COVID-19: A Catalyst for Change in Architectural Education

COVID-19:

A CATALYST FOR CHANGE IN ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION Lauren Fitzpatrick and Ray Rayburn Capstone Studio Fall 2020

Photo courtesy of Pamela Buenrostro on Unsplash

PREFACE

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The COVID-19 pandemic caused a major disruption in society and in our education system. As graduate students in interior architecture and product design, we are uniquely positioned to observe our own college’s response to bringing students safely back to campus and propose changes for the future.

Our proposal for Seaton Hall takes into consideration public health, mind and body wellbeing, the future of education, and diversity and inclusion. We hope to find opportunities where these intersect to propose lasting changes which will benefit more than just a temporary response to a public health crisis.

Adobe Stock Photo

Kansas State University. (2018). [Seaton/ Regnier Hall, Aerial View]. Retrieved 25 August, 2020 from https://apdesign.k-state.edu/about/photos_videos/ photos/index.html#prettyPhoto

ABOUT US

Adobe Stock Photo

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

LAUREN FITZPATRICK

RAY RAYBURN

Post-Baccalaureate Master’s student in Interior Architecture and Product Design at Kansas State University, Undergraduate in Equestrian Science at Stephens College

Post-Baccalaureate Master’s student in Interior Architecture and Product Design at Kansas State University, Undergraduate in Liberal Arts with Minor in Sustainability at University of Missouri Kansas City

It has been a strange year that has challenged us and we have all had to push ourselves to the limits of adaptability in learning how to do collaboration, meetings, presentations, and critiques remotely. We would like to thank our Capstone Studio Professor Vibhavari Jani for supporting us, pushing us, challenging us, and encouraging us to pursue this challenging project which was sure to face high scrutiny since it hits so close to home. We would like to thank our Department Head Nathan Howe for providing that intense scrutiny and enthusiasm for what we were attempting to do. We would like to thank our professional mentor, Elizabeth Witzken of Hollis + Miller Architects for her support and insight about educational design, storytelling, and being an alumn of our program. Lastly, we would like to thank our pets and roommates for their constant company and support as we worked from home: Ray’s cats, Isis and Dandelion, and roommate, Alex; and Lauren’s dog, Emma, and roommate, Mary.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Adobe Stock Photo

i 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08

Preface Research Site Analysis and User Information Generative Intent Programming Master Plan Schematic Design Design Development Final Design

01 RESEARCH

COVID-19 IMPLICATIONS ON EDUCATION

MENTAL HEALTH IN DESIGN EDUCATION • Students are suffering from deteriorating mental health. Primary reasons include: lack of sleep, debt or fear of debt, and educational cultures which support excessive working hours and competitive practice (Waite & Braidwood, 2016).

A report by World Bank Group (2020) posits that the worldwide effect of school closures on education could lead to decreased learning, increased dropout rate, and exacerbate educational inequalities.

WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON MENTAL

• The 2018 report of K-State’s National College Health Assessment reported that in the previous 12 months:

HEALTH • Covid-19 is linked to increased symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress

85.6% of respondents felt overwhelmed by all they had to do 60.6% of respondents felt overwhelming anxiety 16.9% were diagnosed with Anxiety 17% were diagnosed with Depression 45.3% reported difficulty handling their academic load 35.2% reported difficulty handling finances 28.1% reported sleeping difficulties

Center for Disease Control and Prevention.

(2020). PHIL ID #23312 [Illustration]. CDC Newsroom: Image Library. https://www.cdc. gov/media/subtopic/images.htm

• Social Isolation, reduced physcial activity, increased use of social media, and procrastination are all contributing factors.

• It can be reasonably assumed that the need for a return to school facilites is imperative for student growth and success

(American College Health Association & National College Health Assessment II, 2018)

IMPACT ON EDUCATIONAL FACILITES

• A UK-based survey conducted by Architects’ Journal reported that of 450 respondents, over half had concerns over mental health (Waite & Braidwood, 2016).

• Looking toward the future, this virus offers new opportunities to redefine what has always been and solve problems of inclusivity and wellbeing through the development of new products, materials, and technology.

Steelcase Education. (n.d.). Navigating What’s Next: Post-Covid Learning Spaces.

Steelcase.https://www.steelcase.com/content/uploads/2020/05/SteelcaseEducation_PostCovidLearningSpaces.pdf

• Educational environments must be designed with the expectation of adaptability while meeting occupants’ wellbeing needs and engaging students (Steelcase Education, n.d.)

COVID-19 CASE STUDIES IN EDUCATION

STRATEGIES FROM AIA AIA proposes strategies for classroom redesign such as increased use of technology to promote distance learning where applicable, having desking face the same direction, utilizing dividers to separate occupants when distance is not an option, employing a hand washing and/or sanitizing station within or near the classroom, moving water bottle refill stations within the classroom, removing non-essential furniture, defining circulation paths utilizing graphics, utilizing occupant operable windows for ventilation, utilizing a rotational model for collaborative work with small groups of students, utilize furniture as barriers to student desks, etc. (The American Institute of Architects, n.d.b.).

All of these are geared to promote a contact clustering method by fulfilling student needs within the classroom itself.

Administrative strategies to promote contact clustering include rotation of teachers between classrooms, rather than students (The American Institute of Architects, n.d.b.).

LEARNING COMMUNITY

CLASSROOM

Primary School Education primarily promotes one learning community limited to one classroom space, thereby limiting the risk of virus spread.

TRANSLATION TO HIGHER EDUCATION

CLASSROOM

CLASSROOM

LEARNING COMMUNITY

CLASSROOM

Center for Disease Control and Prevention.

(2020). PHIL ID #23312 [Illustration]. CDC Newsroom: Image Library. https://www.cdc. gov/media/subtopic/images.htm

CLASSROOM

Higher Education promotes multiple learning communities traveling across many classrooms, thereby increasing risk for virus spread.

The American Institute of Architects. (n.d.b). Reopening America: Strategies for Safer Schools.http://content.aia.org/sites/default/files/2020-08/Reopening_America__Strategies_for_Safer_Schools_June_2020_.pdf

COVID-19 CASE STUDIES IN EDUCATION

CLASSROOM STRATEGIES FOR MITIGATING COMMUNITY SPREAD AND PROMOTING WELLBEING CLTH, an Architecture firm located in London, UK, proposes some temporary design solutions for schools returning back to school in the United Kingdom. These involve round outdoor tents as classroom environments with carefully planned seating which create safe spacing between students, and one-way clockwise circulation inside and outside the tents to prevent crossing paths with another person. This solution would “help liberate existing internal school space taking the pupil load off circulation areas, but also enhance air-flow contributing to individuals’ wellbeing.”

They propose a variety of seating layouts to accommodate activities such as discussions, exams, and fine arts classes. The temporary nature of the environment would provide the flexibility to be changed as needed (Harrouk, 2020).

Gensler looked at 3 areas of need: classrooms, circulation, and hygiene. They measured the classroom capacity of every classroom based on a 6-foot distancing between students with additional space for circulation and provided diagrams and student-to-teacher ratios for every classroom in the school. They recommend that a single cohort is confined to classes on a single floor to limit contact with the wider building. To accommodate this, they recommend assigning flex rooms on every single floor where elective classes can take place so students don’t have to travel to a different floor (Brooklyn LAB Charter School, 2020).

Center for Disease Control and Prevention.

(2020). PHIL ID #23312 [Illustration]. CDC Newsroom: Image Library. https://www.cdc. gov/media/subtopic/images.htm

According to Amy Hoffman (2020) at DLR Group, before the pandemic there was some desire to increase academic workplace flexibility using technology.

Now, the implementation of these strategies has been accelerated. This has the potential to provide more accessibility for both faculty and students.

The benefits of being on-campus are the chance encounters, greater human connection, and meaningful discussion amongst larger groups. As design for higher education environments changes to meet our new needs, we will need more flexibility to accommodate many different future needs. They must also provide a sense of safety and provide the appeal of something that cannot be had in our own homes.

However, the shift to virtual education provides more opportunities for one-onone relationships between faculty and students with more flexible office hours provided virtually, and this accessibility may be an improvement for the experiences of both faculty and students (Hoffman, 2020).

Harrouk, C. (2020, May 18). CLTH Proposes Adaptive Design for Schools post COVID-19. Retrieved August 23, 2020, from https:// www.archdaily.com/939683/clth-proposes-adaptive-design-for-schools-post-covid-19

COVID-19 CASE STUDIES IN EDUCATION

HEALTHY AND INCLUSIVE RESTROOMS In Reopening America: Strategies for Safer Offices, AIA outlines several ideas to reduce transmission of Covid-19 in public restrooms. Solutions focus primarily on reducing touch points and reducing fecal-oral transmission in poorly ventilated facilities.

A promising idea is to eliminate the use of doors or provide hands-free door openers. Additionally, it is proposed to reduce or eliminate multi-fixture gendered restrooms and opt for several unisex bathrooms with floor to ceiling partitions (The American Institute of Architects, n.d. a) Stalled! is an organization which does research and produces design guidelines addressing inclusivity in public restrooms. The debates surrounding the limited access transgender people face when it comes to restrooms were a jumping off point to investigate how to create an inclusive restroom for all.

restroom facility into a single intersex, it also provides accessibility and hygiene by eliminating as many barriers and doors as possible so that users may access handwashing easily and without interacting with common surfaces. It also provides more opportunity to integrate accessible toilet facilities (Stalled!, n.d.).

This model of restroom design could also accommodate the large areas needed for circulation in light of the need for 6-foot distancing between people due to COVID-19.

One solution they discuss to gender-inclusive restroom design is taking advantage of the single-user restroom type. This is already accepted and commonly used as a response to the Americans with Disabilities ACT (ADA).

Center for Disease Control and Prevention.

(2020). PHIL ID #23312 [Illustration]. CDC Newsroom: Image Library. https://www.cdc. gov/media/subtopic/images.htm

Another solution type they discuss is the multi-user solution. This requires more imagination and creativity to work around building codes. Their prototype for a high-traffic airport restroom includes three layers going from most public to most private: a grooming station, an open handwashing station in the middle, and a unisex bank of private single-user enclosed toilets at the back (Stalled!, n.d.).

While their model accomplishes integrating a separated

ArchDaily. (2020). [Rendering of handwashing tent]. Retrieved August 23, 2020 from https://www.archdaily.com/939683/clth-proposes-adaptive-design-for-schools-post-covid-19

Stalled!. (n.d.). [Diagram of multi-user gender-inclusive airport restroom solution]. Retrieved 24 August, 2020 from https://www.stalled.online/airport.

When considering either the single-user or multi-user solutions Stalled! proposes, multiple intersections of social justice needs are being served by the same solutions. These solutions are able to address transgender rights and gender inclusivity, accessibility, and public health at the same time. As the design community moves forward with designing solutions in response to public health needs, it is worth considering how these designs may serve the needs of other marginalized communities whose needs are not always met by the designed environment.

CLTH proposes incorporating portable bathroom facilities and solar hot water heating for outdoor restroom facilities to be included in the expansion of schools into temporary tent facilities.

Part of their proposal includes a dedicated handwashing tent with a central linear handwashing station and generous surrounding open space. The tent is 16 meters x 9 meteres and can accommodate 11 students at a time with 2-meter distancing between students.

(Harrouk, 2020).

DIVERSITY & INCLUSION

DIVERSITY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE The University of California, Berkeley says in their Greater Good Magazine, “In North America, the word “diversity” is strongly associated with racial diversity. However, that is just one dimension of the human reality. We also differ in gender, language, manners and culture, social roles, sexual orientation, education, skills, income, and countless other domains. In recent years, some advocates have even argued for recognition of “neurodiversity,” which refers to the range of differences in brain function,” (The Greater Good Science Center at the University of California, Berkeley, 2020).

According to the Center for Economic and Social Justice, “Social justice encompasses economic justice. Social justice is the virtue which guides us in creating those organized human interactions we call institutions. In turn, social institutions, when justly organized, provide us with access to what is good for the person, both individually and in our associations with others. Social justice also imposes on each of us a personal responsibility to work with others to design and continually perfect our institutions as tools for personal and social development,” (TSDF, 2016).

According to the United Nations, “Social justice may be broadly understood as the INTERSECTIONALITY fair and compassionate distribution of the The term “intersectionality” was coined fruits of economic growth,” (TSDF, 2016).

by Kimberle Crenshaw, a professor at According to the National Association Columbia Law School, to describe the of Social Workers, “Social justice is the experiences of marginalization faced view that everyone deserves equal by black women. Since then, the term economic, political and social rights and has evolved to encompass the many opportunities. Social workers aim to open ways that marginalized groups can face the doors of access and opportunity for multiple forms of marginalization. She everyone, particularly those in greatest says, “Intersectionality is a lens through which you can see where power comes need,” (TSDF, 2016).

Adobe Stock Photo

and collides, where it interlocks and intersects. It’s not simply that there’s a race problem here, a gender problem here, and a class or LBGTQ problem there.

Many times that framework erases what happens to people who are subject to all of these things,” (Columbia Law School, 2017).

INCLUSIVE VS. UNIVERSAL DESIGN Inclusive Design, as defined by the British Standards Institute, means “The design of mainstream products and/or services that are accessible to, and usable by, as many people as reasonably possible… without the need for special adaptation or specialised design,” (University of Cambridge, 2017). This is subtly different from Universal design, which generally applies to the built environment and therefore needs to be accessible to the entire population, not just most (University of Cambridge, 2017). The main differences are that Inclusive Design generally applies to product design whereas Universal Design generally applies to environmental design. Products can be designed and targeted at a segment of the population

HOK. (n.d.). Enabling Choices in a More Inclusive COVID-19-Era Workplace Ecosystem. Retrieved October 20, 2020, from https:// www.hok.com/ideas/research/enabling-choices-in-a-more-inclusive-covid-19-era-workplace-ecosystem/

and it is considered acceptable if it meets “most” user’s needs. Universal Design must be universal.

NEURODIVERSITY “Neurodiversity is the diversity of human minds, the infinite variation in neurocognitive functioning within our species” (Walker, 2014). It is thought that a large number within our population

are neurodivergent, often unknowingly.

Neurodiverse people need an environment which allows them to thrive (Sargent et al., 2019). HOK posits that desiging spaces along a spectrum of sensitivity provides people with choices over their work environment to best suit their individual needs (HOK, 2020). This factors directly into Flexible Learning Pedagogy.

FLEXIBLE LEARNING

FLEXIBLE LEARNING

Flipped Classroom Strategy

Flexible Learning contributes to the educational environment by empowering students to work and learn in a way that best suits the individual learning style. Teaching methodologies, spatial accommodations, and furniture typologies all play a role in a successful flexible learning environment. Paul Cornell (2002) posits that furniture should be both adaptable and human-centered in design. It should promote a variety of activities and facilitate both collaboration and privacy.

In a flipped classroom strategy, students review materials prior to coming to class.

This provides them the flexibility to decide where, when, and how they want to absorb information. It also solidifies knowledge by promoting dialogue and engagement about the material during class time. Drawbacks to this strategy include personal motivation on behalf of the student to prepare for class (Wanner, 2015).

Individualized lesson plans are created per student based on their learning style.

There are four methods suitable for differentiating instruction. Cathy Weselby proposes differentiation of content, process, product, and environment (2014).

This differentiated method provides every student with the tools to succeed based on how they absorb, process, and produce information.

Experiential Learning Theory

Indirect vs. Direct Approach

Students gain knowledge through participation in experiences, in and out of the classroom. The student can reflect and extrapolate the experience into knowledge. Kolb’s Cycle of Experiential Learning begins in a concrete experience, followed by reflection, abstraction, and finally experimentation, where the student applies their newfound knowledge (as cited in Clark, Threeton, & Ewing, 2010).

Experiential Learning Theory can be applied utilizing a reflective medium such as journaling and/or hands on laboratory components to a curriculum.

According to Rüütmann & Kipper, direct vs. indirect approaches to teaching are determined by the sources of information (2011). In a direct approach, information is transmitted directly from instructor to student, who is in turn expected to digest and memorize the information. In an indirect approach, the student must seek information and the instructor’s role becomes one of guidance.

THEORY

Existing research provides a basis for why the use of a flexible learning model in education is necessary. The recognition that learning styles vary by individual proves that the design of the educational environment should provide the student and the instructor with the means to develop, deliver, and absorb information in a way that makes sense to the individual.

The development of educational spaces in a COVID-19 era should take into account the implementation of these learning strategies in conjunction with strategies to reduce the risk of community spread of the virus. Future spatial development should stress the importance of flexible use of space.

APPROACH

STRATEGY

Adobe Stock Photo

Differentiated Instruction: Learning Stations

Augmented Reality Strategy Augmented Reality in education provides new, unprecedented opportunities for students to engage in experiences they may not otherwise have access to.

Laboratory components can be conducted via augmented reality, and it provides a 3 dimensional space to facilitate collaborative work and social interaction between peers and faculty (Blum, 2018).

ENVIRONMENT & BEHAVIORAL THEORIES

SOMMER’S THEORY OF PERSONAL SPACE & SOCIAL DESIGN Sommer’s theory is about how space impacts the experience of students. He defines “personal space” as an area around the body that moves with the owner and is clearly defined but invisible. This space varies depending on cultural norms and situations. (Sommer, 1959 p. 247)

WESTIN & ALTMAN’S THEORY OF PRIVACY

KAPLAN & KAPLAN PREFERENCE MODEL

LYNCH’S ELEMENTS OF LEGIBILITY

Westin defines four types of privacy: Solitude, intimacy, anonymity, and reserve (Altman, 1975, p. 18). He also defines four functions of privacy: Personal autonomy, emotional release, self-evaluation, limited and protected communication (Altman, 1975, p.19).

This model defines four spatial properties which promote understanding of and engagement with a space.

Coherence (Making sense)

Legibility (The promise of making

sense)

Complexity (involvement)

Mystery (The promise of

involvement) (Kaplan, 1988)

Lynch’s work defines elements of a city with distinct visual/spatial qualities that help us navigate a large, complex space.

Paths

Edges

Districts

Nodes

Landmarks (Lynch, 1960, p.47-48) On the importance of understanding how these elements play out in our experience and why they are important, Lynch says, “The need to recognize and pattern our surroundings is so crucial and has such long roots in the past, that this image has wide practical and emotional importance to the individual,” (Lynch, 1960, p. 4).

Altman proposes that there is a need for balance between closedness and openness. The amount of privacy people need changes depending on the circumstances and the feelings of the individual (1975, p.25) We need environments that meet the needs of the user, but we also need environments that can adapt and be modified by users to suit their own needs, particularly in regard to privacy and personal space (Altman, 1975, p.207-210).

Adobe Stock Photo

CAMPFIRE

SPATIAL ARCHETYPES

CAVE

LIFE

MOUNTAINTOP

LEARNING FROM: Expert/Elder

LEARNING FROM: Peers

LEARNING FROM: Self

LEARNING FROM: Experience

LEARNING FROM: Teaching

The place where students gather to listen to instruction or presentation. Characterized by one person communicating information to many.

The place where students exchange information, whether purposefully or by accident. A place for collaboration.

The place where students can reflect, explore and be creative.

Characterized by seclusion and privacy.

The place where students learn from hands-on experimentation based on real-world experiences

The place where students can present and demonstrate what they have learned. Creates concrete knowledge.

EXAMPLES Lecture Hall Classroom

(Thornburg, n.d.)

Adobe Stock Photo

WATERING HOLE

Images: Adobe Stock

EXAMPLES Conference Cafe Small Collab Breakout Space

EXAMPLES Quiet Space Pod Outdoors

EXAMPLES Maker Space Laboratory

EXAMPLES Presentation Gallery Display

American College Health Association, & National College Health Assessment II. (2018). (rep.). Kansas State University

Executive Summary Spring 2018. Hanover, MD: American College Health Association.

Hoffman, A. (2020, July 28). Instituting a “Door is Always Open” Approach to Academic Offices. Retrieved August 23, 2020, from

https://www.dlrgroup.com/media/articles/covid-19-academic-workplace/

The American Institute of Architects. (n.d.a). Reopening America: Strategies for Safer Offices. http://content.aia.org/sites/default/

files/2020-07/BuildingTypeReport-Office_2020-0723.pdf

HOK. (n.d.). Enabling Choices in a More Inclusive COVID-19-Era Workplace Ecosystem. Retrieved October 20, 2020, from https://www.hok.com/ideas/research/enabling choices-in-a-more-inclusive-covid-19-era-workplace-ecosystem/

The American Institute of Architects. (n.d.b). Reopening America: Strategies for Safer Schools.http://content.aia.org/sites/default/

files/2020-08/Reopening_America__Strategies_for_Safer_Schools_June_2020_.pdf

IDEO. (n.d.). What is Human-Centered Design? Retrieved August 24, 2020, from https://www.designkit.org/human-centered-design

Altman, I. (1981). The Environment and Social Behavior: Privacy, Personal Space, Territory, Crowding. New York, NY: Irvington.

Blum, A. (2018, August 16). The Multiple Uses of Augmented Reality in Education. Retrieved from https://www.emergingedtech.

com/2018/08/multiple-uses-of-augmented -reality-in-education/

Kaplan, Rachel and Kaplan, Steven. (1988). Kaplan and Kaplan Preference Model. Retrieved from http://www.fengshuilondon.net/feng-shui-environmental-psychology/ka

plan-kaplan-preference-model-offers-model-designing-engaging-environments Lynch, K. (1960). The Image of the City. Cambridge: The MIT Press.

Rüütmann, T., & Kipper, H. (2011). Teaching Strategies for Direct and Indirect Instruction in Teaching Engineering. iJEP, 1(3), 37-44.

Brooklyn LAB Charter School, UPC, Gensler, PBDW, PSF Projects, SITU, & WXY. (2020, May 26). Back to School Facilities Tool Kit

[PDF]. Brooklyn, New York: Equity by Design.

Sargent, K., Hutchinson, M., Payne, E., Vandover, C., Ibrahim, A., Polucci, T., . . . Wright, G. (2019). Designing a NeuroDiverse Workplace (Publication). HOK.

Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, August 4 a). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Frequently Asked Questions.

https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/faq.html#Basics

Sommer, R. (1959, March 30). Studies in Personal Space. Retrieved October 17, 2019, from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/37fc/9bfc2b2059bc25ca2e5f638b7aa7186d29da.

pdf.

Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, May 13 b). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Symptoms of Coronavirus.

https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html

Stalled! (n.d.). Retrieved August 23, 2020, from https://www.stalled.online/

Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, May 30 c). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Considerations for Institutions of

Higher Education. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). PHIL ID #23312 [Illustration]. CDC Newsroom: Image Library. https://www.cdc.

gov/media/subtopic/images.htm Chong, G.H., Martin, M., & Brandt, R.M. (2010). Design Informed: Driving Innovation with Evidence-Based Design. John Wiley & Sons,

Inc.

Steelcase Education. (n.d.). Navigating What’s Next: Post-Covid Learning Spaces. Steelcase.https://www.steelcase.com/content/uploads/2020/05/SteelcaseEducation_Post

CovidLearningSpaces.pdf The Greater Good Science Center at the University of California, Berkeley. (2020). Diversity Definition: What Is Diversity. Retrieved August 24, 2020, from https://greatergood.

berkeley.edu/topic/diversity/definition Thornburg, D. (0AD). Campfires in Cyberspace: Primordial Metaphors for Learning in the 21st Century. Association for Talent Development. https://www.td.org/newsletters/atd links/campfires-in-cyberspace-primordial-metaphors-for-learning-in-the-21st-century.

TSDF. (2016, March 24). What is Social Justice? Retrieved August 24, 2020, from https://www.sdfoundation.org/news-events/sdf-news/what-is-social-justice/

Clark, R. W., Threeton, M. D., & Ewing, J. C. (2010). The Potential of Experiential Learning Models and Practices In Career and

Technical Education & Career and Technical Teacher Education. Journal of Career and Technical Education, 25(2), 46-62.

Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ931098 Columbia Law School. (2017, June 08). Kimberlé Crenshaw on Intersectionality, More than Two Decades Later.

Retrieved August 24, 2020, from https://www.law.columbia.edu/news/archive/kimberle-crenshaw intersectionaLity-more-two-decades-later Cornell, P. (2002). The Impact of Changes in Teaching and Learning on Furniture and the Learning Environment. New Directions for

Teaching & Learning, 2002(92), 33. Retrieved from https://doi-org.er.lib.k-state.edu/10.1002/tl.77.

Stengel, B. (2020). UMN Student Cultural Center in St. Paul, Minnesota by DLR Group. [Photograph]. DLR Group. https://www.

dlrgroup.com/media/articles/covid-19-academic-workplace/ Harrouk, C. (2020, May 18). CLTH Proposes Adaptive Design for Schools post COVID-19. Retrieved August 23, 2020, from https://

www.archdaily.com/939683/clth-proposes-adaptive-design-for-schools-post-covid-19

University of Cambridge. (2017). Inclusive Design Toolkit. Retrieved August 24, 2020, from http://www.inclusivedesigntoolkit.com/whatis/whatis.html Waite, R., &; Braidwood, E. (2016, July 28). Mental health problems exposed by AJ Student Survey 2016. The Architects’ Journal. https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/

mental-health-problems-exposed-by-aj-student-survey-2016.

Walker, N. (2014, September 27). Neurodiversity: Some Basic Terms & Definitions. NEUROCOSMOPOLITANISM: DR. NICK WALKER’S NOTES ON NEURODIVERSITY, AU

TISM, & SELF-LIBERATION. https://neurocosmopolitanism.com/neurodiversity-some-basic-terms-definitions/.

Wanner, T., Palmer, E., (2015). Personalizing learning: Exploring student and teacher perceptions about flexible learning and assessment in a flipped university course.

Computers & Education, 88, 354-369.

Weselby, C. (2014). What is Differentiated Instruction? Examples of How to Differentiate Instruction in the Classroom. Retrieved from https://education.cu-portland.edu/blog/

classroom-resources/examples-of-differentiated-instruction World Bank. (2020). The COVID-19 Pandemic : Shocks to Education and Policy Responses. World Bank, Washington, DC. © World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/

handle/10986/33696 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.”

02 SITE ANALYSIS & USER INFORMATION

SITE INFORMATION

oject/seaton-hall-renovation-expansion Kansas Flint Hills. Photo by Mary Hammel on Unsplash

SEATON HALL KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY MANHATTAN, KANSAS Kansas State University was founded in 1863 in Manhattan, Kansas (Kansas State University (1), 2020). The original East wing of Seaton Hall was built in 1909, and additional wings were added in 1922 and 1959 (Kansas State University (3), 2020), with the most recent addition finished in 2017 connecting Seaton Hall’s East wing with Regnier Hall (Kansas State University (3), 2020).

BNIM. (n.d.). [Seaton Hall Renovation + Expansion] [Photograph]. BNIM. https://www.bnim. com/project/seaton-hall-renovation-expansion

GEOGRAPHIC CONTEXT

Flint Hills

Regional Information

According to the Flint Hills Discovery Center, located in Manhattan, KS, the Flint Hills are a tallgrass prairie ecosystem that makes up central Kansas and Northern Oklahoma. There are few trees established in this area because of the abundance of limestone rock beneath the shallow soil. Plant life is hardy as the area frequently sees drought and fire.

Nestled into the hills and along the Kansas River, the city of Manhattan thrives and hosts Kansas State University. The National Bio and Agro-Defense Lab and Fort Riley Military base is also close by, making Manhattan a national hub serviced by the Manhattan Regional Airport.

Only about 4% of the nation’s naturally occurring tallgrass prairie remain unaltered by agricultural America, of which is made up of the Flint Hills. Erosion of the limestone deposits over time have given the area a unique stepped look, rather than gentle sloping hills. This same limestone base is what has protected the area from development because it was too difficult to plow. Instead, it hosts a variety of livestock ranching which thrive on the area’s grasses (Flint Hills Discovery Center, n.d.).

The city of Manhattan was founded in 1855 and resides in Riley County in the northeast of Kansas. Kansas State Universeity was founded in 1863 as one of the first landgrant and coeducational colleges in America (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2019).

Kzollman, K.Z. (2006). Riley County Courthouse [Photograph]. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Manhattan,_Kansas#/media/File:Riley_(Kansas)_County_Courthouse_1.jpg Kansas Flint Hills. Photo by Mary Hammel on Unsplash

Building History

GEOGRAPHIC CONTEXT

The College of Architecture, Planning & Design as it is known today was named in 1993 after nearly a century of various Lanscape, Architecture, Planning, and Interiors programs had already been established (Kansas State University (1), 2020). Today the college is home to the Department of Architecture, the Department of Interior Architecture and Industrial Design, and the Department of Landscape Architecture and Regional Community Planning. The college primarily occupies the East wing of Seaton Hall, Regnier Hall, and the 2017 addition connecting the two. The central and West wings of Seaton Hall are primarily home to various other departments related to Geography and Engineering (Kansas State University (3), 2020).

Opposite Left Kansas State University. (2018). [Seaton/Regnier Hall, East Wing]. Retrieved 25 August, 2020 from https://apdesign.k-state.edu/about/photos_videos/photos/index.html#prettyPhoto Opposite Center Kansas State University. (2019). [Seaton/Regnier Hall, West Wing]. Retrieved 25 August, 2020 from Google Maps.

Kansas Flint Hills. Photo by Mary Hammel on Unsplash

Opposite Right Kansas State University. (2018). [Seaton/Regnier Hall, Newest Addition]. Retrieved 25 August, 2020 from https://apdesign.k-state.edu/about/photos_videos/photos/index.html#prettyPhoto

HISTORIC LIMESTONE

MID-CENTURY LIMESTONE

CONTEMPORARY STEEL + GLASS

The original campus buildings dating from the turn of the century are constructed out of limestone random ashlar and coursed ashlar.

Later 20th Century additions and new campus buildings nod to the original buildings by using limestone in coursed ashlar and tiled facing.

The 2017 Seaton/Regnier addition subtlely incorporates a band of smooth limestone tile between the basement and 1st floor, and large roughly-hewn landscape stones.

GEOGRAPHIC CONTEXT

Local Climate Characteristics The data above left displays the average and extreme temperatures for the area throughout the course of the year juxtaposed with the ideal comfort zone for humans during the summer and winter months at 50% relative humidity. Most of the averages and extremes fall outside of the ideal comfort zone. This information is useful because one idea which has been promoted to mitigate the spread of Covid in schools is outdoor classrooms. This idea may not be feasible in this climate, or may take considerable work to make hospitable during the school year.

Below left demonstrates the wind velocity recorded over the months of the year. Data to the right demonstrates wind velocity and direction. The mean information concludes that wind velocity will not discourage outdoor learning on average.

Information taken from Climate Consultant software.

Above The Regents of the University of California. (2018). Climate Consultant ( Version 6.0.13.). The Regents of the University of California.

Kansas Flint Hills. Photo by Mary Hammel on Unsplash

Below The Regents of the University of California. (2018). Climate Consultant ( Version 6.0.13.). The Regents of the University of California.

Wind Velocity and Direction. Mateoblue. (n.d.). Climate Manhattan. Mateoblue. https://www.meteoblue.com/en/ weather/historyclimate/climatemodelled/manhattan_united-states-of-america_4274994

CULTURAL CONTEXT

Demographics In 2010, the US Census Bureau recorded a population of 52,281, which has increased since then. According to the United States Census Bureau’s 2018 Estimates, roughly 50% of Manhattan residents are under the age of 35, with roughly 77% of the population estimated to be enrolled in college or graduate school (United States Census Bureau).

Currently, Kansas State’s enrollment numbers for the 2020-21 fall semester are around 21,000 students, which has slowly declined over the last 5 years. In 2019, approximately 471 students of the overall population were enrolled in the College of APDesign with another 4,000 or so students in graduate school, dispersed among the colleges (Kansas State University).

Kansas Flint Hills. Photo by Mary Hammel on Unsplash

Kansas State University. (n.d.c) Enrollment Summary by Ethnicity. Office of the Registrar. https:// www.k-state.edu/registrar/statistics/ethnic.html. Diagram by Lauren Fitzpatrick

TO MORE ACADEMIC BUILDINGS

TO PARKING LOT AND DORMITORIES

PHYSICAL CONTEXT

Access Manhattan has been awarded bronze level status for being a bicycle friendly community since 2012 by the League of American Bicylists and Kansas State Univeristy of deemed the first bicycle friendly university in Kansas ini 2015 (City of Manhattan Kansas, n.d.) Additionally, the city provides residents and students with the ATA bus public transit system.

TO OFF-CAMPUS HOUSING

TO OFF-CAMPUS HOUSING

* * * Kansas Flint Hills. Photo by Mary Hammel on Unsplash

Kansas State University. (n.d.). Campus Map [Interactive Map]. https://www.k-state.edu/maps/index.html. Diagram created August 25, 2020 by Lauren Fitzpatrick

* * TO STUDENT UNION & PARKING GARAGE

ATA BUS STOP

BICYCLE PARKING BICYCLE ROUTE PEDESTRAIN ROUTE

Kansas State University. (n.d.). Campus Map [Interactive Map]. https://www.k-state.edu/maps/index.html. Diagram created August 25, 2020 by Lauren Fitzpatrick

Interior Circulation Floor 1

Interior Circulation Floor 2

SITE ANALYSIS

Kansas State University. (2018). [Seaton/Regnier Hall, 1st floor].Plan retrieved 25 August, 2020 from http://gismapserver.ads.ksu.edu/plans/. Diagram created August 26, 2020 by Ray Rayburn.

Kansas Flint Hills. Photo by Mary Hammel on Unsplash

Kansas State University. (2018). [Seaton/Regnier Hall, 2nd floor].Plan retrieved 25 August, 2020 from http://gismapserver.ads.ksu.edu/plans/. Diagram created August 26, 2020 by Ray Rayburn.

Interior Circulation Floor 3

Interior Circulation Basement

SITE ANALYSIS

Kansas Flint Hills. Photo by Mary Hammel on Unsplash

Kansas State University. (2018). [Seaton/Regnier Hall, 3rd floor].Plan retrieved 25 August, 2020 from http://gismapserver.ads.ksu.edu/plans/. Diagram created August 26, 2020

by Ray Rayburn.

Kansas State University. (2018). [Seaton/Regnier Hall, Basement].Plan retrieved 25 August, 2020 from http://gismapserver.ads.ksu.edu/plans/. Diagram created August 26, 2020 by Ray Rayburn.

SITE ANALYSIS

STUDIOS INVENTORY • 2 Desks per student; an “A” desk with adjustable partition and shelf and a “B” Desk with material storage beneath.

• All desk on casters and higher worksurface height to promote standing work • Hard Plastic Task chairs - height adjustable.

• TV Screens on Casters for lectures and presentations • Linear Direct/Indirect Pendant Lighting with Dimming Control • Operable windows and screens

Above Kansas State University. (2018). [Seaton/Regnier Hall, East Wing Studio Pre-Covid]. Retrieved 25 August, 2020 from https://apdesign.k-state.edu/about/photos_videos/photos/ index.html#prettyPhoto

Kansas Flint Hills. Photo by Mary Hammel on Unsplash

Below Kansas State University. (2018). [Seaton/Regnier Hall, New Studio Pre-Covid]. Retrieved 25 August, 2020 from https:// apdesign.k-state.edu/about/photos_videos/photos/index. html#prettyPhoto

SITE ANALYSIS

CRITIQUE ROOM/CLASSROOM INVENTORY • Narrow, one-directional rolling tables • Televisions for presentation/lectures. Felt upholstry on walls for pin-up.

• Movable wall partition for more pin-up space and acoustic abosorption • Long, narrow proportions

Kansas State University. (2018). [Seaton/Regnier Hall, Critique room. Retrieved 25 August, 2020 from https://apdesign.k-state.edu/about/photos_videos/photos/index.html#prettyPhoto

• Glazing at ends of rooms creates distractions but allows in more light • Room proportions and furniture selections limit adaptability of the space • Flexible plastic seating is stationary and is loud to drag across the floor • Too much daylight in the 2nd level classrooms is disruptive to the eyes, leading to fatique • Upholstered seating on casters provides flexibility of learning spaces, will need to be re-examined for cleanability • Flooring materials leave stains and show wear and grime more easily Kansas Flint Hills. Photo by Mary Hammel on Unsplash

Vacant critique room, attempted social distancing only accommodating 4 students. Seaton Hall, Kansas State University, Fall 2020. Photo by Ray Rayburn.

SITE ANALYSIS

LECTURE HALL • Seaton 0057 is a windowless lecture hall in the basement of the unrenovated central wing of Seaton Hall.

• It has a slightly raked floor with two long aisles leading down to the front of the room.

• It has a projector for presentations and a sound system which works fine in carrying the sound to the back of the room if the professor is willing to use it. If not, their voices usually do not reach the back half of the room.

• The seating is hard and plastic which is not comfortable, but easy to clean. There is plenty of leg room to stretch out which makes it slightly more comfortable than Regnier Forum.

• The HVAC system is loud.

• Age and Limestone construction of building mean drastic temperature fluctuations in the space. Often cold and humid, learning could be diminished by occupant discomfort.

• In order to meet COVID-19 safety requirements, seating will need to be carefully measured and clearly indicated so that students do not sit too closely.

PRE-COVID LECTURE HALL

LECTURE HALL DURING COVID

• Densely packed • Everyone facing one direction • Instructor stands at front and gives presentation

• Less than 10% occupiable • Seats designated with stickers • Most lecture instruction has moved online

Above Lecture Hall in Seaton Hall, Fall 2020. Photo by Ray Rayburn.

Kansas Flint Hills. Photo by Mary Hammel on Unsplash

SITE ANALYSIS

• The occupancy of this lecture hall will be significantly reduced, but many class sizes which use the hall only fill it halfway so this might not be a serious issue.

• The two aisles, each with their own set of double doors leading into the hallway, might make socially distant control of entry and exit easier to control since students lining up to enter could use one door and students exiting could use the other. The emergency exit door at the front of the room could also be used.

Kansas State University. (2018). [Seaton/Regnier Hall, Basement lecture hall].Plan retrieved 25 August, 2020 from http:// gismapserver.ads.ksu.edu/plans/.

Double doors of Lecture Hall in Seaton Hall with signage indicating circulation direction for social distancing, Fall 2020. Photo by Ray Rayburn.

Kansas Flint Hills. Photo by Mary Hammel on Unsplash

SITE ANALYSIS

OLD WEIGEL LIBRARY (OWL) • Remote and difficult to access.

• Not a part of 2017 renovation, but library moved from here to the new part of the building.

• Primarily functions as a lab for lecture courses • Full of large, standing-height work tables and adjustable rolling task chairs.

• Scale and flexibility of the furnishings give this room potential to be useful for larger classes and gatherings while taking COVID-19 safety requirements into consideration.

• It has several presentation televisions, but these are difficult to see due to the scale of the room and height of the furniture.

• The windows are small and lighting is primarily provided by electric light.

• This room would benefit from more daylighting and a better connection to nature.

• Low ceiling height with troffered flourescent lighting, natural daylight and blue light from television screen create eye strain

Kansas Flint Hills. Photo by Mary Hammel on Unsplash

“The OWL,” Seaton Hall, Kansas State University, Fall 2020. Photo by Ray Rayburn.

SITE ANALYSIS

REGNEIR FORUM • Regnier Forum could be used for lecuture if distances between seats are measured and marked off to make sure people stay separated.

• However, the rows of seating are already so close together, it may take several rows to get people spaced far enough apart, which severely limits the number of occupants.

• Additionally, the closeness of these rows make the seating very uncomfortable for long periods of time because the user can’t move or stretch out their legs.

Kansas Flint Hills. Photo by Mary Hammel on Unsplash

Kansas State University. (2018). Regnier Forum PreCovid. Retrieved 25 August, 2020 from https://apdesign.k-state.edu/about/photos_videos/photos/ index.html#prettyPhoto

SITE ANALYSIS

FACULTY AND ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICES • Faculty offices are small and often shared by multiple professors. Office hours with students visiting will be difficult, if not impossible to do safely.

• Departmental offices use glass partition walls between the hall and the office, and defining conference rooms and private offices within the space.

Kansas Flint Hills. Photo by Mary Hammel on Unsplash

Kansas State University. (2018). [Seaton/Regnier Hall, Departmental Admin Offices]. Retrieved 25 August, 2020 from https:// apdesign.k-state.edu/about/photos_videos/photos/index. html#prettyPhoto

SITE ANALYSIS

FABRICATION LAB • Fabrication space is located in the basement. Although spacious, the manual nature of shared tools and machinery make the spread of disease a high risk • Shop classes were held virtually during Spring and Summer 2020 with a focus on the furniture concept and design development and technical fabrication documents. Summer shop followed up with a 1-credit hour class in the fall semester to build the prototypes designed over the summer.

Kansas State University. (2018). [Seaton/Regnier Hall, Fabrication Lab Welding]. Retrieved 25 August, 2020 from https://apdesign.k-state. edu/about/photos_videos/photos/index. html#prettyPhoto

• Shop procedures Fall 2020 involved personal safety goggles and disposable earplugs available, clean work gloves, welding jackets, and face shields with deposit boxes for used protective equipment cleaned regularly by shop staff • There were also cleaning supply stations throughout the shop • Shop hours had to be limited for a few weeks during the Fall semester when several of the staff were in quarantine due to COVID-19 exposure.

Kansas Flint Hills. Photo by Mary Hammel on Unsplash

Kansas State University. (2018). [Seaton/ Regnier Hall, Fabrication Lab]. Retrieved 25 August, 2020 from https://apdesign.k-state. edu/about/photos_videos/photos/index. html#prettyPhoto

SITE ANALYSIS

WEIGEL LIBRARY AND PIERCE COMMONS • Pierce Commons, the area outside Weigel Library, had several clusters of lounge chairs, coffee tables, and standard height tables and chairs, as well as bar seating along the wall.

• However, the HVAC system in this area is very loud which makes it an uncomfortable space to spend a lot of time. Before COVID-19, this space was also not occupied as much as would be expected considering the high occupancy of the building.

• The furnishings in this space were already so few that they were effectively spaced for COVID-19 considerations even before the removal of the lounge chairs. This space has the potential to be useful as a larger occupancy area.

Kansas Flint Hills. Photo by Mary Hammel on Unsplash

Kansas State University. (2018). [Seaton/Regnier Hall, Pierce Commons and Weigel Library PreCovid]. Retrieved 25 August, 2020 from https://apdesign.k-state.edu/about/photos_videos/photos/ index.html#prettyPhoto

Pierce Commons outside Weigel Library in Seaton Hall, Kansas State University, Most seating has been removed due to COVID-19. Fall 2020. Photo by Ray Rayburn.

SITE ANALYSIS

SOCIAL INTERACTION AREAS • There is limited lounge seating throughout the building, much of which has been removed due to COVID-19 because upholstered furniture is too difficult to clean.

• Before they were removed, they were not conveniently located and were often in high-traffic areas which were not private or relaxing. This is most likely why they were unpopular with students.

Kansas Flint Hills. Photo by Mary Hammel on Unsplash

Kansas State University. (2018). [Seaton/Regnier Hall, Concourse Blue Chairs Pre-Covid].

Retrieved 25 August, 2020 from https://apdesign.k-state.edu/about/photos_videos/ photos/index.html#prettyPhoto

Concourse where blue chairs have been removed due to COVID-19 health concerns.

Seaton Hall, Kansas State University, Fall 2020.

Photo by Ray Rayburn.

SITE ANALYSIS

EMOTIONAL ISSUES: LACK OF PRIVACY The lactation room on the first floor and single user unisex restroom above it on the second floor are next to faculty offices which give them the air of being off-limits to students.

The courtyard can be a nice place to relax and get some fresh air. However, the wooden terraces are uncomfortable for long periods of time. It is also designed to be a gathering place which means in light of COVID-19 mitigation recommendations to move as many classes and gatherings outdoors as possible, it is unlikely this will continue to be an unoccupied and peaceful place.

Larger spaces for carefully distanced gatherings will need to be created, possibly by using some existing spaces and transforming them into classroom spaces. These would serve the same purpose as the usual classroom or critique room but larger spaces will be necessary in order to accommodate the same number of people. Many of these spaces currently serve the purpose of multi-function or lounge spaces, although not very well. There may be potential in flipping these so that the larger, more public spaces become the classroom and gathering areas and the smaller classrooms become more private, quiet lounge and reflection areas. This research team will need to gather information about average class sizes in the college and how far these could be altered.

Kansas Flint Hills. Photo by Mary Hammel on Unsplash

Kansas State University. (2018). [Seaton/ Regnier Hall, Collaboration area. Retrieved 25 August, 2020 from https://apdesign.k-state. edu/about/photos_videos/photos/index. html#prettyPhoto

to verbally communicate and be able to hear one another will be an issue. Audio technology could be introduced to facilitate this communication more easily.

SITE ANALYSIS

Waiting areas will also be necessary to clearly define for those entering and exiting certain spaces. In some cases there are already spaces which could serve this purpose, they just need to be more clearly defined and communicated through design. In other cases, more creative solutions will be necessary to determine a safe and efficient flow of people.

It is also recommended that many classroom and gathering activities move outdoors due to the need for additional space and the benefits of unrestricted air flow. Are there opportunities to reclaim some of the outdoor space surrounding the building for this purpose? How can additional structures and products be implemented to help control the climate of these spaces and make them more hospitable for longer periods of the year? How can the unpredictability of the wind be mitigated in these spaces? It may still be necessary to have masks and partitions. There may also be a need for products to keep objects pinned, clamped, weighed down, or otherwise shielded from the wind.

Furniture with integrated partitions or freestanding partitions could serve the dual purpose of creating airborne fluid barriers between people where higher density is desired or necessary, and also added privacy and reflection. However, the number of glass partition walls throughout the building may be an opportunity to introduce safe interaction and collaboration without the need of additional screening furnishings. There is plenty of transparency for physically and visually being close without the height and width limitations of a freestanding screen. However, ability

Kansas Flint Hills. Photo by Mary Hammel on Unsplash

In high-traffic areas, designation of the direction of circulation will be important.

Some circulation paths could be designated as one-way. In areas where twoway traffic is necessary but the space is narrow, partition solutions or traffic control methods will need to be designed.

There are many sets of interior doors in Seaton hall which are currently manually operated. Hands-free technology will be essential so that people can move freely through the building without coming into contact with handles and surfaces unless absolutely necessary. This is useful for responding to COVID-19 but is also helpful in designing for accessibility.

Other opportunities for hands-free interaction with the building include lighting and climate controls, all aspects of the restrooms and water fountains, and the technology used in presentations and critiques. Is it possible to “click” through presentation slides hands-free? Is it possible for students to connect their own devices wirelessly to the screens so that they only touch their own devices and not shared ones?

Circulation direction signage on stairs in Old Seaton Hall, Kansas State University, Fall 2020. Photo by Ray Rayburn.

SITE ANALYSIS

INTERIOR ANALYSIS: AREAS FOR RELFECTION • There are very few areas where students and faculty can be alone and reflect. Previously, there were lounge chairs in the concourse outside the classrooms which sat in a row all facing out through the floor to ceiling windows. The high backs of the chairs protecting users from the traffic of the hallway behind, and the direction of the seats looking out the window made this a good place to be alone.

• There were also red wool Womb Chairs by Saarinen tucked in the back of the library which was generally a quiet and comfortable space. However, these have had to be removed due to COVID-19 sanitation requirements.

Kansas State University. (2018). [Seaton/Regnier Hall, Courtyard]. Retrieved 25 August, 2020 from https://apdesign.k-state. edu/about/photos_videos/photos/index.html#prettyPhoto

• There is a small patio on the north side of the building below grade, a second floor patio, and a larger courtyard below it surrounded by the U-shape of the building. There is also a rooftop deck on the new addition of the building which can be accessed through a multi-purpose room for lectures, events, and critiques. However, this room is often locked when not in use.

• The patios are small and normally only have one or two tables. The larger courtyard can be a relaxing place to enjoy some nature, but privacy may be interrupted if there are other occupants.

Kansas Flint Hills. Photo by Mary Hammel on Unsplash

Kansas State University. (2018). [Seaton/Regnier Hall, Rooftop].

Retrieved 25 August, 2020 from https://apdesign.k-state.edu/ about/photos_videos/photos/index.html#prettyPhoto

SITE ANALYSIS

ACCESSIBILITY There are two separate areas of third floor which are not connected. One on the new addition, and one on the central and West wings of old Seaton Hall. While the areas of the third floor in old Seaton Hall which are used by the college are somewhat conveniently accessible by stair from the renovated East wing and new addition, there is no nearby elevator. Students with accessibility needs have to walk to the far West side of the building, take the elevator up, and then walk all the way back to the central wing.

The main stairwell in the North end of the new addition only runs from the first floor to the third floor. Students who want to go down to the Fabrication Lab must walk down the hall to Pierce Commons, take the stairs which run only from the first floor to the basement, and then walk all the way back to the shop entrance which is located where the stairs should run all the way down. Consequently, many students who could take the stairs choose to take the elevator instead, preferring this more direct route. With so many students using this elevator, it might be difficult for a person with accessibility needs to use it in a timely manner, particularly if 6-foot distancing from other people is required.

Kansas Flint Hills. Photo by Mary Hammel on Unsplash

Stairs to 3rd floor of old Seaton Hall where “The OWL,” is located, Kansas State University, Fall 2020. Photo by Ray Rayburn.

USER INFORMATION

Adobe Stock Photo

TEACHING FACULTY

ADMINISTRATION/IT

• Space to work distraction free • Space to interact with students safely • Socialization/ Collaboration with Colleagues • Telecommunications technology in office • Space to eat/drink safely • Space/furniture to facilitate mindfulness meditation or break in the day

• Safe places to meet with/interact with students • Access to technology: power, internet • Sense of community with students and faculty they teach • Access to technologysafe cleaning supplies and products

FACILITIES PERSONNEL • Ease of access to waste bins • Clearly/Consistently labelled waste receptacles • Large item disposal • Localized access to cleaning supplies/ materials • Furniture and Layout which is easily cleaned/disinfected/ swept around • UV sanitation afterhours • Hand Sanitation stations outside of bathrooms

VISITING PROFESSIONALS GENERAL COMMMUNITY • Clear wayfinding even amongst COVID distancing recommendations • Space to present • Acoustic considerations/ sound systems • Visual presentation materials • Waiting areas/ preparation/ • Outdoor presentation space • Safe space to interact with students

• Clear communication of hygienic expectations while using campus property • Clear wayfinding and circulation with respect to distancing • Outdoor access to hand sanitation • Touchless technology

STUDENTS AND STUDENT EMPLOYEES • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Dedicated workspace (safely spaced) User-Controlled Lighting Support of long-term use of space Food storage/place to eat & drink safely Places/Furniture to promote mindfulness and refuge when needed Thermal comfort Space to move Collaboration/space to share ideas safely/Pin Up Space Localized access to building facilities (i.e. restroom, water fountain, printing access, handwashing/sanitation) Localized telecommunications technology Internet and convenient connection to power Introduction of Color and/or Biophillia Operable windows / Shading Devices Materials/personal belonging storage Dedicated temporary parking/carts for supply loading/ unloading Prototype/model storage

TRANSPORTATION

USER INFORMATION

WHY USE THIS SPACE? • Learning • Earning an income • Teaching • Researching • Developing identity • Socialization

Peer to peer influence for design thinking development Friendship Networking

Interdisciplinary thinking • Express Creativity • Use of Facilities, Furniture, Products that can’t be obtained WFH

Dedicated Workspace Technology/Internet

(printing, plotting, scanning)

Fabrication & Prototyping Collaborative workspace Library resources Visual & Acousic Privacy

Walking

Bus

Car

Bike

•

•

•

•

• • •

•

Could come from any direction, use any entrance Needs to dress for wide range of seasons and weather patterns Might need time to cool off upon arrival if walking quickly or in hot weather Vulnerable to inclement weather; needs really convincing reason to come to campus No cost except human energy

• • • •

• •

•

Adobe Stock Photo

Approaches from nearest ATA bus stops Student Union stop: approaches from Southwest McCain stop: approaches from Southeast Holton Hall stop: approaches from Northeast Needs to dress in layers which can be adjusted for waiting outdoors in wide range of seasons and weather patterns and then switching to an air-conditioned or heated bus Might run late if bus is delayed Commute can take a long time; needs to spend longer time on campus to make it worth it Free to students

• • • •

• • • •

Approaches from nearest parking lots Student Union, uses South entrance Engineering Lot, uses North entrance Coming from home, work, other classes (remotely located) Most of commute is climate controlled if car is in good repair; does not necessarily need to dress for outdoors Might run late if parking lots are full and must park farther away Least sustainable mode of transportation Most convenient mode of transportation Expensive campus parking passes, cost of gas and car maintenance

•

• • • •

•

Bike parking on Southeast corner of building. Nearest entrances are South entrance and East entrance via the Link between old Seaton and new Seaton/Regnier Other nearby bike parking: bike racks on west side of Seaton, bike racks near the Student Union to the South of Seaton Hall.

Needs to dress for exercise in wide range of seasons and weather patterns.

Needs time to cool off upon arrival Needs place to store helmet, other bicycle gear Vulnerable to inclement weather; needs really convincing reason to come to campus Only cost is bike maintenance and human energy. Could use Green Apple Bikes for free (although these are rarely available)

MORNING ROUTINE - 7 AM

USER INFORMATION

A DAY IN THE LIFE OF AN APDESIGN STUDENT PRE-COVID 19 STUDIO CLASS 3:30 PM

STUDIO CLASS 1:30 PM

• Go for a walk around the building to clear head • Sit in one of the lounge areas to reflect or meditate • Go to the Library for Research • Go outside to amphitheatre

• Gather for briefing • Worktime/Desk Crits • Restlessness/ Boredom/ Frustration sets in • HVAC creates drafts • Peer-to-Peer Interaction • Personal Seat Cushion sometimes neccessary

EVENING BREAK 5:30 PM

RETURN TO CAMPUS - 7 PM

• Gather things from studio • Walk home • Cook dinner, eat (30 min. - 1 hr) • Extra-curricular activities (on-campus or off) Adobe Stock Photo

• Fix a coffee • Walk to campus in the dark • Greet peers in studio and settle in again • Find collaboration space for group work

TRANSIT TO CAMPUS - 8 AM

• Personal Hygiene/ Grooming • Pick clothing • Breakfast/Coffee • Pack lunch / Fill Water • Pack Bookbag • Scroll Social Media

• Walk from Housing to Campus (10 - 25 min.)

• Arrive to N, S, or E entrance to Seaton • Open two sets of doors

LUNCH - 12 PM

FREE TIME - 10 AM

• Get lunch from refridgerator • Wait in line for microwave/stand in doorway • Take food back to studio to eat at desk while working or socializing

• Socialize with Peers in Studio • Work on Homework at Desk/Personal Computer • Errands (Library/ Workshop) • Tidy Workspace

STUDIO WORK 9 PM

PREPARE TO LEAVE - 12 AM

• Work Time • Peer to Peer Interaction • Periodic walks around the building • Phone calls in the Hallway

• Tidy Workspace • Braindump in Planner • Gather belongings • Walk Home or have Campus Security escort

SETTLE INTO SEATON 8:15 AM • Drop lunch off in the shared refridgerator (overflowing) • Find studio and store outerwear, bookbag at seat • Greet peers

MORNING LECTURE - 8:30 AM • Take the Stairs or Elevator to basement lecture hall • Find a seat, too cold or humid • Take notes on fold up worksurface

RETURN HOME • Personal Hygiene • Wind down / Relax • Bed

MORNING ROUTINE - 7:30 AM

USER INFORMATION

• Personal Hygiene/ Grooming • Pick clothing • Breakfast/Coffee • Scroll Social Media

A DAY IN THE LIFE OF AN APDESIGN STUDENT POST-COVID 19 ON CAMPUS 1:30 PM • Have in person class spaced 6 ft. apart • No access to food/drink • Use hand sanitizer after touching door handles • Teaching staff sanitize surfaces after class • No collaboartion / mindfulness spaces • Heightened Anxiety / Discomfort

PREPARE TO GO ON CAMPUS • Gather bookbag and personal hygiene products • Put on mask/face covering • Walk to campus / keep distanced 6 ft.

RETURN HOME 5:30 PM • Shower upon returning home • Disinfect hightouch surfaces and book bag • Cook dinner and relax • Space to have phone conversations

LUNCH - 12 PM • Can cook and eat at home • More control over nutrition and less “convenience foods” • Have a mindfulness break • Fatigue after Zoom all morning can lead to distractions • Freedom over some scheduling

BEGIN WORK 8 AM - WFH • Check Emails • Check Planner / Calendar • Make a Game Plan for Day

WORK TIME / CLASS ZOOM • More capacity for multi-tasking • Collaborative work over Zoom • User control over comfort level (flexibility in seating, lighting and thermal control) • May not have full use of proper workstation in WFH

MORNING ZOOM 8:30 AM - WFH • Lecture • Can have breakfast / coffee during • Desk crits / Work time

BREAK - 10 AM • Restroom break, take a short walk, grab a snack, stretch

WFH - 6:30 PM

BED - 10 PM

• Difficulty focusing with comforts of home in close proximity • Roommates may cause distractions • User control over environment

• More sleep • More time on social media to connect with world

BNIM. (n.d.).Seaton Hall Renovation and Expansion. BNIM Architects. https://www.bnim.com/project/ seaton-hall-renovation-expansion

REFERENCES

City of Manhattan Kansas. (n.d.). Bicycle and Pedestrian Systems Plan. https://cityofmhk.com/1070/Bicycle-and-Pedestrian Encyclopedia Britannica. (April 25, 2019).

Manhattan. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Manhattan-Kansas Flint Hills Discovery Center. (n.d.). What are the Flint Hills?. https://www. flinthillsdiscovery.org/594/Whatare-the-Flint-Hills Mateoblue. (n.d.). Climate Manhattan. Mateoblue. https://www.meteoblue. com/en/weather/historyclimate/ climatemodelled/manhattan_united-states-of-america_4274994 Google. (n.d.). [Google Map of Kansas State University]. https://earth. google.com/web/@39.18860868,96.58328888,324.60627041a,302.86 315102d,35y,68.75116044h,66.92116 599t,-0r.

Kansas Flint Hills. Photo by Mary Hammel on Unsplash

Kansas State University. (n.d.). APDesign Photos. College of Architecture, Planning, and Design. https://apdesign.k-state.edu/about/photos_

videos/photos/index.html#prettyPhoto Kansas State University. (n.d.). Building Location Reports. http://gismapserver.ads.ksu.edu/plans/ Kansas State University. (n.d.). Campus Map [Interactive Map]. https://www.k-state.edu/maps/index.html.

Diagram created August 25, 2020

by Lauren Fitzpatrick Kansas State University. (n.d.a) Enrollment Summary by Academic Year. Office of the Registrar. https://www.k-state.edu/registrar/statistics/ enrbyyr.html Kansas State University. (n.d.b). Enrollment Summary by College. Office of the Registrar. https://www.k-state.edu/registrar/statistics/ colleges.html Kansas State University. (n.d.c) Enrollment Summary by Ethnicity. Office of the Registrar. https://www.k-state. edu/registrar/statistics/ethnic. html Kzollman, K.Z. (2006). Riley County Courthouse [Photograph]. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan,_Kansas#/media/File:Riley_ (Kansas)_County_Courthouse_1.jpg

United States Census Burearu (n.d.b).

School Enrollment: Manhattan, KS 2018 (S1401) [Data set].

American Community Survey. https://data.census.gov/cedsci/ table?q=Manhattan,%20KS&t=Education&tid=ACSST5Y2018.S1401&hidePreview=false United States Census Bureau. (n.d.a).

2018 Demographic Characteristics for Occupied Housing Units: Manhattan, KS. (S2502) [Data Set]. American Community Survey. https://data.census.gov/ cedsci/table?q=Manhattan,%20 KS&tid=ACSST5Y2018.S2502&hidePreview=false

03 GENERATIVE INTENT

“...let’s return to The House at Pooh Corner. Christopher Robin has just asked Pooh a question:

INSPIRATION

“What do you like doing best in the world, Pooh?”

“Well,” said Pooh, “what I like best---” and then he had to stop and think. Because although eating Honey was a very good thing to do, there was a moment just before you began to eat it which was better than when you were, but he didn’t know what it was called.

Adobe Stock

The honey doesn’t taste so good once it is being eaten; the goal doesn’t mean so much once it has been given. If we add up all the rewards in our lives, we won’t have very much. But if we add up the spaces between the rewards, we’ll come up with quite a bit. And if we add up the rewards and the spaces, then we’ll have everything-every minute of the time that we spent. What if we could enjoy it? ” -Benjamin Hoff, The Tao of Pooh, (pp. 110-111)

Adobe Stock

INSPIRATION

ESTABLISHING NEW INTENTIONS • Provide Flexibility • Empower Students to take control of their Learning Experience • Facilitate Experiential Learning • Cultural Shift to Collective Mindset for Health and Wellbeing • Provide Privacy and Focus Areas • Facilitate Peer-to-Peer Interaction and Informal Collaboration • Emphasize Passing Moments and Mindful Practices

Adobe Stock

INSPIRATION

EXPLORING PASSING MOMENTS Passing Moments are the things that allow you to stop and be present. We’ve explored some spatial aspects to assist in implementing Mindfulness • Textures and Materials • Biophilic Concepts • Postural Conditions • Light Patterns • Cave-like Spaces

Adobe Stock

04 PROGRAMMING

Below Images: Adobe Stock

GOALS + OBJECTIVES

PROMOTE MINDFULNESS AND WELLBEING

• Implement Cave Space Archetype

MITIGATE SPREAD OF COVID-19 IN HIGHER EDUCATION FACILITIES

• Facilitate Method of Contact Clustering

INITIATE SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS

• Re-Cover Upholsered Furniture for Cleanability

PROMOTE INCLUSIVE DESIGN

• Implement Gender Inclusive Restrooms

• Provide Access to Nature

• Alleviate Academic Stress & Anxiety • Design on a Spectrum of Sensitivity

• Implement Community Handwashing • Promote Neater Workspaces

• Utilize Outdoor Learning Spaces

• Reuse Exisitng Furniture

• Implement Community Handwashing

• Re-Program and Expand Variance of Campfire Archetype

• Clearly Designate Waste Receptacles

• Design on a Spectrum of Sensitivity

• Design for In-house Fabrication

• Use Physical Barriers as a Tool to Engage

• Provide Safe Social Interaction BNIM. (n.d.). [Seaton Hall Renovation + Expansion] [Photograph]. BNIM. https://www.bnim.com/project/seaton-hall-renovation-expansion

SHIFT INDIVIDUALIST CULTURE TO COLLECTIVE

• Localize Handwashing Stations

• Create empathetic solutions that address a diverse range of needs • Localize Access to Cleaning Materials

REGNIER AUDITORIUM

PORCHES FABRICATION LAB LIBRARY

BUILDING INFORMATION

FACULTY OFFICES

STUDIOS

DEPARTMENT OFFICES

ADMINISTRATION

STUDIOS

LECTURE HALL CRITIQUE ROOMS

CRITIQUE ROOMS

Kansas State University. (2018).

[Seaton/Regnier Hall, Basement].Plan retrieved 25 August, 2020 from http://gismapserver. ads.ksu.edu/plans/. Diagram created August 26, 2020 by Ray Rayburn

BASEMENT BNIM. (n.d.). [Seaton Hall Renovation + Expansion] [Photograph]. BNIM. https://www.bnim.com/project/seaton-hall-renovation-expansion

NOT TO SCALE

Kansas State University. (2018).

[Seaton/Regnier Hall, 1st floor].

Plan retrieved 25 August, 2020 from http://gismapserver. ads.ksu.edu/plans/. Diagram created August 26, 2020 by Ray Rayburn.

FLOOR 1 NOT TO SCALE

PORCHES

BUILDING INFORMATION

REGNIER AUDITORIUM

EKDAHL

FACULTY OFFICES

ADMINISTRATION

CLASSROOMS

STUDIOS

CRITIQUE ROOMS

FLEX LAB SPACE

Kansas State University. (2018).

[Seaton/Regnier Hall, 2nd floor].Plan retrieved 25 August, 2020 from http://gismapserver. ads.ksu.edu/plans/. Diagram created August 26, 2020 by Ray Rayburn.

FLOOR 2 NOT TO SCALE BNIM. (n.d.). [Seaton Hall Renovation + Expansion] [Photograph]. BNIM. https://www.bnim.com/project/seaton-hall-renovation-expansion

Kansas State University. (2018).

[Seaton/Regnier Hall, 3rd floor].Plan retrieved 25 August, 2020 from http://gismapserver. ads.ksu.edu/plans/. Diagram created August 26, 2020 by Ray Rayburn.

FLOOR 3 NOT TO SCALE

BUILDING INFORMATION

RE-PROGRAMMING OBJECTIVES

EXCLUDED FROM THE SCOPE OF THIS PROJECT

To implement the strategy of contact clustering, we reprogrammed several of the spatial archetypes and adjusted adjacencies. Building organization and area of spaces largely remained the same, but a higher emphasis was placed on providing flexibility and transformation of spaces.

FACULTY + ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICES - approx. 15,000 sq. ft

• Absorb critique rooms and classrooms into the studio by opening partitions between, providing localized access to campfire and mountaintop space

TECH. AND FABRICATION SERVICES - approx. 23,000 sq. ft.

• Re-program North Courtyard into usuable outdoor classroom space

KEMPER AMPITHEATRE - 5500 sq. ft.

LECTURE HALLS - approx 5900 sq. ft.

O.W.L. - approx. 3000 sq. ft.

WEIGEL LIBRARY - 5154 sq. ft.

ADDITIONAL EXTERIOR SPACE - approx. 13,000 sq. ft.

• Dedicate Fixed and Flexible Cave Spaces

SQUARE FOOTAGE REQUIREMENTS

REDUCING SCOPE

STUDIOS - 51, 788 sq. ft.

Due to the scale of this project and the time limit of one semester, this team elected to focus on implementing the project goals within building portion shown within the dased line to the right.

CLASSROOMS + CRITIQUE ROOMS - 13, 885 sq. ft.

NORTH COURTYARD - approx. 2,000 sq. ft CAVE SPACES - approx. 1106 sq. ft. dedicated space

approx. 3000 sq. ft. flex space BNIM. (n.d.). [Seaton Hall Renovation + Expansion] [Photograph]. BNIM. https://www.bnim.com/project/seaton-hall-renovation-expansion

PIERCE COMMONS - 1118 sq. ft.

RESTROOMS - 4916 sq. ft.

It is expected that to accomodate growth, further development into other areas of the building will be necessary utilizing the framework outlined in this project.

NOT TO SCALE

KEY ADJACENT NEAR NO RELATIONSHIP

ADJACENCIES

BNIM. (n.d.). [Seaton Hall Renovation + Expansion] [Photograph]. BNIM. https://www.bnim.com/project/seaton-hall-renovation-expansion

PRE-COVID

PROPOSAL

STUDIOS + CLASSROOMS

BNIM. (n.d.). [Seaton Hall Renovation + Expansion] [Photograph]. BNIM. https://www.bnim.com/project/seaton-hall-renovation-expansion

STRATEGY FOR STUDIOS To provide maximum flexibility of these spaces, students could receive one designated work desk and task chair, with more options for seating postures in a localized setting. Studios will be expanded to handle a multitude of needs. Of primary concern is hygiene and health safety. Hand Sanitizing and Water Bottle stations, and access to cleaning products will be implemented inside every studio room adjacent to entry. In order to keep tidier workspaces for disinfecting purposes, bulk material and model storage will be implemented in every studio. Students will receive increased privacy and protection during Covid at their individual workstations in the form of movable partitions which can include biophilic elements, pin-up and whiteboard space.

STUDIO BREAKDOWN SIZE

FUNCTION

PROXEMICS

ENVIRONMENTAL

HANDWASHING

120 SQ. FT.

HEALTH AND SAFETY

NEAR ENTRY

WET ZONE

BOTTLE FILLER

120 SQ. FT.

HEALTH AND SAFETY

NEAR ENTRY

WET ZONE

STORAGE

250 SQ. FT.

MATERIAL STORAGE PROTOTYPE / MODEL WASTE RECEPTACLES

MOBILE

EASY CLEANABILITY NON-SLIP HEIGHT RESTRICTED

DESK SPACE

VARIES BY STUDIO

THROUGHOUT STUDIO

PERSONALIZATION

A collective modeling workstation can be implemented for model making space to limit clutter and increase the ability to sanitize. Tables and chairs in this zone can be flexible.

DEDICATED WORKSPACE

WATERING HOLE

VARIES BY STUDIO

CENTRALIZED OR INTERSPERSED

Of primary importance is providing students with a localized space to break. This can include lounge type furniture and the ability to get up from their own desk/work and physically move to another space. This area can also provide furniture that is compatible for group work.

GROUP WORK SOCIALIZE INTERDISCIPLINARY

WELCOMING TIDY COMFORTABLE

PIN UP/ MEDIA

VARIES BY STUDIO

PRESENTATIONS LECTURE EXPRESSION

WALL BASED PORTABLE

MOBILE

CAVE SPACE

VARIES BY STUDIO

NOURISHMENT REFUGE REFLECTION

Furniture can be upholstered for comfort but should be treated with an ability to be cleanable. Color can be implemented in furniture and pin-up spaces for a less sterile environment.

Finally, waste receptacles will be further defined for easier custodial access.

PRIVACY

STUDIOS + CLASSROOMS

STRATEGY FOR CLASSROOMS Smaller Classrooms and Critique Rooms will be have direct access to studios. Task chairs on casters with integrated work surfaces can be used to maintain a flexible learning environment and provide adequate spacing in times of COVID and afterward. The current tables and task chairs do not provide enough flexibility in arrangement with regard to circulation and distancing needs.

Color can be introduced in furniture and products. Dry Erase and Pin-up Surfaces can be integrated into wall structure.

Media could be moved to a portable device to provide more flexibility of room arrangement.

Critique rooms without direct access to studios will be renovated into individual focus rooms. Additional integration of these private focus rooms will increase productivity of a neurodiverse population and provide privacy for stress and anxiety reduction. This provides users with greater control over their learning environment.

BNIM. (n.d.). [Seaton Hall Renovation + Expansion] [Photograph]. BNIM. https://www.bnim.com/project/seaton-hall-renovation-expansion

ADDITIONAL LEARNING SPACES SIZE

FUNCTION

PROXEMICS

ENVIRONMENTAL

CLASSROOMS

6554 SQ. FT.

IN PERSON INSTRUC. SEMINARS

LOCAL TO STUDIOS

WELL LIT COMFORTABLE PROPERLY SPACED

CRITIQUE ROOMS

7331 SQ. FT

SEMINAR PRESENTATION GROUP WORK

LOCAL TO STUDIOS

FOCUS ROOMS

2500 SQ. FT

ISOLATED WORKSPACE LOCAL TO STUDIOS

USER CONTROL COMFORTABLE LOW STIMULI

05 MASTER PLAN

MASTER PLAN

PHASE 1 • Reprogramming of Campfire Spaces • Renovation of Studios while Student Density is Reduced • Product and Furniture Development, Fabrication, and Implementation

PHASE 2 • Remodeling of Gender Inclusive Restrooms • Development of Outdoor Classroom (North Courtyard)

PHASE 3 • Survey, Expand and Renovate Seaton Central into additional faculty offices and studio space utilizing Universal Design Principles • Develop additional outdoor classroom space around Seaton Hall Confluence. Kansas State University: Seaton / Regnier Hall. Confluence. https://www.thinkconfluence.com/ what-we-do/campus-district-vitality/kansas-state-university-seaton-regnier-hall.

Confluence. Kansas State University: Seaton / Regnier Hall. Confluence. https://www.thinkconfluence.com/what-we-do/campus-district-vitality/kansas-state-university-seaton-regnier-hall.

MASTER PLAN

CULTURAL & HISTORICAL CONTEXT Seaton Hall fosters a connection from the Student Union to the rest of campus. It holds prominence as the first building the user sees when exiting the Union from the Parking Garage. The K-State Union is the heart of the campus, and the space where the community is invited to engage with the school. Foot traffic between the Union and Hale Library, Anderson Hall, and “the Quad” all moves tangentially to Seaton and Regnier Halls, and the College of APDesign.

Kansas State University also hosts a wide variety of visitors year round. This further argues the case that Seaton Hall holds prominence on the campus due to its location and adjacency to frequented buildings.

TRANSPORTATION When evaluating arrival to Seaton and Regnier Halls, consideration must be given to users’ needs to pass through other buildings during inclement weather, from vehicular parking lots, and when moving between class periods.

Seaton Hall’s position on campus adjacent to both the K-State Union and Hale Library make it a suitable choice for students and faculty outside of the College of APDesign to use as a passthrough.

Seaton’s use by community members outside of the College of APDesign solidify the need for a contact clustering strategy during the pandemic.

Confluence. Kansas State University: Seaton / Regnier Hall. Confluence. https://www.thinkconfluence.com/ what-we-do/campus-district-vitality/kansas-state-university-seaton-regnier-hall.

STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK

Confluence. Kansas State University: Seaton / Regnier Hall. Confluence. https://www.thinkconfluence.com/ what-we-do/campus-district-vitality/kansas-state-university-seaton-regnier-hall.

PROPOSAL FOR EXTERIOR DEVELOPMENT

1

North Courtyard

• Development of an additional raised deck in Interior Courtyard (4) to expand occupiable first floor outdoor space.

Expand occupiable outdoor space

2

Kemper Amphitheater

• Re-development of existing landscape to the east of Seaton East (6) and south of Regnier Hall (3) to include more study and mindfulness areas.

Reduce density, increase biophilia, reduce stress and anxiety,

promotion of natural sanitization methods

3

Native Grasses

• North Courtyard (1) terraces redevelopment for outdoor classroom use.

Reduce density, increase biophilia, reduce stress and anxiety,

promotion of natural sanitization methods

4

Interior Courtyard Egress

5

Rain Garden

6

Bicyce Parking

1

NORTH SIDE, VERY SHADY Best Uses: Summer Days / Evenings

FEASIBILITY STUDIES

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT

Improvements: Incorporate Heating for Winter Months

2

3

5

6

SOUTHEAST SUNNY WITH TREE COVER Best Uses: Summer Evenings, Winter Mornings, Winter Days

Improvements for Summer: Insect Control, Fans

Improvements for Winter: Wind Protection

4

NORTH, CENTRAL COURTYARD Best Uses: Summer Morning & Evening, Winter Mid-Day

Confluence. Kansas State University: Seaton / Regnier Hall. Confluence. https://www.thinkconfluence.com/ what-we-do/campus-district-vitality/kansas-state-university-seaton-regnier-hall.

Opposite: Software credit The Regents of the University of California.

(2018). Climate Consultant (6.0.13.). The Regents of the University of California.

Diagram prepared by Ray Rayburn

Improvements for Summer: Mid-Day Shading, Fans, Insect Control

Improvements for Winter: Sunlight Penetration, Wind Protection

FEASIBILITY STUDIES

Photos and diagrams by Ray Rayburn

Confluence. Kansas State University: Seaton / Regnier Hall. Confluence. https://www.thinkconfluence.com/ what-we-do/campus-district-vitality/kansas-state-university-seaton-regnier-hall.

FEASIBILITY STUDIES

Confluence. Kansas State University: Seaton / Regnier Hall. Confluence. https://www.thinkconfluence.com/ what-we-do/campus-district-vitality/kansas-state-university-seaton-regnier-hall.

Photos and diagrams by Ray Rayburn

06 SCHEMATIC DESIGN

COLLABORATION IS THE REASON IN-PERSON INSTRUCTION WILL STILL BE RELEVANT

WHY COME TO CAMPUS POST-COVID?

WATERING HOLE

• Collaboration and peer-to-peer interaction LIFE

• Maker space and experiential learning • Access to learning technologies

Seaton-Regnier Hall.

Photo by Kansas State University, APDesign

MAKING COLLABORATION SAFE

MOUNTAINTOP

• Solidify learning outcomes • Network CAVE

• Focused, heads-down work • Access to appropriate furniture

• Use implied/low barriers to position seats at safe distances • Use barriers for high density spaces

FUTURE OF LECTURE STYLE TEACHING • Lecture style courses are best suited to online teaching • No cap on size of class • Can be asynchronous

STUDIO DESIGN PROPOSAL

STRATEGY

BENEFITS OF THIS MODEL

Lectures with a large student body become obsolete when it is possible to attend lecture course virtually. By re-allocating large gathering spaces into more studios, we can incorporate greater function into the studio space and cluster groups of students into learning communitites.

• Promotion of Contact Clustering Safety

ABSORPTION OF CRITIQUE SPACE PROVIDES MORE FLEXIBILITY BR

BR

O

DY

BR

O

DY

BR

O

DY

O

DY

• Provision of Choice of Workspace • Promotion of Handwashing Hygiene • Neater Workspaces - Easier to Clean • Promotion of Collaboration and Social Interaction • Promotion of Flexible Learning Pedagogy - Increased Engagement with Curriculum

BR

BR

BR

Y

BR

OD

OD

OD

Y

OD

Y

Y

• Reuse of Furniture

BRODY

BRODY

BRODY

BRODY

CREATION OF UNIVERSAL MAKER SPACE SINK IN STUDIO TO PROMOTE HANDWASHING CULTURE PROPER WASTE DISPOSAL AREA AND LARGE MATERIAL STORAGE CENTRALIZED WATERING HOLE

CREATION OF NEW ROLLING PARTITION Adobe Stock Photo

WORKSPACE PARTITON

Adobe Stock Photo

DANCING WALL Vitra

SAGE GREENLIFE Coalesse

Vitra. (n.d.). Dancing Wall. Vitra. https://www.vitra. com/en-us/product/dancing-wall.

Coalesse. (n.d.). Sagegreenlife [Photograph].

Steelcase. https://www.steelcase.com/ products/office-decor-rugs/sagegreenlifecollection/?drawer_main=images&drawer_ sub=on-white

FLEX SYSTEM Steelcase

PIVOT SCREEN Turnstone

Steelcase. (n.d.). Steelcase Flex Acoustic Boundary [Photograph]. Steelcase. https://www. steelcase.com/products/screens/steelcaseflex-acoustic-boundary/

Turnstone. (n.d.). Pivot Screen [Photograph].

Steelcase. https://www.steelcase.com/products/ screens/pivot-screen/

Watering Hole Archetype Integrated into Studio

STUDIO DESIGN PROPOSAL

WATERING HOLE IN STUDIO STRATEGY • Incorporate Flexible Learning theory • Incorporate Differentiated Instruction • Support choice in seating posture • Promote contact clustering

Adobe Stock Photo

PRIVACY ROOMS DEVELOPED IN 2ND FLOOR PORCHES

CAVE SPACES

STRATEGY FOR CAVE SPACE DESIGN • Sommer’s Theory Of Personal Space & Social Design • Westin & Altman’s Theory of Privacy • HOK’s Spectrum of Neurodiversity

Adobe Stock Photo

OPPORTUNITIES FOR PRIVACY

CAVE SPACES

OD

Y

Adobe Stock Photo

BR

BR

BR

OD

Y

BR

OD

Y

OD

Y

Porch space. Fall 2020.

Photo by Ray Rayburn.

CAVE SPACES

BUZZIHUB Haworth

BUZZIBOOTH Haworth

BRODY WORKLOUNGE Steelcase

FRAMERY O Framery + Herman Miller

SNAPCAB POD S SnapCab + Steelcase

STRENGTHS • Technical acoustic treatment • Multiple size options • Psychologically comfortable, safe • Mobile • Optional integrated light

STRENGTHS • Technical acoustic treatment • Dampens noise generated by user talking • Optional integrated light

STRENGTHS • Lower cost • Ergonomic seating and adjustable work surface • Works for long-term use • Integrated task lighting • Storage caddy • Semi-translucent partition option • Can increase privacy with various configurations

STRENGTHS • Maximum acoustic privacy • Small footprint • Adjustable stool • Integrated lighting and ventilation • Well-curated finish options using felt and wood. “Natural” materials convey tranquility

STRENGTHS • Larger footprint allows conference with another person • Freestanding seat • Durable and cleanable laminate • Some recycled materials • Hidden casters

WEAKNESSES WEAKNESSES • High Cost (Up to 21k) • High cost (up to 20k) • Not psychologically comfortable for • Doesn’t dampen sound of seated user user to have back exposed talking

WEAKNESSES • Less acoustical privacy because lower sides and no top

Adobe Stock Photo

BuzziHub by Haworth. Retrieved from https:// www.haworth.com/images/default-source/ products/buzzihub/buzzihub-feature2. jpg?sfvrsn=3629259_0

BuzziBooth by Haworth. Retrieved from https://www.haworth.com/images/defaultsource/products/buzzibooth/buzzibooth. jpg?sfvrsn=3d1e9259_0

Brody Worklounge by Steelcase. Retrieved from https://www.steelcase.com/resources/furnitureimages/?search=Brody

WEAKNESSES WEAKNESSES • Less acoustic treatment than Framery • Ships from Finland, not sustainable for • Not comfortable for long-term use U.S. Market • Very heavy • Not comfortable for long-term use Framery O by Framery in partnership with Herman Miller. Retrieved from https:// www.frameryacoustics.com/wp-content/ uploads/2019/07/product-O-main-1-1000x1000. png

SnapCab Pod S by Steelcase. Retrieved from https://www.steelcase.com/products/pods/ snapcab-pods/#highly-mobile-enclosed-pods

INCLUSIVE RESTROOM DESIGN

Adobe Stock Photo

DESCRIPTION

PROS

CONS

We can use angled partitions to create bays which are open for use yet create some privacy for activities which take place at the sink and mirror.

Privacy outside of toilet functions Accessability Maintain social distancing Easier navigation - one option

Inefficient use of space

Creation of a singular circulation route to direct flow of traffic.

Privacy Open design promotes inclusion Minimize pinch points of traffic Easier cleanabiity Promote handwashing culture Easy navigation - one option

Unsightly when dirty Inability to social distance at sink bays

Using the existing chase walls we can create single user stalls with sink bay on a circulation route

Utilizes existing chase wall Potential to expand stalls to include sinks Promote handwashing culture

Inefficient use of space Difficult to navigate Circulation path is not large enough in some places with structural members

ACCESSIBILITY

EXPANSION OF STUDIO SPACE INTO MIDDLE WING

RE-DEVELOPMENT OF FRONT ENTRY Adobe Stock Photo

FLOOR 1 Not to Scale

Half-level lift, Fall 2020.

Photo by Ray Rayburn.

NEW ENTRY WITH RAMP TO CENTRAL WING

RE-DEVELOPMENT OF THIRD FLOOR ANCILLARY SPACE

ACCESSIBILITY

ACCESS TO GREEN ROOF OVER ENV. RES. LAB

DEVELOPMENT OF O.W.L INTO FLEX STUDIO SPACE INCREASE ACCESSABILITY OF THIRD FLOOR ADDITION OF THIRD FLOOR RESTOOMS

Adobe Stock Photo

ADDITION OF DORMERS INCREASE USABLE SPACE

FLOOR 3 Not to Scale

RE-DEVELOPMENT OF THIRD FLOOR ANCILLARY SPACE INCREASE ACCESSABILITY OF THIRD FLOOR

ACCESSIBILITY

Adobe Stock Photo

EXTEND ELEVATOR AND STAIRS

ADDITION OF DORMERS INCREASE USABLE SPACE

ACCESSIBILITY

EXISTING LEVEL CHANGES

Level changes in basement, Fall 2020. Photo by Ray Rayburn.

RE-ALOCATE LECTURE HALL SPACE FOR FLEX SPACE/STUDIO AND ENV. RES. DEPT.

INCREASE STUDIO SPACE

Adobe Stock Photo

FILL LEVEL AND CENTRALIZE RAMP

BASEMENT Not to Scale

PROPOSED LEVEL CHANGES

FEEDBACK + NEXT STEPS

FEEDBACK From professors, professionals, and peers

TAKEAWAYS + NEXT STEPS

• Lack of Privacy and Grooming Stations with Universal Handwashing station

• Narrow the Scope: Focus on one wing of the building to set a precedent for further development

• Flow of Restroom traffic, one way in and one way out would be best for Covid

• Focus in on Mindfulness Furniture as it relates to Covid

• Narrow the scope of the project: Focus in on detailing solutions for Covid / Mindfulness • Don’t take a one size fits all approach to the porch design

• Finalize Restroom design: Either incorporate lavatories into every RR stall, or incorporate perception of privacy and grooming bays

• Contact Clustering and Learning Communities still need physical activity. Do not confine

• Keep circulation of RR traffic to reduce pinch points

• Take on the design of mindfulness furniture

• Continue development on functionality of studio spaces

• ADA issues in old building may be outside the scope the project

• Investigate technologies for engagement with virtual lecture, i.e. campfire spaces

• How can the corridor be developed to see other’s work without risking community spread?

• Continue development of functionality of studio spaces

• If the proposal is to reduce in-person campfire spaces, how can we create spaces that engage with a virtual format?

• Investigate idea where plants create implied barriers • “Create Lasting Change, not just Plastic Partitions • “Tools to Engage, not separate” Adobe Stock Photo

• Further develop porches and corridors as pertains to Concept.

• Investigate material and color application in a variety of spaces

07 | DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

CRITIQUE ROOMS

ALTERNATIVES TO LECTURE HALL • Watch video lecture at home • Watch video lecture in new cave spaces • Watch as a group in new camptire spaces (former critique rooms) adjacent to studios

Benefits • Gices students control over choice of hyper- or hypo-sensitive spaces • Can be social or individual • Can be synchronous or asynchronous

Seaton-Regnier Hall.

Photo by Kansas State University, APDesign

OUTDOOR CLASSROOM

Seaton-Regnier Hall.

Photo by Kansas State University, APDesign

NORTH COURTYARD • Outside of Weigel Library • Position seating distributed throughout planted terraces • Measured distance and plants create effective barriers • Add stairs on right side • Some seats with backs, some seats on ground for sitting cross-legged.

All seats have work surface incorporated

STUDIO DESIGN

Seaton-Regnier Hall.

Photo by Kansas State University, APDesign

MAKER SPACE AND LOUNGE IN STUDIO • White tables and chairs from crit rooms repurposed • Planters as barriers • Handwashing and waste disposal near studio doors

STUDIO DESIGN

Seaton-Regnier Hall.

Photo by Kansas State University, APDesign

WORK LOUNGE IN STUDIO • Various types of seating and mobile work surfaces • Planters maintain safe spacing

STUDIO DESIGN

Seaton-Regnier Hall.

Photo by Kansas State University, APDesign

WORK LOUNGE IN STUDIO • Directions of seating (facing away from each other) and some partitions can contribute to COVID-19 safety

STUDIO DESIGN

Seaton-Regnier Hall.

Photo by Kansas State University, APDesign

WORK LOUNGE IN STUDIO • New studio partition replaces B-desks to allow higher density seating and incorporate more function

STUDIO PARTITION

Studio Partition to Replace B-Desk Goals • • • •

Small Item Storage Pin-up Space Biophilic aspect Appropriate Size to Block Covid

Side

Front

Top

Seaton-Regnier Hall.

Photo by Kansas State University, APDesign

Axonometric

STUDIO PARTITION

Seaton-Regnier Hall.

Photo by Kansas State University, APDesign

PRIVACY FURNITURE

Seaton-Regnier Hall.

Photo by Kansas State University, APDesign

PRIVACY FURNITURE

Seaton-Regnier Hall.

Photo by Kansas State University, APDesign

PRIVACY FURNITURE

Seaton-Regnier Hall.

Photo by Kansas State University, APDesign

PRIVACY FURNITURE

Seaton-Regnier Hall.

Photo by Kansas State University, APDesign

RESTROOM

Seaton-Regnier Hall.

Photo by Kansas State University, APDesign

RESTROOM

CENTRAL HANDWASHING STATION

Seaton-Regnier Hall.

Photo by Kansas State University, APDesign

• Alternating bays to maintain safe spacing • Seating • Handwash station • Grooming bay set in further for privacy and incorporates mirror and partition • Planters form majority of barrier • Biophilic aspect • Greywater reuse for plans • Water feature

08 FINAL DESIGN

ACCESS TO FOCUS ROOMS BRODY

STUDIO DESIGN STRATEGY

BRODY

BRODY

BRODY

Lack of material and prototype stroage creates clutter and makes sanitizing difficult

NEW PRIVACY FURNITURE FOR PORCHES

ABSORPTION OF CRITIQUE ROOMS INTO STUDIOS

Lack of acoustic treatment or barriers creates noise and can cause difficulty concentrating

LOCALIZED HANDWASHING, WASTE RECEPTACLES, AND CLEANING CUPBOARD CREATION OF NEW ROLLING PARTITION

BENEFITS OF NEW MODEL CENTRALIZED WATERING HOLE

• Promotion of Contact Clustering Safety • Provision of Choice of Workspace • Promotion of Handwashing Hygiene

CREATION OF UNIVERSAL MAKER SPACE WITH LARGE MATERIAL STORAGE

• Neater Workspaces - Easier to Clean • Promotion of Collaboration and Social Interaction • Promotion of Flexible Learning Pedagogy - Increased Engagement with Curriculum Stock Photo

BEFORE

Pre-covid studio, Photo from APDesign

• Reuse of Furniture

OPTION #1 - SEPARATION OF ARCHETYPES WITHIN STUDIO

ACCESS TO FOCUS ROOMS

STUDIO DESIGN PROPOSAL

LOCALIZED HANDWASHING, WASTE RECEPTACLES, AND CLEANING CUPBOARD

ABSORPTION OF CRITIQUE ROOMS INTO STUDIOS

OPTION #1

WATERING HOLE DISPERSED

SAFE COLLAB. SPACES ADJACENT TO STUDIOS

MAKER SPACE DISPERSED

OPTION #2 - BLENDED ARCHETYPES

OPTION #2

PARTITION DEVELOPMENT Barrier against COVID at seated height

STUDIO DESIGN PROPOSAL

Space for students’ potted plants

Replaces existing B-desk and provides optional drafting surface Additional storage Casters allow mobility of pin-up and work space Stock Photo

MOBILE LARGE MATERIAL STORAGE CABINET STUDIO CONNECTION

STUDIO DESIGN PROPOSAL

LOCALIZED CLEANING

DESIGNATED WASTE RECEPTABLES

LOCALIZED HANDWASHING FLEXIBLE FURNITURE ALLOWS SMALLER STUDIOS TO ARRANGE BASED ON IMMEDIATE NEED

Stock Photo

DESIGNATED MAKER

LARGE STUDIO CONNECTION FROM STUDIO TO CRITIQUE ROOM

STEELCASE i2i

CRITIQUE ROOMS AND CLASSROOMS

• Comfortable lounge type posture if desired • Casters for Mobility and Flexibility • Tablet Arm for Additional Work Surface Utilizing mobile task chairs with a work surface facilitates many purposes, and therefore fulfills the ultimate goal of providing flexibility. Chairs can be moved between Crit rooms and Studios.

FLEXIBLE LEARNING APPLIED • Augmented Learning • Distance Learning • Experiential Learning Theory

Stock Photo

PRE-COVID LECTURE HALL

LECTURE HALL DURING COVID

• Densely packed • Everyone facing one direction • Instructor stands at front and gives presentation

• Less than 10% occupiable • Seats designated with stickers • Most lecture instruction has moved online

FLEXIBLE ENVIRONMENTS • provide more options for campfire curriculum

Steelcase. (n.d.). i2i Swivel on Mobile Base [Photograph]. Steelcase. https:// www.steelcase.com/products/loungechairs/i2i/?drawer_main=images&drawer_sub=on-white#sustainability_overview

CRITIQUE ROOMS AND CLASSROOMS

Seaton-Regnier Hall.

Photo by Kansas State University, APDesign

BEFORE

Pre-covid critique room, Photo from APDesign

NOW

Critique room. Fall 2020.

Photo by Ray Rayburn.

AFTER

LIBRARY

BEFORE

Seaton-Regnier Hall.

Photo by Kansas State University, APDesign

NOW

Pre-covid Weigel Library, Photo from APDesign

Weigel Library during COVID-19, Fall 2020. Photo by Ray Rayburn.

AFTER

OPPORTUNITIES FOR PRIVACY

CAVE SPACES

Porches, ancillary spaces, and opportunities for focus rooms highlighted

Stock Photo

DEVELOPMENT OF NEW FOCUS ROOMS EQUIPPED WITH MONITORS

CAVE SPACES TRANSLUCENT ACCORDIAN FELT FOR PIN-UP AND ACOUSTIC

FOLD UP WORK SURFACE

CASTERS FOR MOBILITY

Stock Photo

One product transforms an Ancillary space to serve the most immediate need

• • • •

MOBILITY PRIVACY FLEXIBILTY SAFETY

ANCILLARY SPACES

Seaton-Regnier Hall.

Photo by Kansas State University, APDesign

BEFORE

Pre-covid lounge seating, Photo from APDesign

NOW

Lounge area during COVID-19, beloved blue chairs removed. Fall 2020. Photo by Ray Rayburn.

SAFE COLLABORATION SPACES - STUDIO PORCHES

INCLUSIVE RESTROOM DESIGN

Stock Photo

RESTROOM OBJECTIVES Convert separated multi-user facilities into unified space with private single-user toilet spaces with central handwashing more public and accessible Benefits: • Gender-inclusive • Accessible • Maintains 6’ social distancing • Minimizes contact with surfaces

PROS

CONS

Privacy outside of toilet functions Accessability Maintain social distancing Easier navigation - one option

Inefficient use of space

Privacy Open design promotes inclusion Minimize pinch points of traffic Easier cleanabiity Promote handwashing culture Easy navigation - one option

Unsightly when dirty Inability to social distance at sink bays

Utilizes existing chase wall Potential to expand stalls to include sinks Promote handwashing culture

Inefficient use of space Difficult to navigate Circulation path is not large enough in some places with structural members

NEW GENDER INCLUSIVE RESTROOMS

RENDERING

1st FLOOR RESTROOM PLAN

INCLUSIVE RESTROOM DESIGN Accessible near front

Unisex both sides

View into Fab Lab

Accessible near front

Stock Photo

Main corridor

PUBLIC HANDWASHING STATION GREYWATER REUSE RESEARCH (greywateraction.org)

INCLUSIVE RESTROOM DESIGN

Mirror

Hand Soap: • • • •

Biodegradable Non-toxic Sodium-free (common thickener in soap) Borax-free Unscented Liquid Castile Soap Stephenson Brand 55 Gallon Drum $16.98/Gallon

Glass partition

Bench seating Planter

(bulkapothecary.com)

Plants:

• Soap has a basic PH • Choose plants that favor basic rather than acidic conditions • Water the soil, not the leaves

Cleaning Products:

• Cleaning products for sink area go into greywater system • Avoid chlorine bleach • Use hydrogen peroxide bleach

Water feature and greywater filtration Grooming/hand washing

Hand washing

Water bottle filling Stock Photo

OUTDOOR CLASSROOM

BEFORE

Seaton-Regnier Hall.

Photo by Kansas State University, APDesign

NOW

Pre-covid North Courtyard, Photo from APDesign

North Courtyard during COVID-19, Fall 2020. Photo by Ray Rayburn.

DEVELOPMENT OF NORTH COURTYARD TO CAMPFIRE SPACE

OUTDOOR CLASSROOM

NOT TO SCALE

Seaton-Regnier Hall.

Photo by Kansas State University, APDesign

NORTH COURTYARD PLAN

DEVELOPMENT OF NORTH COURTYARD TO CAMPFIRE SPACE

PROVIDING CHOICE OVER WORK ENVIRONMENT PROMOTION OF “CONTACT CLUSTERING” AS A SAFER ALTERNATIVE TO DISTANCE LEARNING

TAKEAWAYS

PROMOTION OF FLEXIBLE USE ENVIRONMENTS TO MINIMIZE FUTURE DISRUPTIONS AND MAXIMIZE GROWTH PROMOTION OF GENDER INCLUSIVE RESTROOM DESIGN AS A SAFER METHOD OF MINIMIZING COMMUNITY SPREAD COLLABORATION OF SUSTAINABLE DESIGN PRACTICES IN CONJUNCTION WITH PROMOTION OF MENTAL HEALTH AND WELLBEING

RE-ORGANIZATION OF SPATIAL ARCHETYPES - IS THERE A NEED FOR DEDICATED CAMPFIRE SPACES?

THANK YOU