a guide, a complete investigation of all aspects of raising and planting klinkii seedlings was necessary.” p.8. His pioneering studies on klinkii pine in 1955-59 enabled the species to be grown more successfully in the nursery and plantations (Ref. Plantation establishment of klinkii pine (Araucaria hunsteinii) in New Guinea. Commonwealth Forestry Review, 44(3): 172-187 and Joe Havel’s story).

Joe Havel did extensive research into the ecological studies of the PNG Araucaria forests which have been published internationally. Ref. Havel, J. J. 1971. The Araucaria forests of New Guinea and their regenerative capacity. J. Ecology, 59: 203-214. (1)

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Havel J J 1965 Plantation establishment of klinki pine (Araucaria hunsteinii) in New Guinea. Common Forestry Review 44 (3) 172-87

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Alan Cameron and Ken Granger Brown River burn, October 1967. Photo Credit Ken Granger.

Alan Cameron (TPNG Forests 1962-1970) In 1962 Alan began tree breeding and selection studies into teak and kamarere (refer Genetic improvement of teak in New Guinea. Australian Forester, 30: 76-87 (1966), and Forest tree improvement in New Guinea. 1 Teak. Paper prepared for 9th Commonwealth Forestry Conference, New Delhi 1968.

Later Alan undertook studies into hoop pine and klinkii pine in the Bulolo area and supervised other silvicultural research.

Much of the early pioneering research work was documented in 1966 by Kevin White and Alan Cameron into the first silvicultural publication titled Silvicultural Techniques in Papua New Guinea Plantations. Division of Silviculture Bulletin No. 1, Division of Silviculture, Department of Forests, Port Moresby, 2nd Printing, Pp. 1-99 (1966) by K J White and Alan Cameron. This has become PNG’s bible of silvicultural techniques.

This publication detailed the development of silvicultural techniques to grow PNG species in plantation format both for industrial plantations as well as individual landowners through extensive extension programs.

Leon Clifford. L to R. Presentation of Certificates Bulolo Forestry College.

November 1996. L to R. Don McIntosh Director Department of Forests, Sir Leslie Johnson CBE Assistant Administrator TPNG, Horrie Niall Morobe District Commissioner, Leon Clifford Acting Principal Bulolo Forestry College. Photo Credit Janelle Clifford 7/4/20.

Leon Clifford (TPNG Forests 1958-1975). In 1963 Leon Clifford was transferred from Kerevat to Bulolo where he worked on tree improvement in Araucaria. Spp. REF. Tree improvement hoop and klinkii pines. Item No. 11, Silvicultural Research Conference, Bulolo, 1968. Pp. 1-9 plus three append.); Leon also established several yield plots and conducted a survey of termite damage in the hoop pine plantations (refer Ardley, Clifford, and Gay “Termite damage to plantation-grown hoop pine in New Guinea”. Paper presented to 12th International Congress of Entomology. Pp. 680-681, 1964).

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In 1965 Leon was catapulted into the position of Acting Principal of the Bulolo Forestry College following the departure of Joe Havel. The yield plots were used by the students at the forestry college for training in mensuration and growth studies. Leon left Bulolo in late 1970 to accept a position at the Regional Forestry Office, Lae (refer Leon Clifford’s story).

L-R. Chris Borough, John Smith at plaque for Jim McAdam at McAdam Memorial Park Wau. Photo credit John Davidson.

John Smith (TPNG Forests 1956-1976). In 1964 John Smith commenced studies on hoop pine and Pinus. John introduced Pinus spp. into the Highlands. In 1970 he published the silviculture of Pinus in Papua New Guinea. Bulletin No. 5, Division of Silviculture, Department of Forests, Port Moresby, Pp. 1-32. In Bob Thistlethwaite, Neville Howcroft, and Dick McCarthy Bulolo legume field day 1974. Photo credit John Davidson.

Neville Howcroft (TPNG Forests 1965-2017) in October 1965 was recruited from the Queensland Department of Forests.

Neville Howcroft’s forestry duties became more diversified over time involving, forest protection with entomology, while in other areas leading into the establishment of tree breeding programs and seed orchard of several Pinus species using clonal and seedling seed orchard strategies). Howcroft trained staff and initiated PNGs first ever controlled pollination program to produce its first hybrids involving Pinus merkusii provenances and Pinus Latteri.

Shortly after this he became responsible for the Araucaria improvement and research program.

This now included the establishment of PNG partnering FAO in exploration of natural forestry resources and perceived conservation status, estimates of seed production, time, and ease of access and to expedite collections for national and international provenance trials and to identify and recommend ex situ conservation stands. Initially this involved PNG and West Papua Araucaria cunninghamii and A. hunsteinii as well as with Eucalyptus deglupta; these followed targets identified and set by the new senior staff, Mr Barry Gray and Dr. John Davidson and in collaboration with Australia National Tree Seed Centre, ACIAR and overseas supporters and partners interested in specific PNG genera and species.

Neville Howcroft and John Smith conducted trials on Pinus genetics and established hoop pine yield plots in the Bulolo and Wau plantations. In 1970 John was transferred to the Eastern Highlands as the Regional Forest Officer based at Mt. Hagen. Neville continued the research program on Pinus and other projects while attached to the Bulolo forestry station and in April 1972 he joined the Forest Research Station. Neville had a long and distinguished career in Papua New Guinea departing in 2017 (refer Neville Howcroft’s story).

The loss of Alan Cameron, John Smith, and Leon Clifford in 1970 left an enormous void in silvicultural research in the Department of Forests.

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John Davidson (TPNG Forests 1962-1980) addressed the void in research on kamarere. John studied kamarere at Kerevat (June 1967-March 1969 and from October 1970 to January 1971) for which he was awarded a Ph.D. in 1972 from the Australian National University (Thesis titled “Variation, association and inheritance of morphological and wood characters in a tree improvement program for Eucalyptus deglupta Blume”. In March 1972 John transferred to the forest research station as head of the silviculture section (refer John Davidson’s story).

Much input for plantation development was undertaken by the regional and district forest offices in the nurseries and plantations in consultation with Kevin White. “Uncle” Ted Collis and Neville Howcroft (before joining the Forest Research Centre) recalled their work under the guidance of Kevin White and John Godlee (TPNG Forests 1952-1980). The department also conducted numerous trials of different tree species at various locations in Papua New Guinea and as the plantations matured different thinning regimes and silvicultural practices were tried.

Forest Plantation Managers included foresters as Don McIntosh, Jim Cavanaugh, John Godlee, Des Harries, Ian Grundy, Bob Bruce, Ken Hart, Rod Holesgrove, Robin Morwood, Elliot Tuckwell, Alan White, Dick McCarthy, Chris Done, Joe Havel, Gary Archer, Paul Ryan.

L-R. Elliot Tuckwell, John Godlee, Dr Jacobs, Frank Coppock.

1953. Source ANU AFS archives.

Alan White 1969. Source ANU AFS archives.

Chris Done & Alan White 1974.

Gary Archer Bulolo 1963.

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Robin Morwood.

John Smith.

Paul Ryan.

Ken Hart.

Rod Holesgrove.

Evan Shield, John Lowien, Eric Hammermaster, Bill Jenkin, Norm Endacott, Kevin White. Photo Credit M Jenkin Gogol Survey 1963.

Jim & Pat Cavanaugh with Don & Barbara McIntosh in their front yard at Bulolo. Photo credit Linda Cavanaugh Manning.

1957. L-R Jim McAdam, Dave Dun, Bill Suttie Bulolo.

Photo credit Linda Cavanaugh.

Chris Borough 1968.

John Davidson.

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Joe Havel. ANU AFS Archives.

Neil Brightwell 1965.Photo credit Ken Granger.

Rex Grattidge ENB Balsa.

Forest Plantation Managers included Senior Technical officers as Alan Frazer, Ted and Norma Collis, Jack Hadden, Cliff Southwell, Robert Cattanach, Frank Vickery, John Lowein, Jim Riley, Peter Graves.

L-R Dick McCarthy, Ted Collis, Kevin White 1974 Bulolo. Photo credit John Davidson.

Cliff Southwell.

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Jim Riley. Photo credit Phil Pope.

Peter Graves.

Ken Granger 1966.

1946 TPNG FORESTS Yalu sawmill crew, although unclear, includes Ted Collis, Alan and Ken Fraser, Col Pittaway, John Thompson, Eric Dobson, Bill Jenkin, George Barrcroft, Darby Munro. Photo credit Cheryl/Norma Collis.

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FOREST TREE PLANTATION DEVELOPMENT Globally,5 plantation forests have increased from around 100 million to 180 million hectares in just 20 years. There is no doubt that plantation forests are becoming the primary industrial wood fibre resource of the world. By 2025, more than half of the global wood requirement will be sourced from plantation forests.

The objective of the Department of Forests was for forest plantation development in PNG to augment the supplies of logs from the natural forest. This policy recognized that plantation forests were seen as complementary to natural forests, never able to replace all the values associated with the fabulous natural forests, but where appropriately developed, helping to divert some of the pressures away from them.

History of PNG Forest Tree Plantation Development 1908 Burnett, G. (1908). Catalogue of some of the timbers of commercial value in Papua 1908.

Reports and catalogue. Commonwealth of Australia, Department of External Affairs, Melbourne. Pp. 1- 45.

This document is the earliest known record of resource survey of the forest trees of the Territory of Papua. The document comprises eight reports to the Commissioner of Lands, Port Moresby, between January and May 1908 by the author (District Forest Inspector, State of Queensland). The first report, dated 23 January 1908, covers a survey of the timber along the banks of the lower Laloki River between 14-21 January 1908. At the time, the scientific names of the trees were not known, and the author used the local dialect names in the reports.

1925 Lane-Poole, C. E. (1925). The Forest Resources of the Territories of Papua and New Guinea.

Commonwealth of Australia, Papers presented to Parliament, 2 (1925), paper 73, Pp.26872896 (209pp). Commonwealth Govt. Printer, Melbourne.

This document is a more comprehensive survey of the forest resources of both Territories (Papua and New Guinea) over two years (1922- 1924) than Burnett’s (1908).

Lane- Poole, C. E. (1925). Reply to questionnaire on forestry in Papua and New Guinea in response to British Empire forestry conference, 1923. Pp. 1 Lane-Poole’s working papers, forestry investigation, and correspondence (1922-1924). The National Library of Australia, Canberra, is a repository of four (4) boxes of Mr. and Mrs. Lane-Poole papers (reference MS 3799).

1935 Lane-Poole, C. E. (1935). Report on the forests of the goldfields of New Guinea: together with recommendations regarding a forest policy for the whole Territory. Unpublished TS, 1935 NAA.

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Reference to FAO Global Forests Resources Assessment 2015 www.fao.org

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1938 Lane-Poole, C. E. (1938). Kamarere (Euc, deglupta) (naudiniana)). New Guinea Agric Gazette, 4(3): 15-17.

1946 McAdam, J. B. (1946). Forestry in the Territories of Papua and New Guinea. Report to Director-General, Forestry and Timber Bureau, Canberra.

Immediately after the Second World War, it is interesting that initially McAdam and Cavanaugh whilst still in the Australian Army Forestry Company at the end of the war tried to grow Cinchona to treat malaria6.

The Department of Forests developed forest plantations of indigenous and exotic species in selected areas.

• • • • •

Bulolo Wau plantation area 1949/50 Kerevat (near Rabaul) 1951 Mt Lawes (Brown River) near Port Moresby 1955 Asaro near Goroka in 1963 Wahgi Valley near Mt Hagen 1965

Species planted included Araucaria cunninghamii – Hoop pine, Araucaria hunsteinii – Klinkii pine, Tectonia grandis – Teak, Eucalyptus deglupta – Kamarere, Pinus sp including P caribaea and P merkusii, Eucalyptus robusta, Eucalyptus grandis, Anthocephalus cadamba – labula, Ochroma laogpus – balsa, Terminalia species including T. brassii.

1947 White, C. T. (1947). Notes on two species of Araucaria in New Guinea and a proposed new section of the Genus. J. Arnold Arboretum, 28(2): 259-260.

1952 McAdam, J. B. (1952a). Forestry in New Guinea. Presidential address to the Papua and New Guinea Scientific Society, Port Moresby. Papua and New Guinea Scientific Society Annual Report. Pp. 1-21.

This address is historically very significant as it details the establishment of a forest service in Papua New Guinea and an outline of the vegetation by the first Director.

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Linda Cavanaugh Manning personal communication on 9th April 2019

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The Department of Forests PNG. Division of Silviculture 1971 Notes on Wau Bulolo Activities Bulletin no 3.

Bulolo Forest Station storerooms and nursery stand out beds. Photo credit Barry Gray 1970.

Photo left – Hoop pine plantation aged 17 years.

Photo right - natural forest, Hoop pine left, Klinkii right background.

Source Notes on Wau Bulolo Forest Activities Silvicultural Bulletin No 3.

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Dept of Forests Notes on Wau Bulolo Forest Activities Silvicultural Bulletin No 3. Fourth Printing February 1971.

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Forest Station Office Bulolo 28 February 1970. Photo Credit Barry Gray.

Bulolo Wau Plantation establishment. Photo credit Cliff Southwell.

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Notes on the Mount Lawes Territorial Forest (Brown River) some 50 kilometres from Port Moresby established to provide long term forest resources for the capital Port Moresby.

Teak (Tectona grandis) plantations Mt. Lawes Forest Station. Mosaic of lowland monsoon forest and rainforest with some eucalypt savannah forest (lower left and ridges) and teak plantation right and centre. Source Encyclopedia of PNG9.

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Department of Forests PNG 1968 Notes on the Mount Lawes Territorial Forest.

Ryan P. Encyclopedia of Papua and New Guinea 1972. Melb Uni Press ISBN 0522840256.

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Lowland rainforest Mt Lawes Forest Station.

Source Encyclopedia of PNG.

Teak plantation aged 7 years. Mt Lawes Forest Station. Source Encyclopedia of PNG.

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Kamarere (Eucalyptus deglupta) plantation Kerevat Forest Area New Britain. Source Encyclopedia of PNG.

1948 E deglupta (Kamarere) Kerevat ENB by Bill Heather.

Photo credit John Davidson 1972.

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Background Village-based/landowner Plantations 10

At the same time, the Department of Forests ran an extensive forest extension program with over forty extension nurseries which annually distributed over one million trees per annum which were planted by small holders for fuelwood, shelter wood and to augment future sawlog supplies.

Extension nursery highlands area. A variety of species suitable for local planting are grown for distribution to villages and towns. Source Encyclopedia of PNG 11

Interesting publications produced included PLANIM DIWAI YAR Grow Casuarina by the Dept. of Forests 1967 where extensive community plantings of Casuarina in the Highlands were undertaken especially for fuel wood and shelter requirements.

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Trees, shrubs, and creepers in Port Moresby Silvicultural Bulletin # 2 compiled by K J White in 1966.

The front cover depicts the avenue of Casuarina equistifolia planted along the Ela Beach roadway by civic minded H W Champion in 1917 in Port Moresby.

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New Horizons DOF Publication 1973.

Department of Forests 1967 Planim Diwai Yar. 12 White KJ 1966 Trees, Shrubs and Creepers in Port Moresby Silvicultural Bulletin No 2.

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Dr. Bob Thistlethwaite13 described that there are many species in PNG which are of vital importance to the village community. These species may be used for any one or a combination of the following purposes.

• Fruit, edible, planted and wild • Nuts, edible and planted • Edible leaves: commonly cultivated exclusively or partly to produce edible shoots or leaves.

• Buildings: rot-resistant posts, aerial members • Canoes & outriggers • Weapons • Utensils • Rope • Fuelwood • Live fencing e.g., NG rosewood • Ornamental and shade • Custom decorations (Bilas) • Custom medicine • Custom poisons • Carving • Custom resins and glues • Custom boundary markers • Custom scents • Custom dyes and paints Issues facing Forest Plantation Development through Land Tenure The history of PNG forestry has been one of a series of ‘difficulties’ or ‘challenges’ through land tenure conflicts, sometimes between government and landowners, but more often between various groups of landowners.

Each landowner wants his land logged earliest and planted soonest so he has income as soon as possible. As it is not possible to satisfy all landowners over a large area of land, some conflict or expressed dissatisfaction is inevitable.

Where the PNG legislation for landowner participation through landowning companies in some joint venture or partnership arrangement with the land ‘developer’ is employed, there is perhaps a better prospect for harmonious relations between developer (whether government, foreign investor, or aid organization) and the landowning groups. However, even within such arrangements, conflicts can arise due, for example, to a perceived or real inequity in the division or distribution of cash payments for land rent, stumpage, or royalty, etc.

There cannot be one simple set of priorities for PNG. The country is too large and too diverse for such an approach to have any validity in the eyes of the landowners. Rather, it is suggested, there should be several priorities to accommodate such biophysical and ethnic/social diversity. This is particularly important where the national policy for forestry 13

Dr Bob Thistlethwaite 9th May 2020 personal communication

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development is one of involving the people in the development process – the landowners, villages, and communities. If a species being promoted in an area is alien to that area, whether it originates elsewhere in PNG or overseas, then there will be little local sense of ‘belonging’ and hence at best an indifferent acceptance of the development. The exception may be where, through judicious extension and education, the promotion of a species captures the national imagination, both culturally and financially.

REF. PNGAF Mag. # 9D4E of 5/4/22. Timeline of Forest Tree Plantation Development.

Wau Anderson’s Plot (planted c.1940) surrounded by 1950’s plantations. Photo credit Des Harries 1960.

Klinkii Bulolo, Hoop Wau, Bulolo Plantation Establishment. Photo credit Cliff Southwell.

1948 E deglupta (Kamarere) Kerevat ENB by Bill Heather. Photo credit John Davidson 1972.

TPNG Forests HQ Port Moresby till 1971. Photo credit Cliff Southwell.

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Historical Snapshot of the Development of Silvicultural Techniques to produce viable Forest Tree Plantations in PNG. 1955 Heather, W. A. (1955). The Kamarere (Eucalyptus deglupta) forests of New Britain. Empire Forestry Review, 34: 255-278.

1957 Dun, D. B. (1957). Plantation Research – Bulolo. Paper prepared for pre-conference tour (August 1957),7th British Empire Forestry Conference Australia and New Zealand. Pp. 1-9.

McIntosh, D. H. (1957). Plantation establishment – Bulolo. Paper prepared for preconference tour (August 1957) 7th British Empire Forestry Conference Australia and New Guinea. Pp. 1-2. (1) Havel, J. J. (1957). Seed collection. Pp. 1-4. Nursery technique – Bulolo. Pp. 1-3. Paper prepared for pre-conference tour (August 1957) 7th British Empire Forestry Conference Australia and New Zealand.

Womersley, J. S. and J. B. McAdam. (1957). The forests and forest conditions in the Territories of Papua and New Guinea. Paper prepared for the British Commonwealth Conference in Australia 1957. Papua and New Guinea Forest Service, Port Moresby. Pp. 162.

This is an important early account of the forests in Papua and New Guinea and of the plantation activities of the Department of Forests.

1958 March, E. W. (1958) The Seventh British Commonwealth Forestry Conference: Preconference tour of Papua and New Guinea. Empire Forestry Review, vol. 37, no. 1 (91), 1958, pp. 103–108. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/42600444.

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Womersley J. S. (1958). The Araucaria Forests of New Guinea. A unique vegetation type in Malaysia. a. Proc. Symp. Humid Tropics Vegetation. UNESCO, Tjiawi Indonesia pp 252-7 UNESCO Paris. Womersley reported that the two species of Araucaria in PNG were being overrun by the broad-leafed montane forests.

1959 Bernelot Moens, H. L. and J. A. Bleys. (1959). Report on a tour of duty to Australian New Guinea in order to make a study of the silvicultural problems of the Araucaria Forest development, (October-November 1959). Netherlands New Guinea, Afdeling bosweson. Pp.1 1960 Baseden, S. C. (1960). Notes on deficiency symptoms in forestry nurseries. Papua and New Guinea Agric. J., 13 (2): 76-77.

Havel, J. J. (1960a). Factors influencing the establishment of ligneous vegetation in midmountain pyro- and anthropogenic grasslands. Pp. 307-312. Paper presented to Symposium on the impact of man on humid tropics vegetation, Goroka, Territory of Papua and New Guinea, September 1960.

Havel. J. J. (1960b). Deflection of secondary succession of cleared mid-mountain rainforest sites by plantation tendings. Pp. 339-343. Paper presented to Symposium on the impact of man on humid tropics vegetation, Goroko, Territory of Papua and New Guinea, September 1960.

McIntosh, D. H. (1960). The effect of man on the forests of the highlands of Eastern New Guinea. Pp. 123-126. Paper presented to Symposium on the impact of man on humid tropics vegetation, Goroka, Territory of Papua and New Guinea, September 1960.

Womersley, J. S. (1960a). The Araucaria forests of New Guinea - a unique vegetation type in Malaysia. Pp. 252-257. In Proceedings symposium on humid tropics vegetation, UNESCO, Tjiawi, Indonesia. UNESCO, Paris.

Gray, E. C. (1960). The effects of man and the tidal forests of the Gulf of Papua. Pp. 350354.Paper presented to Symposium on the impact of man on humid tropics vegetation., Goroko Territory of Papua and New Guinea (September 1960).

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Ref: PNGAF Mag # 9D-4H of 22/2/22. Des Harries Wau p 1-63. Wau 1960.

Photos L to R Des Harries, view Wau plantations, planting Wau, burn Wau, office/nursery Wau Station, kunai infestation Hoop pine plantation Wau. Photo credit Des Harries.

1961 Suttie, W. R. (1961). Eucalyptus in the Territory of Papua and New Guinea. Paper presented to the 2nd World Eucalyptus Conference, Sao-Paulo, Brazil, August 1961.

1961 Ref: Part B L-Z Aust Foresters in TPNG. Cliff Southwell p167-171

1961 Kerevat plantation establishment Cliff Southwell. Photo credit Cliff Southwell.

1961 Bulolo plantation establishment. Photo credit Cliff Southwell.

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1962 Baur14 1962 described the status of PNG natural regeneration activites in PNG of 1960 although it was believed at that time that the majority of lowland rainforest was designated for agricultural development (FAO15 1960b).

Baur reported on trials16 established at Kerevat ENB over some 800 acres where after logging, a climber cutting was carried out, undergrowth removed and unmerchantable stems up to 12 inches dbh felled.Where the upper canopy was not sufficiently opened, undesirable stems were ringbarked or poisoned to create larger gaps. The major species being Pometia tomentosa had abundant seedlings present which responded to increased light. After the canopy opening, two annual tendings were undertaken to free regrowth of desirable species.

In a six year old regenerated stand there were 350 stems per acre with a BA of 51 sq ft per acre; the 160 best stems per acre had a mean dbh of 5.4 inches and the taller stems were over 60 ft high.

Concern was expressed at the time re the impact of urbanisation from Rabaul and the increasing number of commercial species may affect the continuation of these trials.

Reference is made to research17 commencing on regenerating some of PNG’s dipterocarp forests.

Havel, J. J. (1962). An investigation of problems of plantation establishment of klinki pine (Araucaria klinkii). M.Sc. Thesis submitted to University of Queensland, Brisbane.

White, K. J. (1962). Tree breeding with teak (Tectona grandis). Aust. Forestry 26(2):90-93.

1963

18

McCarthy 1963 reported on the natural regeneration treatments undertaken at Kerevat Forest Station ENB.

White, K. J. (1963). Teak grown under exotic conditions. TPNG.

Baur G 1962 The Ecological Basis of Rainforest Management Andre Mayer Fellow 1961-62 UN FAO p 372.

FAO 1960 b – Report of the sub-committee on Silvicultural Systems for lowland tropical rainforests. 5 th Session APFC New Delhi FAO/APFC 60/10e.3.

16 ANON: 1960 Territorial silvicultural techniques Papua New Guinea. Australian timber industry stabilisation conference Kuranda.

17 ANON: 1961 Regeneration in treated Dipterocarp forests. Borneo Terr. For. Bull 11.

18 McCarthy R B 1963 Natural Regeneration Treatments Kerevat ENB. Cadet Officer Report Dept of Forests. Unpublished.

14

15

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1964 White, K. (1964). Hoop pine pruning experiment – Bulolo. Territory of Papua and New Guinea. Commonwealth Forestry Review 43:333-334.

Ardley, J. H., Clifford, L. T., and F. J. Gay. (1964). Termite damage to plantation-grown hoop pine in New Guinea. P. 680. Paper presented to 13th International Congress Entomology, London.

1965 Gay, F. J. (1965). Termite attack in plantation-grown hoop and klinkii pine at Bulolo, New Guinea. CSIRO Division of Entomology, Canberra. Report prepared for Department of Forests, Port Moresby. Pp. 1-7. (cyclostyled).

Havel, J. J. (1965). Plantation establishment of klinki pine (Araucaria hunsteinii) in New Guinea.

Commonwealth Forestry Review, 44(3), No. 121: 172-186. (1) .

Early research into Klinkii Pine silviculture was undertaken by Joe Havel which was completed by 1959 and published in 1965.

1966 Cameron, A. L. (1966). Genetic improvement of teak in New Guinea. Australian Forestry, 30(1): 76-87. (2) Gray, B. (1966). A review of forest entomology, collection of insects and future research in the Territory of Papua and New Guinea. Department of Forests, Port Moresby. Pp. 1-11.

White, K.J. & Cameron A. L. (1966). Silvicultural techniques in Papua New Guinea: Forest plantations. Division of Silviculture, Department of Forests, Papua & New Guinea. Bulletin 1. 99 p.

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Much of the early pioneering research work by K J White and Alan Cameron is detailed in this first publication re silvicultural techniques and departmental standards to grow PNG species in plantation format both for industrial plantations as well as individual landowners through extensive extension programs

This publication detailed silvicultural techniques for Araucaria cunninghamii – Hoop pine, Araucaria hunsteinii – Klinkii pine, Tectonia grandis – Teak., Eucalyptus deglupta – Kamarere, Ochroma lagopus – Balsa.

1967 Cameron, A. L. (1967). Forest tree improvement in New Guinea. 1. Teak. Pp. 1-8. Paper prepared for 9th Commonwealth Forestry Conference, 1968. Department of Forests, Port Moresby.

Levingston, R. (1967). Reafforestation with Teak. South Pacific Bull. Vol. 17, Pp. 1-4.

1968 Davidson, J. (1968a). Forest tree improvement in Papua New Guinea. 11. Kamarere. Pp. 1-8.

Paper prepared for 9th Commonwealth Forestry Conference, New Dehli,1968. Department of Forests, Port Moresby. (1) Davidson, J. (1968b). Report on a detailed investigation of fibre-length and density of nine trees of Eucalyptus deglupta (Blume) (kamarere). Unpublished internal report prepared for the Department of Forestry ANU and Forestry department Port Moresby, following an

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official tour of duty at the ANU as part of external MSc studies 4 January - 4 April 1968. Pp. 1-10.

Davidson, J. (1968c). Improving production from Eucalyptus deglupta in the Territory of Papua and New Guinea. Pp. 1-9. Paper presented to 5th Conference of the Institute of Foresters, Australia, Perth 1968. # #Reprinted in 1973 as a Department of Forests, Port Moresby, Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. No. 5, Pp. 1-9. (Refer J. Davidson 1973c).

In 1968, TPNG Forests held their first silvicultural research conference.

Photo credit John Davidson.

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Anon, (1968). First PNG Silvicultural Research Conference. Office of Forests, PNG. 85 p.

This publication is a collation of the papers presented at the conference in 1968 (refer A. L. Cameron 1968a, 1968b; L. T. Clifford 1968; J. Davidson, 1968d; J. E. Riley, 1968; J. E. N. Smith 1968; K. J. White 1968; P. Wright, 1968.)

Cameron, A. L. (1968a). Experimental procedure and communication. Item No. 2. Pp. 1-4.

Paper presented to Silvicultural Research Conference, Bulolo.

Cameron, A. L. (1968b). Genetic improvement of forest trees in New Guinea. Item No. 9. Pp. 1-8. Paper presented to Silviculture Research Conference, Bulolo.

Clifford, L. T. (1968). Tree improvement hoop and klinkii pines. Item No. 11. Pp. 1-12. Paper presented to Silvicultural Research Conference, Bulolo. (cyclostyled).

Davidson, J. (1968d). Forest tree improvement kamarere. Item No. 10, Pp. 1-8. Paper presented to Silviculture Research Conference, Bulolo. (cyclostyled)# (1) # Smith, J.E.N. (1968). The introduction of exotic softwoods to the Territory of Papua and New Guinea. First PNG Silvicultural Research Conference. Office of Forests, PNG. p. 19-38.

White, K.J., 1968. Exotic introductions - Forest hardwoods. First PNG Silvicultural Research Conference. Office of Forests, PNG. p. 39-47.

Neville Howcroft described the five-day silvicultural research conference in August 1968 at BFC which examined the progress of current research and future developments in terms of project and staff. Attendees were J Smith, KJ White, A L Cameron, J Davidson, L Clifford, and N Howcroft.

• • •

Leon Clifford and Neville Howcroft dealt with conifer and broad leaf species introduction.

Alan Cameron, John Davidson, and Leon Clifford on tree breeding teak, kamarere and Araucaria spp.

Leon Clifford and Neville Howcroft on vegetative propagation of Araucaria spp. and Pinus spp.

The Bulolo meeting discussed • • • • • • •

research programs, procedure, communications etc. current progress of silviculture. techniques for establishment of klinkii and Pinus (Godlee and Smith). hoop pine thinning trials. forest protection - entomology B Gray. mycology and pathology – P Wright. fire protection - J Reilly.

The conference paved the way for changes in the research pathways and set new targets, development date lines; concluded or increased the life of current projects; took on board recommended adoption of techniques and new projects and where needed new research staff to be recruited. Tree improvement and seed orchard establishment for araucaria; kamarere; teak

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and Pinus were outlined. Howcroft’s duties were adjusted to include seed tree and clonal multiplication; provenance trials etc including the araucaria tree breeding work.

Gray, B. (1968). Forest tree and timber insect pests in the Territory of Papua and New Guinea. Pacific Insects, 10(2): 301-323.

1969 Gray, B. (1969). Economic forest entomology in the Territory of Papua and New Guinea. Pp. 1-13. Paper presented to students University of Papua and New Guinea, October 1969.

Gray, B., and Buchter J. (1969). Termite eradication in Araucaria plantations in New Guinea. Commonwealth Forestry Review, 48(3): 201-207.

1970 Gray, B., and N. H. S. Howcroft. N.H.S. (1970). Notes on the incidence, attack, associated insects, and control of Vanapa oberthuri Pouillaude (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a pest of hoop pine, Araucaria cunninghamii D. Don; plantations in New Guinea. Z.ang.Ent., 66: 248256. (1) Gray, B. (1970). Observations on the first scolytid, Poecilips pteridophytae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), to be found in association with a fern (Pteridophytae). Canadian Entomologist, 102(5): 578-585.

Nash, C. A. M. (1970). Nursery and nursery techniques used in New Guinea (T.P.N.G.) for klinkii pine (Araucaria hunsteinii). British Solomon Islands Protectorate, Forestry Department. Technical Note No 3/70.

Silviculture of Pinus by John Smith 1970 describes silvicultural techniques to grow Pinus species in PNG.

Chris Borough, John Smith at plaque in Jim McAdam Memorial Park Wau. Photo credit John Davidson.

Smith, J. E. N. (1970). The silviculture of Pinus in Papua and New Guinea. Division of Silviculture Bull. No. 5, Department of Forests, Port Moresby. Pp. 1-32. (1) Smith, J. E. N. (1970). Nutritional problems – Pine forests Papua New Guinea. Paper presented 42nd ANZAAS Congress, Port Moresby.

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1971 Fielding, J. M. (1971). Report on a study tour of forest plantations in Papua and New Guinea. FAO. FO: SF/MAL 12 – Working Paper No. 12, Rome. Pp.1.

Gray, B. (1971a). Insecticidal control of Hylurdrectonus araucaria attacking hoop pine in New Guinea. 1. Evaluation of insecticides in field trials. J. Economic Entomology, 64(2): 488-492. (1) Gray, B. (1971b). Insecticidal control of Hylurdrectonus araucariae attacking hoop pine in New Guinea. 2. Further testing of Propoxur. J. Economic Entomology, 64(6): 1533-1537. (1) Gray, B. (1971c). Forest entomology research in the Territory of Papua and New Guinea.

Malayan Forester, 34(2): 106-112. (1) Havel, J. J. (1971). The Araucaria forests of New Guinea and their regenerative capacity. J. Ecology, 59: 203-214. Havel reported on two theories advanced on the mode of regeneration of Araucaria are examined in the light of ecological studies made in New Guinea. The first theory postulates that they are 'living' fossils dependent for their regeneration on natural catastrophes. According to the second theory, they are integral components of the forest whose regeneration patterns are similar to those of their angiosperm associates.

The two species of Araucaria, - A. hunsteinii and A. cunninghamii, occur over a wide latitudinal and altitudinal range, chiefly as emergents over several broad-leaf forest types.

Optimum development of Araucaria is normally found in forest types whose canopy is reduced in density and height as compared with that of the tropical lowland rain forest. In two of these types of Araucaria forests of New Guinea studied in detail the size class distribution of Araucaria and the angiosperms is similar.

There is an adequate representation of seedlings, saplings, and young trees. Autecological studies indicate that conditions favouring seedling development are found in the forest rather than in the open. Seed dispersal is limited to within 60-80 m of the parent tree. It is therefore concluded that the Araucarias are integral components of the forest types in which they occur, and that their capacity to colonize large openings created by natural catastrophes is very limited.

1972 Davidson, J. (1972a). Variation, association, and inheritance of morphological and wood characters in an improvement program for Eucalyptus deglupta Blume. Ph.D. thesis submitted to Australian National University, Canberra. Pp. 1-263.

Davidson, J. (1972b). A tree improvement program for Eucalyptus deglupta in Papua New Guinea (a summary of progress). Item 8, Research Working Group No. 1 of the Australian Forestry Council Meeting, Mount Gambier, Australia. Pp. 1-10 #Repinted in 1973 as a Department of Forests, Port Moresby, Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. No. 3, Pp. 1-5.

(Refer J. Davidson, 1973d)

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Davidson J. (1972c). Natural variation in Eucalyptus deglupta and its effect on choice of criteria for selection in a tree improvement program. Item 7, Research Working Group No. 1 of the Australian Forestry Council Meeting, Mount Gambier, Australia. Pp. 1-9. Reprinted in 1973 as a Department of Forests, Port Moresby, Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. No. 2, Pp. 1-9. (Refer J. Davidson, 1973a).

Gray, B. (1972a). Observations on the African armyworm, SpodNo. an exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in Papua New Guinea following an outbreak in a new forestry plantation area. Papua and New Guinea Scientific Society Proceeding, 23: 36-39.

Gray, B. (1972b). Interesting Forest insect problems in the South Pacific Islands. Paper presented to 14th International Congress of Entomology 23 August 1972, Canberra. P. 308 (Abstracts).

Gray, B. (1972c). Some aspects of insecticide usage in tropical Asia. Asian J. of Medicine, 8: 299-301.

Gray, B. (1972d). Economic tropical forest entomology. Annual Review Entomology, 17: 313-354.

Havel, J. J. (1972). New Guinea Forests – structure, composition, and management.

Australian Forestry, 36 (1): 24-37. (1) White, K. J. (1972b). Forestry College. Pp. 463-464. Encyclopedia of Papua and New Guinea. Gen. Editor P. Ryan, Melbourne University Press, in association with the University of Papua New Guinea.

1973 Davidson, J. (1973a). Natural variation in Eucalyptus deglupta and its effect on choice of criteria for selection in a tree improvement program. Department of Forests, Port Moresby, Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. No. 2, Pp. 1-9.

Davidson, J. (1973b). A tree improvement program for Eucalyptus deglupta in Papua New Guinea (a summary of progress). Department of Forests, Port Moresby. Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. No. 3. Pp. 1-5.

Davidson, J. (1973c). Improving production from Eucalyptus deglupta in the Territory of Papua New Guinea. Department of Forests, Port Moresby. Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. No. 5, Pp. 1-9. # (2) #Paper prepared for 5th Conference Institute of Forester of Australia, Perth, 1968.

Davidson, J. (1973d). Forest tree improvement – kamarere. Department of Forests, Port Moresby. Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. No. 6, Pp. 1-14. (2) Davidson, J. (1973e). A description of Eucalyptus deglupta. Department of Forests, Port Moresby. Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. No. 7, Pp. 1-23. (2)

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Davidson, J. (1973f). A technique for rooting seedling cuttings of Eucalyptus deglupta Blume.

Department of Forests, Port Moresby. Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. No. 8, Pp. 1-10.

Paper prepared for IUFRO Working Party S2.01.5 (Reproductive Processes) Workshop and Conference, Rotorua, 12 -16 November 1973.

Davidson, J. (1973g). Techniques for grafting Eucalyptus deglupta Blume. Department of Forests, Port Moresby, Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. No. 9, Pp. 1-9. Paper prepared for IUFRO Working Party S2.01.5 (Reproductive Processes) Workshop and Conference, Rotorua, 12 -16 November 1973.

Davidson, J. (1973h). Some physiological aspects of rooting cuttings of Eucalyptus deglupta Blume. Department of Forests, Port Moresby. Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. No. 10, Pp. 1-18. # (2) # Paper prepared for IUFRO Workshop and Conference, Rotorua, 1973.

Davidson, J. (1973i). Incompatibility symptoms in grafts of Eucalyptus deglupta Blume.

Department of Forests, Port Moresby. Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. No. 11, Pp. 1-18.

Paper prepared for IUFRO Working Party S2.01.5 (Reproductive Processes) Workshop and Conference, Rotorua, 12 – 16 November 1973.

Davidson, J. (1973j). Conservation of gene resources of tropical Eucalyptus deglupta Blume.

Department of Forests, Port Moresby. Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. No. 12, Pp. 1-16.

Davidson, J. (1973k). Provenance trials of Eucalyptus deglupta Blume in Papua New Guinea at age 3 years. Pp 293-296 in “Tropical provenance and progeny research and international cooperation”. Editors J. Burley & D. G. Nikles, Commonwealth Forestry Institute, Oxford Davidson, J. (1973l). Decay in living trees of Eucalyptus deglupta. Department of Forests, Port Moresby. Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. No. 18. Pp1-31.

Davidson, J. (1973m). Decayed wood in living trees of Eucalyptus deglupta Blume. Meeting of IUFRO Division 5, Working Party S5.01.9, Cape Town, South Africa 24 – 28 September 1973. (Pages 208 – 224 in the Proceedings.)

Davidson, J. (1973n). The association between wood basic density and some measurable wood parameters and possibilities of growing wood of optimum density in tropical plantations of Eucalyptus deglupta Blume, Meeting of IUFRO Division 5, Working Party S5.01.3, Cape Town, South Africa 24 – 28 September 1973.

Davidson J. and Fairlamb J. (1973). Provenance trials of Eucalyptus deglupta in Papua New Guinea. Department of Forests, Port Moresby. Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. No. 17, Pp. 1- 21.

Davidson, J. and Howcroft, N.H. S. (1973a). Papua New Guinea Tree Improvement and Introduction Progress Report 1972. Department of Forests, Port Moresby. Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. No. 1, Pp. 1-8. (2) Davidson, J., and Howcroft, N.H.S. (1973b). Species introduction and improvement in Papua New Guinea Pp.409-410 In “Tropical provenance and progeny research and international cooperation.” Editors J. Burley & D. G. Nikles, Commonwealth Forestry Institute, Oxford.

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Gray, B. (1973a). The immature stages of Hylurdrectonus araucariae Schedl and H. piniarius Schedl (Coleoptera: Scolytidae: Hylesininae). J. Ent. (B), 42(1): 49-58.

Gray, B. (1973b). Forest entomology research unit, Bulolo. Information sheet prepared for 9th Asian Pacific Forestry Conference Meeting. Post conference tour, Pp. 1-4. (1) Gray 1973. Distribution of Araucaria in Papua New Guinea.

Research Bulletin # 1 pp 1-56 Dept of Forests PNG. Two species of Araucaria are known from Papua New Guinea, and both are of considerable biogeographical, ecological, and economic significance. A. cunninghamii is widely distributed between 500 and 1900 m alt., but is also found at ca. 90 m and up to nearly 2800 m. A. hunsteinii (A. klinkii) has a slightly narrower and more disjunctive distributional range than A. cunninghamii; it also has a narrower total altitudinal range of 520-2100 m. Where the two species occur in the same area, A. hunsteinii usually occurs at lower altitudes than A. cunninghamii and on less precipitous terrain, though mixed stands are common. Regeneration is plentiful in most stands.

Gray, B. (1973d.) Observations on insect flight in a tropical forest plantation. 1. Flight activity of Hylurdrectonus araucariae Schedl (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Z.ang.Ent., 74: 113119. (1) Gray, B. (1973e). Observations on insect flight in a tropical forest plantation. 11. Flight activity of Syllitus sp. nov. (Col. Cerambycidae). Z.ang.Ent., 74: 113-119. (1) Howcroft, N. H. S. (1973c). Protective coverings for Pinus grafts. Department of Forests, Port Moresby, Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. No. 13. Pp. 1-11.

Howcroft, N. H. S., and Davidson J. (1973a). A provenance trial of Pinus caribaea in Papua New Guinea. Combined Meeting of IUFRO Working Parties S2.03.1 and S2.02.8, 22 – 26 October, Nairobi, Kenya.

Howcroft, N. H. S., and J. Davidson J. (1973b). An international provenance trial of Pinus merkusii in Papua New Guinea. Combined Meeting of IUFRO Working Parties S2.03.1 and S2.02.8, 22 – 26 October, Nairobi, Kenya.

Howcroft N.H.S. and Davidson J. (1973c). A provenance trial of Pinus kesiya in Papua New Guinea. Combined Meeting of IUFRO Working Parties S2.03.1 and S2.02.8, 22 – 26 October, Nairobi, Kenya.

Wylie, F. R., and P. Shanahan P (1973). Insect attack in fire-damaged plantation trees at Bulolo in Papua New Guinea. J. Australian Entomol. Society, 14: 371-382.

Howcroft, N. H. S. (1973b). A direct sowing technique for Pinus. Department of Forests, Port Moresby, Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. No. 4, Pp. 1-9.

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Howcroft, N. H. S. (1973c). Protective coverings for Pinus grafts. Department of Forests, Port Moresby, Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. No. 13. Pp. 1-11. (2) Howcroft, N. H. S., and J. Davidson J. (1973a). Pinus caribaea provenance trial, Bulolo, Papua New Guinea, aged two years, seven months. Pp. 31-33. In “Tropical provenance and progeny research and development cooperation.” Editors J. Burley & D. G. Nikles.

Commonwealth Forestry Institute, Oxford.

Howcroft, N. H. S., and J. Davidson J. (1973b). Pinus kesiya provenance trial, Bulolo, Papua New Guinea, four years, 3 months old, March 1973. Pp. 188-192. In “Tropical provenance and progeny research and international cooperation.” Editors J. Burley & D. G. Nikles, Commonwealth Forestry Institute, Oxford.

Howcroft, N. H. S., and Davidson J. (1973c). Pinus merkusii international provenance trial, Bulolo, Papua New Guinea, 3 years, 8 months old. Pp. 225-229. In “Tropical provenance and progeny research and international cooperation.” Editors J. Burley & D. G. Nickles, Commonwealth Forestry Institute, Oxford.

Howcroft, N. H. S., and Davidson J. (1973d). A variety trial of Pinus caribaea in Papua New Guinea. Department of Forests, Port Moresby, Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. No, 14, Pp. 1-13. # (2) #Expanded version of summary presented to a combined meeting IUFRO Working Parties, Nairobi, Kenya, October 1973.

Howcroft, N. H. S., and J. Davidson J. (1973e). An international provenance trial of Pinus merkusii in Papua New Guinea. Department of Forests, Port Moresby, Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. No. 15, Pp. 1-27. Expanded version of summary presented to a combined meeting IUFRO Working Parties, Nairobi, Kenya, October 1973.

Howcroft, N. H. S., and J. Davidson J (1973f). A provenance trial of Pinus kesiya in Papua New Guinea. Department of Forests, Port Moresby, Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. No. 16, Pp. -16. Expanded version of summary presented to a combine meeting IUFRO Working Parties, Nairobi, Kenya, October 1973.

Lamb, D. (1973a). A suspected phosphorus and potassium deficiency in tropical eucalypt E. deglupta. Paper presented at FAO/IUFRO Symposium on Forest Fertilization, Paris, 1973.

Lamb, D. (1973b). Chemical weed control in plantations at grassland sites. Department of Forests, Port Moresby, Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. No. 21, Pp. 1-13. (2) Papua New Guinea Forestry College, Bulolo (FORKOL). * McCarthy R.B., Howcroft N.H.S., Senkai M., Nuimatawaiu J., Lemafa T., C. Kondang C., T. W. Graves T.W. (1973) Forest extension activities with reference to the Watut Valley. (1973).

Forest Research Notes, No. 1, Pp. 1-11.

New Horizons19 in 1973, reported that natural regeneration treatments had been attempted on a trial basis in forests of intolerant species at Kerevat to release prolific seedling generation of 19

New Horizons 1973 p 56 Dept of Forests PNG Publication Jacaranda Press ISBN 0701681845

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commercial species. The stand of unmerchantable stems remaining after logging was poisoned. When the average height of the dominant regeneration is 15m, 200 stems per hectare are selected for release by poisoning competing crowns. This minimum treatment gives the selected trees dominant or co-dominant status.

At Kerevat approximately 1090 hectares have received the initial treatment and over 45 ha. the follow up treatment. The desirable fast-growing species encouraged in order of preference are Terminalia spp, Pometia tomentosa, Dracontomelum mangiferum, Pterocarpus indicus, Anthocephalus cadamba, and Octomeles sumatrana.

1974 Davidson, J.(1974a). Reproduction of Eucalyptus deglupta by cuttings. New Zealand J. Forest Science, 4(2): 191-203.

Davidson, J. (1974b). Grafting Eucalyptus deglupta. New Zealand J. Forest Science, 4(2): 204-210.

Davidson, J. (1974c). Conservation of the gene resources of tropical Eucalyptus deglupta.

Department of Forests, Port Moresby. Tropical Forestry Research Notes SR. No. 12, Pp. 118.

Davidson, J. (1974d). Decayed wood in living trees of Eucalyptus deglupta. Department of Forests, Port Moresby. Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. No. 18, Pp. 1-31. Paper prepared for IUFRO Meeting, Cape Town, September 1973 (see Davidson, J. 1973m.).

Davidson, J. (1974e). Conservation of the gene resources of tropical Eucalyptus deglupta.

Meeting of Research Working Group No. 1 of the Australian Forestry Council, Melbourne, Australia.

Davidson, J. (1974f). Provenance trials of Eucalyptus deglupta in Papua New Guinea.

Meeting of Research Working Group No. 1 of the Australian Forestry Council, Melbourne, Australia.

Davidson J. and Fairlamb J. (1974). Collecting seed of Eucalyptus deglupta. Department of Forests, Port Moresby. Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. No. 19. Pp 1-10.

Davidson, J., and N. H. S. Howcroft. (1974). Papua New Guinea tree introduction and improvement progress report 1972 – 1974. Meeting of Research Working Group No. 1 of the Australian Forestry Council, Melbourne, 4-7 March 1974.

Gray, B. (1974a). Observations on insect flight in a tropical forest plantation. 111. Flight activity of Platypodidae. Z. ang. Ent., 75: 72-78.

Gray, B. (1974b). Observations on insect flight in a tropical forest plantation. 1V. Flight activity of Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Z.ang.Ent., 74: 178-186.

Gray, B. (1974c). Observations on insect flight in a tropical forest plantation. V. Flight activity of Buprestidae and Othniidae (Coleoptera). Z.ang.Ent., 76: 190-195.

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Gray, B. (1974d). Sex ratio, relative size, and order of attack of adults of Hylurdrectonus araucariae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Annals Entomol. Society of America, 67(1): 144-145.

Gray, B. (1974e). The economics and planning of research into tropical forest insect pests.

PANS, 20(1): 1-10. (1) Gray, B.(1974f). Forest insect problems in the South Pacific Islands. Commonwealth Forestry Review, 53(1); 39-48. (1) Gray, B .and Barber I.A. (1974). Studies on Vanapa oberthuri Pouillaude (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a pest of hoop pine plantations in Papua New Guinea. Z.ang.Ent., 76: 394-405.

Gray, B., and Wylie F.R. (1974). Forest tree and timber insect pests in Papua and New Guinea. 11. Pacific Insects, 16(1): 67-115.

Howcroft, N. H. S.(1974a). A racial hybrid of Pinus merkusii. Department of Forests, Port Moresby, Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. No. 28. Pp. 1Howcroft, N. H. S.(1974b). Observations on the development of ovulate strobili and maturation and ripening of cones of Pinus merkusii. Department of Forests, Port Moresby, Tropical Forestry. Research Note SR. No. 29. Pp. 1Howcroft, N. H. S., and Davidson J. (1974a). A variety trial of Pinus caribaea in Papua New Guinea. Department of Forests, Port Moresby, Tropical Forestry Research Note Sr. No. 14.

Pp. 1-12 Howcroft, N. H. S., and J. Davidson J. (1974b). An international provenance trial of Pinus merkusii in Papua New Guinea. Department of Forests, Port Moresby, Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. No. 15. Pp. 1-20.

Howcroft, N. H. S., and Davidson J. (1974c). A provenance trial of Pinus kesiya in Papua New Guinea. Department of Forests, Port Moresby, Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. No. 16.

Howcroft, N. H. S., and J. Davidson J. (1974d). Papua New Guinea tree introduction and Improvement progress report 1972-1974. Department of Forests, Port Moresby, Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. No. 26. Pp. 1-9.

Howcroft, N. H. S., and Davidson J. (1974e). Pre-germination technique for Araucaria hunsteinii. Department of Forests, Port Moresby, Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. No. 27. Pp. 1-10.

Howcroft, N. H. S. (1974c). Forest pasture introductions and improvement trials at Bulolo.

Field information sheet prepared for field day January 1974. Department of Forests, Port Moresby. Pp. 1-19.

Lamb, D. (1974). Weed control in tropical forest plantations using glyphosate. Department of Forests, Port Moresby.

42

Lamb, D., and Bruce R.A. (1974). Chemical weed control in plantations on lowland rainforest sites. Department of Forests, Port Moresby, Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. No. 22, Pp. 1-18. (2) Lamb, D., Logo, D., and Bosimbi M. (1974). Heart rot in plantation stands of Eucalyptus deglupta (Blume) growing in alluvial soils. Department of Forests, Port Moresby, Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. No. 20, Pp. 1-10. (2) Wylie, F. R. (1974). Descriptions of the stages of Milionia isodoxa Prout (Lepidoptera, Geometridae), a defoliator of hoop pine in Papua New Guinea. Bull. Ent. Res., 63: 641-648, plus 1 plate. (1) Wylie, F. R. (1974). The distribution and life-history of Milionia isodoxa Prout (Lepidoptera, Geometridae), a pest of planted hoop pine in Papua New Guinea. Bull. Ent. Res., 63: 649659. (1) Dun, D. B., and Fenton R.T. (1974). Some aspects of reforestation in Papua New Guinea. FAO Pap/73/007.

Project Report, Rome. In 1974, D Dun and R T Fenton of FAO undertook a review of plantation development in PNG.

1975 Boland D, Davidson J, Howcroft N (1975). Eucalyptus deglupta Blume & Araucaria cunninghamii lambert. Provenance seed collection in Irian Jaya Indonesia 3-17th June1975.

Forest Genetic Resources no 6 FAO 1977.

43

Davidson, J.(1975a). Use of Principal Components, Factor Analysis and Varimax Rotation to describe Variability in Wood of Eucalyptus deglupta Blume. Wood Science and Technology 9:275-291.

Davidson, J. (1975b). Interaction of production forestry with conservation and multiple use objectives. Paper presented at a Seminar on Ecology and Conservation in PNG, Wau Ecology Institute Pp 1-21 (see Davidson, J. 1976).

Gray, B. (1975a). Distribution of Hylurdrectonus araucariae Schedl Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and progress of outbreak in major hoop pine plantations in Papua New Guinea. Pacific Insects, 16(4): pp 383-394.

Gray, B. (1975b). Size-composition and regeneration of Araucaria stands in New Guinea. J. Ecology, Vol 63: pp 273-289. Journal of Ecology British Ecological Society. In 1969, the Dept of Forests PNG changed from open planting of A. hunsteinii (klinkii) to enrichment planting in the logged Araucaria forests. Gray’s paper describes results of performance of Hoop and klinkii seedlings in open and in underplanting situations.

Gray’s paper addressed two species of Araucaria that occur in Papua New Guinea: A. cunninghamii and A. hunsteinii. Their ranges overlap but almost invariably one species predominates in a given site, A. hunsteinii most often at lower elevations and on gentler topography.

A. hunsteinii generally has the greater mature height with a maximum of 76.9 m in this study and a record figure of 88.9 m. This is the highest tree reliably recorded for the tropics. The maximum DBH is usually similar in the two species (c. 1.5 m), but the record is held by A. cunninghamii (1.73 m).

The size (diameter) distribution in two large plots covering 1000 trees of each species was very similar (strongly positively skewed).

Regeneration was also abundant in eight other plots 50 m square though there was very little or no regeneration directly beneath large trees within the layer of parent litter around the bole.

In the study area the mature trees of A. cunninghamii are denser than those of A. hunsteinii but the reverse is true of small seedlings (<15 cm).

Complicated differences are also found in growth rates of seedlings and trees. Experimental studies are badly needed.

Gray, B., and Lamb K.P. (1975). Biology of Hyludrectonus araucariae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a pest of hoop pine plantations in New Guinea. Bull. Entomol. Res., 65: 21-32.

44

Lamb, D. (1975). Kunjingini plantations 1965-1975. Office of Forests, Port Moresby, Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. No. 24. Pp. 1-17. (1) Dalton, J., and J. Davidson J. (1975). Time of establishment of seedlings of Eucalyptus deglupta at two locations in Papua New Guinea. Department of Forests, Port Moresby, Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. No. 25, Pp. 1-19. (2) Merrifield, L. E., and Howcroft N.H.S. (975a). Ceroplastes rubens Maskell damage of Pinus caribaea Morlet with notes on the scale’s preferences of certain clones as host material (Hemiptera: Coccidae). Silvae Genetica, 24(4): 110-113.

Merrifield, L. E., and Howcroft N.H.S (1975b). Propagation of cedar Toona sureni (Bl.) Merr. from cuttings treated with growth substances. Turrialba, 25(1): 54-57. pp3 White, A. E. (1975). Notes on reforestation cost estimates for Eucalyptus deglupta in Papua New Guinea. Department of Forests, Port Moresby, Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. 23.

Pp. 1-10.

20

1975 - Dr Bob Thistlethwaite described work undertaken on the domestication of Terminalia brassii and trial plantings at Kerevat and Baku on the Gogol River. T. sepicana was also evaluated along with some exotic Terminalia spp but proved (at Kerevat) quite susceptible to white ant attack. T. brassii performed satisfactorily, but there was nothing at the time to recommend it over Kamarere. However, it is well to note that there are two forms of T. brassii. One form has good form and no stilt roots, while the other has a more variable form and had stilt roots with lenticels. The stilt root variety grew in swampy ground.

There were small trials of Intsia bijuga, which proved very slow growing at Baku. There are several E. tereticornis provenances in PNG, and some were used in trials, along with E. brassiana. Neither proved particularly promising over other species.

Anthocephalus chinensis (Labula) was grown in trial plantations at Baku on the Gogol River, quite successfully, although as would be expected with such an aggressive primary colonizer, its initial extremely high rate of growth tapered off as the plantation matured. Once established, a restriction of side light from competing vegetation, such as bananas, did not worry Labula.

Acacia auriculiformis and A. mangium were evaluated in small trials in the Sepik R. area, and commercial plantings of A. mangium were established at Gogol by JANT. The extensive Pinus trials at Bulolo, in the Markham Valley, and in the eastern, western, and southern Highlands were directed to forest establishment on impoverished anthropogenic grasslands.

20

Dr Bob Thistlethwaite personal communication re his paper on Further Domestication of PNG’s Indigenous Forest Species 9/5//20

45

A wide range of Eucalypt trials were established in the Highlands for local wood supply and to meet the needs of the tea and coffee industry for firewood.

Extensive village-based and landowner plantings in the Highlands with Casuarina oligodon (Yar) for maintaining soil fertility, as fuel, charcoal, and a heavy construction timber There were firewood plantation trials in the grasslands off the road to Brown River.

Rosewood has a wide distribution and is widely used in PNG. It provides extremely hot firewood, house posts, live fences, a prized carving wood and a high-end value for furniture and veneer. The tree does not always have good form in the wild. It is cultivated in the Pometia tomentosa (taun) can provide a sought-after fruit and has a multiplicity of other uses.

The species is sometimes planted in gardens close to villages. Like Intsia, it is thought to require land disturbance for successful establishment and can form nearly pure stands.

1976 Gray, B. (1976). Infestation, susceptibility, and damage of Araucaria plantations in Papua New Guinea by Hylurdrectonus araucariae Schedl (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Bull. Entomol.

Res., 66: 695-711, plus 1 plate. (1) Davidson J. and Fairlamb J. 1976. Germination of teak seed – preliminary evidence of a chemical germination inhibitor. Proceedings of IUFRO Meeting on Seed Problems, Japan, 1976. Pp 1-10.

Davidson, J. (1976). Interaction of Production Forestry with Conservation Objectives and Multiple Use of Forest Land in Papua New Guinea. Pp 49 – 71 In Lamb, K. P., and J. L. Gressitt (eds) 1976 Ecology and Conservation in Papua New Guinea. Wau Ecology Institute Pamphlet No 2, Wau, PNG. Godlee, J. L. R. and White K. J. (1976). Enrichment planting with Araucaria hunsteinii.

Department of Forests, Port Moresby. Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. No. 33, Pp. 1Lamb. D. (1976a). Changes in nutrient availability following clearing of tropical rainforest.

Office of Forests. Port Moresby, Tropical Forestry Research Note, SR. No. 30, Pp. 1Lamb, D. (1976b). Reforestation following woodchip logging. Department of Forests, Port Moresby, Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. No. 34. Pp. 1-19.

White, K. J. (1976b). Notes on enrichment planting on lowland rainforests of Papua New Guinea. Office of Forests, Port Moresby, Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. No. 31, Pp. 1-13. (2)

46

White, K. J. (1976c). Notes on lowland rainforest regeneration in Papua New Guinea with reference to the Vanimo sub-province. Office of Forests, Port Moresby. Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. No. 32, Pp. Wylie, F. R. (1976). The biology of Milionia isodoxa Prout (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), a pest of hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) in Papua New Guinea. M.Sc. thesis submitted to University of Queensland, Brisbane. Pp. 1-88.

FAO Studies from 1976 21

FAO/UNEP in a series of studies from 1976 reviewed TPNG endeavours re forest tree plantation development. The following extracts describes those findings re TPNG. When the Forestry Department was established in 1946, reforestation was considered as a primary objective of forest policy. This latter stipulated that all areas logged over should be reforested to sustain in perpetuity its established scale of operations.

By 1970, reforestation programmes had been developed in three locations: the Wau-Bulolo area, the Brown river area (near Port Moresby) and the Keravat area on New Britain.

In the Wau-Bulolo area Araucaria spp. were planted in the logged forests and adjoining grasslands and later on also as enrichment plantings in the logged-over forests. Grazing of some 2 000 heads of cattle on 4 000 ha of plantations as a cooperate venture of some tribes has been successful and reduced tending costs (8) (17). In the late sixties the Forestry Department discontinued planting of hoop pine because of its susceptibility to diseases and insects (5) (16).

The supply of a local plywood factory is based on these Araucaria plantations. In 1967 the monthly coupe was 4 700 m3 of which 1 400 m3 came from plantation thinnings (Morel, in “Tropical Rain Forests of the Far East” by T.C. Whitmore).

Tropical pines (P. khasya and P. merkusii) were used for reforestation.

Large plantations of kamarere (Eucalyptus deglupta) and teak have been established at Kerevat and of teak (Tectona grandis) near Port Moresby.

In the Central Highlands the extensive grasslands have been used for afforestation to supply the heavily populated districts where wood material in any form is scarce and costs of 21

Forest Resources in the Asia and Far East Region. FAO 1976.

Tropical Forest Resources FAO 1982. Jean - Paul Lanly FAO Forestry Dept.

Tropical Forest Resources Assessment Project (in the framework of the global environment monitoring system – GEMS) as part of a cooperative project of FAO/UNEP entitled FOREST RESOURCES OF TROPICAL ASIA No FP/1301-78-04 and UN 32/6. 1301-78-04 Technical report 3. ISBN 92-5-101105-2. 1981.

Interim Report – The State of Forest Resources in the Developing Countries. FO: MISC/88/7 FAO 1988

47

obtaining wood from elsewhere is high. Planting programmes were developed at two major locations: in the Goroka valley at Tranvo Asara and in the Waghi Valley of the Western Highland district.

In the Goroka valley Pinus caribaea is the most successful species below 1 000 m altitude and P. patula above 1 800 m. P. khasya grows well below 1 800 m but is subject to dead topping.

In the Waghi valley Eucalyptus robusta and E. grandis have been used, aimed also at producing low-cost fuel for the expanding tea industry (8).

Multiple use of the plantations with introduction of desirable legumes and cattle grazing have been carried out successfully (17) (21).

During the 1970s, at Bulolo, Neville Howcroft carried out a lot of work on grazing under the araucaria and pine plantations, including making several new legume introductions. This work was written up in the Forest Research Note series at the time, but the most important outcome was a field day held at Bulolo held in the mid-1970s with participants from all over and attendance of the radio media.

Field day forest pastures trial in young Pinus plantation Rd 35 Bulolo hoop on horizon Howcroft describes trial species.

Photo credit N Howcroft.

Grazing trials improved forest pastures - Fire break of Hoop with pasture species and levels of improvement and grazing recovery trialled. Photo credit N Howcroft.

48

Well-known identities L-R. Dick McCarthy, Ted Collis, and Kevin White of the time on the excursion. Photo credit John Davidson.

L-R Bob Thistlethwaite, Neville Howcroft, and Dick McCarthy. Neville Howcroft with his signature pipe getting ready to say something for the recorder. Photo credit John Davidson.

John Davidson Research Bulolo Photographs re Neville Howcroft’s field day on Legumes John Davidson photographs of one of the field stops near Geshes, showing Stylosanthes suppressing kunai in a young pine plantation.

49

Small village woodlots have been established throughout PNG, each in the order of 0.1-0.5 ha (21. The DOF major forest extension program by 1971, had over forty extension nurseries supplied over 300,000 to 400,000 seedlings for planting each year. It provided information and advice on tree growing for villagers wishing to establish and manage village woodlots.

Forest extension nursery Goroka. Source New Horizons DOF publication 1971.

Following the clear-felling for chip production in Gogol (Madang) attempts have been made to reforest the land. But removal of the forest cover resulted in an upward movement of the water table to lie above the surface and the initially planned Eucalyptus deglupta plantations could not be established and instead Terminalia brassii was used (21). Much research has been done on plantations. At least 18 pine species from various countries (5) but also a variety of other species were tried on different altitudes and locations. Species include Tectona grandis, Terminalia brassii, Araucaria cunninghamii, Araucaria hunsteinii, Pinus patula, Pinus caribaea, Eucalyptus robusta, E. deglupta, E. grandis, E. brassii, E. tereticornis, Acacia spp. Ochroma lagopus, Casuarina spp.

1970’s Research & National Tree Seed Centre Offices Bulolo. Howcroft photo collection.

50

Areas of Established Plantations. Good statistics exist on areas covered by forest plantations, especially in documents (1), (2), (10), (17), (18) and (20). They have been compiled in the following tables: Areas of established industrial plantations estimated at end 1980. (in thousand ha).

Source FAO. Years Category

PS.1

71– 75

66– 70

61– 65

51– 60

41– 50

6–10

11– 15

16– 20

21– 30

31– 40

Total

Tectona grandis

0–5

0.7

0.9

1.0

0.4

0.4

0.1

>40

3.5

Terminalia brassii

0.1

0.1

Others

0.1

0.1

Subtotal hardwood plantations

0.7

1.1

1.0

0.4

0.4

Araucaria hunsteinii

1.2

1.7

1.0

0.8

0.1

0.5

1.6

0.9

Araucaria cunninghamii

P..1

before 41

Species Age class

PH.1=PHL 1

76– 80

0.1

3.7

4.8 0.5

3.5

Pinus patula

1.5

0.8

0.1

Pinus caribaea

1.2

1.1

0.1

0.1

Subtotal softwood plantations

3.9

3.6

1.7

2.5

1.0

0.5

13.2

Total industrial plantations

4.6

4.7

2.0

2.9

1.4

0.6

16.9

51

2.4 2.5

Areas of established non-industrial plantations estimated at end 1980. (in thousand ha) Source FAO. Years Category

76– 80

71– 75

66– 70

61– 65

51– 60

41– 50

before 41

Species

Total Age class

P..2=PH.2=PHH 2

0–5

6–10

11– 15

16– 20

Eucalyptus robusta

1.6

0.5

E. deglupta

1.2

0.2

0.2

E. grandis

0.1

0.1

0.1

21– 30

31– 40

> 40

2.1 0.2

0.3

2.1 0.3

ε

E. brassii E. tereticornis

ε

0.1

0.1 ε

Acacia spp.

Ochroma lagopus

0.1

Casuarina spp.

0.1

Total non-industrial plantations

3.2

ε 0.1

0.8

0.3

0.2

ε

0.1

0.3

4.8

Areas of all established plantations estimated at end 1980. (in thousand ha). Source FAO. 66– 70

61– 65

51– 60

41– 50

11– 0–5 6–10 15

16– 20

21– 30

31– 40

0.7

1.1

1.0

0.4

0.4

0.1

PHH (=PHH Fast-growing hardwood species 3.2 2)

0.8

0.3

0.2

0.3

PH

Subtotal hardwood plantations

3.9

1.9

1.3

0.6

0.7

0.1

8.5

PS(=PS.1)

Subtotal softwood plantations

3.9

3.6

1.7

2.5

1.0

0.5

13.2

P

Total all plantations

7.8

5.5

3.0

3.1

1.7

0.6

21.7

Years Category

76– 80

71– 75

before 41

Species

Total Age class

PHL (=PHL Hardwood species other than 1) fast-growing ones

52

> 40

3.7

4.8

Footnote The following categories were defined at the World Symposium on Man-made Forests and their industrial importance (Canberra – Australia 14-24 April 1976).

PHL1 PHH1 PH1 PS1 P1 PHL2 PHH2 PH2 PS2 P2 PHL=PHL1 + PHL2 PHH + PHH1 + PHH2 PH = PH1 + PH2 PS = PS1 + PS2 P = P1 +P2

industrial plantations of hardwood species other than fast-growing ones; industrial plantations of fast-growing hardwood species; industrial hardwood plantations; industrial softwood plantations; industrial plantations. non-industrial plantations of hardwood species other than fast-growing ones; non-industrial plantations of fast-growing hardwood species; non-industrial hardwood plantations; non-industrial softwood plantations non-industrial plantations. plantations of hardwood species other than fast-growing ones; plantations of fast-growing hardwood species; hardwood plantations; softwood plantations all plantations.

53

1976 Plantation characteristics. Source FAO. FAO/UNEP in a series of studies from 1976 reviewed TPNG endeavours re forest tree plantation development.

They are summarized in the following table.

Species

Tectona grandis

Rotation M.A.I. Planting 3 years m /ha/year distance cm/year m (age) (stems/ha)

40–60

40

20 m3 (20)

22

5–6: 865

35

28 m3

Pinus spp.

25

16 m3 (20)

35

21 m3

9– 14–15: 10: (29) 245 495

: 600

(5)(29)

(1500)

:100 (7) (last)

(1500)

:100 (7) (last)

3.0 × 2.5

Araucaria spp.

3rd (or last)

(18)

2.7 × 2.4

40

2nd

Source

FAO22 1

3.8 cm (6)

Araucaria hunsteinii

Araucaria cunninghamii

1st

14 m3

2.7 × 2.4

Terminalia brassii

Thinnings (year: stems/ha)

7–8: 750

12– 17–18: 13: (29) 295 445 FAO 1

(1500)

: 400 (7) (last) FAO 1

“Forest Resources in the Asia and Far East Region” (1976)

54

Eucalyptus deglupta 18

24 m3

25: 100 (29) (last)

3.0 × 3.0

4–5: 800

10: 400

4.5 × 4.5

10: 250

15: 100

(5)

3.5 × 3.5

10: 250

15: 100

(7)

(Kerevat)

3.1 cm (6)

(18)

(Raba Raba)

3.5 cm (3)

(18)

(Wilelo)

5.4 cm (3)

FAO 1 2.5 × 2.5

10

32–37 m3

(18)

Eucalyptus tereticornis

FAO 1

(Oro Bay) (Sogeri) Eucalyptus spp.

25

Ochroma lagopus

4–6

Anthocephalus chinensis

(29)

3 cm (3)

(18)

2.6 cm (3)

(18)

17 m3

FAO (7)

2.6 cm (3)

(18)

2.4 cm (6)

(18)

Elaeocarpus multisectus

2.7 cm (3)

(18)

Melaleuca leucadendron

2.1 cm (3)

(18)

55

Situation in PNG re wood usage in the late 1970’s.

In the Highlands a complex system of horticulture was already practised as long as 2 300 years ago. The majority of the present population which was constituted through an irregular growth over a long period of time, is dispersed and engaged in shifting cultivation. This practise has affected much of the forest over the centuries. Short fallow rotations and fire have caused extensive grasslands. It is calculated that every person requires a land area of 1.8 ha for his shifting cultivation for an average fallow period of 10 years varying from 3 to 20 years. The present use of chainsaws tends to increase the fallow period through clearing of primary forest where crops have less pest infestation (24) (25). Population growth which at the moment is about 3% causes further clearing of primary forest.

Mining destruction in the past has been restricted to limited areas of alluvial gold bearing sediments. But nowadays the copper mining on Bougainville island causes a massive deforestation in the mountainous areas and further impact of sludge residue is expected.

Planned major roading programmes to open areas of the Sepik and Western districts will cause large destruction (3). Programmes of cash crop plantations such as oil palms, coconut palms, cacao and others occupy large areas of primary forest.

Fire is a major cause of degradation, especially around the villages and towns. Fuelwood collection in the lowlands was becoming a problem. In the Highlands, fuelwood collection was causing degradation of the existing forests and even large-scale deforestation.

It seems likely that the demand for timber from abroad will be steady or increase because of the reduced availability of timber from other countries of the region. The production of hardwood chips probably will increase slowly. The fast growth of this industry did not indeed materialise as the quantity of chip wood per ha turned out to be lower than expected and the international demand for this product remains at a low level (23).

Bibliography (1) Department of Forests 1964 “National Progress Report on Forestry-Period 1962–1964” FAO/APFC 64/3.20 - Port Moresby.

(2) FAO 1971 “Report on a Study Tour of Forest Plantations in Papua New Guinea - January – February 1971” - by J.M. Fielding - FO: SF/MAL 12 - Working Paper No. 12 – Rome.

(3) White, K.J. 1971 “The Lowland Rain Forest in Papua and New Guinea” - in Symposium of Pacific Science Association on Planned Utilization of the Lowland Tropical Forests - (Cipayung (Indonesia), 12–14 August 1971).

(4) Havel, J.J. 1972 “New Guinea Forests - Structure, Composition and Management” - in Australia Forestry - October 1972.

(5) White, K.J. and A.L. Cameron 1972 “Silvicultural Techniques in Papua New Guinea Forest Plantations” - Division of Silviculture - Department of Forests - Bull. No.1 - Port Moresby.

(6) Minister for Forests 1973 “New Horizons - Forestry in Papua New Guinea” – Brisbane.

(7) FAO 1974 “Appraisal of a Proposal for the Construction of an Integrated Pulp, Sawnwood and Veneer Industry in the Ioma Area” - FAO No. TA 3283 – Rome.

(8) FAO 1974 “Some Aspects of Reforestation in Papua New Guinea” - by D. Dun and R.T. Fenton FO: PAP/73/007 - Project Report – Rome.

(9) FAO 1975 “Forest Legislation - Papua New Guinea - Project Findings and Recommendations” - FO: DP/PNG/74/051 - Terminal Report – Rome.

(10) Lamb, D. 1975 “Kunjingini plantations 1965–1975” - Tropical Forestry Research Note Sr. 24 Port Moresby.

56

(11) Paijmans, K. 1975 “Vegetation Map of Papua New Guinea” and “Explanatory Notes to the Vegetation Map of Papua New Guinea” - Land Research Series No. 35 – Melbourne.

(12) Womersley, J.S. 1975 “Management of the Mangrove Forests - Utilization versus Conservation with Special Reference to the Forests of the Papuan Gulf” - in Proceedings of International Symposium of Biology and Management of Mangroves, 8–11 October 1974 – Hawaii.

(13) Godlee, J.L.R. and White, K.J. 1976 “Enrichment Planting with Araucaria hunsteinii” - Tropical Forestry Research Note Sr. 33 - Port Moresby.

(14) Office of Forests 1976 “Compendium of Statistics 1976” – Boroko.

(15) Asian Development Bank 1976 “The Forest Economy of Papua New Guinea”.

(16) White, K.J. 1976 “Notes on Enrichment Planting in Lowland Rain Forests of Papua New Guinea” Tropical Forestry Research Note Sr. 31 - Port Moresby.

(17) FAO 1977 “Policies and Strategies for Agricultural Development - Papua New Guinea” - Bangkok (18) Office of Forests 1977 “National Progress Report on Forestry” (Period 1974–1976) - Papua New Guinea - FO: APFC/77/2.17 – Boroko.

(19) White, K.J. 1977 “Forest Management Requirements in Lowland Rain Forest in Papua New Guinea” - Tropical Forestry Research Note Sr. 35 - Port Moresby.

(20) Office of Forests 1978 “Facts and Figures - 1978 Edition” – Boroko.

(21) FAO 1978 “Brief on Papua New Guinea” – Rome.

(22) Yauieb, A.M.D. 1978 “Land Tenure and Forest Products Utilisation - P.N.G. Problems and Solutions”-presented at the Forestry Department (SGS)/Development Studies Centre on Forest Policy and Forest Products in National Development and the Role of Foreign Aid (Canberra, 4.7 July 1978).

(23) Yauieb, A.M.D 1978 “Complete Integrated Utilisation of Tropical Forests - Papua New Guinea” Experience" - 8th World Forestry Congress - FID II/20–2 – Jakarta.

(24) Booth, H.E. 1979 “Notes on Subsistence Agriculture and Its Effects on Forests” - prepared for Forest Development Study, Central Province – Rome.

(25) FAO 1979 “Forest Development Study, Central Province - Papua New Guinea Mission Report: the Forest Resources and their Industrial Development” - TCP/PNG/8801 – Rome.

(26) Ministry of Forests 1979 “White Paper - Revised National Forest Policy” – Hohola.

(27) Office of Forests 1979 “Facts and Figures - 1979 Edition” – Boroko.

(28) Lindell, C.R. 1980 “Forestry Development in Papua New Guinea” - in Journal of Forestry, vol. 78 No. 3 (March 1980).

(29) Office of Forests 1980 “Progress Report 1973–1979 Papua New Guinea” - prepared for the Eleventh Commonwealth Forestry Conference - Port Moresby.

57

1977 Davidson, J. (1977a). Exploration, collection, evaluation, conservation, and utilization of the gene resources of tropical Eucalyptus deglupta. FAO Third World Consultation on Forest Tree Breeding, 21 – 26 March, Canberra, Australia. Forestry Department, FAO, Rome and CSIRO, Canberra.

Davidson, J. (1977b). Breeding Eucalyptus deglupta – a case study. Invited special paper FOFTB-77- 6/6. FAO Third World Consultation on Forest Tree Breeding, 21 – 26 March, Canberra, Australia. (Pp 1187 – 1203, Vol. 2, in the later published Proceedings, 1978, Forestry Department, FAO, Rome and CSIRO, Canberra.)

Davidson, J. (1977c). Problems of vegetative propagation of Eucalyptus. FAO Third World Consultation on Forest Tree Breeding, 21-26 March, Canberra, Australia. (Pp. 857 – 882, Vol. 2, in the later published Proceedings, Forestry Department, FAO, Rome and CSIRO, Canberra).

Davidson, J.(1977d). Advances from international cooperation on tropical Eucalyptus. FAO Third World Consultation on Forest tree Breeding, 21 – 26 March, Canberra, Australia.

(Pages 355 – 369, Vol. 1, in the later published Proceedings, Forestry Department, FAO, Rome and CSIRO, Canberra.)

Davidson, J. (1977e). Breeding Tropical Eucalypts. IUFRO Working Parties S2.02.8 (Tropical Species Provenances) and S2.03.1 (Breeding Tropical and Subtropical Species) Workshop, 4 – 8 April 1977, Brisbane, Queensland.

Fenton R, Roper R E, Watt G R. (1977). Lowland tropical hardwoods. An annotated bibliography of selected species with plantation potential. NZ FRI 456 pp. R Fenton, R Roper and G Watt FRI NZ 1977 undertook an annoted bibliography of selected lowland tropical hardwood species with plantation potential. The authors noted that most of the secies considered in the following listing are in the main light demanding, pioneer species, fast growing to escape weed compettion and usually of low density.

Bibliographies (paginated separately) have been prepared for 23 tropical hardwood species: Acacia auriculiformis, Albizia falcataria, Anthocephalus chinensis, Campnosperma brevipetiolata, Cedrela odorata, Cordia alliodora, Eucalyptus alba, E. deglupta, E. torelliana, E. urophylla, E. tereticornis, E. robusta, Grevillea robusta, Melaleuca leucadendron, Maesopsis eminii, Octomeles sumatrana, Terminalia brassii, T. calamansanai, T. catappa, T. ivorensis, T. superba, Toona ciliata, and Tetrameles nudiflora. For each species there is a 58

summary of available information, including brief notes on utilization, mainly taken from FA, followed by the bibliographic references.

Gray, B. (1977). Observations on insect flight in a tropical forest plantation. V1. Flight activity of Elateridae, Eucnemidae, Throscidae and Languridae (Coleoptera). Pacific Insects, 17(4): 405-411. (1) White, K. J. (1977). Forest management requirements in lowland rainforest in Papua New Guinea. Department of Forests, Port Moresby. Tropical Forestry Research Note SR. No. 35.

Boland, D. J., Davidson, J., and Howcroft N.H.S. (1977). Eucalyptus deglupta Blume and Araucaria cunninghamii D. Don provenance seed collections in Irian Jaya, Indonesia, 3-17 June 1975. In “Forest Genetic Resources Information No 6.”, FAO Rome. Pp. 3-15. (1) Hartley, A. (1977). The establishment of Eucalyptus tereticornis on tailings from the Bougainville copper mine, Papua New Guinea.

Commonwealth Forestry Review, 56(3): 239245. (1)

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Howcroft, N. H. S.(1977a). A review of Araucaria cunninghamii Ait. Ex Lambert in Papua New Guinea and Irian Jaya. Pp. 827-847. Proceedings of IUFRO Working Parties S2.02.8 (Tropical Species Provenances) and S2.03.1 (Breeding Tropical and Subtropical Species) Workshop, 4 – 8 April 1977, Brisbane, Queensland (1) Howcroft, N. H. S.(1977b). A survey of orchids in natural and man-made Araucaria forests in Papua New Guinea. Paper presented to Botanical Society, Goroka, August 1977. The Orchadian, 5(10): 150-152.

1978 Gray, B. (1978). Pests and diseases in forests and plantations. Pp. 286-314. In Tropical Forest ecosystems. Natural resources research X1V. UNESCO/UNEP/ FAO State of Knowledge Report, Paris.

Howcroft, N. H. S. (1978a). Exploration and provenance seed collections in Papua New Guinea 1976/77: Araucaria cunninghamii Lamb. and Araucaria hunsteinii K. Schum. FAO Forest Genetic Resources Information Pp. 1-11. (1) Howcroft, N. H. S. (1978b). Data sheets on species undergoing genetic impoverishment.

FAO Forest Genetic Resources Information. Pp. 1-37.

Howcroft, N. H. S. (1978c). Progress in a preliminary tree improvement and seed production program with Pinus merkusii Jungh et de Vies in Papua New Guinea. Pp. 699-706. In Progress and problems of genetic improvement of tropical forest trees. Proceedings of.

IUFRO Working Parties S2.02.8 (Tropical Species Provenances) and S2.03.1 (Breeding Tropical and Subtropical Species) Workshop, 4 – 8 April 1977, Brisbane, Queensland.

Bulolo airstrip and the “su sus” in background 1979. Photo Credit Ian Whyte.

1982 Wylie, F. R. (1982). Flight patterns and feeding behavior of adult Milionia isodoxa Prout at Bulolo, Papua New Guinea (Geometridae). The Lepidopterists’ Society, 36(4); 269-278. (1) Wylie, F. R. (1982). Studies of larval populations of Milionia isodoxa Prout (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in hoop pine plantations. Department of Forestry, Queensland. Technical Paper No. 31, Pp. 1-10. (1) 60

Wylie, F. R. (1982). Insect problems of Araucaria plantations in Papua New Guinea and Australia. Australian Forestry, 45(2); 125-131. (1) 1986 Vigus, T.R. (1986). Plantation forestry in the Papua New Guinea Highlands. The Waghi swamps afforestation scheme. In. Proc. workshop on Impact of Man's activities on tropical upland forest. ecology systems. (Eds. Y. Hadi, K. Awang, N.M. Majid, S. Mohamed). 167182. Univ. Pertanian Malaysia Pub. Waghi Swamp Plantation Project New Guinea Highlands.

The Waghi swamps were planted with E. robusta and E. grandis these species after species trials in mid-70’s. for wood supply for tea factories. The plantation programme continued till mid 80’s and a total of about 2,000 ha were planted, mostly with pure E. robusta but also with pure E. grandis and a mixture of the two species. The description of these plantations is based on Vigus, (1986).

Site factors. Waghi swamp covers an area of about 5,000 ha which constitute the flood plain of Waghi River and is about 3-5 m below the general valley floor at an altitude between 1,500-1,600m. The average temperature is quite high, around of 17.1°C with daily maxima around 24°C and minima around 12.8°C. Being in the tropics, the mean temperature varies by only 2.2°C during the year. The average monthly rainfall is about 170 mm seldom with a dry spell of more than two weeks. The total annual rainfall is 2,500 mm. The soils are dominated by dark brown, open textured, poorly decomposed peat mainly derived from Phragmites. The original vegetation cover of Waghi valley is dominated by “pitpit”, Phragmitis karkar in association with Saccharum spontaneum, the former making almost pure stands of 3-6 m high.

Silvicultural techniques. The high-water table and annual flooding - up to a metre for up to a week several times a year, led to the selection of two main species, E. robusta and E. grandis. Seedlings are first raised in trays then transplanted into small plastic tubes when they have two pairs of true leaves. The soil in the tubes is fertilised with urea, 60 g per 50 kg soil, and superphosphate, 360 g per 50 kg soil. The tubes are placed in standout beds until they are about 25 cm in height. They are then ready to be planted. The planting area is first cleared and drained. The vegetation, mostly Phragmites karkar is cut, allowed to dry, and then burnt.

Drains 0.6 m deep by 0.6 m wide are dug 20 to 40 m apart depending on the amount of waterlogging. These drains lead into deeper ones, (1.0 m deep and 1.0 m wide) 100 m apart.

The deeper drains then lead into a main drain (1.5 m deep by 2-3 m wide) spaced at 400 m apart, and the main drain lead into major drains which are strategically placed in each plantation area and are 2 m deep by 4 m wide. The drains are arranged in a herringbone fashion to facilities flow and reduce erosion. The purpose of the drains is to lower the water table prior to planting and keep the water flowing during the wet season. The trees are planted 2.5 m by 2.5 m and have to be tended every six to eight weeks during the first year, as the Phragmites karkar regrowth is very vigorous. By the end of the second year the canopy has normally closed, and the trees are well above the competing vegetation.

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Figure 6. Yield Table (E. robusta), boron applied (m3/ha) Age years S.Q. I II III 4 40 20 10 5 75 45 20 6 105 70 40 7 125 85 65 8 130 95 75 Growth and yield. The growth is variable, mostly influenced by soil type and water table. In high water table area where drainage is not good, there is almost 100% mortality. A yield table prepared from 250 temporary yield plots of E. robusta stands with no boron application showed the following results (Figure 6). The MAI at age 6 varied with site class from 17.3 m3 for site class I, 11.5 m3 for site class II, and 6.7 m3 on site class III. The average stocking in these plots was 800 trees/ha from an original 1,600.

Management and utilization. E. grandis grows much faster and a mixed compartment treated with boron yielded 275 m3/ha at age 8. One tree in a 14-year-old stands of E. grandis reached 50 m in height and over 85 cm in dbh. E. robusta is a good coppicer while E. grandis does not produce coppice shoots, though faster in growth rate. A coppice with standards system has been recommended to manage these plantations. With no thinnings, the trees are clear felled at age 6-10 years leaving standards at 10 x 10 m spacing (100 trees).

The main use of plantation wood is for fuelwood for the tea factories in the vicinity.

However, the demand was not as high as envisaged; hence harvesting of plantations was not carried out on schedule. Presently, treated poles of these species are in high demand for fencing, house construction, electric and telephone poles. The area under plantation has, however, not increased over the years due to land disputes and financial constraints.

Source UNESCO – Kuk early agriculture site with E grandis in background for wood supply for tea factories.

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1992 Seiji Mori23 reported on reforestation field studies undertaken by Stettin Bay Lumber Company (SBLC), located on New Britain Island. The reforestation work as the first experimental phase began in 1975 and continued until 1978 with establishing 255 ha of kamarere. Subsequently in 1981, the other three species were added. Sample plots to observe growth and other factors were established in 1982.

Growth records of four species by the end of 1992 DBH (cm) Age of Number Ave. Spacing trees of trees of top Stand Species (m) (year) per ha 80 average trees Eucalyptus 16 3x3 190 50.6 40.3 deglupta (kamarere) 20 4x4 154 57.0 45.3 Octomeles 9 4x4 432 39.6 28.1 sumatrana (erima) 10 5x5 374 43.7 32.8 Terminalia 9 4x4 486 32.5 25.3 brassii (terminalia) 9 3x3 690 27.6 21.6 Tectona 6 4x4 552 28.1 21.4 grandis (teak) 6 4x4 480 28.2 22.2

Height (m) Standing Ave. of top Stand volume 80 average (m3/ha) trees 45.1 40.3 454 55.2 46.4 539 32.5 25.7 356 33.1 29.2 451 28.2 24.6 293 28.8 26.1 303 19.1 16.9 165 19.9 19.8 175

Estimated sizes and yields of planted trees by the end of cutting cycle

Species

Eucalyptus deglupta (kamarere) Octomeles sumatrana (erima) Terminalia brassii (terminalia) Tectona grandis (teak)

Standing Rotation Height DBH volume (year) (m) (cm) (m3/ha)

Utilisation as Log volume harvestable Plywood Pulp & saw & (m3/ha) log fuel

20

50-60 60-75 400-500

300-400

Yes

Yes

15

40-50 80-85 400-500

300-400

Yes

No

300-400

Yes

No

300

Yes

Yes

20

50

65-75 400-450

25

40

65-70

23

400

Seiji Mori 1992 Managing Director Stettin Bay Lumber Company 1992 Nissho Iwai Corporation Japan article Regeneration of tropical rain forest on New Britain Island PNG. FAO

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1993 In the publication Proceedings Regional Expert Consultation of Eucalyptus 4-8 Oct 1993 Vol 1 -3, FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAP), P B L Srivastava PNGFRI Lae, presented the PNG country statement re Eucalypt in Papua New Guinea.

PNG Forest Plantations: Species distribution Kamarere Pinus Klinkii pine Hoop pine Teak Eucalyptus robusta/grandis Terminalia brassii Erima Acacia mangium Others

Source Srivastava PNGFRI total plantation area 36,930 ha.

PNG Eucalyptus plantations as of 1991. Source Srivastava PNGFRI Province Milne Bay

Age class Main species Area (ha) 1981-85 Eucalyptus deglupta 32.7 1986-90 Eucalyptus deglupta 327.7 Eastern Highlands 1976-80 Eucalyptus robusta/grandis 63.3 Western Highlands 1966-70 Eucalyptus robusta/grandis 205.1 1971-75 Eucalyptus robusta/grandis 576.1 1976-80 Eucalyptus robusta/grandis 1,002.9 1981-85 Eucalyptus robusta/grandis 157.9 East Sepik 1966-70 Eucalyptus tereticornis 0.5 1971-75 Eucalyptus grandis 7.8 1976-80 Eucalyptus tereticornis 22.3 1981-85 Eucalyptus tereticornis 0.9 Madang 1976-80 Eucalyptus deglupta 1,069.1 1981-85 Eucalyptus deglupta 1,755.1 1986-90 Eucalyptus deglupta 1,384.6 Morobe 1956-60 Eucalyptus species 7.3 64

37.4 % 14.1 % 12.4 % 12.1 % 8.9 % 5.5 % 4.5 % 2.7 % 1.1 % 1.3 % (100.0) %

1966-70 1971-75 West New Britain 1976-80 1981-85 1986-90 East New Britain 1951-55 1956-60 1961-65 1966-70 1971-75 1981-85 1986-90 Manus 1986-90 TOTAL AREA

Eucalyptus species Eucalyptus species Eucalyptus species Eucalyptus deglupta Eucalyptus deglupta Eucalyptus deglupta Eucalyptus deglupta Eucalyptus deglupta Eucalyptus deglupta Eucalyptus deglupta Eucalyptus deglupta Eucalyptus deglupta Eucalyptus deglupta

6.4 5.1 255.0 1,131.1 2,142.2 71.9 154.9 80.1 54.2 259.8 177.3 4,086.6 2.4 15,040.3

Age Class Distribution Eucalyptus spp plantations in PNG. Source Srivastava PNGFRI.

Locality

Province

Ulabo Nompia

Milne Bay Eastern Highlands Norikori Eastern Highlands Wahgi Western Swamp Highlands Kunjingini East Sepik Kunjingini East Sepik Yambi East Sepik Yambi Gogol Madang NC Bulolo Stettin Bay

East Sepik Madang Madang

Morobe West New Britain Keravat East New Britian Open Bay East New Britian

Age Class Species 0-5 yrs. 06-10 11-15 16-20 > 20 All (88-93) (83-87) (78-82) (73-77) (72) Ages E. deglupta 266.5 93.8 360.3 E. robusta & 22.3 27.3 49.6 grandis E. robusta & 13.7 13.7 grandis E. robusta & 20.6 662.8 994.3 264.3 1,942.0 grandis E. 16.0 0.5 16.5 tereticornis E. grandis 13.4 13.4 E. 0.9 0.9 tereticornis E. deglupta 0.7 0.7 E. deglupta 660.5 1,300.6 1,628.2 78.0 3,667.4 E. deglupta 176.3 207.3 383.5 E. spp.

E. deglupta

18.8 1,546.0 1,518.1

329.2

E. deglupta E. deglupta

135.0 71.0

3,653.3 1,108.6

65

150.8

18.8 3,528.3 549.3 620.9 4,912.7

Kaut Manus TOTAL AREA

New Ireland Manus 6,471.8

E. deglupta E. deglupta 4,259.1

148.0

10.0

2.4 2,823.9 1,320.3

158.0 2.4 814.1

15,689.1

Footnote.

Although 37.4% of the total plantations are under kamarere (E. deglupta), JANT Gogol TA Madang have switched over to Acacia mangium plantations because of its higher yield and shorter rotation (instead of 168.9 m3, 57% survival at age 10 for E. deglupta, 164.1 m3, 80% survival at age 6 for A. mangium).

E. deglupta growth trends in a yield plot at Keravat ENB PNG. Age (yrs.) dbh. (cm) Height (m) Clear bole length (m) 5 22.3 24.4 13.7 10 39.4 37.2 22.9 15 54.1 44.2 30.5 1994 A Cameron and T Vigus24 (1994). Papua New Guinea Volume and Growth Study: Regeneration and Growth of the Tropical Moist Rainforest in Papua New Guinea and the Implications for Future Harvest.

This pioneering work was to access as much information on PNG forest regeneration and to provide PNGFA with a considered opinion regarding the probability of achieving sustainable yields from the natural forest and what the level of yield may be. This report describes: 1. Shade tolerance and its significance for management of the major commercial forest species in Papua New Guinea. a. Stocker shade tolerance classification by species. The classification covers nearly 150 species. It was an attempt by Stocker to adapt the classification developed for the Queensland moist tropical rainforest to PNG species, growing under different conditions. b. Impact of light and moisture on species regeneration and survival c. Future impact of restrictions on harvesting only for downstream processing should limit over cutting of less desirable species for log export.

2. Post-harvest condition of representative forest areas in Papua New Guinea and the implications for future harvest.

A Cameron and T Vigus24 (1994). Papua New Guinea Volume and Growth Study: Regeneration and Growth of the Tropical Moist Rainforest in Papua New Guinea and the Implications for Future Harvest. Brisbane CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology (for the World Bank).

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3. Estimated future yield for selected forest types in Papua New Guinea.

4. Forest regeneration and stand development after timber stand improvement treatment in selected forests of Papua New Guinea.

The work of Vigus and Cameron found that the rainforests of PNG can be regenerated after well controlled selective logging (i.e., felling all commercial trees above 50 cm dbh). To maximise benefits, it is essential that residual stems (selected on basis of species, log length, form, crown position and crown quality) are marked prior to harvesting. Timber stand improvement can be achieved cost effectively by enriching the species mix regenerating, using nursery grown stock or transplanting wildings and then carrying out some tending operations to remove vines etc.

5. Some phenological characteristics of the major commercial forest species in Papua New Guinea.

Findings included that there does not appear to be any major problem with availability of seed from major species. If forest harvesting operates on a well-controlled selection system, there will be little impact on pollination vectors. A cause for concern is the lack in some areas of commercial species regeneration in both pre- and post-harvest areas. A need to raise the cutting diameter limit in particular forest areas. Controls instituted by the PNG LCOP have reduced stand damage. Individual tree fellers and plant operators need to be individually certified. The project involved remeasurement of plots established in the 1980’s. Although established in better quality forest, growth responses were markedly superior to that in untreated stands. The issue of implementing tree marking prescriptions would be determining what species to be favoured. The report found remarkable differences between post-harvest inventory figures and permanent sample plot data for the same harvesting units. In PNG, the tendency has been to assess sustainable yield as the volume that will be in excess of 50 cm dbh at the end of the presumed cutting cycle i.e., 35 years. There is a need over time to standardise data collection, standardise forest assessment techniques and data analysis across the sector. Forest typing needs to address effective productive forest areas in the assessment of likely yields, sustainable yield, and allowable cut.

This report describes 25Vigus’s work of 1993 in remeasuring plots he established in 1983,1984 and 1985 in the Provinces of Oro (Kumusi TA), East and West New Britain (Kapiuru TA) and West Sepik (Vanimo TA). Plots measured 100 metres by 50 metres and all trees above 10 cm dbh were measured, and their ground location recorded. After harvesting they were assessed for logging damage. In 1993, all trees above 10 cm dbh measured and located including new recruits. In all the plots, regeneration was immediate and profuse. The species that came to dominate over time were all pioneer species as Octomeles, Anthocephalus, Macaranga, Ficus and Hibiscus.

Cameron A L & Vigus T 1993. Papua New Guinea Volume and Growth Study: Regeneration and Growth of the Tropical Moist Rainforest in Papua New Guinea and the Implications for Future Harvest. Brisbane CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology (for the World Bank).

25

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1996 Vigus26 1996 described the first of these assisted regeneration techniques, as applied in Kimbe, West New Britain. To-date, reforestation has proceeded at a very low level in Papua New Guinea. The most recent estimate suggests a total of 62,000 ha (Kiki, 2006), over half of which is in long standing plantations managed by the National Forest Service. Without a major reforestation programme being in place at the project level, sustainability currently depends on there being sufficient trees in the stand that survive the logging operation without being damaged, that are commercial species, and are not moribund.

The PNG Logging Code of Practice 1996 was introduced to ensure reduced impact of logging operations on the residual stands of the rainforest and protection of watersheds. PNG forest policy, forestry laws and regulations and operational manuals such as the PNG Logging Code of Practice and Environmental Act provide specific guidelines on the protection of catchment areas. Poorly controlled harvesting operations can be a major cause of damage to the remaining stems in the rainforest.

Page 6 of the first edition (April 1966) of the PNG Logging Code of Practice delineates that all conditions imposed by the PNG logging code of practice will be in compliance with requirements of the Forestry Act 1991 as amended, Environmental Planning Act Chapter 370, Water Resources Act Chapter 205, Environment Contaminants Act Chapter 368, Conservation Area Act 1978, Investment Promotions Act No. 8 of 1992, Public Health Act Chapter 226 and its regulations (Drinking Water 1984), PNG labour Law, Industrial 1998

AFPNG Lae Conference titled planim diwai 1998 How did the PNG foresters go?

Political aspects/economic aspects/social aspects/conservation aspects planim diwai.

Vigus27 1998 In his presentation at the AFPNG Lae Conference titled Planim Diwai – a discussion on the social, economic and conservation issues of monoculture forestry plantations and reforestation naturally. discussed his personal experience in the history of plantation forestry in Papua New Guinea, dating back to 1970, and compared the benefits and Vigus, T.D. 1996. Reforestation Naturally. The technique. Kandrain Gloucester Integrated Development Project, Kimbe, West New Britain. Project Design & Management and ANUTECH. 27 Vigus T 1998 Paper “Planim diwai – a discussion on the social, economic and conservation issues of monoculture forestry plantations and reforestation naturally.” AFPNG Lae Conference 1998.

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costs of the two principal methods of reforestation, mentioned in the title, which are proposed for replacing PNG’s Forest Resources. The presentation outlines the history of the development of the technique of Reforestation Naturally and briefly discusses the way in which the technique has been further developed for large scale application.

Reforestation Naturally is a technique developed by the author where land ownership resides with people rather than governments.

Reforestation naturally has two major advantages: It can increase the number of high value trees from the initial quantity of 8-10/ha to 2530/ha in 35 years’ time and it preserves the “non-economic” benefits of the forest.

2002 Howcroft 200228. The balsa manual: techniques for establishment and the management of balsa (Ochroma lagopus) plantations in Papua New Guinea. Following the eruption, recognition of the economic potential of balsa, coupled with concerns about the lack of extension services and information about the state of the industry, led provincial and national authorities to request overseas assistance. This resulted in the establishment of the East New Britain Balsa Industry Strengthening Project, under the guidance of Neville Howcroft, funded by the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). The project operated from 1996 to 2003.

2018 Peters, B. (2018). Vanapa oberthuri: a pest of hoop pine plantations in PNG. Entomol.

Society Queensland, 45 (9): 181. (1)

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Howcroft, N.H.S. (2002). The balsa manual: techniques for establishment and the management of balsa (Ochroma lagopus) plantations in Papua New Guinea. ITTO East New Britain Balsa Industry Strengthening Project PD 7/99 Rev.2(F). International Tropical Timber Organization, Yokohama, Japan, and PNG National Forest Service, Keravat, Papua New Guinea. 51 p + appendices.

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ACRONYMS AAD ACT ACIAR ACLMP ACP ADB AEC AFAP

Australian Antarctic Division Australian Capital Territory Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research AusAid funded World Bank Land Mobilisation program.

African, Caribbean and Pacific States Asian Development Bank Administrators Executive Committee Australian Foundation for the Peoples of Asia & the Pacific Ltd. ADB African Development Bank AFLEGT African Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade AFPNG Association of Foresters of PNG AFS Australian Forestry School AFTA Asean Free Trade Area AIF Australian Infantry Forces AMF Australian Military Forces ANBG Australian National Botanical Gardens ANGAU Australian New Guinea Administrative Unit ANU Australian National University APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation APMF Australian Paper Manufacturers Forestry Pty Ltd APPM Australia Paper and Pulp Manufacturers ARD Afforestation, Reforestation and avoided Deforestation ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations ASIO Australian Security Intelligence Organisation ASOPA Australian School of Pacific Administration ATIBT Association Technique Internationale des Bois Tropicaux ATL Accelerated Tariff Liberalization ATO African Timber Organization AusAID Australian Aid Agency BA basal area BCOF British Commonwealth Occupational Force 1945-52 BDV Brussels Definition of Value “Beer Time” Any time.

BFC Bulolo Forestry College BGD Bulolo Gold Dredging Company BNGD British New Guinea Development (Company Limited) BUC Bulolo University College C Commonwealth cm centimetre CALM Western Australian Department of Conservation and Land Management CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CDM Clean Development Mechanism CEFACT United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business CEPT Common Effective Preferential Tariff CERFLOR Certificate of Origin of Forest Raw Material, Brazil 84

CFA CFE CGTM CIF CIFOR CITES C&I CNGT CO2 COC Coillte COP CPF CRE CRE

CSIRO CHAH C&I C&L CSD CTE DASF DBH/ dbh DEPT DESA DIES DIY DPI DOF DSB EC ECE ECOSOC EEA EFI EIA EMAS EMS ENB e.g.

ENGO Etc EU EVSL

Commonwealth Forestry Association Community forestry enterprise Cintra for Global Trade Model cost, insurance, freight Centre for International Forestry Research Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Criteria and indicators Commonwealth New Guinea Timbers Bulolo carbon dioxide chain of custody (Irish pronunciation: [ˈkəilʲtʲə], meaning "forests"/"woods") is a commercial forestry business in Ireland, owned by the state, Conference of Parties Collaborative Partnership on Forests Commander Royal Engineers CRE is a term inherited by RAE from RE and is the term for the Commanding Officer of a RAE unit which is headed by a Lt Col. Although the officer is called the CRE the name is also used for the name of his unit.

E.g., CRE Aust Forestry Group or 1(NG Forests).

Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria Criteria and Indicators Certification and Labelling Commission on Sustainable Development (United Nations) Committee on Trade and Environment Dept of Agriculture, Stock and Fisheries Diameter at breast height Department United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Department of Information and Extension Services Do-it-yourself Department of Primary Industry Department of Forests Dispute Settlement Body European Commission ECA Export credit agency Economic Commission for Europe Economic and Social Council of the United Nations European Economic Area European Forest Institute Environmental Investigation Agency Eco-Management and Audit Scheme of European Union Environmental Management System East New Britain Province.

For example Environmental Non-governmental Organisation et cetera (more of the same) European Union Early Voluntary Liberalisation 85

FAO F &TB FIM FMA FPRC FRA FRG FRI Forkol FSP/PNG FCCC FD FDI FIELD

Food and Agriculture Organisation Forest and Timber Bureau Canberra Forest Information System Forest Management Agreement Forest Products Research Centre Hohola Forest Resource Assessment Forest Red Gum Forest Research Institute Lae Bulolo Forestry College Foundation of the Peoples of the South Pacific See UNFCCC Forest department Foreign direct investment The Foundation for International Environmental Law and Development Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade Forest Law Enforcement and Governance National Forest logging concessions, Brazil free on board Forest Stewardship Council Free Trade Area of the Americas Girth above buttress Girth breast height over bark Girth under bark above buttress Geographic Information Systems Group of Eight (leading economies) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Gross Domestic Product Global Environment Facility Global Forest and Trade Network Global Forest Products Model greenhouse gas Geographical information system genetically modified organism Gross National Product Plurilateral Government Procurement Agreement Generalized System of Preferences Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit hectare International Bank for Reconstruction and Development International Energy Agency Institute of Foresters of Australia International Year of the Forest Inter-American Development Bank Amazon Environmental Institute, Brazil International Commodity Agreement International Conference on C&I for Sustainable Forest

FLEGT FLEG FLONAS FOB FSC FTAA GAB Gbhob Gubab GIS G8 GATT GDP GEF GFTN GFPM GHG GIS GMO GNP GPA GSP GTZ ha IBRD IEA IFA IFY IADB IBAMA ICA ICCI Management IDB Inter-American Development Bank IEA International Environmental Agreement 86

IEC IFC IFF IHPA IIED IMF INGO IPC IPCC IPF ISO ITC ITTA ITTC ITTO IUCN IWPA JICA L of N LRRS LCA LEEC LEI LULUCF m3 MCCAF MHA MIA MM MUS MEA MFN MIGA MOU MTTC n.a.

NAA NARI NB NAFTA NGO NHLA NRRP NT NTB NTCC NTFP NTM NWFP NDS

International Electrical Commission International Finance Corporation Intergovernmental Forum on Forests International Hardwood Products Association International Institute for Environment and Development International Monetary Fund International Non-Governmental Organisations Integrated Programme for Commodities Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Intergovernmental Panel on Forests International Organization for Standardisation International Trade Centre International Tropical Timber Agreement International Tropical Timber Council International Tropical Timber Organization The World Conservation Union International Wood Products Association Japanese International Cooperation Agency League of Nations Land Resource Soils Survey (branch of CSIRO) Life Cycle Analysis London Economic and Environmental Centre Indonesian Ecolabelling Institute Land Use, Land Use Change and Forests cubic metre McCarthy & Associates (Forestry) Pty. Ltd. Member of House of Assembly PNG mean annual increment in cubic metres/hectare/year Military Medal Malayan Uniform System Multilateral Environmental Agreement Most Favoured Nation Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency Memorandum of Understanding Malaysian Timber Certification Council not available National Archives Australia National Agriculture Research Institute New Britain North American Free Trade Agreement Non-Governmental Organisation National Hardwood Lumber Association Natural Resources and Rights Program National Treatment non-tariff barrier National Timber Certification Council non-timber forest product non-tariff measures non-wood forest product Northern District Sawmills 87

NFCAP NGM no.

NG NGF NGIB NGI NGO NGVR NZ NSW NTSC OECD OTO OIC OISCA OTML P or p PEFC PFDB PIB PIR PNG PNGAA PNGAF PNGFA PNGFIA PNGRIS PNGUT POM P&C PEFC PGA PPM PPP QLD QF RAE RPC RRA RIIA RIL RFE RTA RWE SAP SPS

PNG National Forestry and Conservation Action Plan New Guinea Mainland number New Guinea New Guinea Forces (relates to plant collection of Lae Herbarium) New Guinea Infantry Battalion New Guinea Islands Non-Government Organisation New Guinea Volunteer Rifles New Zealand New South Wales National Tree Seed Centre PNG Bulolo Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Office of Trade and Investment Ombudsman Officer in Charge Organisation for Industrial, Spiritual and Cultural Advancement International Japan.

Ok Tedi Mining Ltd page Pan European Forest Certification Scheme FAO planted forest database Papuan Infantry Battalion Pacific Islands Regiment Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea Australia Association Papua New Guinea Australian Foresters Magazine Series Papua New Guinea Forest Authority PNG Forest Industries Association Papua New Guinea Resource Information System PNG University of Technology Port Moresby Principles and Criteria Pan-European Forest Certification Framework Plurilateral Agreement on Government Procurement production and processing method Polluter Pays Principle (other meaning Purchasing Power Parity) Queensland Queensland Forestry Royal Australian Engineers/Australian Army Royal Papuan Constabulary Rapid Resource Appraisal Royal Institute of International Affairs reduced impact logging Russia Far East Regional Trade Agreement roundwood equivalent structural adjustment programme Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures 88

SFM SGS SMS SP SPWP sq m TAG TSS TBT TFF TFRK TNC TRAINS TREM TRIM TRIP UK UN Unasylva UNCCD UNCED UNCSD UNCTAD UNESCO UNDP UNECE UNEP UNFCCC UNFF USTR UNE UNEP UNI UNITECH UNRE UPNG UQ US USA USD TPNG TUBL TA TA TRADAC TRP Vol VSF WA WB

Sustainable Forest Management Société General de Surveillance Selective Management System Malaysia South Pacific Secondary Processed Wood Products square metres Trade Advisory Group of ITTO Tropical Shelterwood System Technical Barriers to Trade Tropical Forest Foundation traditional forest-related knowledge Transnational corporation Trade-Basic Indicators of UNCTAD trade-related environmental measures Trade Related Investment Measures Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights United Kingdom United Nations Journal of FAO of UN United Nations Programme to Combat Desertification United Nations Conference on Environment and Development United Nations Committee on Sustainable Development United Nations Conference on Trade and Development United Nations Economic and Social Council United Nations Development Programme United Nations Economic Commission for Europe United Nations Environment Programme Framework Convention on Climate Change of United Nations United Nations Forum on Forests US, Office of the US Trade Representative University of New England Armidale NSW United Nations Environment Program University University of Technology Lae PNG University of Natural Resources and Environment University of Papua New Guinea University of Queensland United States United States of America United States dollar Territory of Papua and New Guinea Territory United Brewery Ltd Timber Area Timber Authority Timber Research & Development Advisory Council Qld. Timber Rights Purchase volume Victorian School of Forestry Western Australia World Bank 89

WCMC WCO WSSD WTO WWF Yr.

World Conservation Monitoring Centre World Customs Organisation World Summit for Sustainable Development World Trade Organization World Wide Fund for Nature year

90

91