Global Catalogue 2026

R ANDLAB ANDLA B

2025 - 2026 GLOBAL EDITION

ft. Practical Welfare Insights

for Veterinarians

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CONTENTS 9 EDITORIALS & 10 SPONSORSHIPS

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9-139

ULCER SUITE

10 11 12 13 14

Gastropell Forte Paste Ulcershield Paste Gastropell Daily Paste Sucralfate Powder

15-16 15 JOINT SUITE

16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Intra-Log Injection Zycan Injection Arthropen 250mg/mL Arthropen 100mg/mL Matrix 6000 Equinate IA/IV Equinate IV

23-26 23 RESPIRATORY SUITE

24 Airway TMPS Powder 25 Bromo TMPS Powder 26 Airway Gel 27

28 ANTI-INFLAMMATORY 28-34 SUITE

29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Colix Injection Dex 5 Injection Platinum Bute Injection Equine Bute Paste Meloxicam Injection Meloxicam Paste

36-40 36 ANTIMICROBIAL SUITE

37 38 39 40

Tri-sulfox Injection Tri-Sil Powder TMPS Paste Metronidazole Paste

© Copyright Randlab 2025 Content & Editor: Dr Michael Robinson (michael.robinson@randlab.com.au)

41 SEDATIVE & ANAESTHESIA SUITE

41-46

42 43 44 45 46

Sedator Injection Butorphanol Injection Ketamine Injection Xylazine Injection Sed-Ace Gel

51-53 51 MISCELLANEOUS SUITE

52 Frusemide Injection 53 Lethaton Injection 54 55-58 55 REPRODUCTION SUITE

56 Biorelin Injection 57 Ovu-Mate Injection 58 Ovu-Mate Oral Solution 59 60-64 60 DEWORMER SUITE

61 62 63 64

Pradectin Oxfendoate Promax All Worrmer Goldmectin LV

65-69 65 SUPPLEMENT SUITE

65 66 67 68

Alljoints HGB (NEW) Optimise X Kentucky Gold, Supervites, Electrolene, BC5AA 69 The Gold Suite 70-73 70 RESOURCES

70-71 Global Product Range 72-73 Local and International Contacts

Graphic design: Jasiah Edwards (jasiah.edwards@onewednesdaycreative.com)

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MESSAGE FROM THE GENERAL MANAGER Bruce Bell It is a great pleasure for me to prepare this message after another incredibly eventful and rewarding year at Randlab. We were able to make solid steps forward in our mission to provide you, wherever you practice in the world, with a comprehensive range of prescription products for everyday practice, and to be the Company that is closest to the Equine Veterinarian.

We are also making good progress with plans to bring you more innovative products that will make a meaningful difference when they are available; this of course takes time, but we are investing heavily in that space.

Our sales team grew substantially in the last 12 months, with NSW split between Natalie Hannaford and Orla Lyons, allowing much better servicing of needs. “Johnny came home” but to New Zealand, effectively doubling our presence there, and two highly experienced appointments in export (one in Australia, the other in the Gulf) has increased by more than 50% the number of Countries we supply and thus availability of Randlab products to more Equine Vets worldwide.

I have spent considerable time in the UK and Europe this year to advance plans to bring more Randlab products to equine Vets, and indeed Randlab itself to some of those markets. We will share details of those plans with you as they evolve.

I am also excited and delighted to announce that we have made a significant commitment as Premier Sponsor and Educational Partner with the World Equine Veterinary Association (WEVA). As many of you know, membership is made up of Equine Veterinary Associations worldwide.

We have signed until July 2030, covering the next two World Congresses, with the next one planned for Gdansk, Poland in 2028. The substantial support we will provide is solely dedicated to WEVA’s primary objective, to advance the health and welfare of horses worldwide by offering quality continuing education for equine practitioners, specifically in countries with limited access to professional education.

The entire and growing Randlab team is focused on your success - today, tomorrow, and for an even brighter future together.

Please do not hesitate to reach out if there is anything we can do to support you.

With my sincere thanks and warmest regards,

BRUCE BELL General Manager

Team Randlab rocking it at last year’s Bain Fallon Gala Dinner themed 1980’s-1990’s.

VISI T R ANDL AB .COM F OR M OR E I N F O

R AN D L AB

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On your team for over 20 years With over 80 sponsored events this year, what is your favourite Randlab-sponsored event?

Randlab's Free Gastroscopy Service (Aus & NZ Only)

Randlab’s newest recruit Orla Lyons (helmet) assisting veterinarians in Northern NSW.

Randlab offers equine veterinary practices free access to a 3m gastroscope and a trained and certified gastroscopy technician to conduct a Gastroscopy Clinic Day at your clinic. No experience required. Our trained gastroscopy technicians will take you through the whole process. Over 40,000 gastroscopies already performed. A great practice builder! Contact your local Randlab representative (see page 72) to organise your next Gastroscopy Clinic Day.

Connect with Randlab (You’d be mad if you didn’t)

Scan code or visit randlab.com

Subscribe to our Newsletter by sending an email to randlab@randlab.com.au Facebook.com/Randlab Search for “Randlab” on WeChat Search for “Randlab” on YouTube

DISCLAIMER: The information contained in this catalogue is believed to be correct at the time of publication. However, veterinarians should rely on their own research prior to prescribing or administering any of the products.

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WHY EQUINE VETS MUST LEAD THE WELFARE DEBATE Dr Michael Robinson When you stop and think about it, we are in the welfare business.

Most of what we do as equine veterinarians has a welfare component. Whether that be in our personal interactions with our equine patients or helping restore one of the Five Domains defined by Mellor through good and holistic clinical practice. Most of us unwittingly prescribe to good welfare practice every day without even appreciating it.

Or are things really as they would seem?

This is the eighth Randlab annual catalogue that I have edited. But it is the first in which I have chosen to write an editorial.

The theme of this year’s catalogue in this, The Year Of The Horse, is EQUINE WELFARE. Maybe somewhat controversially, as I know it is a topic that divides great minds. Not so much the concept, but where the boundaries are to be laid.

I graduated from Sydney University in 1985 and immediately joined a well-known specialty equine horse practice with a focus on racehorses. Along with stomach tubing, ‘jugging’ horses and lameness examinations, my foundational skills included pin firing (thermocautery) using a red-hot soldering iron and bloodletting (phlebotomy) using a rumen trocar and canula.

For those of you who are not old enough to know better, pin firing involved inflicting full thickness skin wounds with a soldering iron to promote blood flow, healing and scar tissue formation. We pinfired everything from knee chips to bowed tendons, sesamoiditis to sore shins, curbed hocks to fistulous withers. It is a procedure that is still widely practiced in many developing countries. One which Randlab hopes our new educational partnership with WEVA may one day abolish.

Back then, we firmly believed that we were really helping the horse and, still to this day, I consider the procedure itself had some therapeutic merit. Thankfully it was progressively outlawed by State Animal Cruelty legislation in the late 1980-90’s and by Principal Racing Authorities around 2001.

I use pin firing only as one example of many procedures that not so long ago were considered de rigueur and of perceived therapeutic value but are now held in disrepute. And that was only quarter of a century ago. Who knows what shifts in current acceptable clinical practice the next 25 years may deliver?

As ALL our equestrian activities struggle to maintain their social licence to operate, equine veterinarians are best qualified to present a professional voice of reason in their advocacy for the horse. But we seem to be allowing others to dominate the conversation. On welfare issues, equine vets often seem to remain conspicuously silent. Should we not be the vanguard for a more equi-table existence for the horse? Equinfluencers of change for the better.

For me and many others, equine welfare is a whole new paradigm that should underscore everything we do. Unconsciously filtering below the surface but influencing all our clinical considerations.

Welfare charters somewhat turbulent waters. And that is why, I have invited Professor Natalie Waran to shine some guiding light as we navigate the interception between clinical practice, equestrian activities and social licence. Welfare is no longer the domain of the ethereal. It is an expanding universe of research, hard data and scientific publications with high impact value. It can no longer be ignored.

I don’t ask you to accept it, but at least consider it. Left to others and without measured change, our sporting arenas may one day become historic curiosities. Colosseums of ancient rituals that were once played using horses in the 21st century.

DR MICHAEL ROBINSON Global Technical Director and Veterinarian

Equine obesity ruins horses’ lives

Needle point-firing for shin soreness.

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SU PPLE MEN T SU I TE

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INTRODUCING OUR GUEST AUTHOR Professor Natalie Waran OBE, BSc(Hons), PhD Professor Nat Waran is an internationally respected equine welfare scientist, educator, and policy leader. She has held senior academic roles in New Zealand and the UK, including Professor of One Welfare Education and Jeanne Marchig International Animal Welfare Education Centre Director as well as being the International Dean at Edinburgh University’s Veterinary School. Nat moved back to New Zealand in 2016 to take up the roles of Professor of One Welfare and Executive Dean at EIT. She is an Honorary Professor at the Universities of Edinburgh, Hartpury and Charles Sturt and she is an Emeritus Professor of EIT. Her work focuses on applied animal welfare, and in particular equine behaviour, equitation science, human behaviour change, and the One Welfare framework, which links animal welfare, human wellbeing, and environmental sustainability. She has published extensively with over 150 publications and 6000 citations in the scientific literature. Natalie is a true influencer that has helped shape welfare thinking and practice across species, with particular focus on the equestrian world.

Professor Waran has also played major leadership roles in international organisations, including equine welfare NGO’s, industry commissions and advisory bodies. She is Chair of the FEI Equine Ethics and Wellbeing Commission. In 2025 she was appointed OBE for international services to equine welfare, research, and education.

Natalie proudly now calls Hawke’s Bay, NZ home.

We welcome Prof Waran as the first guest contributor to the Randlab catalogue as she helps us navigate the often-unchartered waters of equine welfare and asks all of us to CONSIDER THIS...

by Prof Natalie Waran OBE BSc(Hons) PhD ft. NATALIE WARRAN

Why Equine Welfare Matters for Veterinarians Equine welfare matters to veterinarians because it sits at the heart of all that we do. A horse cannot tell us where it hurts, what frightens it, or why it has stopped trying to cooperate. It can only show us, through posture, behaviour and physiology, and it falls to us to read those signals correctly and act on them.

For a long time, equine welfare was treated as separate from clinical medicine, a matter of husbandry and good intentions rather than science, but this has changed substantially. Welfare is now an evidence-based discipline in its own right, and the past two decades in particular have brought a genuine shift in how we understand the horse as a patient.

Clinical equine behaviour is a good example. What used to be left to trainers and tradition is now underpinned by a growing body of peer reviewed research and recognised through formal veterinary specialisation. The European College of Animal Welfare and Behavioural Medicine has played a key role in this, and closer to home, the Behaviour chapter of the Australian and New Zealand College of Veterinary Scientists has done the same, giving practitioners across Australasia a recognised specialist pathway and access to peer reviewed behavioural guidelines that sit alongside pharmacological management. Organisations such as the International Society for Equitation Science have helped translate learning theory into practical, evidence-based guidance that vets can apply directly in clinic and in the field.

That growth in formal recognition reflects an important conceptual change. Difficult or resistant behaviour in horses is increasingly understood not as wilfulness or dominance, but as communication, usually of an underlying emotional or physical state such as fear, pain or conflict. Advances in equine cognitive science are reinforcing this shift. Research not only into horse facial expression, but also in how horses perceive human body language and faces, points to a level of cognitive and emotional sophistication that has practical consequences for how we assess a horse in front of us, how we behave around it, and how seriously we take signs of distress that might once have been read simply as bad behaviour.

All of this helps strengthen veterinary clinical work and places vets in a particular position of responsibility. The World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) recognises vets as essential to ensuring good outcomes for the animals in their care. In practice, this makes the equine vet a welfare steward as much as a clinician, someone expected to advocate for the horse’s interests even when that may run against convention, popular opinion, or what is normalised within a particular discipline or yard.

This stewardship role has become more visible as public scrutiny of equestrian and racing industries has grown. The idea of a social licence to operate, the public’s ongoing acceptance that an industry’s practices are ethically sound, now applies directly to how horses are kept, trained and competed. Vets are rarely the ones leading public debate on these issues, but they are very often the ones whose clinical judgement determines whether that trust is justified.

The encouraging news is that vets have never been better equipped to meet that responsibility. The horse cannot advocate for itself, but the evidence base behind equine welfare and behaviour has never been stronger, giving practitioners the confidence to act on sound clinical reasoning grounded in robust evidence. Engaging seriously with welfare science should therefore be seen as a core professional responsibility.

GASTRIC ULCER

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SUITE

Specially formulated for high-performance horses

ULCERS BEGONE! Secretariat is generally regarded as the greatest racehorse of all time.

He is also the packaging image on Randlab's Gastropell Forte.

But even the G.O.A.T. can have their moments.

APVMA No. 82722

Although not the only cause, gastric ulcers remain the #1 cause of behavioural changes in horses.

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G A ST R IC U LCER SU I TE

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GASTROPELL FORTE ®

ORAL PASTE

Enteric-coated omeprazole 100 mg/mL paste

PREMIUM PRODUCT

M U LT I - D O S E S Y R I N G E S 5 X 3 0 G PA C K * * One box of Gastropell Forte is enough to treat one 500kg horse for 15 days.

NEW 50 PAIL

M U LT I - D O S E S Y R I N G E S 5 0 X 3 0 G PA C K For accurate diagnosis of gastric ulcers and to differentiate ESGD from EGGD, direct endoscopic examination of the gastric mucosa (gastroscopy) is recommended. Contact your local Randlab representative (p72), if you would like to book a Gastroscopy Day for your clinic.

DOSAGE

I N D I C AT I O N S

Always administer Gastropell Forte on a relatively empty stomach (eg first thing in the morning).

Gastropell Forte has been shown to be effective in high performance horses (specific APVMA/ ACVM registration). It is also the product of choice in chronic, recurrent or severe gastric ulcers or whenever rapid resolution of gastric ulceration is required. Its higher concentration makes it the omeprazole of choice for EGGD.

Wait 30-60min prior to feeding.

Always administer at the back of the mouth over the base of the tongue to prevent chewing on the enteric-coated microspheres.

Treatment Dose (ESGD): 2.0 mg/kg BW (10ml/500 Kg BW) once daily for 2 to 4 weeks followed by daily maintenance dosing.

Treatment Dose (EGGD): 2.0 mg/kg BW (10ml/500 Kg BW) once daily for 6 to 8+ weeks. Usually used in association with Sucralfate (page 11).

Prevention/Maintenance Dose: Gastropell Forte can be used at half the dose rate for routine maintenance and is equivalent to a full treatment dose of Gastropell Daily.

5 mL/500 kg BW (1.0 mg/kg BW) once daily whilst horse remains in training.

APVMA No. 82722 | ACVM No. A010775 (NZ)

Clinical signs of gastric ulceration include: • Poor body condition

• Poor hair coat

• Behavioural changes

• Poor performance

• Girth pain

• Recurrent low grade colic

• Depressed appetite

• Skin sensitivity

• Intermittent loose faeces

• Reluctance to train

• Chronic diarrhoea • Crib-biting / windsucking

Gastropell Forte has been specifically formulated for horses under high “stress” scenarios, typical of most performance horses. It is the omeprazole treatment of choice for racing horses (thoroughbred and standardbred) and endurance horses.

Equine Glandular Gastric Disease [EGGD] is a specific type of gastric disease that affects approximately 40% of racing and sports horses. The disease is characterised by inflammatory lesions, which are most commonly found in the pyloric region of the stomach.

Higher doses of omeprazole, as are available in Gastropell Forte, in conjunction with sucralfate have been shown to be useful in the treatment of EGGD. See Horse Hack below for treatment options.

It is likely that horses training and competing under high stress scenarios, such as racehorses in training, endurance horses, etc will require ongoing treatment with Gastropell Forte at the full treatment dose whilst they remain in work.

SOLD

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G A ST R IC U LCER SU I TE

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ULCERSHIELD

®

ORAL PASTE

Omeprazole 370 mg/g in an acid protective buffered paste

THE WORKHORSE OF ULCER TREATMENTS

M U LT I - D O S E S Y R I N G E S 6 X 3 3 G PA C K * *One box of Ulcershield is enough to treat one 600kg horse for 30 days.

ON LY T HR O U GH VE T ER INAR I ANS

M U LT I - D O S E S Y R I N G E S 5 0 X 3 3 G PA C K

For accurate diagnosis of gastric ulcers and to differentiate ESGD from EGGD, direct endoscopic examination of the gastric mucosa (gastroscopy) is recommended. Contact your local Randlab representative (p72), if you would like to book a Gastroscopy Day for your clinic.

DOSAGE

I N D I C AT I O N S

Always administer Ulcershield on a relatively empty stomach (eg first thing in the morning).

For the treatment and prevention of gastric ulcers in the horse.

Wait 30-60min prior to feeding.

Treatment Dose: 4 mg/kg. Adult horses (up to 600 kg) give 6mL daily for 28 days.

Prevention/Maintenance Dose: 2 mg/kg*. Adult horses (up to 600kg) give 3.0mL daily for 28 days. *The maintenance dose may be insufficient to prevent the recurrence of ulceration in horses subjected to increased stress such as intense training, heavy competition schedule, transport, etc. In such cases, ongoing treatment with the full treatment dose may be necessary.

APVMA No. 81799 | ACVM No. A010916 (NZ)

Clinical signs of gastric ulceration include: • Poor body condition

• Poor hair coat

• Behavioural changes

• Poor performance

• Girth pain

• Recurrent low grade colic

• Depressed appetite

• Skin sensitivity

• Intermittent loose faeces

• Reluctance to train

• Chronic diarrhoea • Crib-biting / windsucking

Equine Glandular Gastric Disease [EGGD] is a specific type of gastric disease that affects approximately 40% of racing and sports horses. The disease is characterised by inflammatory lesions, which are most commonly found in the pyloric region of the stomach.

The treatment of EGGD is problematic. Current recommendations include the use of enhanced gastric acid suppression due to the more acidic nature of the gastric fluid found in the pyloric region of the stomach. This is commonly used in combination with a gastroprotectant such as sucralfate. Longer term treatment (> 8 weeks) with the combination is generally required for EGGD.

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GASTROPELL DAILY ®

ORAL PASTE

Enteric-coated omeprazole 50 mg/mL paste FOR LOW BODY-WEIGHT DOSING

M U LT I - D O S E S Y R I N G E S 5 X 3 0 G PA C K * One box of Gastropell Daily is enough to treat one 500kg horse for 15 days.

M U LT I - D O S E S Y R I N G E S 5 0 X 3 0 G PA C K

For accurate diagnosis of gastric ulcers and to differentiate ESGD from EGGD, direct endoscopic examination of the gastric mucosa (gastroscopy) is recommended. Contact your local Randlab representative (p72), if you would like to book a Gastroscopy Day for your clinic.

DOSAGE

I N D I C AT I O N S

Always administer Gastropell Daily on a relatively empty stomach (eg first thing in the morning).

Gastropell Daily is the product of choice for the treatment and prevention of low grade gastric ulceration. Ideal for use in horses in light work or under low stress scenarios and for dosing low body weight horses such as foals and ponies.

Always administer at the back of the mouth over the base of the tongue to prevent chewing on the entericcoated microspheres.

Adult Horses: Treatment Dose; 1.0 mg/kg BW (10ml/500 Kg BW) once daily for 2 to 4 weeks followed by daily maintenance dosing.

Maintenance Dose: 0.5 mg/kg BW (5ml/500 Kg BW) once daily while horse remains in training, or as directed by a veterinarian. The maintenance dose may be insufficient to prevent the recurrence of ulceration in horses subjected to increased stress, such as intense training.

Foals: 1.0 mg/kg BW (2mL/100Kg BW) once daily.

APVMA No. 62558 | ACVM No. A010165 (NZ)

Clinical signs of gastric ulceration include: • Poor body condition • Poor hair coat • Behavioural changes • Poor performance • Girth pain • Recurrent low grade colic • Depressed appetite • Skin sensitivity • Intermittent loose faeces • Reluctance to train • Chronic diarrhoea • Crib-biting / windsucking Signs in foals include: • Depressed appetite • Dribbling saliva • Sternal recumbency

INTERESTING!

Wait 30-60min prior to feeding.

• Inappetence • Colic • Dog sitting

• Teeth grinding • Diarrhoea • Weakness

WE DON’T TWITCH KILLER WHALES

Voluntary husbandry training is now the standard of care for captive cetaceans. Orca, dolphins and belugas are routinely trained to present body parts, hold position for ultrasound and tolerate blood sampling entirely without restraint, using positive reinforcement alone.

Studies suggest that similar approaches to cooperative care training in horses could lead to procedures once considered ‘twitch jobs’, being able to be performed on fully habituated, unrestrained animals.

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G A ST R IC U LCER SU I TE

SUCRALFATE POWDER Sucralfate powder 100%W/W (provided as raw ingredient)

P U B L I S H E D I N D I C AT I O N S Locally acting gastric and intestinal mucosal protectant.

Adjunct treatment for gastric ulcers (esp glandular and pyloric ulcers) and other ulcerative disorders of the intestinal tract.

Sucralfate has been used in the treatment of oral, oesophageal, gastric, duodenal and large intestinal ulcers/protein losing enteropathies.

Sucralfate is particularly indicated as an adjunct therapy in the treatment of Equine Glandular Gastric Disease (EGGD) including glandular and pyloric disease and ulcers.

Sucralfate has also been used for the treatment and prevention of ulcerative colitis/typhlitis, especially due to administration of prolonged and/or high doses of NSAID’s and especially in foals.

Sucralfate has a wide dose range varying from 4-40mg/kg bid to qid. The most frequently used dose rates are 12mg/kg tid or 20mg/kg bid.

Foals: In association with omeprazole, sucralfate has been used to prevent gastric ulcers in foals at a dose rate of 10-20mg/kg PO q6-8h.

REFERENCES: Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome: An Update on Current Knowledge. Vokes J, Lovett A, Sykes B. Animals (Basel). 2023 Apr 5;13(7):126. Review.

EGGD Consensus Statement. Recommendations for the management of Equine Glandular Gastric Disease. Rendle D, Brazil T, Hallowell G, Hewetson M, Bowen M, Conwell R, Hepburn R, Sykes B. UK-Vet Equine. Jan/Feb 2018.

Antiulcer therapy. Papich MG. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1993 May;23(3):497-512. Review.

Effect of omeprazole and sucralfate on gastrointestinal injury in a fasting/ NSAID model. Bishop RC, Kemper AM, Wilkins PA, McCoy AM. Equine Vet J. 2021 Oct 31. doi: 10.1111/evj.13534. Online ahead of print.

500G JAR 10G SCOOP SIZE (INCLUDED IN JAR)

INTERESTING!

INVEST IN POSITIVE EXPERIENCES

Research in rodents has established that animals develop conditioned pain responses: after a sufficiently aversive procedure, the environment, the smell, and even the handler associated with it can trigger a pain-like neural response on re-exposure, before anything has actually happened.

Horses also display this kind of associative learning. The horse that becomes fractious or tenses as the vet’s vehicle pulls into the yard, isn’t being difficult, it’s anticipating based on its previous experience which could have been good or bad. First-time procedures done well and providing a positive experience for the horse are worth the time investment.

Misoprostol is superior to combined omeprazole-sucralfate for the treatment of equine gastric glandular disease. Varley G, Bowen IM, Habershon-Butcher JL, Nicholls V, Hallowell GD. Equine Vet J. 2019 Sep;51(5):575-580. doi: 10.1111/evj.13087. Epub 2019 Mar 21.

The protective effects of sucralfate and ranitidine in foals experimentally intoxicated with phenylbutazone. Geor RJ, Petrie L, Papich MG, Rousseaux C. Can J Vet Res. 1989 Apr;53(2):231-8.

Right dorsal colitis in the horse: minireview and reports on three cases in Ireland. Galvin N, Dillon H, McGovern F. Ir Vet J. 2004 Aug 1;57(8):467-73. doi: 10.1186/20460481-57-8-467.

Does lesion type or severity predict outcome of therapy for horses with equine glandular gastric disease? - A retrospective study. Pratt SL, Bowen M, Hallowell GH, Shipman E, Bailey J, Redpath A. Vet Med Sci. 2023 Jan;9(1):150-157. doi: 10.1002/ vms3.1034. Epub 2022 Dec 10.

Gastroduodenal ulceration in foals. Becht JL, Byars TD. Equine Vet J. 1986 Jul;18(4):307-12.

Effect of sucralfate on healing of subclinical gastric ulcers in foals. Borne AT, MacAllister CG. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1993 May 1;202(9):1465-8.

Odds of moderate or severe gastric ulceration in racehorses receiving antiulcer medications. Orsini JA, Haddock M, Stine L, Sullivan EK, Rabuffo TS, Smith G. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003 Aug 1;223(3):336-9.

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by Prof Natalie Waran OBE BSc(Hons) PhD ft. NATALIE WARRAN

Thinking beyond the ulcer: Cause or effect The dominant clinical story around Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome and behaviour has been: ulcers cause pain, pain causes difficult behaviour, treat the ulcers and the horse improves.

However, the emerging picture is more complicated. With prevalence estimates from various studies ranging from 30 to 90 per cent across the sport horse population, finding ulcers on gastroscopy does not necessarily confirm them as the cause of a horse’s problem behaviour.

The more productive framing is to treat ridden behaviour problems as pain-based presentations requiring whole-horse assessment, with musculoskeletal and dental examination sitting alongside gastroscopy.

Beyond diagnosis, problem behaviours can persist after gastric lesions have resolved on endoscopy, with evidence now emerging that some horses develop learned, anticipatory (protective) behaviour that requires its own targeted management via use of behaviour modification methods, rather than further pharmacological treatment.

Alongside this, dietary management: a low-starch, low-sugar, high fibre diet produces significant improvements in both gastric disease scores and ridden pain scores without any or minor pharmacological intervention. Additionally, reducing the impact of stressors (eg. providing social contact, an enriched environment, positive changes in management), ensure a more successful long-term outcome for the horse.

Further Reading Pineau, V., Ter Woort, F., Julien, F., Vernant, M., Lambey, S., Hébert, C., Hanne-Poujade, S., Westergren, V., & van Erck-Westergren, E. (2024). Improvement of gastric disease and ridden horse pain ethogram scores with diet adaptation in sport horses. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 38(6), 3297–3308.

Sykes, B., & Lovett, A. (2025). Can all behavioural problems be blamed on equine gastric ulcer syndrome? Animals, 15(3), 306

Ethics of omeprazole use and ulcer treatment Omeprazole is the cornerstone of equine gastric ulcer treatment, but its widespread use sometimes in the absence of a confirmed diagnosis, warrants careful ethical and welfare consideration.

Behaviour problems in horses are unreliable indicators of gastric disease, yet empirical treatment without gastroscopy is commonplace in some parts of the equine sector, meaning horses may receive prolonged medication for a condition they do not have whilst the true source of discomfort goes unaddressed.

Current evidence favours a targeted approach, with omeprazole used for confirmed disease and short-term therapy deployed during periods of identifiable high risk such as competition or transport, rather than used as a precautionary default.

For the glandular form of the disease in particular, dietary and management change is recognised as a primary therapeutic lever, not just an adjunct to medication. With social licence for horses in sport under increasing public scrutiny, responsible, evidence-based and ethical use of medication in sport horses is crucial.

Further Reading Vokes, J., Lovett, A., & Sykes, B. (2023). Equine gastric ulcer syndrome: An update on current knowledge. Animals, 13(7), 1261.

Campbell MLH, et al (2025). Should the use of omeprazole be allowed during equestrian competition? Equine Vet J.. 57(3):555-562.

HIGH PERFORMANCE JOINT SUITE

Arthropen Vet 250 APVMA No. 63265 ACVM No: A010081

Affirmed. Winner of the 1978 US Triple Crown and Arthropen brand ambassador.

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JOIN T SU I T E

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®

INTRA-LOG INJECTION Triamcinolone acetonide 6 mg/mL SINGLE USE VIALS REGISTERED FOR IA USE YES. THE CAP IS NOW BLACK.

1 2 X 3 M L PA C K VIALS

N O SNAP TOP

R E GISTER ED F OR I . A . USE IN T H E H O R SE

DOSAGE

I N D I C AT I O N S

Intra-log Injection provides the maximum recommended single administration dose (18mg) in a convenient single use vial.

Intra-Log (Triamcinolone) Injection is a potent synthetic corticosteroid that is registered for intraarticular, intra-synovial, intramuscular and subcutaneous use. Triamcinolone acetonide has 5-10x potency of cortisone. It is considered an intermediate acting corticosteroid with an intermediate onset of action and duration. The latter is variable depending on the condition being treated but ranges from 3-6 weeks.

If using triamcinolone systemically, the aim is to use the minimum amount required for as short a time as possible. Delay any further administration for > 7 days.

Intramuscular or subcutaneous injection: Horses; 12 to 18 mg (2-3 mL).

Dogs and Cats; 0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg bodyweight.

Intra-articular/ intra-synovial injection: A full sterile surgical prep is always required prior to the IA administration of Intra-Log. Sterile gloves should always be worn for administration.

Horses; 6 to 18 mg per joint depending on joint size.

Dogs and Cats; 1 to 3 mg.

APVMA No. 91413

Triamcinolone is commonly used to treat arthritis, including acute synovitis, osteoarthritis, etc in horses by the intra-articular route. Intra-Log is also an anti-inflammatory agent, an immunosuppressive agent and a replacement for glucocorticoid activity in patients with adrenal insufficiency.

Intra-Log is indicated in the treatment of the following disease categories: • Immune-mediated diseases • Inflammatory conditions • Allergic conditions • Dermatologic disorders • Arthritis • Adrenal insufficiency

Horses administered triamcinolone may go off their feed for 2-5 days following administration.

The administration of Intra-Log Injection to horses may affect the peripheral blood count for a period of up to two weeks. The changes are typical of a stress leucogram (leucocytosis or leucopaenia associated with a relative neutrophilia and or lymphopaenia, increase in ALP, etc). These changes may be observed even when the triamcinolone is administered intra-articularly.

WARNING: The intra-articular injection of triamcinolone will depress the local immune response and mask early signs of septic arthritis. Signs of septic arthritis may first appear up to three weeks following IA injection with triamcinolone.

WARNING: The injection of triamcinolone into a ligament (either intentionally or inadvertently) may result in a prolonged excretion time and lead to a positive doping test in performance horses.

Distal hock joints, synovial intervertebral joints and the sacroiliac joints are most at risk.

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ZYCAN INJECTION ®

Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan 100 mg/mL

TRY IT. NOTICE THE DIFFERENCE.

7 X 5 M L PA C K SINGLE DOSE VIALS

DOSAGE

I N D I C AT I O N S

Intra-muscular injection: 500mg (5mL) per 500kg horse, repeated every 4th day for 7 injections (i.e. 28 days). Weekly injections have also been shown to be effective.

Zycan is the only registered generic to Adequan worldwide.

The series may be repeated as needed upon recurrence of the clinical signs of DJD and associated lameness. Alternatively a repeat course may be recommended at the time of intense training and/or competition.

Otherwise, twice yearly courses are recommended.

Regular maintenance injections with Zycan after the initial priming course have also been advocated. These vary from weekly (eg racehorses in training, performance horses with chronic lameness problems) to monthly (sports horses).

APVMA No. 87359

Adequan has been registered in the USA for over 38 years and is the favoured joint medication of US veterinarians. There are over 50 publications supporting the use of Adequan in horses, humans and canines.

Zycan is a Disease Modifying Osteoarthritis Drug (DMOAD) for the treatment and prevention of clinical signs attributable to degenerative and/or traumatic aseptic joint disease in horses.

DMOADs are intended to prevent, retard or reverse the morphologic cartilaginous lesions associated with degenerative joint disease (DJD).

PSGAGs, such as Zycan, have been advocated for the (i) prevention and treatment of joint disease (ii) joint maintenance programs and (iii) post-operative care of horses returning to training following joint surgery.

Zycan can be used as a substitute for pentosan (eg Arthropen) and as such, can be used as you would pentosan.

Zycan appears to cause fewer injection site reactions than pentosan.

Zycan is not known to cause discolouration of the hair coat at the injection site.

Zycan is also a good alternative to pentosan in horses that have had previous injection site reactions to pentosan.

WARNING: Zycan is Not registered for intra-articular use.

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ARTHROPEN VET

®

250 INJECTION

Polysulfate sodium Sodium 250 250 mg/mL mg/mL Pentosan polysulfate

5 0 M L M U LT I - D O S E V I A L

1 2 X 6 M L PA C K SINGLE DOSE VIALS

The storage conditions for Arthropen have changed. It no longer needs to be refrigerated and can be kept in air conditioning (store below 25oC, do not freeze). In house testing has also shown the product to be stable at even higher temperatures.

DOSAGE

I N D I C AT I O N S

An initial course of four injections a week apart is recommended. This is generally followed by a program of either weekly injections or injections spaced at 2-4 week intervals depending on the intensity of the horse’s exercise/competition program and the response to treatment. Horses undergoing heavy training or competition schedules or horses with a chronic lameness problem are likely to benefit from ongoing weekly Arthropen injections.

Disease Modifying Osteoarthritis Drug (DMOAD).

Dose: 3mg/kg bodyweight (6mL/500kg horse) by intramuscular injection on four occasions with an interval of 5-7 days between injections. Preferable to alternate injection sites from week to week. Best given by deep intramuscular injection. To avoid haemorrhage associated with injection, a small needle (e.g. 21 gauge) is recommended.

Intra-articular: 1.0mL by intra-articular injection. May be repeated at weekly intervals for 3 to 4 treatments. More than one joint may be treated at the one time. Joint flares are common after intraarticular pentosan.

APVMA No. 63265 | ACVM No. A010081 (NZ)

Most highly sulfated pentosan on the market. Higher sulfation means increased cell penetration and increased efficacy.

Arthropen Vet 250 Injection is indicated as an aid in the treatment of noninfectious, inflammatory or degenerative joint disease in the horse.

Clinical indications include the following conditions: • Osteoarthritis (OA) • Traumatic joint disease • Multiple or non specific joint disease

• Developmental Orthopaedic Disease (incl OCD) • Synovitis • Degenerative joint disease

The high concentration of pentosan polysulfate in Arthropen Vet 250 has been specifically designed for low volume administration in the horse.

Arthropen Vet is especially useful in treating conditions affecting multiple joints or where joint pain is suspected but cannot be localised.

Regular routine use of pentosan has been shown to be an effective preventative for the development of osteoarthritis.

WARNING: The intravenous use of pentosan polysulfate may rarely result in anaphylaxis and death. Do not use intravenously!

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ARTHROPEN VET

19

®

INJECTION

Pentosan polysulfate sodium 100 mg/mL

HORSE HACK

SINGLE DOSE VIALS 1 2 X 1 0 M L PA C K

Arthropen Vet 100mg/mL may cause fewer injection site reactions than Arthropen Vet 250mg/mL. Arthropen Vet works even better in dogs than horses.

DOSAGE

I N D I C AT I O N S

New aircon storage conditions.

An aid in the treatment and prevention of non-infectious inflammatory and degenerative joint disease in horses and dogs.

An initial course of four injections a week apart is recommended. This is generally followed by a program of either weekly injections or injections spaced at 2-4 week intervals depending on the intensity of the horse’s exercise/competition program and the response to treatment. Horses undergoing heavy training or competition schedules or horses with a chronic lameness problem are likely to benefit from ongoing weekly Arthropen injections.

Dose: 2-3mg/kg bodyweight by intramuscular injection on four occasions with an interval of 5-7 days between injections. Preferable to alternate injection sites from week to week. Best given by deep intramuscular injection.

To avoid haemorrhage associated with injection, a small needle (e.g. 21 gauge) is recommended.

Intra-articular: 2.5mL by intra-articular injection. May be repeated at weekly intervals for 3 to 4 treatments. More than one joint may be treated at the one time. Joint flares are common after intraarticular pentosan.

APVMA No. 60922 | ACVM No. A010024 (NZ)

Low concentration pentosan means less tissue reactive. Highest level of sulfation means increased bio-activity.

Arthropen Vet Injection is a low concentration formulation of pentosan polysulfate (PPS) suitable for use in dogs and horses. It aids in the treatment and prevention of non-infectious inflammatory joint disease in conditions such as: • Osteoarthritis (OA) • Traumatic joint disease • Multiple or non specific joint disease

• Developmental Orthopaedic Disease (incl OCD) • Synovitis • Degenerative joint disease

Arthropen Vet Injection is a Disease Modifying Osteoarthritis Drug (DMOAD). The low concentration of pentosan polysulfate in Arthropen Vet Injection may cause less tissue irritation at the injection site.

Arthropen Vet Injection is especially useful in treating conditions affecting multiple joints or where joint pain is suspected but cannot be localised.

WARNING: The intravenous use of pentosan polysulfate may rarely result in anaphylaxis and death. Do not use intravenously!

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MATRIX 6000

®

IV INJECTION Sodium hyaluronate 10 mg/mL

HIGHEST MOLECULAR WEIGHT HA ON THE MARKET MEANS INCREASED BIO-ACTIVITY.

6 X 6 M L PA C K SINGLE DOSE VIALS

1 2 X 6 M L PA C K SINGLE DOSE VIALS

DOSAGE

I N D I C AT I O N S

Adult horse (450-700 kg): Administer 6 mL (60mg) intravenously. Treatment may be repeated at weekly intervals.

For IV treatment of non-infectious synovitis and degenerative joint disease.

Often used as a “top up” to other joint The regulations of the relevant Regulatory Authority regarding medication control should always be observed.

APVMA No. 70144 | ACVM No. A011191 (NZ)

It is ideal for intravenous use in the treatment and prevention of lameness in horses due to noninfectious synovitis including those associated with early equine degenerative joint disease and especially inflammatory/traumatic joint disease.

Ideal for use pre-competition or pre-race to help restore joint function and comfort.

TAKING THE STING OUT OF THE BEE

INTERESTING!

In performance horses, Matrix 6000 may be administered prior to competition as an aid in reducing joint inflammation and restoring joint function.

Higher molecular weight/high viscosity formulations of HA such as Matrix 6000 have been shown to have increased clinical efficacy.

Bumblebees have no instinctive ability to pull a string to obtain a reward, yet naive bees readily acquire the skill after watching a trained bee demonstrator do it. The behaviour spreads through colonies without any direct instruction, persisting even after the original demonstrators are removed. Social learning of this kind was long assumed to require a large, vertebrate brain.

Horses also learn through observation and are sensitive to the emotional states of others in the group. A calm, habituated horse has been shown to reduce fear responses in naive animals exposed to the same stimulus. This is social transmission of affect (emotion) rather than true learning by observation, but the practical implication is the same. A frightened horse handled poorly in a shared space will be actively transmitting that fear state to others.

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EQUINATE IA/IV ™

INJECTION

Sodium hyaluronate 10 mg/mL MEDIUM MOLECULAR WEIGHT HA , SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED FOR IA USE

1 2 X 2 M L PA C K SINGLE DOSE VIALS

DOSAGE

I N D I C AT I O N S

Intra-articular Injection: The recommended dosage for intra-articular injection is 2mL (1 vial/20mg) per joint. A greater volume e.g. 4mL (2 vials/40mg) may be required in larger joints such as the stifle or shoulder and a lower volume (1mL) in smaller joints such as the distal hock joints. Treatment may be repeated at weekly intervals for a total of three treatments. As with any intra-articular procedure, proper injection site disinfection and animal restraint are important. Excess joint fluid should be aseptically removed prior to intra-articular injection.

Care should be taken not to scratch the cartilage surface with the injection needle. Use the smallest gauge needle possible (e.g. 21 or 20 gauge).

Equinate Injection is the Hyaluronic Acid (HA) product to meet all your HA requirements. It is designed for intra-articular administration but may also be used intravenously.

APVMA No. 65128 | ACVM No. A010491 (NZ)

Equinate Injection may be used alone by intra-articular injection but is more frequently used in association with an intra-articular corticosteroid such as triamcinolone (eg Intra-Log).

INTERESTING!

Intravenous Injection: 4mL (2 vials/40mg) per adult horse (450-500kg). Treatment may be repeated at weekly intervals for a total of three treatments or be used precompetition or race to alleviate joint inflammation, subject to the governing competition regulations.

Equinate Injection is indicated in the treatment and prevention of lameness in horses due to non-infectious synovitis including those associated with early equine degenerative joint disease.

THE HEN WHO KNOWS HOW LONG IT’S GOING TO HURT

Research has shown that domestic hens can estimate time intervals of several minutes, adjusting their anticipatory behaviour in response to a reliable signal predicting a future event. Separately, studies across multiple species demonstrate that animals exposed to predictable, signalled aversive events show substantially lower stress responses than those exposed to identical but unpredictable ones. Taken together, these findings suggest that animals may benefit from knowing how long a procedure will last.

Horses show elevated stress responses in unfamiliar or unpredictable handling situations, and there is good reason to believe that building consistency and predictability into clinical procedures reduces the stress associated with the unknown.

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JOIN T SU I T E

V ISI T R AND L AB .CO M F O R MO R E IN F O

EQUINATE I.V. ™

INJECTION

Sodium hyaluronate 10 mg/mL LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HA FOR IV USE

1 2 X 4 M L PA C K SINGLE DOSE VIALS

DOSAGE

I N D I C AT I O N S

Intravenous Route: 4 mL (40 mg) per adult horse (450500 kg). Treatment may be repeated at weekly intervals or as required.

For treatment of lameness associated with non-infectious synovitis and degenerative joint disease. Suitable for weekly/regular IV maintenance or precompetition dosing.

In performance horses, Equinate IV Injection may be administered prior to competition or racing as an aid in reducing joint inflammation and restoring joint function.

Low molecular weight IV formulation.

APVMA No. 62557 | ACVM No. A010089 (NZ)

INTERESTING!

The regulations of the relevant competition Authority regarding medication control should always be observed.

Equinate I.V. Injection is indicated in the intravenous treatment and prevention of lameness in horses due to synovitis, including those associated with early equine degenerative joint disease.

SELF-CARE IN FISH

The discovery that fish, even fish in the larval stage have nociceptors, show protective behaviours after injury and make active choices to self-administer analgesic-laced water when hurt, was controversial, because they don’t look like they’re suffering.

Horses are stoic prey animals whose survival once depended on masking pain from predators.

The same logic applies: absence of obvious distress is not necessarily absence of pain. Reduced performance and/or subtle behavioural change may be the only indicators.

RESPIRATORY SUITE

23

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R E SPIR ATOR Y SU I TE

V ISI T R AND L AB .CO M F O R MO R E IN F O

AIRWAY TMPS

™

ORAL POWDER

Clenbuterol hydrochloride 21.44 µg/g, Sulfadiazine 335 mg/g, Trimethoprim 67 mg/g EXCLUSIVIE COMBINATION OF TMPS ANTIBIOTIC + BRONCHODILATOR

M U LT I D O S E J A R 500G

RANDLAB supports responsible Antimicrobial Stewardship.

Whenever possible, bacterial culture and sensitivity testing should be carried out prior to initiating treatment with Randlab’s Airway Tmps. Antibiotic sensitivity testing should also be undertaken in cases of non-responsive or chronic infections.

Scan the QR code to download the 2025 Antimicrobial prescribing guidelines for horses in Australia (262 pages).

Free to download.

DOSAGE

I N D I C AT I O N S

Dose: The label dose rate is one level scoop (9g) orally per 250kg bodyweight in feed twice daily for 6 to 10 days.

For the treatment of respiratory disease in horses caused by organisms susceptible to a sufadiazine/ trimethoprim antibiotic combination, especially those characterised by airways constriction, including bronchospasm and obstruction resulting from bacterial infection, bronchitis and bronchopneumonia. Clenbuterol aids in the removal of respiratory secretions by dilating the airways and increasing the mucociliary clearance rate.

One level scoop contains 9g of powder.

Twice daily dosing is recommended to maintain therapeutic levels. Administer on damp food with honey or molasses to avoid sifting of powder.

Alternatively, Airway Tmps may be made up into a paste with waterm, molasses, honey or Karo (corn) Syrup and administered over the back of the tongue.

APVMA No. 61474 | ACVM No. A010158 (NZ)

POWDER SANDWICH Any powdered medicine can easily be administered as a "sandwich” over the back of the tongue. Cut the top off a 60mL syringe at the 2mL mark with a bread knife or hacksaw. Withdraw the plunger to 60mL. Put two teaspoons of molasses, honey or apple sauce in the syringe, followed by the prescribed dose of Airway Tmps and a further two teaspoons of molasses or honey. Administer to the horse over the back of the tongue. As well as adding some flavouring, the molasses or honey stops the horse spitting out the dose.

WARNING: Under most governing bodies, clenbutorol now has a prolonged detection time prior to competition. An 18-21 day withholding period is generally recommended.

However, veterinarians should confirm the recommended withdrawal time prior to competition with their local Regulatory Authority.

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BROMO TMPS

™

ORAL POWDER

Sulfadimidine 430 mg/g, Trimethoprim 86 mg/g, Bromhexine hydrochloride 8.6 mg/g TMPS ANTIBIOTIC + MUCOLYTIC

M U LT I D O S E J A R 500G

RANDLAB supports responsible Antimicrobial Stewardship.

M U LT I D O S E PA I L 2KG

Whenever possible, bacterial culture and sensitivity testing should be carried out prior to initiating treatment with Randlab’s Airway Tmps. Antibiotic sensitivity testing should also be undertaken in cases of non-responsive or chronic infections.

Scan the QR code to download the 2025 Antimicrobial prescribing guidelines for horses in Australia (262 pages).

Free to download.

DOSAGE

I N D I C AT I O N S

Dose: 30mg/kg twice daily [e.g. (30mg/kg x 500kg) / (430+86)] = 29g.

For the treatment of respiratory infections in horses due to organisms susceptible to the combination of sulfadimidine and trimethoprim and where mucolytic activity is also desirable. Bromhexine decreases the viscosity and tenacity of respiratory mucus, facilitating expectoration and suppressing tissue irritation. It also increases the permeability of the alveolar capillary membrane, increasing the concentration of antibacterial agents in respiratory excretions.

Add one level scoop (12g) per 200kg twice daily in feed. Twice daily dosing is recommended to maintain therapeutic levels of active drugs in all situations.

APVMA No. 62490 | ACVM No. A010112 (NZ)

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R E SPIR ATOR Y SU I TE

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AIRWAY GEL

™

Clenbuterol hydrochloride 41 µg/mL

EXCLUSIVE PRODUCT

230ML M U LT I D O S E J A R

I N D I C AT I O N S

Acute conditions: Acute conditions: PO 0.8 μg/kg (2mL per 100kg BW) bid initially. May be increased up to 3.2 μg/kg in recalcitrant cases.

Administer prior to feeding.

As an aid in the treatment of respiratory conditions where bronchodilation or clearance of excess mucus would be beneficial. Useful in the treatment of conditions such as Equine Asthma, Inflammatory Airway Disease, Recurrent Airway Obstruction, exercise induced bronchospasm, pneumonitis and bronchopneumonia.

Chronic Conditions: 1-1.5 mL/100 kg BW 30 minutes prior to feeding morning and night as required to provide long term control of symptoms.

Promotes clearance of blood from the respiratory tract following an episode of EIPH and of fluid from the lungs following a bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) procedure.

HORSE HACK

APVMA No. 65910 | ACVM No. A010655 (NZ)

Horses may develop some tolerance to the pharmacological effects of clenbuterol and pulsed administration (e.g. 10 days on, 5-10 days off) is recommended over continuous administration in chronic conditions.

HORSE HACK

DOSAGE

Some horses may be initially sensitive to the sympathomimetic effects of clenbuterol.

This may manifest as agitation, including “colicky” signs, sweating, increased heart rate and tremors. These symptoms are selflimiting and usually resolve within an hour.

The horse may be continued on Airway Gel at a reduced rate (start with a half dose) for a few days. The dose should then be slowly increased until the horse tolerates the full recommended dose.

WARNING: Under most governing bodies, clenbutorol now has a prolonged detection time prior to competition. An 18-21 day withholding period is generally recommended.

However, veterinarians should confirm the recommended withdrawal time prior to competition with their local Regulatory Authority.

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by Prof Natalie Waran OBE BSc(Hons) PhD ft. NATALIE WARRAN

Breathlessness and welfare Mellor’s Five Domains model explicitly recognises breathlessness as one of the negative affective experiences that determines an animal’s welfare state. Unlike pain, the subjective experience of dyspnoea in horses is considerably under-discussed, yet evidence from human and comparative research establishes that breathlessness is one of the most aversive sensations a mammal can experience, capable of generating fear, panic and profound psychological distress independently of any associated physical pain.

In horses with Inflammatory Airways Disease, severe Equine Asthma or upper respiratory tract obstruction, the subjective burden of impaired breathing is a direct welfare concern that sits within Domain 3 (health) and Domain 5 (mental state) of Mellor’s framework, and warrants the same weight as analgesia in clinical decision-making.

Horses with severe Equine Asthma show significantly elevated cortisol and behavioural indicators of negative affect (emotion), including reduced voluntary movement, social withdrawal and altered feeding behaviour, consistent with chronic negative emotional state rather than simply physical limitation.

Further Reading Mellor, D.J. Operational Details of the Five Domains Model and Its Key Applications to the Assessment and Management of Animal Welfare. Animals 2017, 7, 60. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ani7080060.

Beausoleil NJ & Mellor DJ (2015) Introducing breathlessness as a significant animal welfare issue, NewZealand Veterinary Journal, 63:1, 44-51, DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2014.940410

Stereotypic behaviours: Welfare indicators, not character flaws Stereotypic behaviours in horses, including crib-biting, windsucking, weaving, box-walking and head-nodding, are now firmly established in the scientific literature as indicators of compromised welfare rather than learned habits or vices. Research has demonstrated that these behaviours arise in response to environmental deprivation, most commonly restricted forage intake, social isolation and limited opportunity for locomotion.

Once established, stereotypies are difficult to eliminate because they appear to engage endogenous opioid pathways and may serve as coping mechanisms. Importantly, physical prevention devices such as cribbing collars do not address the underlying cause and may increase stress.

Veterinarians encountering stereotypic behaviour should conduct a thorough management review and, where appropriate, discuss with owners the welfare implications of current husbandry practices, particularly forage provision, social contact and daily turnout.

Further Reading Clegg, H., Buckley, P. , Friend, M & McGreevy, P. (2008). The ethological and physiological characteristics of cribbing and weaving horses. Applied Animal Behaviour Science - 109. 68-76.

Cooper, J., McGreevy, P. (2007). Stereotypic Behaviour in the Stabled Horse: Causes, Effects and Prevention without Compromising Horse Welfare. In: Waran, N. (eds) The Welfare of Horses. Animal Welfare, vol 1. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-48215-1 5

28

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY SUITE

RANDLAB

COLIX FOR COLICS

(AND OTHER THINGS)

Flunixin meglumine equivalent to Flunixin 50mg/mL APVMA No. 88443 ACVM No. A011471 (NZ)

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COLIX INJECTION ™

Flunixin meglumine equivalent to Flunixin 50 mg/mL COLIC, OPHTHALMOLOGY, ENDOTOXAEMIA, MUSCULOSKELETAL, ETC

100ML M U LT I D O S E V I A L

DOSAGE

I N D I C AT I O N S

Injection reactions, including clostridial myositis, may develop following intramuscular injections of flunixin in horses and should be avoided.

For the alleviation of visceral pain and inflammation associated with colic and the normalisation of peristalsis.

Colic: Alleviation of pain associated with colic: 1.1 mg per kg bodyweight I.V administration is recommended for prompt relief. May be repeated if signs of colic recur. Cause of colic should be determined and treated with appropriate therapy.

The visceral analgesic effects of flunixin should last for approx. four hours. “Breakthrough” abdominal pain following flunixin injection should be considered an indication for further assessment for colic surgery.

Endotoxaemia (incl at risk of endotoxaemia): 0.25mg/kg q8h administered IV to interrupt eicosanoid production and inhibit the associated endotoxin-induced haemodynamic effects.

APVMA No. 88443 | ACVM No. A011471 (NZ)

For the alleviation of inflammation and pain associated with musculoskeletal disorders.

For the treatment of inflammatory ocular conditions such as uveitis and pre- and post-eye surgery.

At lower doses than used for anti-inflammatory effects, flunixin reduces the haemodynamic changes associated with endotoxaemia/endotoxic shock.

HORSE HACK

Musculoskeletal disorders: 1.1 mg per kg (1mL/45kg) bodyweight one to two times daily by intravenous injection for up to 5 days.

Colix Injection may be administered orally at a dose rate of 1.1-1.3mg/kg. The injection can be administered mixed with molasses or squirted directly over the back of the horse’s tongue. The onset of action after oral dosing is generally within 2 hours, peak response 12-16 hours and duration of action up to 30 hours.

WARNING: Prolonged detection times leading to a positive drug test following the administration of flunixin have been reported in the horse. This is believed to be due to drug “recycling” with the horse ingesting previously excreted flunixin. It is recommended that boxed competition horses be moved to a different stall after the normal excretion period (~96 hours) to prevent potential re-ingestion of excreted flunixin.

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AN T I-INF L AMM ATOR Y SU I TE

V ISI T R AND L AB .CO M F O R MO R E IN F O

DEX 5 INJECTION ™

Dexamethasone sodium phosphate 5 mg/mL EXTENDED BROACHING PERIOD AND SHELF-LIFE.

DOSAGE

I N D I C AT I O N S

Dosing schedules are based on desired effect and vary according to the condition being treated. The response to dexamethasone is known to vary considerably from horse to horse.

Due to dexamethasone’s high potency and multiple untargeted systemic effects, use the lowest dose possible for the shortest period of time to achieve the desired results.

Anti-inflammatory effects: 0.02-0.2mg/kg sid IV or IM. 0.05-0.1mg/kg (5-10mL/500kg BW would be a typical dose).

Immunosuppressive effects: 0.2-0.5mg/kg sid IV or IM. Shock (endotoxic/anaphylactic): 4-6mg/kg IV. Vasculitis: 0.05-0.2mg/kg IV or IM q12-24h for 2 weeks, then taper over 4-6 weeks.

Purpura haemorrhagica: 0.04-0.2mg/kg sid or bid.

Respiratory disease such as EA/RAO/IAD: 0.05-0.1mg/ kg sid IV or IM for 3-4 days and then taper over 3-4 weeks.

Interstitial pneumonia incl Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis: 0.02–0.04 mg/kg IV or IM. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): 005-0.2mg/kg IM for 2-4 weeks.

Dermatitis/pruritis/pemphigus: 0.05-0.1mg/kg sid.

Head/CNS trauma: 0.1-0.3mg/kg IV q6-24h.

Uveitis: 2mg q24-36h subconjunctivally.

Immune-mediated Haemolytic Anaemia: ± 0.05-0.1mg/ kg sid IV or IM. for 3-5 days then taper over 7-14 days.

Lymphoma: 0.2mg/kg IV for 5 days initially followed by ongoing immunosuppression.

Intra-articularly: 2-4mg/joint usually in conjunction with another corticosteroid, biological (eg. IRAP, PRP) or hyaluronic acid. Use a new bottle.

Overnight Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DMT) for PPID: Collect baseline serum sample in late afternoon.

Administer dexamethasone 0.04mg/kg IM. Collect second serum sample ~20 hours post DSP administration. Failure to suppress cortisol levels by < 30mmol/L supports a diagnosis of PPID. APVMA No. 89900 | ACVM No. A011809 (NZ)

Glucocorticoids have an effect on virtually every cell type and system in the body. The primary pharmacological actions of dexamethasone in the horse are as an anti inflammatory and immunosuppressive agent. As such, it has been used in the treatment of a wide variety of conditions including: Anti-inflammatory: • Orthopaedic conditions. May be used alone or to augment the effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (such as phenylbutazone or meloxicam).

• Useful in the treatment of conditions such as osteoarthritis, bursitis, tenosynovitis, tendinitis, desmitis, rhabdomyolyis, etc.

• Intra-articularly for inflammatory joint disease or osteoarthritis either in combination with hyaluronic acid or another corticosteroid (eg triamcinolone) or a biologic (IRAP, ACS, PRP, etc), especially when a post-injection flare is anticipated. May also be given IM/IV to reduce the risk of joint flares.

Immunosuppression: • Equine Asthma including IAD and RAO. • Dermatitis including allergic dermatitis, pruritis, pemphigus and insect bite dermatitis.

• Auto-immune and immune-mediated diseases such as systemic lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA), thrombocytopaenia, polyneuritis equi, purpura haemorrhagica, lupus and other immune-mediated vasculitides.

• Adrenal insufficiency • CNS disorders and trauma characterised by increased CSF pressure.

• Neoplasia for amelioration of symptoms and secondary inflammation and regression of some lymphoid neoplasias.

• Shock incl endotoxic, anaphylactic, etc.

• Overnight Dexamethasone Suppression Test for diagnosis of PPID.

HORSE HACK

DEX FOR (NON-SEPTIC) INJECTION SITE REACTIONS I use IV Dex-5 in association with IV phenylbutazone to treat moderate/severe injection site reactions (eg post-pentosan injection). These are mostly allergic-type reactions and rarely (never?) infected. The Dex-5 reduces the symptoms and recovery time significantly. #1: The oral absorption of dexamethasone is superior to prednisolone. Injectable dexamethasone may be administered orally in the fasted horse at a dose rate of approx. 150% the systemic dose. Feeding reduces absorption. #2: The membrane stabilising effects of dexamethasone are valuable in the treatment of acute rhabdomyolysis (“tie up”) and results in a rapid decrease in plasma muscle enzymes.

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PLATINUM BUTE

™

I.V. INJECTION

Phenylbutazone sodium 200 mg/mL (equivalent to Phenylbutazone Base 186 mg/mL), Sodium salicylate 50 mg/mL

NSAID + ANTIPYRETIC

100ML M U LT I D O S E V I A L

DOSAGE

I N D I C AT I O N S

Administer by slow intravenous injection of solution at room temperature. Use of a catheter is strongly recommended to prevent inadvertent peri-vascular injection, which is likely to cause a phlebitis.

The proven combination of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID’s) phenylbutazone sodium (anti-inflammatory and analgesia) and sodium salicylate (antipyretric, analgesia and anti-thrombotic) provides effective relief from inflammation and pain especially in conditions of the musculoskeletal system, including: • Arthritis • Bursitis • Arthrosis • Tendonitis • Osteitis • Tenosynovitis • Laminitis • Rhabdomyolysis • Skin inflammation • Fractures • Cellulitis • Mastitis • Pyrexias • Soft tissue inflammation • Subchondral bone pain • Post-operative pain/inflammation • Soft tissue inuries/trauma

Horses: 4.4mg/kg for 1-3 days, reducing to 2.2mg/kg by IV Injection.

Foals: 2.2mg/kg by IV Injection. Foals, especially those younger than 24 hours, have a reduced ability to eliminate phenylbutazone, leading to a longer half-life and greater risk of accumulation and toxicity.

The combination provides a rapid onset of action (10-15min for sodium salicylate) with prolonged clinical effects (24 hours for phenylbutazone).

APVMA No. 68303

Storage: Store between 2° and 8°C (Refrigerate. Do not freeze). If Platinum Bute IV is kept out of the fridge (eg shelf or car), the phenylbutazone will slowly degrade.

The level of degradation is low and unlikely to be of any clinical significance over the life span of the product.

INTERESTING!

DEMEANOUR IS PART OF YOUR CLINICAL TOOLKIT

Sheep can recognise and remember up to 50 individual sheep and human faces, retaining those memories for over two years. Sheep distinguish between calm and fearful human faces and adjust their own stress responses accordingly.

Horses show a similar capacity. They not only recognise individual human faces but actively use emotional expression as a behavioural cue, learning novel tasks faster when trained by handlers displaying positive, joyful expressions.

For the equine vet, this is a reminder that your demeanour influences learning and is part of the clinical toolkit. A relaxed, open expression communicated before handling the animal may genuinely improve compliance and reduce the stress and/or fear response related to treatment.

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V ISI T R AND L AB .CO M F O R MO R E IN F O

EQUINE BUTE PASTE

™

Phenylbutazone 200 mg/mL

1 L M U LT I D O S E PA I L (NE W SCRE W TOP)

5 0 0 M L M U LT I DOSE JAR

OPTIMAL CONSISTENCY

3 0 M L M U LT I DOSE SYRINGE

250ML M U LT I DOSE JAR

DOSAGE

I N D I C AT I O N S

Horses: Administer orally prior to feeding.

4.4 mg/ kg (10 mL/450 kg) bodyweight twice daily for the first day; 2.2 mg/kg (5 mL/450 kg) bodyweight twice daily for the next four days; then 2.2 mg/kg (5 mL/450 kg) once daily on alternate days. Maximum daily dose should not exceed 4 grams (20 mL).

Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic oral paste for the relief of pain, fever and inflammation. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects are indicated in the treatment of a wide variety of conditions in the horse including traumatic injuries and post-surgery.

Administer orally prior to feeding. 2.2 mg/kg (2.5 mL/225 kg) bodyweight twice daily for four days; then 2.2 mg/kg (2.5 mL/225 kg) once daily on alternate days or as directed by a veterinarian.

APVMA No. 63283 | ACVM No. A010324 (NZ)

Equine Bute Paste may also be used diagnostically to try and differentiate non-specific lameness associated with pain from ‘lameness’ due to behavioral changes, a so-called “bute trial”.

HORSE HACK

Ponies: Do not exceed the recommended dose, as ponies exhibit an increased sensitivity to the toxic effects of phenylbutazone.

Suitable for the treatment of musculoskeletal conditions including bone and joint disorders, soft tissue injuries and inflammation including tendinitis, acute tenosynovitis, desmitis, myositis (incl rhabdomyolysis), capsulitis, bursitis, acute and chronic laminitis osteoarthritis, etc.

Misoprostol (5μg/kg bid) and/or Sucralfate (20mg/kg bid-qid) are recommended for the prevention or treatment of NSAID-induced gastrointestinal (right dorsal colon, caecum, stomach) ulceration during long-term administration of phenylbutazone.

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™

MELOXICAM INJECTION Meloxicam 20 mg/mL

DECREASED COMPETITION WITHHOLDING PERIOD

100ML M U LT I D O S E V I A L

DOSAGE

I N D I C AT I O N S

Horses: 0.6mg/kg BW (3mL/100kg) by intravenous injection

Meloxicam Injection is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with preferential COX-2 inhibition. It has a rapid onset of action and medium potency, whilst preserving COX1 function.

INTERESTING!

GIGGLING RATS

In the late 1990s, neuroscientist, Jaak Panksepp, discovered that rats emit ultrasonic chirps at around 50 kHz during play and tickling, widely interpreted as a form of positive affect (emotion), similar to human laughter. Rats will actively seek out tickling and show a clear preference for humans who have tickled them before.

Whilst horses probably don’t giggle, they do provide other clues to their subjective state. In equine practice reliable indicators of positive emotional states in horses, not just the absence of negative ones are important for ensuring good health and welfare. Emerging research on equine facial action coding, spontaneous blink rate, play behaviour and even the emotion conveyed in whinnies suggests we are getting closer to being able to use these indicators in practical contexts.

Meloxicam Injection is suitable for the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, including joint, bone and soft tissue injuries and relief of pain associated with colic and ophthalmic conditions.

Meloxicam is effective for treating inflammation and pain associated with surgery and during postsurgery recovery.

Meloxicam Injection may be used as a short course or as an initial loading dose prior to changing to oral meloxicam.

HORSE HACK

APVMA No. 68070 | ACVM No. A010915 (NZ)

#1: The long-term use of Meloxicam is safer than other NSAID’s such as phenylbutazone or flunixin meglumine. #2: The withholding period for Meloxicam Injection prior to competition is considered less than other NSAID’s such as phenylbutazone. If using in performance horses, the regulations of the relevant authorities should be consulted.

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V ISI T R AND L AB .CO M F O R MO R E IN F O

MELOXICAM PASTE

™

Meloxicam 20 mg/mL

PREFERENTIAL COX-2 INHIBITOR FOR ADDED SAFETY

230ML M U LT I D O S E J A R

DOSAGE

I N D I C AT I O N S

Horses: Daily dose of 0.6 mg/ kg bodyweight (i.e. 3.0 mL/100 kg bodyweight) for up to 14 days.

Meloxicam Paste is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with preferential COX-2 inhibition. It has a rapid onset of action and medium potency, whilst preserving COX-1 function.

Foals: 0.6mg/kg twice daily dosing is required in foals < 7 weeks old due to more rapid clearance.

Meloxicam Paste is suitable for the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, including joint, bone and soft tissue injuries and relief of pain associated with colic and ophthalmic conditions.

APVMA No. 82561 | ACVM No. A011118 (NZ)

Meloxicam is effective for treating inflammation and pain associated with surgery and during post-surgery recovery.

HORSE HACK

Meloxicam Injection may be used as a short course or as an initial loading dose prior to then changing to oral meloxicam. #1: The long-term use of Meloxicam is safer than other NSAID’s such as phenylbutazone or flunixin meglumine. #2: The withholding period for Meloxicam Paste prior to competition is considered less than other NSAID’s such as phenylbutazone. If using in performance horses, the regulations of the relevant authorities should be consulted.

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by Prof Natalie Waran OBE BSc(Hons) PhD ft. NATALIE WARRAN

Reading the horse’s face: The equine pain scale The Horse Grimace Scale (HGS), developed by Dalla Costa et al. in 2014, has provided an additional tool for how we assess acute pain in horses by providing a validated, observer-rated facial action coding system. The scale evaluates five facial action units: stiffly backward ears, orbital tightening, tension above the eye area, tightening and straining of the lips/chin and cheeks, and tongue positioning. Studies have since confirmed that even untrained observers can use the HGS reliably in clinical settings, and that HGS scores correlate significantly with physiological pain markers including cortisol, heart rate and wound healing rates. Routine use of objective pain scoring tools in clinical practice improves analgesic decision-making, promotes welfare and supports more consistent post-operative care protocols.

Further Reading Dalla Costa E, Minero M, Lebelt D, Stucke D, Canali E, et al. (2014) Development of the Horse Grimace Scale (HGS) as a Pain Assessment Tool in Horses Undergoing Routine Castration. PLOS ONE 9(3): e92281. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0092281).

Gleerup, K.B. and Lindegaard, C. (2016), Recognition and quantification of pain in horses: A tutorial review. Equine Vet Educ, 28: 47-57. https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.12383

Chronic pain and behavioural change: What are we missing?

Chronic musculoskeletal pain in horses is substantially underrecognised, in large part because horses are prey animals with strong evolutionary drives to mask vulnerability. The development of the Ridden Horse Pain Ethogram (RHpE) by Dyson and colleagues represents a major advance in this area. The ethogram catalogues 24 pain-related behaviours observable under saddle, including repeated changes in facial expression, resistance to rein contact, tail swishing and irregular gait. Horses scoring above 8 out of 24 on the RHpE are significantly more likely to have a diagnosed source of musculoskeletal pain on veterinary investigation. Critically, many horses labelled as ‘difficult’ or ‘naughty’ are found on careful examination to be pain-affected.

Appropriate analgesic management and lameness investigation should be considered in any horse demonstrating unexplained training resistance or a change in ridden behaviour.

Further Reading Dyson S, Berger J, Ellis Andrea, Mullard J. (2018) Development.

Development of an ethogram for a pain scoring system in ridden horses and its application to determine the presence of musculoskeletal pain. Journal of Veterinary Behavior. 2018, 23, 47-57.

Dyson, S.; Pollard, D. Application of a Ridden Horse Pain Ethogram and Its Relationship with Gait in a Convenience Sample of 60 Riding Horses. Animals 2020, 10, 1044. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ani10061044

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ANTIMICROBIAL SUITE

Scan the QR code to download the 2025 Antimicrobial prescribing guidelines for horses in Australia (262 pages).

Free to download.

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TRI-SULFOX INJECTION ®

Sulfadoxine 200mg/mL, Trimethoprim 40mg/mL

40 YEARS AND STILL GOING STRONG

100ML M U LT I D O S E VIAL

RANDLAB supports responsible Antimicrobial Stewardship.

Whenever possible, bacterial culture and sensitivity testing should be carried out prior to initiating treatment with Randlab’s Tri-Sulfox Injection. Antibiotic sensitivity testing should also be undertaken in cases of non-responsive or chronic infections.

Scan the QR code to download the 2025 Antimicrobial prescribing guidelines for horses in Australia (262 pages).

Free to download.

DOSAGE

I N D I C AT I O N S

TMPS is inactivated in the presence of purulent material and abscesses, etc. These should be surgically drained and lavaged prior to using Tri-Sulfox.

Tri-Sulfox Injection has broad-spectrum activity against a wide range of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria incl: • Pneumococcus spp • Corynebacterium spp • Proteus spp • Actinobacillus equuli • Actinomyces spp • Enterobacter spp • Salmonella spp • Bacillus anthracis • Escherichia coli • Shigella spp • Bordetella spp • Fusiformis spp • Staphylococcus spp • Brucella spp • Haemophilus spp • (incl some S. aureus) • Campylobacter spp • Klebsiella spp • Streptococcus spp • Clostridium spp • Pasteurella spp

Label dose: 3mL/50kg BW bid by IV Injection.

TMPS is a time-dependent antibiotic, therefore twice daily dosing is required.

Current NCAS recommended dose rate: 30mg/kg BW bid by slow IV Injection.

The concentration of TMPS in the bottle of TriSulfox Injection is 200+40=240mg/mL. Therefore a 500kg horse will require: (30x 500)/240 =62mL bid.

HORSE HACK

APVMA No. 91644 Solution is irritant if given perivascularly.

The use of catheters/cannulas will reduce the risk of inadvertent perivascular administration and is strongly recommended.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are intrinsically resistant to Tri-Sulfox. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycoplasma spp, Leptospira are also resistant. In vivo activity against anaerobes is generally poor.

WARNING: Administration of antibiotics may occasionally cause acute, severe diarrhoea.

WARNING: TMPS antibiotics should not be contemporaneously administered to anaesthetised or sedated horses. Rarely these horses may develop dysrhythmias, leading to hypotension and even death.

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TRI-SIL POWDER ™

Sulphadimidine 430 mg/g, Trimethoprim 86 mg/g

45 YEARS AND STILL GOING STRONG

500G JAR

RANDLAB supports responsible Antimicrobial Stewardship.

Whenever possible, bacterial culture and sensitivity testing should be carried out prior to initiating treatment with Randlab’s Tri-Sil Powder. Antibiotic sensitivity testing should also be undertaken in cases of non-responsive or chronic infections.

Scan the QR code to download the 2025 Antimicrobial prescribing guidelines for horses in Australia (262 pages).

Free to download.

DOSAGE

I N D I C AT I O N S

Use the enclosed scoop.

Tri-Sil antibiotic powder is for the treatment of infections known or suspected to be sensitive to the sulphadimidine and trimethoprim combination, such as respiratory, urogenital, synovial, soft tissue cellulitis and temperatures of unknown origin.

HORSE: 30mg/kg twice daily combined sulphadimidine + trimethoprim dose.

For example, 500kg horse: 30mg x 500kg = 15g Each scoop contains 6g of combined active.

15g =2.5 scoops The 500g jar contains enough TMPS for a 16day course for a 500kg horse.

Before filling scoop, rotate container horizontally to ensure consistent filling.

APVMA No. 92858 | ACVM No. A011661 (NZ)

Organisms known to be sensitive to the combination of TMPS include: Actinobacillus equuli, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus equi subspecies equi, Streptococcus equi ss zooepidemicus, Pasteurella caballi, Proteus vulgaris, etc.

HORSE HACK

One level scoop provides 5g sulphadimidine plus 1g trimethoprim.

Tri-Sil Powder may be administered in the horse’s feed or over the back of the tongue.

See Horse Hack on page 22 for further information about oral administration.

WARNING: Oral administration of sulfonamides + trimethoprim may occasionally be associated with the development of severe, acute diarrhoea in the horse. This may even occur several weeks after finishing the course. Should this occur, the TMPS should be stopped immediately and appropriate treatment initiated.

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RANDLAB TMPS ORAL PASTE

™

Sulfadiazine 400 mg/g, Trimethoprim 86 mg/g TUBES ARE BEST KEPT FOR TOOTHPASTE

1KG TUB

500G TUB

RANDLAB supports responsible Antimicrobial Stewardship.

Whenever possible, bacterial culture and sensitivity testing should be carried out prior to initiating treatment with Randlab’s TMPS Paste. Antibiotic sensitivity testing should also be undertaken in cases of non-responsive or chronic infections.

250G TUB Scan the QR code to download the 2025 Antimicrobial prescribing guidelines for horses in Australia (262 pages).

Free to download.

DOSAGE

I N D I C AT I O N S

1mL of TMPS Paste weighs approx 1.2g.

Therefore a 250g pot contains approx 208mL of paste and so forth.

Randlab’s TMPS Oral Paste has a broad spectrum of activity against the common Grampositive and Gram-negative bacteria including:

Administer directly into the mouth from a dosing syringe.

Adult: 24-30mg/kg twice daily combined sulfonamide+ trimethoprim dose. [e.g. 500kg horse = 30mg x 500kg/(400+86 mg/g) = 31g (31g = 26mL)].

• Streptococci • Escherichia coli • Bordetella • Corynebacterium • Hemophilus • Listeria monocytogenes

• Dermatophilus congolensis • Bacillus • Brucella • Fusiformis • Klebsiella spp • Nocardia

• Pasteurella • Salmonella • Shigella • Staphylococci • Proteus spp.

Foals: 15-30mg/kg twice daily.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are intrinsically resistant to TMPS. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycoplasma spp, Leptospira are also resistant. In vivo activity against anaerobes is generally poor.

Dose rate equivalent to 5-6mL/100 kg twice daily (12 hourly).

The combination of TMPS also has some effect against infections caused by protozoa (e.g. coccidia and Toxoplasma infection)

APVMA No. 83452

Randlab’s TMPS Oral Paste is useful in the treatment of respiratory infections, with high lung tissue levels achieved (although Randlab’s Airway Tmps and Bromo Tmps are designed specifically for respiratory infections), soft tissue infections, abdominal infections, joint infections, infections of the CNS, uterus/placenta and urinary tract.

WARNING: Oral administration of trimethoprim + sulfonamides may occasionally be associated with the development of severe, acute febrile diarrhoea in the horse.

This may even occur several weeks after finishing the course. Should this occur, the TMPS should be stopped immediately and appropriate treatment initiated.

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AN T IM ICR OBI AL SU I TE

V ISI T R AND L AB .CO M F O R MO R E IN F O

EQUINE METRONIDAZOLE ™ PASTE Metronidazole 500 mg/g (1g Metronidazole paste is equivalent to 1mL)

EXCLUSIVE PRODUCT AVAILABLE ON PERMIT ONLY 1KG M U LT I D O S E PA I L

RANDLAB supports responsible Antimicrobial Stewardship.

Don't forget to return your completed Metronidazole APVMA permit form to Randlab.

Spare copies of the form are available at randlab.com on the Metronidazole page.

DOSAGE

I N D I C AT I O N S

Administer orally. Give 20mL Equine Metronidazole Paste (equivalent to 10g metronidazole) per 500kg bodyweight every 12 hours for 5 days or as directed by a veterinarian.

For the treatment of infections in horses caused by anaerobic bacteria such as Clostridium spp, Bacteroides spp (incl Penicillin resistant B. fragilis), Fusobacterium and protozoa such as Giardia and Trichomonas spp.

Adult: 15mg/kg qid or 20mg/kg bid orally Foal: 10-20mg/kg bid orally

HORSE HACK

APVMA Permit No. 94069 #1: Metronidazole Paste may also be administered per rectum at approximately double the oral dose rate. #2: Washing out the horse’s mouth soon after administering Metronidazole Paste and then offering a treat may decrease metronidazole inappetence.

For the treatment of infections where anaerobic bacteria are implicated or suspected such as pleuropneumonia, sinusitis, tooth root infections, enteritis, colitis and some cases of deep foot infection, chondritis and metritis.

Metronidazole is the antimicrobial of choice for the treatment of Acute Febrile Diarrhoea or chronic diarrhoea due to anaerobic bacteria such as Clostridial infections.

Metronidazole in combination with either oxytetracycline or chloramphenicol has been suggested for the treatment of proliferative enteropathy caused by Lawsonia intracellularis.

WARNING: Inappetence is common following oral Metronidazole use.

It is less common with rectal administration but is still likely to occur.

SEDATIVE & ANAESTHESIA

41

SUITE

SEDATOR 6mL ®

WHEN SIZE MATTERS

APVMA No. 82623

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V ISI T R AND L AB .CO M F O R MO R E IN F O

SEDATOR INJECTION ™

Detomidine hydrochloride 10 mg/mL NZ ONLY

NEW 6ML 6ML VIAL

20ML M U LT I D O S E V I A L

DOSAGE

I N D I C AT I O N S

Dosage of Sedator should be determined with respect to the desired depth and duration of sedation required, temperament of the horse and concurrent environmental stimuli.

Lower doses may be adequate and should be used whenever possible.

Sedator is a dose-dependent sedative and analgesic. Sedator may be used to facilitate examinations, x-rays, minor surgical procedures, transport etc. It may also be used to control pain including that of the uncomplicated equine colic case, with analgesia lasting as long as 12 hours in some instances. Common uses for Sedator would include: • Examinations e.g. endoscopy (incl gastroscopy), rectal palpation, gynaecological examinations, lameness examinations and all diagnostic imaging procedures.

• Ophthalmic examinations and minor procedures.

• Dental examinations and procedures.

• Minor surgical procedures e.g. debridement and suturing of wounds, removal of skin tumours, fractued jaw repair, hoof care and castration.

• Pre-anaesthetic sedative when used in combination with anaesthetic agents • Treatment and procedures in young or fractious horses e.g. nasogastric tubing, clipping and shoeing.

• Effective analgesia in treatment of colic cases.

• Sedation and analgesia in the management of serious injuries.

• Safe handling of fractious animals.

• Treatment of Exertional Heat Illness (EHI)

Sedation: 01.-0.8mL/100kg BW by slow intravenous administration or by intramuscular injection.

Colic: 20-40ug/kg BW (0.2-0.4mL/100kg BW) for effective analgesia.

For analgesia in COLIC until diagnosis is confirmed, recommended dose is 20-40 μg/kg BW (0.2-0.4 mL/100 kg BW).

The full analgesic effect is established in 5-15 minutes following administration. If the desired level of sedation is not achieved following administration of a low dose, an additional dose may be given. The dose response can be estimated as follows: Constant Rate Infusion (CRI): Constant Rate Infusion (CRI) for analgesia: Loading Dose

Degree of sedation

Effects begin (mins)

Duration of action (hrs)

0.1-0.2

Moderate: easy to handle

3-5

0.3-1.0

Slight teetering

0.2-0.4

Heavy: easy to handle

3-5

0.5-1.0

Moderate teetering

μg/kg

mL/ 100 kg

10-20

20-40

Other effects

dose 0.01mg/ kg followed by 15mg detomidine (1.5mL) in 1L of Ringers Solution administered at a constant rate infusion of 0.6μg/kg/min. This equates to approximate 6 drops/second IV. Adjust to effect.

HORSE HACK

APVMA No. 82623 | ACVM No. A011244 (NZ) Horses should not be fed until they have fully recoveraed from sedation due to the risk of oesophageal choke.

WARNING: Intravenous potentiated sulphonamides are contraindicated in sedated or anaesthetised horses as potentially fatal dysrhythmias may occur.

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RANDLAB BUTORPHANOL ™ INJECTION Butorphanol base as tartrate 10 mg/mL

TWO CONVENIENT SIZES

50ML M U LT I D O S E VIAL

10ML M U LT I D O S E VIAL

Controlled Drug DOSAGE

I N D I C AT I O N S

Butorphanol may be administered intramuscularly at a higher dose and/or more frequently as systemic absorption via this route is only about 37%. However, dose and dosing interval should be based on the response to treatment.

Butorphanol tartrate is a synthetic, mixed opioid agonist/antagonist with analgesic and sedative properties. It is generally used in combination with a sedative (such as an alpha-2 agonist) to avoid initial excitatory activity.

Butorphanol has wide application in equine veterinary practice including:

Analgesia: 0.1-0.4mg/kg q3-4h IV or 0.04-0.2mg/kg IM. CRI: Initial loading dose 17.8μg/kg followed by 13-24μg/kg/hr.

COLIC PAIN: 0.01-0.02mg/kg IV alone or in combination with an alpha-2 agonist (eg xylazine 0.02-0.1mg/kg IV).

Sedation: ALONE; 0.1-0.13mg/kg (=1-1.3mL/100kg BW) by intravenous injection q3-4h. IN COMBINATION; 0.02-0.05mg/kg IV in combination with xylazine (0.5-1.0mg/kg), detomidine (10-40 μg/ kg), romifidine (80-100 μg/kg) or acepromazine (0.02-0.05mg/kg).

• Restraint during standing surgery (eg arthroscopy, fracture repair, airway surgery) • Restraint during minor surgical procedures (eg suturing, eye procedures, etc) • Restraint during diagnostic procedures (eg yearling repository , gastroscopy) • Relief of pain associated with colic for up to four hours • Anaesthetic pre-medication in combination with an α2-agonist

PRE-ANAESTHETIC; 0.01-0.04mg/kg IV following administration of an alpha-2 agonist (eg xylazine 0.1-0.5mg/kg IV).

• Component in balanced general anaesthesia (esp for painful procedures)

FIELD ANAESTHESIA: Sedate with xylazine (1mg/kg IV or 2mg/ kg IM) followed by butorphanol (0.02-0.04mg/kg IV). Wait until horse heavily sedated (~10 minutes) before administering ketamine (2.2mg/kg IV). Combination improves induction, increases analgesia and increases recumbency time by 5-10 minutes.

• Post-operative and general pain management

Antitussive: 0.02 mg/kg IM bid-tid.

HORSE HACK

• Potent anti-tussive Premedication with an alpha-2 and butorphanol reduces cough associated with invasive airway procedures such as bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and tracheal washes.

Foals: ALONE; 0.1-0.2mg/kg IV or IM. IN COMBINTATION; 0.5 mg/kg xylazine followed by 0.04 mg/kg butorphanol.

APVMA No. 87965

WARNING: Butorphanol should not be used in patients with liver disease as the drug cannot be efficiently eliminated and may accumulate to toxic levels.

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SEDAT I VE & AN AE STH E SI A SU I TE

V ISI T R AND L AB .CO M F O R MO R E IN F O

RANDLAB KETAMINE ™ INJECTION Ketamine (as hydrochloride) 100 mg/mL

FOR ALL CREATURES GREAT & SMALL 50ML M U LT I D O S E VIAL

Controlled Drug DOSAGE

I N D I C AT I O N S

Sedatives other than xylazine may be substituted in protocols below prior to ketamine anaesthesia, e.g. detomidine (0.02 mg/kg) or romifidine (0.1 mg/kg).

Ketamine-based anaesthesia is the most common anaesthetic technique for short procedures in the field. The duration of anaesthesia is generally less than 30 min.

Induction of anaesthesia: Premedicate with an α2-agonist (e.g. xylazine 1.1 mg/kg IV or 2.0 mg/kg IM) given 5-10 minutes before induction of anaesthesia with ketamine. Horse must be adequately sedated before administering the ketamine (2.2 mg/kg IV). Total anaesthetic time is short but can be prolonged by administering one-third to one-half of the induction dose or by instigating “Triple Drip” CRI (see below).

Butorphanol (0.02-0.04 mg/kg IV) may also be added to the original xylazine in highly strung horses (such as young horses, Thoroughbreds or Arabs) 5-10 minutes prior to Ketamine administration.

Diazepam (0.03 – 0.1 mg/kg IV) may also be administered along with xylazine prior to ketamine to improve induction, improve muscle relaxation during anaesthesia and prolong anaesthesia by about 5-10 minutes.

Field anaesthesia/“Triple Drip”: Add 500mg xylazine and 2000mg ketamine to 1L of 5% guaifenesin in dextrose or 0.9% saline.

INDUCTION: 1.1 mL/kg by rapid IV injection.

MAINTENANCE: 2.0-4.5 mL/kg/hr to effect. “Triple drip” should not be used for anaesthetics greater than 1 hour in duration unless oxygen supplementation and respiratory support is provided.

For foals & ponies: Add 250mg xylazine and 500mg ketamine to 500mL 5% guaifenesin solution. For induction give 1.1 mL/kg IV rapidly. For maintenance 2-3mL/kg/hr to effect.

CRI for analgesia: Loading dose of 0.6 mg/kg IV followed by CRI of 0.4-0.8 mg/kg/hr. Can be increased to 1.2mg/kg/hr if required. To prepare CRI solution, add 30mL ketamine to 1L bag of saline (= 3mg/mL) and administer IV over 8 hours at a rate of 125 mL per hour for a 500kg horse.

Foals treatment of seizures: 0.02 mg/kg/min CRI. APVMA No. 87454

Ketamine-based anaesthesia can also be used as an induction agent prior to intubation and inhalation anaesthesia.

Intravenous anaesthesia may also be maintained following α2-agonist + ketamine induction with “Triple Drip” Continuous Rate Infusion (CRI). See Dosage section.

Ketamine also inhibits NMDA-receptors so may be adjunctively useful for control of pain.

WARNING: Horse must be adequately sedated with an a-2 agonist prior to administering ketamine, otherwise effective induction and anaesthesia will not be achieved.

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RANDLAB XYLAZINE 100 INJECTION ™

Xylazine (as hydrochloride) 100 mg/mL

50ML M U LT I D O S E VIAL

DOSAGE

I N D I C AT I O N S

Horses: Dose dependent effect: 2.0-5.0mL per 450kg BW by slow IV injection. Draft breeds are more sensitive to the effects of xylazine and the dose should be lowered accordingly. Sedation: 1.1 mg/kg IV or 2.2 mg/kg IM. Allow animal to rest quietly until full effect is reached.

Randlab Xylazine 100 is an injection containing 100 mg/mL (10% w/v) of Xylazine for use as a sedative, analgesic and skeletal muscle relaxant in horses.

CRI for analgesia: 0.5-1.1 mg/kg IV followed by 0.72 mg/kg/hour.

Caudal epidural: 0.03-0.35 mg/kg in first coccygeal space. 3-5 hour duration of effect.

Field induction: 1.1mg/kg IV. Wait until full sedation is achieved (5-10 min). If adequate sedation does not occur, re-dose with half the original dose of xylazine. Then follow with 2.2mg/kg IV of ketamine. Butorphanol (0.02-0.04mg/kg IV) or diazepam (0.03 - 0.1mg/ kg IV) may be added before the ketamine for additional sedation, analgesia or muscle relaxation respectively.

“TRIPLE DRIP” ANAESTHESIA: Add 500mg xylazine and 2000mg ketamine to 1L of 5% guaifenesin in dextrose or 0.9% saline.

Induction; 1.1 mL/kg IV rapidly.

Maintenance; 2.0 - 4.5 mL/kg/hr to effect. “Triple drip” should not be used for anaesthetics greater than 1 hour in duration unless oxygen supplementation and respiratory support is provided.

Foals & Ponies: Add 250mg xylazine and 500mg ketamine to 500mL 5% guaifenesin solution. For induction give 1.1 mL/kg IV rapidly. For maintenance 2-3mL/kg/hr to effect.

Reversal: Tolazoline, atipamezole or yohimbine may be used alone or in combination to reverse the effects of xylazine or speed recovery.

APVMA No. 87320 | ACVM No. A011802 (NZ)

Xylazine may provide short acting analgesia in cases of colic facilitating examination and transport. The visceral analgesia effect of xylazine has been demonstrated to be superior to that produced by butorphanol.

Xylazine decreases digital blood flow for up to 8 hours after administration.

Randlab Xylazine 100 is also a very effective premedicant for both ketamine and barbiturate anaesthesia.

HORSE HACK

Colic: 0.2-0.5mg/kg IV will provide analgesia for 20-30 minutes.

For longer duration, 0.6-1mg/kg IM will provide analgesia for 1-2 hours.

Randlab Xylazine 100 is an extremely effective sedative in the horse, allowing a number of procedures to be more easily conducted e.g. ophthalmic, dental or endoscopic examinations, wound suturing, rectal examination, stomach tubing, examination of fractious horses (incl lameness exam), diagnostic imaging, bandage application and removal etc. Xylazine in combination with appropriate local anaesthesia may be suitable for minor standing surgeries such as castration, dental procedures, draining abscesses, etc.

Inadvertent intra-arterial (e.g. carotid artery) administration of xylazine will result in extreme excitement and convulsions. The horse will normally recover within 10 minutes but is at high risk of sustaining an injury whilst convulsing. The risk of a carotid injection can be reduced by using a 1” needle and always disconnecting the needle from the syringe when performing IV injections.

WARNING: Some horses may exhibit “xylazine rage” following administration of the drug. This usually manifests as aggression, such as kicking or biting, especially after any sudden or unexpected movement. “Xylazine rage” represents a risk to handlers. It can be minimised by using the lowest appropriate dose of xylazine or by combining xylazine with either acepromazine or butorphanol.

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SED-ACE ORAL GEL ™

Acepromazine maleate 12 mg/mL

SUITABLE FOR USE IN RACING STABLES

30ML M U LT I D O S E S Y R I N G E

DOSAGE

I N D I C AT I O N S

The required dosage of SED-Ace Oral Tranquiliser Gel may vary depending on the individual temperament of the horse, the level of sedation required and concurrent environmental stimulus.

• An aid in training fractious horses.

• To calm nervous horses and reduce stress.

• In minor surgical procedures in which a general anaesthetic is not required.

• To sedate horses that will not allow IV or IM sedation.

• In non surgical procedures such as shoeing, clipping and dentistry.

• Handling mares during mating or other gynaecological procedures.

• Calming of horses to assist in lameness examinations and ensure consistency of gait.

• Horses that have wounds which cannot heal due to constant irritation • (biting, licking etc.).

• After major surgery to reduce straining.

• Useful aid in the treatment of colic and tetanus.

• To calm horses during transport.

• To calm horses during turn out, esp after surgery or injury.

• As a hypotensive agent and to improve peripheral blood flow.

• To initiate penile prolapse for examination of the penis (eg for squamous cell carcinomas).

In some horses, doses lower than those quoted on the SED-Ace label may be adequate.

Dose will also vary depending on desired level of sedation.

Horses: To be given orally. 2-10 mL per 450 kg bodyweight (0.05 to 0.26 mg per kg body weight).

HORSE HACK

APVMA No. 80410 | ACVM No. A011152 (NZ) For best results, avoid excitement or stimulation of the animal prior to administration and preferably administer on an empty stomach.

INTERESTING!

OCTOPUSES DREAM IN COLOUR

Researchers observing sleeping octopuses have filmed rapid, dynamic colour changes flickering across the skin during rest phases, suggesting something that functions like REM sleep and possibly vivid dreaming.

Horses, of course, cycle through light and deep sleep, including REM periods during which they lie flat out, and studies have linked inadequate REM sleep in horses to conditions including sleep deprivation collapse and associated injury risk. Factors known to disrupt equine recumbency and thereby compromise REM sleep include: social instability; inadequate bedding depth or stable size; pain; anxiety arising from isolation or novel environments; excessive noise or artificial light; and parasitic burden affecting gastrointestinal comfort.

The deeper question of what horses process cognitively during sleep is still unknown, but recent research is providing evidence of the importance of sleep quality for learning and performance, immune function, social stability, injury/illness recovery, and overall wellbeing.

WARNING: Rarely male horses may develop paresis or paralysis of the retractor penis muscle following administration of ACP. This is more likely following IV administration. When this occurs steps should be taken immediately to reduce any penile swelling and return the penis to the prepuce.

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by Prof Natalie Waran OBE BSc(Hons) PhD ft. NATALIE WARRAN

Managing fear, protecting welfare and keeping people safe The use of anxiolytics in equine practice sits at the intersection of clinical behaviour medicine, handler safety and animal welfare, and the evidence base for their proactive use is now well established.

For clinical and everyday settings, oromucosal detomidine has been a practical advance: its ease of administration prior to farriery, clipping, loading or veterinary visits allows pre-emptive anxiolysis before the stressor stack builds rather than after escalation has begun. Research has confirmed reduced behavioural stress indicators and improved procedure compliance with pre-emptive use as compared to restraint alone. The broader principle across all such agents is consistent with learning theory: reducing the emotional intensity of an experience lowers its salience as a fear memory, reduces sensitisation and makes systematic desensitisation and counter-conditioning more achievable over time. Anxiolytics used thoughtfully can be a useful tool for creating the emotional conditions in which good handling and structured behaviour modification can then succeed.

Further Reading Dai, F. et al. (2020). Use of detomidine oromucosal gel for alleviation of acute anxiety and fear in horses: A pilot study. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7 Noble, G et al., (2013) An objective measure of reactive behaviour in horses, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, Volume 144, Issues 3–4,Pages 121-129

The science of equine learning and clinical use A thorough understanding of equine learning theory is increasingly recognised as fundamental to veterinary practice and equine behaviour management. Horses learn through classical conditioning (association of stimuli) and operant conditioning (association of behaviour with consequence), and both pathways have direct implications for how clinical handling should be structured. Research has established that common equine handling problems, including rearing, bolting and resistance to examination, are frequently the result of inadvertent reinforcement of undesirable behaviour due to failure to apply learning principles consistently.

Positive reinforcement has been shown in multiple trials to increase voluntary compliance with veterinary procedures, reduce cortisol levels and improve long-term human-animal relationships without compromising safety. Combining behavioural techniques with appropriate pharmacological support in anxious horses produces better long-term outcomes.

Further Reading Doherty, O, McGreevy, P and Pearson G (2017) The importance of learning theory and equitation science to the veterinarian, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, Volume 190, Pages 111-122

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by Prof Natalie Waran OBE BSc(Hons) PhD ft. NATALIE WARRAN

Low-stress handling protocols The Low Stress Handling (LSH) paradigm, well established in companion animal medicine through the work of Sophia Yin and others, is gaining meaningful traction in equine practice. Core principles include minimising aversive stimuli, working at the horse’s pace, using the minimal effective restraint, employing positive reinforcement where feasible, and reading and responding to early warning signals before behaviour escalates. Practical cliniclevel adjustments that have evidence of reducing handling difficulty include: pre-medicating horses known to be procedure-averse before arrival rather than at the point of examination; allowing brief acclimatisation time in the clinic environment before beginning procedures; maintaining calm, low-volume verbal communication; avoiding direct eye contact with highly anxious horses; and using food rewards (eg a Likit feeder) to reinforce stationary, calm behaviour. Clinics adopting structured LSH protocols reported a 35% reduction in handler near-miss incidents over a 12-month period. For veterinarians, use of low stress handling results in; calmer horses requiring less sedation, fewer staff required, shorter procedure times and happier clients.

Further Reading Carroll, S. L., Sykes, B. W., & Mills, P. C. (2022). Moving toward Fear-Free Husbandry and Veterinary Care for Horses. Animals 12(21) Pearson, G, Reardon, R., Keen, J. & Waran, N. (2020). Difficult horses – prevalence, approaches to management of and understanding of how they develop by equine veterinarians. Equine Veterinary Education. 33. 10.

Crazy horses: The neuroscience of fear Understanding why horses behave dangerously during veterinary procedures is the first step to preventing it. Horses are prey animals whose threat-detection system is highly tuned and whose primary survival response is avoidance escalating to rapid flight.

The amygdala, responds to novel stimuli, sudden movements, unfamiliar smells and restraint with near-instantaneous activation of the sympathetic nervous system, producing the well-known fight-or-flight cascade. Critically, the equine nervous system is capable of generating locomotor responses within milliseconds, faster than human reaction time can accommodate. Research has demonstrated that horses could be reliably classified as high or low reactivity based on standardised novel object and tactile sensitivity tests, and that high-reactivity individuals were significantly more likely to show dangerous behaviours during veterinary handling.

Fearful behaviour during procedures is a biologically driven response to perceived threat and understanding this reframes veterinary handling from a matter of control to one of effective communication, ensuring a more systematic approach to reducing fear before it escalates.

Further Reading McBride, S. D., Parker, M. O., Roberts, K., & Hemmings, A. (2017). Applied neurophysiology of the horse; implications for training, husbandry and welfare. Applied animal behaviour science, 190, 90-101.

Sabiniewicz, A., Tarnowska, K., Świątek, R., Sorokowski, P., & Laska, M. (2020). Olfactory-based interspecific recognition of human emotions: Horses (Equus ferus caballus) can recognize fear and happiness body odour from humans (Homo sapiens). Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 230

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by Prof Natalie Waran OBE BSc(Hons) PhD ft. NATALIE WARRAN

Evidence-based tools for safer handling Systematic desensitisation (SD) and counter-conditioning (CC) are learning-based techniques with a strong evidence base in both companion animal and equine behaviour modification. SD involves the gradual, controlled exposure of the horse to a fearinducing stimulus at an intensity below the threshold for a fear response, progressively increasing the exposure as the horse habituates. CC pairs the stimulus with a positive experience, typically food reward, to change the emotional valence (meaning) of the trigger from negative to neutral or positive. Researchers have found that horses subjected to systematic desensitisation to novel stimuli showed significantly lower cortisol responses than control animals during subsequent exposures. Importantly for veterinary practice, SD and CC can be applied to specific clinical triggers including clippers, syringes, examinations, equipment and farriery tools. Horses with a history of difficult veterinary handling benefit considerably from owner-directed preappointment desensitisation programmes, and veterinary clinics that provide structured guidance on these programmes report reduced restraint requirements and fewer handling incidents.

Further Reading Pearson, G. (2015), Practical application of equine learning theory, part 1. In Practice, 37: 251254.

Trigger stacking in horses: Why small stressors add up Trigger stacking refers to the cumulative effect of multiple stressors on a horse’s arousal state. Each individual stressor may appear manageable in isolation, but when several occur in close succession the combined load can rapidly push a horse past its threshold for a fear or defensive response. A horse arriving at a clinic has already encountered transport, an unfamiliar environment and the absence of companions before a single procedure begins; examination, restraint and an aversive stimulus are then added to an already primed nervous system. Researchers have demonstrated a dose-dependent stress response to sequential aversive events, with cortisol and sympathetic activation persisting between triggers rather than returning promptly to baseline.

The practical implication is to reduce the number of stressors a horse encounters before a procedure begins: allowing acclimatisation time on arrival, and attending to subtle early escalation signals, such as a raised head carriage and topline tension, before behaviour deteriorates. Pre-emptive sedation in horses with known handling difficulties lowers baseline arousal before the trigger stack builds and is considerably more effective than attempting to manage a horse already close to threshold.

Horses that are consistently difficult on certain days may simply be carrying a higher cumulative stress load from management or pain.

Further Reading Pearson, G. (2019), Managing difficult behaviour in horses. In Practice, 41: 329-336.

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by Prof Natalie Waran OBE BSc(Hons) PhD ft. NATALIE WARRAN

Let sleeping horses lie Sleep is not merely a passive state of rest but an active, biologically essential process during which the body undertakes critical repair, immune consolidation and neurological recovery. In horses, the importance of sleep to the healing process is only beginning to receive the clinical attention it deserves. During slow-wave (NREM) sleep, growth hormone secretion peaks, driving tissue repair, protein synthesis and immune cell production. During REM sleep, neural consolidation occurs and inflammatory regulation pathways are modulated.

Research in human and rodent models has clearly established that sleep deprivation impairs wound healing, suppresses immune function and prolongs recovery from surgery and illness. Veterinarians managing post-surgical patients, horses with orthopaedic disease, or those recovering from significant illness should therefore assess sleeping behaviour as a routine outcome measure alongside vital signs and appetite.

Practical monitoring can be as straightforward as overnight observation, video footage or information gained from wearable monitoring tools to document whether the horse is achieving lateral recumbency. Where sleep is likely to be disrupted by pain, optimising the use of analgesics is not only a requirement for recovery but also ensures better welfare.

Further Reading Greening L and McBride S (2022) A Review of Equine Sleep: Implications for Equine Welfare.

Front. Vet. Sci. 9:916737. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.916737

Sleep as medicine The relationship between pain and sleep is bidirectional and significant.

Uncontrolled pain disrupts sleep continuity, reduces total REM sleep time and elevates circulating cortisol, all of which impair immune function and tissue repair.

In turn, sleep deprivation lowers pain thresholds through central sensitisation mechanisms, creating a cycle that is well characterised in human pain medicine and increasingly recognised in veterinary patients.

For equine clinicians, this means that the goals of analgesia extend beyond immediate comfort to encompass sleep quality and recovery capacity. A horse with adequate analgesia is more likely to lie down, achieve restorative REM sleep, and mount an effective healing response. Selecting analgesics with appropriate duration of action is therefore important in overnight and hospitalised care settings: agents with shorter durations may leave horses in pain during the early morning hours when human supervision is reduced and the animal is most likely to be attempting to rest. Multi-modal analgesia, regular pain reassessment using validated scoring tools, and environmental modifications to encourage and support recumbency should be considered together as a unified recovery strategy.

Further Reading Hernández-Avalos, I., Mota-Rojas, D., Mendoza-Flores, J. E., Casas-Alvarado, A., Flores-Padilla, K., Miranda-Cortes, A. E., Torres-Bernal, F., Gómez-Prado, J., & Mora-Medina, P. (2021). Nociceptive pain and anxiety in equines: Physiological and behavioral alterations. Veterinary world, 14(11), 2984–2995.

MISCELL ANE O US SU I TE

MISCELLANEOUS

51

SUITE

SOME PEOPLE THINK OUR FRUSEMIDE IS CHEAP. WE LIKE TO THINK OF IT AS INEXPENSIVE.

E TO PEE OR NOT TO PE stion That is no longer the que s

INJECTION

Furosemide 50mg/mL randlab.com

Exporting Globally

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FRUSEMIDE INJECTION ™

Furosemide 50 mg/mL

SAME. SAME. BUT CHEAPER.

50ML VIAL

DOSAGE

I N D I C AT I O N S

0.5-1mg/kg twice daily (at least 8 hours apart) by either intravenous or intramuscular injection.

• Diuresis and saluresis • Used in racing horses (thoroughbred, standardbred, endurance) and sports horses (eg barrel racers) to prevent or reduce the severity and prevalence of Exercise Induced Pulmonary Haemorrhage (EIPH).

• Congestive cardiomyopathy / congestive heart failure (CHF) • Pulmonary and peripheral oedema • Distal limb oedema / cellulitis (“stocking up”) • Udder oedema

EIPH: 200-250mg by IV or IM injection 2-4 hours prior to galloping or racing in jurisdictions where raceday furosemide is approved. Remove access to water immediately after administration.

Congestive heart failure.: 0.5-2mg/kg IV or IM q6-12h to control oedema.

Acute renal failure: 2-4 mg/ kg Foals may be treated with a continuous rate infusion of 0.1mg/kg/h with monitoring for urine production.

APVMA No. 94504

PRECAUTIONS Furosemide should be used with caution in patients with pre-existing electrolyte or water abnormalities (incl dehydration), most types of kidney failure, impaired hepatic function, and diabetes mellitus.

With prolonged use furosemide may cause hyponatraemia, hypocalcaemia, hypochloraemia and hypomagnesia. Diuresis persists in response to furosemide, even if the animal is dehydrated. This is less likely in animals with a normal food and water intake.

Furosemide should be used with caution when combined with corticosteroids (as this increases the risk of electrolyte imbalance), aminoglycoside antibiotics (increases risk of kidney or ear damage), and trimethoprim:sulphur (causes decreased platelet count). Furosemide should be used with caution during pregnancy or in a lactating mare, as it has been shown to be passed through the placenta and milk in some species. It should be used with caution in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (Equine Cushing’s Disease). Furosemide may increase the risk of digoxin toxicity due to hypokalemia.

OPTIMISE X FOR EIPH Aswell as Frusemide, I use Optimise X for treatment and prevention of EIPH.

PHARMACOLOGY Furosemide is a loop diuretic that acts by inhibiting the luminal Na-K-Cl cotransporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. This results in decreased resorption of both sodium and chloride and increases the excretion of potassium and water. Administration of furosemide leads to a decrease in blood volume and limits the rise in right atrial, pulmonary arterial and transmural pressure across the pulmonary capillaries during strenuous exercise. This makes the pulmonary capillaries less likely to rupture resulting in a a reduction in lung haemorrhage (EIPH).

In horses, furosemide also has some mild bronchodilator effects. The diuretic effect of furosemide takes place 5 minutes after administration, with peak effects occurring at approximately 30 minutes.

Serum half-life is approx. 2 hours but prolonged in patients with renal failure, uraemia, CHF and in neonates.

Furosemide is detectable in urine 36–72 hours following injection.

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LETHATON

®

EUTHANASIA SOLUTION Pentobarbitone sodium 300 mg/mL (equivalent to 273 mg/mL pentobarbitone)

FOR END OF LIFE NON-ISSUES 480ML VIAL 250ML VIAL

DOSAGE

I N D I C AT I O N S

Lethaton should not be used for general anaesthesia.

Pentobarbital or pentobarbital combinations is the drug of choice for equine euthanasia by chemical means.

Wherever possible, horses should be euthanised in a quiet, secluded and secure place.

If this is not possible, or if the horse is already distressed (eg following severe injury or trauma) then it is recommended that the horse be administered an effective dose of a tranquilliser (eg Sedator or Xylazine 100) prior to Lethaton.

A neuromuscular blocking agent such as suxamethonium chloride (succinylcholine) may be added at 0.1 mg/kg to facilitate paralysis and rapid collapse to the ground. Minimise the number of people involved in the procedure. An experienced horse handler on the horse’s head is preferred.

The horse’s halter should be fitted tightly so that it will not slip over the horse’s head if the horse falls backwards.

To minimise the chances of perivascular administration and to facilitate rapid administration, it is preferable to use a long, large bore catheter (eg 10-14G, 31⁄2-51⁄4” catheter).

Pull up the required dose of Lethaton in 50mL syringes. It may be useful to have at least one spare syringe prepared.

Administer the full dose of the Lethaton rapidly via the catheter and then move a safe distance away from the horse.

Lethaton Euthanasia Solution (Pentobarbitone sodium) is for the humane euthanasia of all animals.

From the class of drugs known as barbiturates, it is used to induce euthanasia smoothly and quickly, with minimal discomfort to the animal.

“Euthanasia” is a Greek term meaning “good death”. This objective is met when death is induced which causes no pain or distress to the animal. To achieve this goal the techniques used should result in immediate loss of consciousness followed by cardiac and respiratory arrest ultimately resulting in loss of brain function and death. The drugs must act quickly and effectively. Veterinarians who perform this task must be technically proficient and well prepared.

Once the horse is recumbent, check for the absence of a pulse and heart beat, pupillary dilatation and loss of a palpebral and corneal reflexes.

Horses: 1-2mL/5kg (100-200mL @ 500kg BW) by rapid intravenous injection.

APVMA No. 88008 SEDATE HORSES PRIOR TO EUTHANASIA I sedate all my euthanasias with detomidine (0.4-1.0mL) 5-10 min prior to injecting the barbiturate.

Be careful not to over sedate horses, esp those that are cardiovascularly compromised, as this may prolong the euthanasia.

WARNING: Carcasses from barbiturate euthanasias remain a hazard for wildlife and pets that may consume them and to aquatic wildlife if the carcass is disposed of near a waterway. Be mindful of how carcasses containing barbiturates are disposed.

HORSE HACK

The horse handler should maintain constant pressure on the lead rope so as to try and direct the horse’s fall and prevent the horse flipping over backwards.

When horses are euthanised, consideration should always be given to the unpredictability of how the horse is likely to fall and the possibility of some thrashing activity once recumbent. Some degree of exaggerated muscular activity is expected after the horse falls, even if the horse is not experiencing pain or distress. Appropriate precautions should always be taken to minimise any unnecessary risk to personnel and facilities. Bystanders should be warned that this is be expected and reassured that the horse is unconscious.

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by Prof Natalie Waran OBE BSc(Hons) PhD ft. NATALIE WARRAN

Can horse welfare at abattoirs be acceptable?

The current state of most commercial horse slaughter operations appears to fall well short of what’s required for acceptable welfare standards.

However, the evidence supports a conditional yes to the question of whether acceptable welfare standards can be provided in abattoirs, because it’s technically achievable. However, that’s only with deliberate and sustained changes to facility design, personnel training, handling practice, social management, and monitoring.

The most recent research shows that at a minimum, the following conditions would need to be met. ✓ Facilities need to be designed or adapted specifically for equids, with appropriate flooring, corridor widths, lighting, sound buffering and stunning box dimensions that reduce the risk of slipping, crowding, and flight response. ✓ Handling must be low-stress and must accommodate the variation in horses’ prior experience of human contact, including appropriate protocols for unhandled or semi-feral animals. ✓ Social management must be evidence-based. Interestingly, the current prohibition in some countries on co-slaughter (ie horses being together through the process) may be inconsistent with the welfare needs of unhandled horses. ✓ Stunning must be performed by trained personnel who understand equine-specific anatomy, the recommended shot position for captive bolt devices, the signs of effective and ineffective stunning, and the conditions under which a second intervention is required. ✓ Equipment must be routinely maintained, particularly pneumatic captive bolt devices, to ensure consistent and adequate bolt velocity and penetration depth. ✓ Monitoring must be systematic, using validated approaches to assess welfare outcomes at each stage, enabling continuous improvement and regulatory oversight.

The evidence suggests that if the conditions above are met then it may be possible to reduce measurable indicators of stress and where they are not in place, as is the case in the majority of current abattoir operations, the risk of significant welfare compromise at multiple stages of slaughter is substantial.

Further Reading EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW), Nielsen, S. S., et al. (2025). Welfare of horses at slaughter. EFSA Journal, 23(1) Fletcher, K. A., et al. (2022). A systematic review of equid welfare at slaughter. Livestock Science, 263 Fletcher, K. A., et al (2023). Impact of social buffering and restraint on welfare indicators during UK commercial horse slaughter. Animals, 13(14) Fletcher, K. A et al. (2025). Assessment of ante-mortem welfare indicators and the pathophysiology of captive bolt trauma in equids at slaughter. Animal Welfare, 33:65.

When animals weep Elephant herds have been documented returning to the bones of deceased companions, engaging in extended tactile investigation that researchers now associate with something resembling mourning.

Female bottlenose dolphins and orca have been recorded supporting or carrying dead calves, sometimes for days, and there are reports of pets who grieve for the loss of their companions.

Horses show clear and measurable physiological stress responses to social separation, including elevated heart rate and altered autonomic function. Whilst there’s no evidence of grief in horses, in clinical practice the difficult-to- handle or ‘depressed’ horse in the days following a companion’s loss may be attributed to the loss of a herd member.

REPRODUCTION SUITE

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V ISI T R AND L AB .CO M F O R MO R E IN F O

BIORELIN INJECTION ™

Deslorelin (as deslorelin acetate) 1.25 mg/mL

OVULATION ON DEMAND

10ML M U LT I - D O S E V I A L (10 DOSES)

Shake bottle before every use DOSAGE

I N D I C AT I O N S

Shake vial vigorously before administration.

For the induction and timing of ovulation in mares supporting a follicle greater than 30mm in diameter and signs of oestrous behaviour and/or uterine and cervical oestral changes (oedema) on ultrasound.

Do not store in plastic syringes.

For administration by intramuscular injection only. Discard unused portion within 28 days of broaching.

1.0 ml by intramuscular (IM) injection (1.25 mg deslorelin per dose).

Only 1 mL should be administered per mare during any one oestrus cycle.

APVMA No. 89636

Upwards of 94% of suitable mares would be expected to ovulate within 48 hours of Biorelin administration, with an additional percentage (< 6%) up to 54 hours. Few mares will ovulate in the first 24 hours and most will ovulate around 40 hours post-injection.

HORSE HACK

Inadequate re-suspension may affect efficacy.

Mares should be bred ~ 24 hours post Biorelin injection for chilled or fresh semen.

Mares should be bred ~ 40 hours post Biorelin injection for frozen semen.

During the transitional oestrus period, a higher dose of Biorelin (1.9mg = 1.5mL) may improve ovulation rate.

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OVU-MATE

®

ALTRENOGEST INJECTION Altrenogest 50 mg/mL

WEEKLY ALTRENOGEST INJECTION

30ML M U LT I - D O S E V I A L

DOSAGE

I N D I C AT I O N S

Suppression of oestrus: 3mL per 500kg bodyweight (0.3mg/kg) by intramuscular injection once every 5-7 days or as required to suppress signs of oestrus. The dose rate should be extrapolated according to bodyweight if treating lighter or heavier horses.

Altrenogest acts similarly to the natural hormone progesterone by suppressing the normal oestrous cycle and preventing signs of oestrus and ovulation. Mares return to heat and release natural hormones again once treatment stops. Treatment with altrenogest reliably allows the regulation of the oestrus cycle of breeding mares or the behaviour of competition/leisure mares., improving both efficacy and safety.

HORSE HACK

APVMA No. 83216 | ACVM No. A011475 (NZ) As with any long-acting depot injections, some minor reactions may occasionally occur at the injection site, especially in mares on weekly dosing.

Alternating injection sites from week to week will assist in minimising these reactions.

The gluteal muscles may also be used as an alternative to the neck.

A system such as injections on the left on even calendar days and on the right on odd calendar days will help to average out the number of injections at each site. This is a particularly useful system if a majority of injections are going to be administered by stud staff or different personnel.

Ovu-Mate injection may be used in fillies and mares to: • Delay the onset of oestrus • Suppress oestrous behaviour, improving safety in competition mares • Synchronisation of oestrus for the efficient use of stallions or assisted-breeding techniques.

• As an adjunct to the treatment of placentitis.

• Altrenogest injection has also been used for the maintenance of pregnancy in “at risk” mares.

WARNING: If used in performance animals, the regulations of the relevant authorities regarding medication should be observed. In some jurisdictions (eg Racing Australia, NZTR, FEI, EA) and under some circumstances this product may be regarded as a prohibited or banned substance due to the presence of low levels of the male anabolic steroids trenbolone and trendione in all formulations of altrenogest.

These levels are relatively higher with the injectable formulation, as the IM weekly dose rate is initially nearly 7-fold that of the daily oral dose.

Altrenogest is banned in male competition/racing horses at all times.

Contact Randlab’s Veterinary & Technical Director, Dr Michael Robinson on +61 451481050 or michael.robinson@randlab.com.au for further information.

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R EPR ODUCTI ON SU I TE

V ISI T R AND L AB .CO M F O R MO R E IN F O

OVU-MATE

®

ORAL ALTRENOGEST SOLUTION Altrenogest 2.2 mg/mL TAKE CONTROL. BREEDING & BEHAVIOUR.

2L BOT TLE

DOSAGE

I N D I C AT I O N S

Dosage for oral administration. Administer 1mL Ovu-Mate per 50 kg bodyweight (equivalent to 0.044 mg Altrenogest per kg) daily (12.5 mL per 625 kg mare). Ovu-Mate may be administered in the feed or orally over the back of the tongue by syringe. Protective gloves should be worn when handling this product.

For regulation and control of the breeding cycle of mares and the maintenance of pregnancy in habitually aborting mares or mares at risk of early abortion.

APVMA No. 65653 | ACVM No. A010159 (NZ)

• For the control of the ovarian cycle in breeding mares to allow the most efficient use of the stallion or assisted-breeding techniques.

HORSE HACK

1L BOT TLE

• For suppression of oestrous behaviour in fillies and mares engaged in competition and racing.

Mares may continue to cycle and ovulate whilst on altrenogest but will not exhibit oestrous behaviour. Mares will generally begin to show oestrous behaviour 3-5 days after cessation of treatment with Ovu-Mate and ovulate 10-12 days after cessation of treatment.

Ovu-Mate multi-dosing delivery device available for the 2L Ovu-Mate through Randlab or your preferred Wholesaler.

• To induce ovulatory oestrus early in the breeding season in mares where some follicular activity exists.

• For the suppression of oestrus either during prolonged oestrus or in normally cycling mares.

• For the maintenance of pregnancy in habitually aborting mares or mares at risk of early embryonic death or abortion.

• For behavioural modification in non-competition stallions and geldings.

WARNING: If used in performance animals, the regulations of the relevant authorities regarding medication should be observed. In some jurisdictions (eg Racing Australia, NZTR, FEI, EA) and under some circumstances this product may be regarded as a prohibited or banned substance due to the presence of low levels of the male anabolic steroids trenbolone and trendione in all formulations of altrenogest. Levels are lower in oral formulations of altrenogest compared to the long-acting injectable formulations.

Altrenogest is banned in male competition/racing horses at all times.

Contact Randlab's Veterinary & Technical Director, Dr Michael Robinson on +61 451481050 or michael.robinson@randlab.com.au for further information.

VISI T R ANDL AB .COM F OR M OR E I N F O

R EPR O D U CT IO N SU I TE

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by Prof Natalie Waran OBE BSc(Hons) PhD ft. NATALIE WARRAN

Oestrous behaviour and its impact on training and performance Mares in oestrus commonly display behavioural changes that present management challenges in ridden sport horses, including increased sensitivity, distractibility, squatting, tail raising and posturing. Research has demonstrated that for a subset of mares, these behaviours are sufficiently disruptive to affect competitive performance and handler safety. One study found that up to 20% of sport horse mares showed behavioural cycles disruptive enough to warrant veterinary consultation. Whilst hormonal management options including oral altrenogest can suppress oestrous behaviour during competition seasons, it’s important to rule out underlying pain as a contributing factor, as dysmenorrhoealike discomfort during oestrus may amplify behavioural responses in some individuals.

Further Reading Kaps M, et al. Altrenogest treatment reduces the stress response of three-year-old warmblood mares during their initial equestrian training. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2022 Jul;80:106728. doi: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2022.106728.

Abnormal stallion behaviour: A multifactorial assessment Intensive reproductive management practices, including restricted social contact, narrow housing and artificial collection regimens, can significantly compromise stallion welfare and contribute to abnormal repetitive behaviours (stereotypies).

Research has shown that stallions kept in social isolation showed significantly higher rates of weaving, box-walking and redirected sexual behaviour compared to those with social contact.

The neuroendocrine drivers of stallion behaviour, including the complex interplay of testosterone, dopamine, and oxytocin, are increasingly well characterised. Testosterone alone does not fully predict libido or aggressive behaviour; individual experience and management history play substantial roles.

For stallions with poor libido or who are overly difficult to handle, a multifactorial assessment including pain evaluation, social management review, and hormonal profiling is recommended before pharmacological intervention is considered.

Further Reading McDonnell SM. Advances in Diagnostics and Therapeutic Techniques in Breeding Behavior Disorders in Stallions. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2016 Dec;32(3):513-519.

Early handling and long-term outcomes for foal behaviour The neonatal period is a critical window for equine behavioural development. Early positive human contact during the first days of life has been shown to significantly improve subsequent tractability and reduce fear responses to novel stimuli in foals. A series of studies have demonstrated that foals subjected to brief daily handling programmes in the first weeks of life showed measurably lower cortisol responses, faster approach latencies and greater acceptance of veterinary procedures up to 18 months later. These findings have important implications for breeders, supporting investment in structured early handling as a welfare and safety measure. Mares with high levels of reactivity to human contact may limit foal socialisation opportunities, and management of the dam’s own fear responses therefore forms part of a comprehensive foal-rearing welfare programme.

Further Reading Henry, S. et al. (2005). Early exposure to human handling in foals. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 92(3), 195-206.

Lansade, L. et al. (2008). Neonatal handling and temperament in horses. Developmental Psychobiology, 50(5), 479-490.

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DEWORMER SUITE

RANDLAB

supports the responsible use of anthelmintics.

RANDLAB Supporting

the veterinary community.

Randlab's dewormers are supplied exclusively to veterinarians.

VISI T R ANDL AB .COM F OR M OR E I N F O

D E WO R MER SU I TE

61

PRADECTIN

™

WITH TAPE GEL WORMER LONG ACTING HORSE WORMER & BOTICIDE GEL Moxidectin 20 mg/mL, Praziquantel 125 mg/mL POTENT, LONG-ACTING DEWORMER EFFECTIVE AGAINST ENCYSTED LARVAE

11.8G SYRINGE (UP TO 575KG BW)

EQUIVALENT TO EQUEST PLUS TAPE®

RANDLAB Supporting

Whenever possible the decision to deworm should be based on the results of a Faecal Egg Count (FEC).

the veterinary community.

Randlab's dewormers are supplied exclusively to veterinarians.

RANDLAB

supports the responsible use of anthelmintics.

Think twice before using this product.

DOSAGE

I N D I C AT I O N S

Pradectin with Tape Gel Wormer is administered orally at a dose rate of 0.4 mg/kg moxidectin and 2.5 mg/kg praziquantel.

Pradectin with Tape Gel Wormer is effective for the treatment and control of small strongyles (adults and larvae including encysted stages), large strongyles, tapeworm, pinworms, ascarids, Habronema spp, stomach bots, hairworm, intestinal threadworm and cutaneous onchocerciasis.

Pradectin is supplied in a ready to use syringe, calibrated according to the body weight of the horse to be treated in 25 kg body weight increments. Use of this calibration will deliver the correct recommended dose.

One syringe is sufficient to treat a horse weighing 575 kg. For a heavy horse (weight exceeding 575 kg) it will be necessary to apply more than one syringe. For example, a 725 kg horse would require 1¼ syringes for treatment.

Pradectin with Tape Gel Wormer has a prolonged Egg Reappearance Period (ERP) of at least 14 weeks, which means that recontamination of the pasture by strongyle eggs is significantly reduced during this period.

Moxidectin is also an effective arachnicide against feeding ticks.

HORSE HACK

To avoid over- or underdosing, use the correct dose based on the horse’s measured/ estimated body weight.

If gel remains in the syringe once the full dose has been delivered, replace the barrel cap; store the remaining gel below 30°C (room temperature) for later use.

WARNING: To minimise emerging anthelminthic resistance to moxidectin, it is strongly recommended that moxidectin-containing wormers (such as Pradectin with Tape) not be used for routine deworming of horses.

Moxidectin should be reserved for cases where known or suspected resistance to other macrocyclic lactones (such as ivermectin, abamectin) has been established or where there is a strong likelihood of encysted and dormant larvae. Moxidectin’s use as a routine dewormer should be discouraged.

APVMA No. 89307 Check out the Australian Guidelines for Equine Internal Parasite Management. (2025). Although the guidelines are targeted for Australian veterinarians, most of the information is applicable globally. Free to download.

Pradectin with Tape Gel Wormer is the anthelminthic of choice for horses (especially young horses) where heavy strongyle burdens (especially encysted cyathostomin larvae) are suspected.

The mass simultaneous emergence from the large intestinal wall of encysted larvae (eg following worming with an anthelminthic that is not effective against encysted larvae) may result in a syndrome known as larval cyathostominosis.

This syndrome is characterised by an acute generalised typhlocolitis and a profound inflammatory reaction resulting in profuse, watery diarrhoea and illthrift which may occasionally progress to death.

EQUIVALENT TO EQUEST PLUS TAPE®

Equest Plus Tape is a registered trademark of Zoetis Australia Pty Ltd

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DE WOR M ER SU I TE

V ISI T R AND L AB .CO M F O R MO R E IN F O

OXFENDOATE

™

BROAD SPECTRUM WORM PASTE

Oxfendazole 7.0 g, Pyrantel embonate 9.1 g FOR ROTATION OUT OF THE MACROCYCLIC LACTONE (“-MECTIN”) GROUP.

35ML SYRINGE (UP TO 700KG BW)

EQUIVALENT TO STRATEGY-T®

RANDLAB Supporting

the veterinary community.

Randlab's dewormers are supplied exclusively to veterinarians.

Whenever possible the decision to deworm should be based on the results of a Faecal Egg Count (FEC).

RANDLAB

supports the responsible use of anthelmintics.

Think twice before using this product.

DOSAGE

I N D I C AT I O N S

Oxfendoate Oral Broad Spectrum Worm Paste for Horses is given at the recommended dose level of 1 mL per 20 kg bodyweight.

For the treatment and control of susceptible strains of all common worms of horses including tapeworms and adult stages of ivermectin, moxidectin and abamectin resistant strains of Parascaris equorum.

The dose of 1 mL per 20 kg bodyweight delivers 10 mg/kg of Oxfendazole and 13 mg/kg of Pyrantel Embonate.

The contents of this syringe will treat one horse at 700 kg bodyweight.

Each weight marking on the syringe plunger will deliver 5 mL of paste, which is sufficient to treat 100 kg bodyweight.

Depress the plunger to the chosen dose, depositing the dose on the base of the tongue.

APVMA No. 93028 Check out the Australian Guidelines for Equine Internal Parasite Management. (2025). Although the guidelines are targeted for Australian veterinarians, most of the information is applicable globally. Free to download.

At the recommended dose rate, Oxfendoate is effective against the following parasites: • Small Strongyles including benzimidalzole resistant (adults and immature): Cyathostomum spp., Cylicocyclus spp., Cylicostephanus spp., Cylicodontophorus spp., Gyalocephalus spp. etc • Large Strongyles: Strongylus vulgaris (adults and arterial larval stages), Strongylus edentatus (adults and tissue stages), Strongylus equinus (adults) and Tridontophorus spp. (adults).

• Ascarids: Parascaris equorum (adult and immature) • Habronema muscae (adult) • Onchocerca spp. (microfilariae) • Hairworms: Trichostrongylus axei (adult) • Intestinal Threadworms: Strongyloides westeri (adult) • Lungworms: Dictyocaulus arnfieldi (adult and immature) • Pinworms: Oxyuris equi (adult and immature) • Tapeworms: Anoplocephala perfoliata, Anoplocephala magna, Paranoplocephala mamillana (adult, immature, heads, segments).

EQUIVALENT TO STRATEGY-T®

Strategy-T is a registered trademark of Virbac (Australia) Pty Ltd.

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D E WO R MER SU I TE

63

PROMAX ALL WORMER ™

Abamectin 3.7 mg/g, Praziquantel 46.2 mg/g

32.4G SYRINGE (UP TO 600KG BW)

SIMILAR TO EQUIMAX®

RANDLAB Supporting

the veterinary community.

Randlab's dewormers are supplied exclusively to veterinarians.

Whenever possible the decision to deworm should be based on the results of a Faecal Egg Count (FEC).

RANDLAB

supports the responsible use of anthelmintics.

Think twice before using this product.

DOSAGE

I N D I C AT I O N S

Dose orally at the recommended rate of 0.2 mg/kg abamectin and 2.5 mg/kg praziquantel.

At the recommended dose rate, Promax All Wormer for Horses is effective in the treatment and control of the following parasites: tapeworms, roundworms (including arterial larval stages of Strongylus vulgaris and benzimidazole resistant small strongyles) and bots.

Each weight marking on the syringe plunger will deliver sufficient paste to treat 50 kg bodyweight.

ProMax All Wormer also effectively controls skin lesions caused by Habronema and Draschia spp. cutaneous larvae (summer sores), and Onchocerca spp. microfilariae (cutaneous onchocerciasis).

APVMA No. 87987 Check out the Australian Guidelines for Equine Internal Parasite Management. (2025). Although the guidelines are targeted for Australian veterinarians, most of the information is applicable globally. Free to download.

ProMax All Wormer is safe to use in foals, pregnant mares and breeding stallions

INTERESTING!

The contents of the syringe will treat a total of 600kg bodyweight.

SIMILAR TO EQUIMAX®

DOGS SMELL DISEASE

Medical detection dogs have been trained to identify cancer, hypoglycaemia, and even certain infectious diseases from volatile organic compounds.

Horses, similarly, are extremely sensitive to olfactory signals, including detecting pheromones and hormonal cues emitted by nervous or anxious handlers before a hand is laid on the animal. Pre-visit preparation, a calm demeanour, consideration of olfactory cues carried on clothing from previous visits and ensuring low-stress handling environments are all evidence-based approaches that make good sense for improving horse and veterinarian safety and welfare in clinical settings.

Equimax is a registered trademark of Virbac (Australia) Pty Ltd.

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DE WOR M ER SU I TE

V ISI T R AND L AB .CO M F O R MO R E IN F O

GOLDMECTIN LV ORAL PASTE ®

Ivermectin 18.7 mg/g, Praziquantel 140 mg/g

LOW VOLUME DEWORMER

7. 4 9 G S Y R I N G E (UP TO 700KG BW)

SIMILAR TO EQUIMAX® LV

RANDLAB Supporting

the veterinary community.

Randlab's dewormers are supplied exclusively to veterinarians.

Whenever possible the decision to deworm should be based on the results of a Faecal Egg Count (FEC).

RANDLAB

supports the responsible use of anthelmintics.

Think twice before using this product.

DOSAGE

I N D I C AT I O N S

Goldmectin LV is given orally at the recommended dose level of 1ml/100 kg bodyweight. The dose of 1ml/100 kg bodyweight delivers 0.2 mg/ kg of ivermectin and 1.5 mg/kg of praziquantel. The contents of this syringe will treat one horse at 700 kg bodyweight. Each weight marking on the syringe plunger will deliver 1.07 g of paste which is sufficient to treat 100 kg bodyweight.

Goldmectin LV Ivermectin Oral Paste is highly effective in the treatment and control of most types of equine helminths including tapeworms, gastrointestinal, cutaneous and pulmonary nematodes and bots in horses of any age.

Check out the Australian Guidelines for Equine Internal Parasite Management. (2025). Although the guidelines are targeted for Australian veterinarians, most of the information is applicable globally. Free to download.

Ivermectin may also be used as an arachnicide to remove feeding ticks.

INTERESTING!

APVMA No. 88042

Susceptible parasites include: tapeworms, roundworms (including arterial larval stages of Strongylus vulgaris and benzimidazole resistant small strongyles), bots, and skin lesions caused by Habronema and Draschia spp. (summer sores) and Onchocerca spp. microfilariae (cutaneous onchocerciasis).

SIMILAR TO EQUIMAX® LV

CUP HALF FULL OR HALF EMPTY?

Cognitive bias (or mood) testing, used widely in pigs, rats, chickens and dogs, reveals that some animals interpret ambiguous (unclear) situations optimistically and others pessimistically, reflecting underlying emotional state. Pessimistic animals, those that are chronically stressed or in poor welfare conditions, perform worse cognitively and recover more slowly from aversive events.

Similar work in horses suggests that a horse’s baseline emotional state is a real variable in how it will respond to clinical handling, sedation, and recovery from illness.

Equimax LV is a registered trademark of Virbac (Australia) Pty Ltd.

SUPPLEMENT SUITE

800G JAR

65

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SU PPLEM EN T SU I TE

V ISI T R AND L AB .CO M F O R MO R E IN F O

HGB HIND GUT BALANCER ™

Protected Sodium bicarbonate, Rosa canina (Rosehip), Beta vulgaris (Beetroot), Allium sativum (Garlic)

NEW 2KG POUCH Scoop holds 30g

New Product INGREDIENTS

I N D I C AT I O N S

HGB contains the following essential ingredients to enhance hind gut function and ecology.

Hindgut dysbiosis in horses can be associated with loss of performance and poor health outcomes.

Protected sodium bicarbonate – slow-release buffering agent encapsulated to ensure reaches the hindgut.

Stabilises gut pH and may be useful in cases of hindgut acidosis. There is limited absorption of sodium bicarb from the hindgut, so will not cause metabolic alkalosis or increase TCO2 in racing horses.

Subclinical hind gut acidosis has been identified as a cause of a number of subtle findings, including: • drop in levels of expected performance • inappetence • recurrent colic • diarrhoea or loose faeces • weight loss • flank sensitivity • Poor hoof and coat quality • behavioural changes • poor utilisation of food (feeding more but not achieving the expected weight gain) • stereotypical behaviours such as fence walking, cribbing, weaving etc • occasionally “endotoxic storms”, colitis and laminitis

Beta vulgaris (Beetroot) - rich in soluble and insoluble fiber, which promotes healthy digestion by supporting gut motility and maintaining a balanced digestive microbiome.

Rosa canina (Rosehip) - powerful antioxidants, vitamins (esp Vit C), and bioflavonoids supports overall gut health by reducing oxidative stress and gut inflammation.

Allum sativum (Garlic) - prebiotic and antioxidant.

Supports healthy bacteria in the digestive tract, improving digestion and intestinal health, and encouraging the growth of beneficial gut bacteria.

DOSAGE Scoop holds 30g Give a 500kg horse 75g (2.5 scoops) twice daily as a loading dose. When the horse’s faeces are sufficiently solid and the faecal pH is in the 6.5 to 7 range, reduce the dose to 30g once daily as a maintenance dose.

Ensure HGB is mixed well into the horse’s feed.

Non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) are usually fed to performance horses to fuel the increased exercise load. Fermentation of these NSC in the horse’s hindgut results in excessive production of lactate and volatile fatty acids and a drop in colonic/caecal pH. This will lead to changes in the hindgut microbiota and in some cases may result in death of populations of bacteria with consequent release of endotoxins giving rise to colitis, diarrhoea and laminitis.

HindGut Balancer (HGB) is a new approach to dealing with the equine performance athlete. To help reestablish or maintain a healthy gut flora, HGB contains a protected (encapsulated) form of sodium bicarbonate which is not released until it reaches the large intestine. HGB also contains nutrients which promote a healthy microbiome and have additional benefits.

The performance horse with faecal pH of 6.5 or less with a poorly formed stool will benefit from regular use of HGB. Horses post-injury or post-illness, or when antibiotics have been administered will also benefit.

WARNING: This product contains sodium bicarb and should not be used within one clear day of racing/trialling in jurisdictions that test for TCO2 or have alkalinising agent administration rules. Check with your local Authority.

VISI T R ANDL AB .COM F OR M OR E I N F O

SU PPLE MEN T SU I TE

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OPTIMISE X

™

Pinus densiflora, Actinidia chinensis, Aloe vera, Agave inulin, Papain

WHAT HAVE YOU GOT TO LOSE?

1L BOT TLE

Contains no prohibited substances

DOSAGE

I N D I C AT I O N S

The recommended daily dose is 50mL once daily mixed in the horse’s feed or over the back of the tongue.

As Optimise X is a nutritional supplement, we make no specific claims about its use.

However, Optimise X has been shown in humans to: • Optimise general health • Improve joint mobility and decrease joint pain • Aid recovery from strenuous exercise/training/competition • Regulate insulin • Cardiovascular protective • Reduce oxidative stress • Reduce muscle fatigue • Improve muscle contractility • Improve endurance • Be of value in the prevention and treatment of pathologies associated with oxidative stress, cancer and aging.

HORSE HACK

At times of acute stress (eg heavy competition, following an episode of EIPH/”bleeding”, long distance travel, “tie up”/rhabdomyolysis, etc), this dose may be increased two to fourfold.

We are interested to hear your feedback on this product. Please either email Dr Michael Robinson on mrobinson@randlab. com.au or ring on +61 (0)451 481 050.

OPTIMISE FOR BLEEDERS I use Optimise X to treat all my horses with EIPH (“bleeders”).

I think it helps reduce the prevalence and severity. Horses need to be on it long-term and a minimum of two weeks prior to competing.

In horses, Optimise-X may be beneficial in reducing oxidative stress and muscle fatigue caused by free radicals generated during exercise, promoting general health and allowing horses to perform at their optimum. Its cardiovascular affects may be of benefit in conditions of the respiratory system such as Exercise Induced Pulmonary Haemorrhage (EIPH / “bleeders”).

WARNING: This product is believed to contain no prohibited substances, but veterinarians should check with any governing authority before prescribing in competition horses. Its human equivalent is WADA and HASTA approved.

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V ISI T R AND L AB .CO M F O R MO R E IN F O

SUPPLEMENTS Randlab products to aid recovery post-competition and training.

KENTUCKY GOLD SALINE™ DRENCH I N D I C AT I O N S

Electrolytes, B vitamins and energy recovery drench for horses. Ideal pre- or post-race recovery drench or long-distance travel drench.

POWDER SACHET 300G Each 300g sachet provides Vitamin B complex, balanced electrolytes; sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, chloride, sulphates, volatile fatty acids (propionate, acetate), buffering agent (citrate) and an anti-oxidant (Vitamin E), all in a rapid and completely water soluble form.

SUPERVITES™ I N D I C AT I O N S

Great value electrolyte, B-group vitamins and antioxidant supplement with a high concentration of ingredients. Suitable for use as a feed supplement or as a recovery drench.

DOSAGE

One level scoop provides the daily dose for in feed supplementation of 30g. This should be given twice daily in times of heavy sweating.

Recovery drench administer 150-200g (5-7 scoops) diluted in 1-2L of (warm) water by nasogastric tube.

15KG PA I L

Each 30g dose provides; Sodium 3.60g, Potassium 0.40g, Calcium 2.50g, Magnesium 0.40g, Chloride 3.40g, Phosphate 3.80g, Sulphate 1.30g, Bicarbonate 10.6g, Thiamine (B1) 0.11g, Riboflavin (B2) 0.11g, Niacin (B3) 0.32g, Pyridoxine (B6) 6.00mg, Vitamin B12 0.43mg, Choline 0.16g, Folic acid 24.48mg, Inositol 0.27g, Vitamin E 0.22g

ELECTROLENE™ PASTE

BC5AA™ PASTE

60G SYRINGE

I N D I C AT I O N S

1 2 X 6 0 G PA C K SYRINGES

Oral Electrolyte paste with B-Group Vitamins, Vitamin E and Folic Acid. To aid recovery in hard working or dehydrated horses.

Each g contains: Sodium 63.0mg, Chloride 208.8mg, Potassium 81.3mg, Magnesium 2.96mg, Calcium 21.2mg, Zinc 1.34mg, DL-tocopheryl acetate (Vitamin E) 18.22mg, Folic acid 0.35mg, Thiamine mononitrate (Vitamin B1) 1.70mg, Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) 1.44mg, Nicotinamide (Vitamin B3) 5.55mg, Calcium pantothenate (Vitamin B5) 3.00mg, Pyridoxine hydrochloride (Vitamin B6) 0.17mg, Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) 0.68mg

I N D I C AT I O N S

60G A D J U S TA B L E DOSE SYRINGE

Highest concentration of branched chain amino acids for optimum muscle recovery and treatment and prevention of "tie up”.

Each 60mL syringe contains: L-Leucine 22.00g, L-Isoleucine 5.50g, L-Valine 5.50g, L-Glutamine 0.68g, L-Carnitine 0.43g, Aniseed oil 25g/L

VISI T R ANDL AB .COM F OR M OR E I N F O

G O LD SU I TE

RANDLAB GOLD SUITE Not all products available in all countries.

GOLDGUARD® ORAL PASTE

GOLDCORT™ INJECTION

I N D I C AT I O N S Omeprazole paste for treatment and prevention of gastric ulcers.

Convenient single dose syringe.

25% better absorption than competitors in 4 x University trials means better bioavailability.

12 X 3ML SINGLE DOSE VIALS I N D I C AT I O N S

Omeprazole 370 mg/g, pH-Buffered Paste

Injectable corticosteroid (flumethasone) for intramuscular or intraarticular use.

For the treatment of acute musculoskeletal conditions in horses, dogs and cats.

10 X 6ML SINGLE DOSE SYRINGE

APVMA No. 88618

Flumethasone 0.5 mg/mL

HOOF GOLD

Available in Australia via Wholesalers. This product is available in NZ through Randlab.

GOLD MICA 100ML M U LT I D O S E VIAL

I N D I C AT I O N S Lipotrope injection for horses and camels with liver disease.

Amino acid blend to help restore liver function.

I N D I C AT I O N S

Premium product for maintenance of healthy hooves, hair and skin.

1.5KG OR 6KG T UB

APVMA No. 88292

L-Methionine 40mg/mL, Inositol 50mg/mL, Carnitine 50mg/mL, Arginine 50mg/mL

GOLDBUTE™ORAL PASTE I N D I C AT I O N S

30ML M U LT I D O S E SYRINGE

Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic oral paste for pain relief from musculoskeletal conditions.

Aids in the treatment of musculo-skeletal conditions.

Phenylbutazone 200 mg/mL

APVMA No. 83561

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V ISI T R AND L AB .CO M F O R MO R E IN F O

RANDLAB

GLOBAL PRODUCT RANGE Not all products available in all countries.

ULCER SUITE page 6 New 50 pack

JOINT SUITE page 11

RESPIRATORY SUITE page 19

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY SUITE page 23

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R AN D L AB

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RANDLAB

PRODUCT RANGE Not all products available in all countries.

MISCELLANEOUS SUITE

ANTIMICROBIAL SUITE page 39

page 45

NEW

NEW

SEDATIVES & ANAESTHESIA SUITE page 39 NEW

REPRO SUITE page 48

DEWORMER SUITE page 52

ORAL SUPPLEMENT SUITE page 59 INJECTABLE

NEW

(Not available in Aus)

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R ANDL AB

V ISI T R AND L AB .CO M F O R MO R E IN F O

RANDLAB'S REPS ABOVE AND BE YOND

Randlab HQ

Phone: (+61-2) 9728 3505 Email: info@randlab.com 71 Milperra Rd, Revesby, NSW 2212

Qatar

Saudi Arabia

Bahrain Kuwait

Dr Ali Rana - UAE

Phone: +971 56 440 1103 Email: ali.rafique@randlab.com UAE

Oman

Dr Mohammed Elnashar - GCC Phone: +971 56 988 1882 Email: mohamad.elnashar@randlab.com

Andrew Grant - QLD/NT

Phone: 0426 407 117 Email: andrew.grant@randlab.com.au

Orla Lyons - Northern NSW Phone: 0487 232 056 Email: orla.lyons@randlab.com.au

Natalie Hannaford - NSW/ACT

Phone: 0439 614 279 Email: natalie.hannaford@randlab.com.au

Rebecca Puvanendran - WA

Phone: 0420 349 301 Email: rebecca.puvanendran@randlab.com.au

Alex Macpherson - VIC/TAS/SA Phone: 0421 829 101 Email: alex.macpherson@randlab.com.au

Dr Michael Robinson

Global Technical Director/Veterinarian Phone: + 61 (0) 451 481 050 Email: michael.robinson@randlab.com.au

John Dalton - NZ

Phone: (+64)27 514 9641 Email: john.dalton@randlab.co.nz

Dr Tim Montgomery - NZ

Global Innovation Director/NZ Country Manager Phone: (+64)9 275 5657 Email: drtim.montgomery@randlab.co.nz

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OUR GLOBAL NETWORK

R AN D L AB

73

Randlab has a global distribution network of partners committed to serving veterinarians and their clients wherever in the world they may be

Randlab Direct Offices Randlab Australia/HQ Phone: (+61-2) 9728 3505 Email: info@randlab.com 71 Milperra Rd, Revesby, NSW 2212, Australia

Randlab New Zealand Phone: +64 27 6263802 Email: drtim. montgomery@randlab. co.nz 3/180 Montgomerie Road, Mangere, Auckland, New Zealand

Randlab Middle East / Gulf

Phone: (+971) 426 666 48 Email: mohamad.elnashar@randlab.com Warehouse 5, Al Qusais Industrial Estate, Area 3, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Global Distributors ASIA

AFRICA

MIDDLE EAST

China 兰德实验室中国

Mauritius

Bahrain

Mobile: (+86) 1801 975 3936 Email: sophia@randlab.com.cn 中国经销商 Beijing Yi Long Xiang Technology Ltd 逸龙翔（北京）科技有限公司 Phone: (+86) 10 6949 2331 Email: 13911609124@126.com

Hong Kong Kruuse Hong Kong Limited Phone: +852 3116 3326 Email: kinson.lok@covetrus.com Miracle Pharma Ltd Phone: +852 2396 9919 Email: sales@miraclepharmahk.com 🌐: www.miraclepharmahk.com

Japan

Vetopharma Ltd Phone: +230 4241112 Email: info@vetopharma.mu

Kuwait

EUROPE/UK Netherlands

Equiprovet BV Phone: +31 (0)74 259 1547 Email: info@equiprovet.com 🌐: www.equiprovet.com

UK

Merlin Vet UK Phone: (+44) 1896 849 641 Email: info@merlinvet.co.uk 🌐: www.merlinvetuk.co.uk

EBM Trading Japan Phone: +81 (0) 80 4364 4002 Email: h.echigo@ebmtrading.com 🌐: www.ebmtrading.com

Nupsala Veterinary Services Phone: (+44) 1865 922 227 Email: info@nupsala.com 🌐: www.nupsala.com

Mongolia Horse

Raman Pharma Phone: (+44) 1252 260 460 Email: sales@ramanpharma.com 🌐: www.ramanpharma.com

Power LLC Phone: (+976) 998 812 05 or (+976) 981 112 05 Email: Horsepowersyd@gmail.com

The Arabian Horse F.E.& V.S Phone: +973 1759 4549 Email: horse@batelco.com.bh International Company for Agriculture Trades &IHCC (Horse Clinic) Phone: +968 2470 5505 Email: pharmacy@ihcckuwait.com 🌐: www.ihcckuwait.com

Oman

Amvet Phone: +968 2470 5505 Email: info@amvetpharm.com 🌐: www.amvet.om

Qatar

Al-Dousari Veterinary Services & Agriculture Co. Phone: +974 4481 2281 Email: aldousarivet@yahoo.com 🌐: www.aldousarivet.com

UAE Dupharm Vet LLC Phone: +971 562525973 Email: moheb.samir@dupharm.com 🌐: www.dupharm.com

Singapore Mano Equestrian Services pte ltd Phone: (+65) 6363 4236 Email: cmano@manoequestrian.com.sg 🌐: www.manoequestrianservices.com

Thailand Double T Plus Co Ltd Phone: +66 27361133

Michele Peiris-Export Business Manager

Phone: +61 417 041 811 Email: michele.peiris@randlab.com.au Please contact Michele Peiris for all other countries not listed above

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We hope you like this catalogue and find it a useful resource to refer to throughout the year .

But if you decide to discard it , please recycle it .

🤔

♻

© Copyright Randlab 2025 Content & Editor: Dr Michael Robinson (michael.robinson@randlab.com.au)

Graphic design: Jasiah Edwards (jasiah.edwards@onewednesdaycreative.com)

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Equine vet safety first

To encourage additional safety awareness within the equine veterinary community, Randlab Reps will be wearing head protection, face guards We encourage all equine vets to do the same when working with horses.

Photo courtesy of Hume Equine Veterinary Clinic, Albury, NSW.