Abu Dhabi Mosque Development Regulations Interim Design Guidelines & Standards Mosque. It defines some development Guidelines and Standards for all Mosques in the Emirate at both local and urban levels. The AD Mosque Models are coded as follows:
2.0 INTERIM GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS FOR MOSQUES 2.1 ABU DHABI MOSQUE [ADM] MODELS: DEFINITION & DISTRIBUTION 2.1.1 ALLOCATIONAL CRITERIA
1. 2. 3. 4.
Table [2.1] is a matrix that suggests 4 Models for the AD
ABU
RES [Residential] MIX [Mixed Use] B.I.C. [Business, Industrial & Commercial] AGR [Agricultural]
DHABI
MOSQUE
BUSINESS, *INDUSTRIAL & COMMERCIAL
Orthogonal/ Radial GRID or DENSE DEVELOPMENT
SPARSE LATTICE or POLYCENTRIC TREESTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
PARKING Minimum REQUIRMENT for OFF-STREET PARKING SPACES as PERCENTAGE of MOSQUE CAPACITY [*Adjacent Public Parking Facilities qualify to cover partial parking requirements]
A
*refer to Figure 2.1.3A
*refer to Figure 2.1.3B
Low Pop.[<70]
< 500
500-800 m2
350-500 m
350-700 m
15%
Medium Pop. [70-200]
500-2,500
800-3,500 m2
250-500 m
≤500 m
10%
High Pop. [>200]
>2,500
3,500-6,000 m2
250-350 m
≤500 m
10%
Low Pop.[<70]
1,500-4,000
2,000-5,000 m2
700-1,000 m
≤1,200 m
20%
[Super Block Scale] *refer to Figures 2.1.1B & 2.1.2B
Medium Pop. [70-200]
4,100-20,000
5,000-25,000 m2
500-700 m
≤1,000 m
15%
High Pop. [>200]
>20,000
>25,000 m2
500-700 m
≤700 m
15%
LOCAL
Low Height ≤30m
≤1,000
700-1,500 m2
350-500 m
700 m
15%
[Local Cluster or Block Scale ] *refer to Figures 2.1.1A & 2.1.2A NEIGHBORHOOD [38 Communities]
UNDERGROUND PARKING REQUIRED [R]
*Each worshipper is *worshippers no. allocated a GFA area =25% of general of [1.5-1.7] Sq.M. population assuming 100% Muslim community
1. RES & AGR: GENERAL POPULATION DENSITY [Person/Gross Hectare];
RADIUS OF CATCHMENT AREA [Meters] as a function of DEVELOPMENT'S FABRIC STRUCTURE
ALLOWED [A]
MOSQUE MODEL CODE
MIX
MIXED USE
B.I.C
RES
GROSS FLOOR AREA G.F.A. [Sq. Meter]
*Industrial: G.F.A. will be expanded later
LOCAL COMMUNITY
AGR
MOSQUE CAPACITY [Worshippers]
2. MIX & BIC: HEIGHT [M]
RESIDENTIAL
MATRIX
R E Q U I R E M E N T S DENSITY
ADMINISTRATIVE LEVEL
The Models are defined by specific existing urban conditions and their potential corresponding development and planning requirements. In essence, they reflect the
MODELS
URBAN CONDITIONS
LANDUSE TYPE
Four factors are the generators of the new ADM Models: 1. Landuse; 2. Urban Scale; 3. Population and Physical Density and 4. Urban Fabric Pattern and Morphology.
R R A R R A
[Block Scale]
High Height >30m
>1,000
2,000-5,000 m2
250-350 m
250-350 m
10%
R
URBAN
Low Height ≤30m
≤3,000
5,000 m2
700-1,200 m
700-1,200 m
20%
R
[Super Block Scale]
High Height >30m
>3,000
7,000 m2
500-700 m
500-700 m
LOCAL
Low Height ≤30m
≤500
500 m2
≤350-700 m
10%
[Block Scale]
High Height >30m
>500
1,000 m2
200-350 m
10%
LOCAL
Low Pop.[≤40]
≤500
500 m2
≤2,000 m
20%
A
[Block Scale]
High Pop. [>41]
>500
2,000 m2
350-700 m
15%
A
15%
R A R
AGRICULTURAL
9 Table [2.1] AD MOSQUE MODELS MATRIX: URBAN CONDITIONS AND CAPACITY, G.F.A., RADIUS OF CATCHMENT AREA AND PARKING REQUIREMENTS ;::1/@5B5@E ?73EGD7 A8 :AI I7>> EFD77FE 3D7 >;@=76 I;F: 735: AF:7D
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Abu Dhabi Mosque Development Regulations Interim Design Guidelines & Standards variation throughout the AD Emirate in: a. Worshippers’ profile and need based on his/her location [being at home, office or farm for instance], expected frequency of use [weekday vs. whole week, daily prayer vs. Fridays ] and mode of transportation [commuting by foot or vehicle]; b. Congregational size and c. Physical conditions and development scale.
Local Street Network Main Arterial Street Local Community Boundary: The Local Block 1
2
3
Zone of High Accessibility and Connectivity Public Communal Facilities
The matrix of models is split into two parts: Urban Conditions and their corresponding Requirements. The Urban conditions include 1. Landuse Type, 2. Administrative Level and 3. Density. The Requirements part describes the development and planning guidelines for: 1. Estimating Mosque Capacity of worshippers, 2. Defining Gross Floor Area [building area], 3. Radius of Catchment Area [service area included that defines broadly the range of walking or driving distance from base to the closest accessible mosque both at the local scale and the urban large scale] and finally 4. Parking Requirements.
Public Neighborhood Facilties Local Community Mosque
R
Neighborhood Mosque Local Catchment Area of Radius R 6
5
4
FIGURE 2.1.1A PROCESS OF DISTRIBUTING A LOCAL MOSQUE TO A LOCAL COMMUNITY BASED ON GLOBAL CENTRALITY & ACCESSIBILITY MEASURES AS WELL AS PROXIMITY TO PUBLIC COMMUNITY FACILITIES
Neighborhood Catchment Area of Radius R
R
Landuse is categorized into 4 types based on similarity of use: 1. Residential; 2. Mixed Use; 3. Business, Industrial & Commercial and 4. Agricultural. They vary in their user’s profile, convenience and need, expected frequency of use and commuting mode.
1
2
3
4
5
FIGURE 2.1.1B PROCESS OF DISTRIBUTING A MOSQUE TO A NEIGHBORHOOD COMPRISING OF 4 LOCAL COMMUNITIES STRATEGICALLY AT THE CENTRAL COMMON FACILITIES OF THE NEIGHBORHOOD OR ON THE MAIN ARTERIAL SURROUNDING STREET
Administrative level defines the Scale of the development unit and the corresponding size of congregation. Residential and Mixed use users tend to have higher needs based on frequency of use: probably 5 prayers/day in addition to Friday’s mass congregation.
Local Community Mosque Neighborhood Mosque
Hence, two scales of Mosques should be provided for Residential and Mixed Use areas: 1. One at the Local Community/ Block scale with close proximity [“convenient� walking distance as per Estidama measures] and low congregational scale [FIGURE 2.1.2A] and 2. at the Neighborhood/Urban or super block scale [FIGURE 2.1.2B] . Both scales of mosques work as daily as well as Friday mosques for locals; yet the larger one is expected to provide a service for a larger catchment area: one ;::1/@5B5@E about 50% of the neighborhood overall accommodating
Local Community Catchment Area Neighborhood Catchment Area Public Community Facilties Public Neighborhood Facilities Public Park
9
FIGURE 2.1.2A AN EMIRATI RESIDENTIAL COMMUNITY WITH VARIOUS POPULATION DENSITIES
FIGURE 2.1.2B AN EMIRATI RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBORHOOD WITH VARIOUS POPULATION DENSITIES
?73EGD7 A8 :AI I7>> EFD77FE 3D7 >;@=76 I;F: 735: AF:7D
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Abu Dhabi Mosque Development Regulations Interim Design Guidelines & Standards the built environment, complexity of street network and its accessibility and connectivity level, etc. All aforementioned factors represent the specificity of Abu Dhabi: its Land and People. Hence the proposed “R�s, though complex, yet comes from within. As these factors interact in reality generating multiple conditions, the “T� as time parameter differs accordingly and is not suppose to be a priori [set as 5 minutes]. Hence the proposed “R� [radius of catchment area], which in turn is a function of “T�, is a variable as well with reasonable adaptive ranges. Based on the matrix, the range of “R� is between [250m700m] for all models at the local level excluding AGR
demand as well as accommodating outsiders and passingby worshippers. Hence, the neighborhood Mosque should be located at a strategic location, i.e., highly accessible, legible and close to the public transit system. Note that a neighborhood is considered a cluster of [3-8] local communities [FIGURE 2.1.1B]. The max. 8 figure is set as per the description of the modern “Fareej� mimicking the indigenous and traditional Emirati neighborhood settlement described in AD 2030 Framework. A district scale mosque is not included in the matrix as it’s assumed that an Eid open arena satisfies such urban scale. The other two landuses : B.I.C. & AGR are similar in terms of administrative scale needs as they don’t require large scale congregations; one is due to the limited time frame of presence [at B.I.C. it is limited to working hours, lunch breaks and generally no Friday prayers ] and the other is due to the overall sparsity of physical population in farmland. Generally, local or block scale Mosque should be sufficient to BIC and AGR models unless an emergent need on ground necessitates otherwise. Walking is the Prime Mode of Transportation that is considered in devising guidelines for: 1. Setting acceptable commuting distances, in addition to 2. Distribution and allocation criteria of mosques and their corresponding service area coverage at the Local level; they apply for all the four Models in the AD Mosque matrix. It is a green measure not only for the environment but above all for the health and well-being of the individual as well as the society. However, a slight revision to the standard “5 minutes walking distance� as set by Estidama and AD 2030 Framework, is hereby proposed. The concept of “Convenient Walking Distance� is rather adopted. Convenience and comfort walking distance differ based on multiple factors as: location, occupation, user’s profile [age, gender, health, etc.], allowance of time [as limited lunch breaks], day/ night time, frequency of praying, walkability of pathways, nature of surroundings, ;::1/@5B5@E safety & co-presence level, intelligibility of environment
model. In fact, the 5 minutes walking distance is commonly understood as the equivalent to a circle of radius 350m which represents the pedestrian walking distance. It was found that this Radial distance is theoretical and can rarely be achieved in reality within AD urban and rural areas due to the structure of the network pattern that is predominantly either grid or of a tree-structure but not concentric or radial [CBD is an exception and the radial structure applies to the overall configuration; within a local block it is a typical lattice or grid ]. A Radius of
1
2
3
Figure [2.1.3A] Examples on Urban Morphology and Fabric Structure of AD: 1. Orthogonal Grid, 2. Patches of Grid, 3. Dense Structure
Local Community Mosque Neighborhood Mosque Local Community Catchment Area
1
2
1 9
Figure [2.1.3B] Examples on Urban Morphology and Fabric Structure of AD: 1. Sparse Finger-shaped Suburban Development 2. PolyCentric Tree structure arranged in Corridors in Rural Areas.
?73EGD7 A8 :AI I7>> EFD77FE 3D7 >;@=76 I;F: 735: AF:7D
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Abu Dhabi Mosque Development Regulations Interim Design Guidelines & Standards 350 meters circular catchment area is in reality for a worshipper walking to the mosque from the middle or the periphery ring, is equivalent to actual walking distance of 550-850 meters [i.e. it is about 1.5-2.5 times the radial distance], due to the meandering pathways the worshipper has to follow to get to his destination. Note that the recommended 250m in dense urban settings is the approximate maximum equivalent distance for the ideal 5 minutes walking distance for any worshipper living on the periphery of the catchment service area. Density is the last important urban condition that describes the Population and Physical Urban Qualities. RES model Density is measured by population; whereas the other three models are measured in terms of density of physical structures and it is expressed as a function of height or allowed number of storeys and/ or GFA [which applies to Industrial zones]. Due to the importance of density as an urban condition and its wide range of measures, population density at the residential zones is critically classified into three levels with corresponding range for each: Low, Medium, and High density; as per the AD 2030 framework residential density criteria. For the rest of the 3 landuses the scale of physical density is gauged and set to two levels: Low and High. In fact the original middle range densities as per the AD 2030 framework were compressed with the high ones. In other words an area with allowed minimum height of equal or above 10 storeys is considered in this definition a high level physical population density; anything below 10 storeys is considered low. [*GFA study will be provided later] When developing an area or simply designing a mosque, certain planning requirements have to be met. The requirements are generally classified under 4 categories: 1. Mosque Capacity of Worshippers [Based on two assumptions: a. Number of worshippers is 25% of general Muslim population, b. The community is 100% Muslim]; different census requires percentage ;::1/@5B5@E adjustments; ?73EGD7 A8 :AI I7>> EFD77FE 3D7 >;@=76 I;F: 735: AF:7D
r
R
1
3
1
t
T
2 4 Figure [2.1.4] Transformation From Circular Buffer Zone Representation to Actual Irregular Shape of a Catchment Area Based on Equivalent Time and Street Network Configuration [its Accessibility and Walkability]; in addition to Comparison between two different “R�s applied to the same Area and Network: 1. Circular Buffer, Small R, 2. Actual Catchment Area, Limited Equiv. Time, 3. Circular Buffer, Large R, 2. Actual Catchment Area, Long Equiv. Time Local Street Network Main Arterial Street Local Community Mosque
Local Catchment Area of Radius R Local Catchment Area of Radius r
Local Catchment Area
2. Gross Floor Area assuming each worshipper is designated a GFA of [1.5-1.7] sq.m.; 3. Radius of Catchment Area or the inscribed coverage of service area are function of the development 9 fabric structure which is classified into two types: a. Orthogonal/Radial Grid structure and/or Dense
Figure [2.1.5] CATCHMENT AREA REPRESENTATION OF A N NEIGHBOR NEIGHBOREIGHBOR HOOD WITH VARIOUS SCALES OF RADIUS AND TIME: 1. CIRCULAR BUFFERS WITH VARIOUS SCALES OF “R�, 2. ACTUAL CATCHMENT AREA AND WALKING DISTANCES WITH VARIOUS “t� [Limited Time Frame] AND “T� [longer Time Frame]
2
settlements which are usually predominant at urban developed centers [FIGURE 2.1.3A], b. Sparse Lattice or Polycentric Tree structure which are more common at fringes: the suburbs and villages [FIGURE 2.1.3B]. As explained earlier the notion of convenient walking distance or even driving distance are the generators
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Abu Dhabi Mosque Development Regulations Interim Design Guidelines & Standards and the basic formulas for setting the allowable range of “Râ€? as radius of catchment area. The radius of the circle does not, by any mean, specify the location of the mosque as being at the exact center of the circular buffer [FIGURE 2.1.1A]. In fact, “Râ€? is an approximate device of geometry that: • Defines the Equivalent Walking Distance Time [FIGURE 2.1.4]. When planning a new development area, the applicant should cross-check the existing urban conditions on the ground and as per public planning documents; accordingly determine the equivalent required range of catchment area radius. “Râ€? for each Mosque Model and its subcategories is a radial metric distance. It is then converted into “Tâ€? Time coefficient based on human speed; however, it should be further refined taking closely into account other physical variables mentioned earlier, as walkability of the environment for instance, so as to rationalize the best-fit “Râ€? from the available range. “Tâ€? is used thereafter to generate the Actual Walking Distance Irregular- Spline boundary using the GIS datasets and mapping tools. The generated irregular shape is a realistic representation of the traversed distances from all the included bases/ generators [as houses, offices, shops, etc.] to the target hub and destination [mosque] based on the Actual Network Configuration Pattern, Walkability weighted measure and Time frame [FIGURE 2.1.5]. Hence, catchment area coverage is revised based on actual GIS mapping technologies. Note that the location of the mosque within the irregular shape is determined by other local factors as accessibility and connectivity and positive adjacency that are fully explained in the forthcoming section [2.1.2]; • Defines the inscribed boundaries of the service coverage area [FIGURE 2.1.5]; hence informing the Demand- Supply & Gap analysis used in the MDSS tool for assessment of existing conditions and/ or planning new settlements and allocating their public facilities such as mosques; ;::1/@5B5@E ?73EGD7 A8 :AI I7>> EFD77FE 3D7 >;@=76 I;F: 735: AF:7D
4. Parking Requirements are tabulated into two categories: a. Minimum requirements for Off- Street Parking Spaces and it is expressed as a percentage of Mosque capacity, b. Underground Parking Status being allowed or required. The baseline percentage for Off-Street parking is 10% [as per D.o.T.], yet it is adjusted for higher capacities with an increment of 5%. However, the logic of variation in parking percentages is based on 3 urban factors: a. Variation in radius of catchment area [i.e. convenience of walking to the closest Mosque]; b. Scale: Urban vs. Local and c. Landuse types as they defer in users profile and behavior.
*2.1.3 COMPLEX DISTRIBUTION: ALLOCATIONAL AND LOCATIONAL CRITERIA COMBINED: EXAMPLES AND APPLICATIONS * 2.1.2 & 2.1.3 Sections are still in progress and will be developed and presented later in the forthcoming submission.
Generally, the development requirements were set so as to meet some upper level goals which include: • To satisfy the users worshipping needs and convenience; • To minimize commuting distances and dependency on vehicles; • To encourage congregational worshipping and frequency of use of Mosques, thus, attendance; • To support the social sense of community and neighborhood and strengthening internal society relationship and affinity by supporting the frequency of social and serendipitous encounters and finally • To promote multi-use functions, in addition to praying as socializing, entertainment and maybe running errands as shopping for instance, by recommending positive proximity to other public communal facilities.
*2.1.2 LOCATIONAL CRITERIA • • • • •
Local and Global Centrality Measure Accessibility Measure Connectivity and Interconnectivity Intelligibility Measure Positive Adjacency and Relationship to other Public Facilities [FIGURE 2.1.1A, FIGURE 2.1.1B]
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15
Abu Dhabi Mosque Guidelines and Standards
LOCAL COMMUNITY MOSQUE NEIGHBORHOOD MOSQUE
AD ISLAND: MIXED USE- RETAIL + MEDIUM DENSITY+ GRID IRON
AD ISLAND: MIXED USE- RETAIL+ MEDIUM DENSITY+ GRID IRON
AL REEM ISLAND: RESIDENTIAL + MEDIUM- HIGH DENSITY+ ORGANIC STRUCTURE
Abu Dhabi Mosque Guidelines and Standards
LOCAL COMMUNITY MOSQUE NEIGHBORHOOD MOSQUE
AD ISLAND: RESIDENTIAL + LOW DENSITY+ GRID IRON
AD ISLAND: RESIDENTIAL + MEDIUM DENSITY+ GRID IRON
AD ISLAND: PALACE + LOW DENSITY+ GRID IRON
MUSAFFAH INDUSTRIAL AREA: LIGHT INDUSTRIAL + LOW DENSITY+ GRID IRON
MBZ CITY: RESIDENTIAL + LOW DENSITY+ DEFORMED GRID
Abu Dhabi Mosque Guidelines and Standards
LOCAL COMMUNITY MOSQUE NEIGHBORHOOD MOSQUE
KHALIFA-A CITY: RESIDENTIAL + LOW DENSITY+ GRID IRON
Abu Dhabi Mosque Guidelines and Standards
LOCAL COMMUNITY MOSQUE NEIGHBORHOOD MOSQUE
AL SHAHAMA & AL RAHBA FARMS: RESIDENTIAL + LOW- MEDIUM DENSITY+ DEFORMED
EAST AL SHAMKHA MASTER PLAN??: RESIDENTIAL + MEDIUM DENSITY+ ORGANIC STRUCTURE
AL BAHIA: RESIDENTIAL + LOW DENSITY+ DEFORMED GRID
Abu Dhabi Mosque Guidelines and Standards
LOCAL COMMUNITY MOSQUE NEIGHBORHOOD MOSQUE
LIWA: RESIDENTIAL + LOW- MEDIUM DENSITY+ ORGANIC
LIWA: RESIDENTIAL + LOW- MEDIUM DENSITY+ ORGANIC
DELMA ISLAND: RESIDENTIAL / MIXED USE + LOW - MEDIUM DENSITY+ DEFORMED GRID
Abu Dhabi Mosque Guidelines and Standards
LOCAL COMMUNITY MOSQUE NEIGHBORHOOD MOSQUE
AL AIN: MISCELLANEOUS + MEDIUM-HIGH DENSITY+ GRID
AL AIN: RESIDENTIAL + LOW- MEDIUM DENSITY+ ORGANIC
AL KHAZNAH & REMAH FARMS: RESIDENTIAL / MIXED USE + LOW - MEDIUM DENSITY+ DEFORMED GRID