Ispectrum magazine 16

ISPECTRUM MAGAZINE

Issue 16/March-April 2016

The Chemistry of Stress: How It Affects Our Health?

i ,the alien

Immunohistology

Why Emotions Influence our Immune System

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CONTENTS Features

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27 03 The Chemistry of Stress: How It Affects Our Health?

04 what exactly happens in our body when we undergo stress?

06 Negative thoughts impact badly on our body 07 Negative effects of adrenaline on the body 13 I, the Alien 15 The superior ability of the human body 22 Our body detects radio frequency signals from the surrounding space 27 Why Emotions Influence our Immune System Healing Autoimmune Disorders with NLP 30 Reprogramming the negative emotions

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07

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33 Immunohistology: Antibodies show us diseased cells 35 Targeted synthesizing of antibodies 37 Multiple advantages in contrast to gene sequencing

editorial Mado Martinez Editorial Director

Dear Readers, March is my favourite month of the year.

Spring is here, with its sudden changes of weather, and issue 16 keeps the same spirit. As always, Dr. Fahad Basheer, author of The Science of Emotions, has written two pieces of special interest.

The first one digs into the Chemistry of stress to show us how it affects our health, whilst the second shows us how emotions influence our immune system.

The Engineer Dimitre Assenov offers us the reading of his latest scientific paper under the intriguing title: “I, the Alien”.

Are we out of place in this planet? You may find the answer here.

And Markus Köller comes with an interesting approach to antibodies: We all know it from biology lessons at school: Antibodies help us to ward off disease and are essential components of our immune system. What many people do not know is that physicians and scientists use animal antibodies to identify diseased or mutated cells. This makes them an important instrument in the diagnosis of diseases such as cancer.

Ispectrum magazine

Published Bimonthly

ISSN 2053-1869

Editorial Director Mado Martinez, madomartinez@ispectrummagazine.com Art Director Rayna Petrova raynapetrova@ispectrummagazine.com Contributing Editors Matt Loveday mattloveday@ispectrummagazine.com Laura Hayes Ravinder Dhindsa Jennifer James Contributing Writers Dr. Fahad Basheer Dimitre Assenov Markus Köller Images commons.wikimeadia.org morguefile.com pixabay.com

www.ispectrummagazine.com

Enjoy the reading!

admin@ispectrummagazine.com +44 7517 864 167 (UK)

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The Chemistry of Stress: How It Affects Our Health?

by Dr. Fahad Basheer Author of “The Science of Emotions”

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o you know why and how exactly our negative thoughts impact badly on our body?

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During my general practice, I often encounter many cases that stem from stress. Gastritis; yes of course is one of the common clinical presentations that come in O.P. A thorough evaluation of the patient’s day will clearly explain why exactly he developed gastritis. Most of them would admit that they had a stressful day.

Do you know what exactly happens in our body when we undergo stress?

Here is an interesting study conducted on prisoners of the World War II, and it was found that the risk of developing peptic ulcer among them was twice higher than that of the controls. There are several other cases like stress induced hypertension, diabetes, bronchial asthma, infections etc. that comes to an O.P. This might make one think why stress can cause several clinical disorders. We shall know why this happens in the last part of this article.

Imagine that you have met with an accident. What happens next?

The adrenal gland which is located just above the kidneys, responds to the accident by releasing an emergency hormone known as adrenaline into the bloodstream. This hormone helps in combating daily life stress by changing the body physiology. The adrenaline decreases the flow of blood to the gut and shunt the blood to the body muscles to tackle the tough situation the

In our daily life we often undergo stressful situations. There is no avoiding them. The stress that one experiences is nothing but the response of the body to outer environment and the mind to our inner fears. These inner fears may be on account of anything like an examination, a job or responsibility, the family, an encounter with a person or situation one dislikes or fears, etc. (1)

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Photo credit :By Jvnkfood (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

body is faced with. This gives you more energy in muscles to combat the accident. The adrenaline produced at that time shuts down the functioning of the immune system and gut by decreasing its blood supply. This is known as the flight or fight response. This natural response is one of the greatest gifts to human body in combating external threats that we often encounter in our daily life.

This response gives us more power and energy to survive any external threats like accidents, being chased by wild animals etc. (1)

This was the case in ancient ancestors. One flight fight response would save their life from wild animals. This flight fight response is present in every ani5

nal threat, “the stress” is managed. Here in “stress” the hormone causes more harm than good. (1)

Do you know why and how exactly our negative thoughts impact badly on our body?

mal to combat their enemies and to save their life from its predators. Once the external threat vanishes, the flight fight response subsides and body restores its normal functioning. (1)

But the question arises why modern man faces this much stress unlike the animals?

Normally when an external threat (accidents, exams etc.) is removed, adrenaline production gets stopped and the body will restore its normal functioning.

But in stress, where the threat is internal (negative thoughts and negative emotions) will constantly stimulate the production of adrenaline. This will cause deleterious and harmful effects in our body unless the inter6

The latest research reveals that this adrenaline is not only produced while combating an accident, threat or disaster, but also produced when a man undergoes stress. The stress is indeed a disease of a modern man.

The stress follows him where ever he goes.

The research shows that “the adrenaline is even produced in the body when a person undergoes a negative thought in his mind, or even when he feels negative emotions”

and “the adrenaline is produced the same moment he experiences negative thoughts and negative emotion”. The fact is that “there is no time lag between production of adrenaline and negative thoughts that pass through his mind or the negative emotions he feels within”.

(1)

So how badly will this Adrenaline affect our body? Adrenaline causes the following:

1 Increases blood sugar: Adrenaline increase glucose production from liver to blood and decreases the production of insulin thereby increasing the blood sugar. This predisposes to diabetes mellitus. (1) 7

2 Increases pressure:

blood

Adrenaline increases blood pressure by constricting arterioles and veins thereby increases the blood pressure. This predisposes to hypertension. (1)

3 Increases risk of cardiac diseases: Adrenaline increases the rate, force and contraction of heart muscles and causes arrhythmias. Concurrent stimulation of heart due to stress can put heart on increased workload leading to increased chances of getting a heart attack. Women have a premenopausal estrogen that protects them from stress related heart disease. (1) 7

4 Increase Obesity: Adrenaline can move fat from storage depots and relocate it to fat cell deposits in the abdomen. This causes an increase in body mass index and generates obesity. The obesity is one of the risk factors for developing diabetes and coronary artery disease. In some cases, patient loses his weight. (1)

5 Indigestion and chronic constipation: Adrenaline decreases blood supply to gut and decreases peristalsis of bowel and increases sphincter tone by acting on its receptors. This leads to indigestion and chronic constipation. (1) 9

6 Increases susceptibility to bacterial, fungal and viral infections: Adrenaline suppresses the functioning of immune cells required to combat infectious diseases and there by increases the susceptibility to bacterial, fungal and viral infections. Stress increase susceptibility for H.pylori infections in stomach to the common gastritis. Chronic stress can increase chance for Urinary tract infections in females. (1,2)

7 Increases muscle tension: Adrenaline increases blood flow to muscles and cause increased muscle tension to cause tension headaches that we often experience at the end of our working days. The tight muscles can cause, headache, 10

shoulder pain, backache and body pain. Chronic stress induced muscle tension can later predisposes to fibromyalgia etc. (2)

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9 Alters Menstrual cycle:

Decreases interest in sex: Adrenaline decreases the testosterone produced in men and estrogen in women that is needed for sexual arousal. Chronic stress can cause decreased sperm production and erectile dysfunction or impotence.

(2)

Chronic stress can cause irregular or no menstruation. Sometimes it can cause heavy or painful bleeding. (2)

10 Creates psychic disorders: Chronic stress is one of the fundamental causes for conditions like over eating, less eating, alcohol and drug abuse. (1,2)

So what exactly is the solution for attaining health?

The answer is simple but tough to achieve.

Wipe away our daily life stress!

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So how do we wipe away our stress?

It’s by bringing our uncontrolled thoughts and emotions into our control.

So how will we bring our thoughts and emotions to control?

NLP psychotherapeutics, mindfulness and meditation are such wonderful tools in achieving mastery over our thoughts and emotions.

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REFERENCES:

(1) The Science of Emotions: Dr. Fahad Basheer (2) The effect of stress on the body: Ann Pietrangelo

I, the Alien

by Dimitre Assenov

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with its natural “skin” this species gets sunburned easily and can die within minutes in cold environments. So, to adapt, it has done what no other species needs to do – it has created artificial environments on this planet to survive – a fundamental requirement of this is the destruction of the planet’s natural flora and fauna.

Flora is natural to this planet needing only the sustenance the planet and sun provides.

Fauna appears to cope very well with the planet’s environment and has evolved and adapted to the planets changes with time.

There is only one species that appears out of place, for instance, 13

These species are not native to this planet but have been introduced to it and are therefore the aliens they are searching for. These species are looking at this whole scenario incorrectly and ironically created convenient artificial desinformation division named “religion” to keep the masses intact.

By its nature these species are destructive yet ironically amazingly loving and do not have the capability They are still at the primitive to yet find who or what tech level of making life an actually placed them on absolute utopia. the planet because their philosophers and scientists think each other are wrong when both are correct.

There are a great number of phenomena on the planet that only can be explained after implicating the unusual algorithm of superior technology, which comes from outside the world we know. This makes it extremely difficult to provide grounded answer of the common question “why”.

This article will revile superior ability of the human body and intentionally provide no answer of the purpose.

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Considering the known nature of extreme high frequencies at extreme low energies, this phenomena points to unrecognized application of dark matter radiation and its interaction with human cerebral subconscious ability for information processing.

This includes receiving and emitting messages from great distances

and completely outside the energy grid, or remotely searching and locating hidden sources of frequency, objects, substances, information and even remotely overtaking or controlling the mental state of another.

only approximately 5% of all humans use this controlling ability.

This may sound extreme and unbelievable, but after you read this article you may start thinking another way.

To begin I will provide a little information There is a little about dark matter radiunknown catch, that ation. This is the radio 15

frequency emitted by any matter and it penetrates throughout any space, object or shielding, carrying the energy signature of a chemical composition. This radio frequency is only affected by deep cryogenic cooling; when the atom particle decelerates or suspends its

normal rotation movement, but it continues their vibration at a low pace. “Modern� nuclear science already has some of the knowledge in this field, but still cannot find a credible explanation for a lot of observed anomalies.

This radiation is carried by so-called X-field and

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has the ability to accept additional information that is attached in the background.

And here is the phenomenon I mentioned at the beginning. The human body is an extremely complicated bio kinetic machine

and has the ability to rapidly autoadjust and correct, unfortunately in a very narrow energy band.

This bio kinetic machine has a phenomenal hydraulic piping system with a total length of 62,000 miles.

The medical field consider the blood distribution system a major survival component, providing continuously vital nutrients and oxygen to any cell in the body, and it takes all released toxins and carbon dioxide away for disposal.

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From a purely technical point, the same blood distribution piping comprises a complicated 62,000 mile long liquid antenna that has phenomenal application.

We need to point out that such long antenna cannot be practically built because that will be burned off from the generated heat along the length. Purposely this was done in the human body. First I will clarify why we have to consider the blood system as a 62,000 mile long liquid wire. Let’s take a look at the cross section of the arteries and the veins

– multi-layer tubing, each having different electrostatic properties.

And here is the surprise in that it has a similarity with other wellknown wires with a similar crosssection – the coaxial cable.

The minor difference is that the coaxial cable has at the center a single solid wire (this error was corrected in the new coaxial cable type), and in the arteries and veins we have liquid in the form of a constant chemical composition, temperature and velocity. In order to completely recognize the similarity, here is the cross-section of the new low-resistance coaxial cable.

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The purpose of this little difference will be explained later, but the major liquid application is that this system also works as a universal particle decelerator circuit.

The technical similarities can be summarized as follows: in the long wire antenna, the purpose is to be as

long as possible for it to be able to detect as weak a signal as possible (reference to Hertz’s detector, where the sensitivity can reach levels of 0.001 microvolt’s). To complicate the picture, the purpose of the coaxial cable is also to prevent via shielding, as much as possible, the loss of signal from out-

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side interference. This is exactly the same in humans where all problems were resolved simply, but extremely effectively. When the wire is too long it generates heat that can burn the wire off. This issue in the human body is prevented with the temperature control and double attenuation.

This triggers a chemical temperature control within a threesecond time segment.

Problem solved. The second is called attenuation – this is negative noise frequency buildup that at some point will overwrite the signal. Technically this is resolved via attenuation or signal amplifiers. In the human body this was resolved in the simplest but most effective way – with polarity switching, known as attenuation.

In the human body this attenuation was done twice – once in the lower torso and the second time in the neck. This prevents overheating of the body from one side and it protects the brain from the other side.

In order to complicate the picture, let us get back to the first diagram which indicates that half of the system has a high concentration of CO2 and the other half has a high concentration of oxygen. Considering the chemical difference each half oscillates in a slightly different harmonic frequency, which when combined, makes a perfect frequency oscillation filter bridge (ref. to following equations Vpp = I / R where R = 2f.c > Vpp 20

= I / 2f.c). Here is the technical description.

The blood comprises water, which oscillate at a frequency of 3657 cm -1 wavelength. CO2 oscillates frequency of 1334 cm -1. Oxygen oscillates at a frequency in the range of 1103 cm -1 wave length.

Either component has a harmonic frequency lower than water which means that each component deviates from the base water frequency at a slightly low amplitude.

This provides the human body with the ability to automatically control the current in a way so as to not allow overheating (unfortunately

no one until now has made a current determination in Giga Hertz frequency band where the RV radio frequency is located). dssdss

The 62,000 miles of wire generate a signal from the surrounding energy field continuously – the following diagram was developed for medical purposes for a MRI or CAD Scan.

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The exact same system is interacting with a geomagnetic field all the time we are awake – it is just that no one pays attention, because during human mutation this sensation was suppressed. But this function will still continue at a subconscious cerebral level.

This means that our body detects radio frequency signals from the surrounding space all the time.

The problem is that, for whatever reason, our brain cerebral interface loses the ability to inform us. The detection stays completely separate in the background of our consciousness and only few that are wired differently continue to have a practical sensation.

object. One more thing to keep in mind is that the dark matter radiation cannot be shielded – it penetrates everything and everywhere.

Human scientists continue to argue about what the X-field actually is.

Surprisingly with little help from outside, this sensation can be restored to everybody. And with a little training this sensation can be upgraded to a level of signal emitting or remote signal interception. Here I will recall the physics fundamental, that any matter is a simple ration between the energy of the field to the energy of the

One of the simple principles for artificial sensation of electric current in a coil is the model of the electric meter each home is equipped with.

Any time we plug an appliance into 22

the circuit, the coil starts transmitting electrons, which start rotating the wheel of the meter (the rotation is equal to the sinus of Amperage – this means more amperage is equal to a fast rotation). Because the human species has a very narrow range of skin resistance (from 50 to 75 Ohms / cm), constructing such a measuring wheel requires very high precision level, perfect levitation alignment toward the coil and very low friction along the axel.

Another simple and practical approach is to use the Dozing wires method. Dozing was known for centuries, and very little was done to explain how dozing actually worked.

Modern science considers dozing to be “witch craft” that is practiced by hoaxers. Paying particular attention to dozing and upgrading the system (by isolating the wires from the hand surface) provides the grounded explanation, that dozing is a simple logo periodic antenna configured in ration 1:3, where the higher signal zone is along the wire edges at position of 90 degrees toward the coil and a signal level of 23

zero when the wires become parallel to the coil. This is exactly the reason that the dozing wires rotate only at 90 degrees.

There are several items that need to be mentioned. First, dozing works, not only, with water or metal as some believed, but with any form and type of mater (solid, gas or liquid requires recognition files for separation).

Creation of the recognition file is a simple 10-second exercise. Each created recognition file remains stored in the cerebral subconscious for 72 hours – this corresponds to the other phenomena of so called magnetic memory of water (refer to the discovery of professor Dr. Masaru Emoto - who published a phenomenal book – “ Messages from Water” (New York Times Bestseller). He discovered that water can memorize all energy signatures when exposed to chemical compositions, radiation, music, photo images and etc. The book contained hundreds of photos of rapidly frozen water where crystal

the elbow for every human).

alignment indicated the relation of memorized energy information to the crystal configuration).

Once the three parameters are fulfilled, every human can start immediately practicing dozing.

From another point the dozing wires working exactly as Hertz’s detector, via rotating toward the body coil. Proof of generating electric signal in the dozing wires is evidenced by connecting a volt meter to each one (at the time of rotation the small pulse of the measuring instrument is observed) because the time of this pulse is limited to 3 seconds, therefore a complete range measurement cannot be achieved (except if amplifiers are used to extend the time).

Finally dozing is a simple detection of a rotation/vibration (R/V) radio frequency emitted by any matter.

Proof of that is when the material is cryogenically cooled with liquid nitrogen resulting in the wire rotation stopping because the R/V radio frequency dropped to a long wave length (the rotation RF stops and the vibration RF drops to long wave length). Once the detected material is heated back above rotation RF threshold the signal re-appeared and the wires started to rotate again. The last one is to dissipate the belief that only selected people can practice dozing. Actually the secret is in wire length and crosssection that need to correspond to several individual parameters of every human – it is ratio of body high (there is a specific point of measurement), heart pulse rate and skin resistance (one forgotten universal constant representing the length ration between human body elements – for example – the palm length is in ratio to the length of

The following diagrams indicate the principle of interaction between that which is generated by the body antenna signal and the rotation of dozing wires as direct indication of signal location, direction or even distance to the source.

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The detection ability is unlimited and relates to personal preference.

Detection includes everything and is not limited to radioactive materials, metals, liquids, medical substances (including narcotics), cell phones or other transmitters, buried objects, live or abandoned utility lines, explosives and ammunitions, buried corpses, or people in avalanches or collapsed build-

ings, stolen items, flying objects (planes or drones at distance over 3000 feet) etc.

The detection works by moving vectors with a speed of 40 MPH with a precision of 3 ft or less (including cars or helicopters). Because the detection precision is phenomenally high it can also be applied as a non-invasive detection of cancers, tumors 25

or other organic illnesses (you can distinct, remotely, which one from two identical bottles of water is filled with hot one).

The mentioned 5% of the human species who are wired differently (commonly after near dead experience) extend this phenomenon to remote viewing information interception, where the medi-

tation is simply the creation of a recognition file. The remote transmission or detection of brain signals between individuals is working but has no explanation.

Where the future of this phenomena stays.

The technology already provides access to implantable devices that can successfully replace the dozing.

From another site the sophistication and simplicity of the phenomena can be explored from some in incorrect ways for gaining remotely hidden or restricted information or gaining control over the individual.

species was subject to specific genetic mutations that makes the subconscious ability more dormant. Only selected ones who are subjected to traumatic rewiring events can keep this phenomenon alive. These human species were already marked with the sign of asymmetrical mutation, and are general engines of phenomenal technological progress.

Exposing of this phenomena involves, one way or other, the great moment of actual physical “contact� the human species dreamed of. For generations the human 26

These unnoticed individuals are working in the background, silently, and are already recognized as a greater threat to the global elite, by simple virtue that they are out of the boundaries of mind control. The positive is that the elite still cannot figure out how physically identify them. But they know, only to well, how this will end.

Why Emotions Influence our Immune System Healing Autoimmune Disorders with NLP by Dr. Fahad Basheer Author of “The Science of Emotions�

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ders is unknown. Therefore, modern medicine writes its cause as idiopathic. Most of the pathology of diseases in our body is mediated by immune cells. But what do we know about how our emotions control our immune cells that decides the nature of autoimmune disorders.

utoimmune Disorders!

Autoimmune disorders are a group of disorders in which our immune cells destroy our own cells. Thyroid disorders, diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosis etc. are a few examples of autoimmune disorders. Still today, the etiology of autoimmune disor-

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In her research, Dr. Candace Pert discovered that cells in our body communicate with each other in the form of neuropeptides. These neuropeptides act as a vehicle that carries information from one cell another. These neuropeptides cause action in a cell by binding to the receptors present over the cells. By doing so, these neuropeptides convey information to the cell’s DNA and cause an amazing reaction in cells. The process of binding of neuropeptides over cell receptors is known as “sex on a molecular level”.

Dr. Candace Pert (1946 – 2013)

But the turning point of the research was when Dr. Candace Pert discovered that 85 -95% of neuropeptides are found in the limbic system including amygdala, hippocampus and the limbic cortex. These are known as the storehouse of emotions in the brain. In 1920, researchers were successful in stimulating the limbic cortex over amygdala. Pert found high concentrations of neuropeptides in these loca-

Neuropeptide synthesis 28

Photo credit: Blausen.com staff. “Blausen gallery 2014”. Wikiversity Journal of Medicine. DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 20018762. - Own work

tions (limbic system) where the information from our five senses is relayed. This brought a new light of discovery that the limbic system had an amazing connection with the neuropeptides that carries information. The limbic system in other words conveyed the information of emotions to these neuropeptides.

Later, she discovered that the receptors for these neuropeptides were also found on the immune cells. For every neuropeptide that was found in the brain, the immune cell had the exact receptor for these neuropeptides to bind. This was the most groundbreaking discovery of them all,because it has proved that our immune system constantly communicates 29

with the limbic system of our brain through neuropeptides. In other words, the program of emotions was conveyed to the immune cells.

The nature of emotions exactly exhibited the behaviour of immune cells. If the emotions were destructive, immune cells also exhibited destructive behaviour causing the destruction of the body’s own cells.

I call this phenomenon of transferring emotions from the limbic system to the body “the paradigm shift of emotions�, because I later experimentally proved this discovery by the application of NLP psychotherapeutics over my clients with autoimmune disorders. I reprogrammed their emotions with the world’s best known psychotherapeutic tools of the 21st century. This gave me the most amazing and marvellous results by a total resolution of the autoimmune disorders in some of my clients, whilst some of them had a marked decrease in the clinical presentations of symptoms and signs of autoimmune disorder. The emotions transferred from the limbic system encoded later in the cells of our body known as Bio-memory.

der.

In other words, cells in our body share the information of our emotions. Each organ in our body is virtually a battery of emotions too.

The negative emotions being harboured in the respective site was the other possibility of the site of development of pathology or the disor30

The findings from my psychotherapeutic experience were that: The selfdestructive emotions like selfcriticism, guilt and revenge were the most topr a t e d negative emotions which created the selfdestructive programs in the immune cells causing the immune cells to attack their own body cells. When we were successful in reprogramming the negative emotions with the positive emotions with the NLP psychotherapeu-

tics, we discovered that there was a total resolution of autoimmune disorders. On the other hand, those who didn’t totally resolve from the autoimmune disorder had a marginal decrease in the symptoms and signs of an autoimmune disorder. It was found that positive emotions like love, care, affection, forgiveness and letting go, that applied in the psychotherapeutics, were highly powerful to completely heal and resolve autoimmune disorders of the clients.

Yes! By programming our emotions we are able to program the functioning of the immune cells in our body because the behaviour of immune cells is nothing but the behaviour of human emotions.

In short, “Each neuropeptide is nothing but a vehicle that carries information on emotions stored in the brain. So, whenever the brain releases these neuropeptides an emotion will be embedded in them in the form of information. Whenever these neuropeptides bind to a cell receptor, this embedded emotion will be transferred to the DNA of

the immune cells. The transferred information of emotions programs the DNA to transcript and translate to produce its protein. In sum, each emotion will lead to the synthesis of a particular type of protein in the body”. And the “nature of emotions determines the nature of message carried by the neuropeptides and the information in these neuropeptides will determine the behaviour of the immune cells of our body”. “Self-destructive emo31

tions will force the immune system of our body to attack its own body cells creating autoimmune disorders, whereas self-constructive emotions are able to bring about resolution and healing of the autoimmune disorders. Thus, by programming the emotions using NLP psychotherapeutics, we are able to heal the autoimmune disorders that modern medicine is fighting hard to cure with steroids and immunomodulators�.

REFERENCES:

1) The Science of Emotions: Dr. Fahad Basheer

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Immunohistology: Antibodies show us diseased cells by Markus Kรถller

physicians and scientists use animal antibodies to identify diseased or mutated cells. This makes them an important instrument in the diagnosis of diseases such as cancer.

We all know it from biology lessons at school: Antibodies help us to ward off disease and are essential components of our immune system. What many people do not know is that

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The key to immunohistology: The binding feature

A

ntibodies are formed in certain blood cells in response to substances that the immune system classifies as harmful.

These so-called antigens are molecules that are located, for example, on the surface of viruses or bacteria. Again, the antibodies bind certain areas of the antigens called epitopes. This way, they signal the immune system to reduce these foreign binding structures.

This binding character is also useful in diagnostics: In the immunohistology or immunohistochemistry procedures there are antibodies inserted to make certain structures, such as proteins, visible. “These procedures have been used since the late 70’s and have been continuously improved and expanded,” explains Jürgen Frerichs, head of DIANOVA GmbH (www.dianova.com), one of the established commercial enterprises in the sector.

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Targeted synthesizing of antibodies To put it simply, biotech companies and research institutions produce antibodies by

injecting one specific antigen into a mouse, a goat or a horse. The ensuing immune reac-

tion stimulates the body to create a great amount of antibodies with several binding

Secondary antibodies binding primary antibodies.

The result is visible under a microscope.

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features for the antigen. It is then possible to isolate the antibodies directly from the blood, or even isolate particular antibody-producing blood cells from the mixture extracted from certain animals, and initiate a complex biotechnological procedure for the production of an excess of a single antibody. Antibodies that are produced like this are called “monoclonal�—they emanate from one single cell line and bind just one particular epitope.

Antibodies are very small and, even under a microscope, not readily visible, which is why they are specially prepared for the diagnostics. They are coupled

with enzymes that produce visible colorants or are marked with fluorescing colorants.

There are two methods: The direct and the indirect technique. The latter works with an

added bridge that consists of another antibody (secondary antibody) that binds the first one (primary antibody).

Antibodies help to distinguish tumor cells from each other One example is the antiIDH1 R132H monoclonal antibody clone H09 of DIANOVA GmbH, by which different brain tumors can be distinguished from each other. Originally developed by the renowned German Cancer Research Center, the antibody labels glio36

mas, which account for about 20 percent of all brain tumors.

Differentiating gliomas from other brain tumors enables us to launch a targeted treatment and helps predict the course of the disease.

Multiple advantages in contrast to gene sequencing The use of antibodies in diagnostics provides many advantages in comparison to molecular-biological methods, especially in the diagnosis of brain tumors, when there is often less tissue available. In addition, the

percentage of tumor cells in the tissue sample is a critical factor.

Immunohistochemistry is faster and cheaper than gene sequencing procedures.

“Another advantage of the immunohistochemical method with anti-

bodies is that pathologists have the result right in front of their eyes—they can differentiate diseased from healthy cells under the microscope,” said Frerichs.

Jürgen Frerichs, head of DIANOVA GmbH (www.dianova.com), one of the established commercial enterprises in the sector. © www.jan-altenschmidt.de 37

“Scientifically, happiness is a choice. It is a choice about where your single processor brain will devote its finite resources as you process the world.�

-Shawn Achor

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