The astonishing similarities between CNTFET-based NW transducers and NW FET-based biomaterials

Table I. The similar fragments in two articles: “Macroporous nanowire nanoelectronic scafolds for synthetic tissues” (Object) and “A CNTFET-based nanowired induction two-way transducers” with its references (Original). Оbject N, page 1, 1

fragment

Original

title- Macroporous nanowire nanoelectronic scafolds title- A CNTFET-based nanowired for synthetic tissues nanoelectronic "integrating induction two-way transducers nanoelectronics throughout biomaterials and synthetic tissues in three dimensions using macroporous nanoelectronic scaffolds. We use silicon nanowire field-effect transistor (FET)- based nanoelectronic biomaterials, given their capability for recording both extracellular and intracellular signals"

Reference [main], p. 1

“Application of the fexible pickup coils in connection [29], p. 1 with OFETs for distribution e-textile sensors in an array” The implantable and non-invasive variants of the device are defned by the type of contacting pickup coils (PCs) [14], p. 4-5 and/or SuFET channel(s) with nerve impulses and/or [15], p. 2 synaptic currents (see Table).

where: macroporous scafolds- array; synthetic tissues nanoelectronic- nanoelectronic biomaterials- nanowire feld-efect transistor (FET)- base d

2, 1

3, 2

Key points that must be addressed to achieve [3D integration of electronics with biomaterials and synthetic tissues] include: the electronic structures must be macroporous, not planar, to enable 3D interpenetration with biomaterials; the electronic network should have nanometre to micrometre scale features comparable to biomaterial scaffolds; and the electronic network must have 3D interconnectivity and mechanical properties similar to biomaterials.

A further step should be the synthesis of the said two [main], p. 2 methods in order to develop the internal (implantable) nano-bio-interface arrays. This means wrapping of molecular nanowired PCs around the axons of a nerve fbre or synapses of neurons in order to obtain the natural biosignals from the nervous system and brain.

This leads to sensing access across a vast range of spatial and temporal scales, including the ability to read neural signals from a select subset of single neural cells in vivo.

The described SuFETTrs designed on the basis of [main], p. 6, 7 organic and nano-SuFETs are suitable for describing the wide range of the biosignals' dynamical parameters (see Table 1).

The nanoES were designed to mimic ECM structures, and specifically, to be 3D, to have nanometre to micrometre features.

Figure 7 In Table 3, the geometrical dimensions from a point to volume ranges are transformed to the mathematical terms.

4, 1

Here we introduce a conceptually new approach that meets this challenge by integrating nanoelectronics throughout biomaterials and synthetic tissues in three dimensions using macroporous nanoelectronic scaffolds.

An organic feld effect transistor (OFET) characterized [29], p. 1 by textile process fully compatible size and geometry.

As a result, this yarn is very fexible and can be employed, twisted to a cotton fber, in textile processes.

The designed sensors are arranged in a space and time arrays for investigation of the biostructures of the different level of precision. The geometrical dimensions from a point to volume ranges are transformed to the mathematical terms. This correspondence is established by composing the head sensors into the various gradiometry schemes, from a simple planar to the 2d vector enclosing [3].

5, 1

We use silicon nanowire field-effect transistor (FET)-based nanoelectronic biomaterials, given their capability for recording both extracellular and intracellular signals with subcellular resolution.

the advances in nanotechnology are opening the way to [main], p. 6 achieving direct electrical contact of nanoelectronic structures with electrically and electrochemically active neurocellular structures. The transmission of the sensors’ signals to a processing unit has been maintaining by an EM transistor/memristor (externally) and superconducting transducer of ionic currents (implantable). The arrays of the advanced sensors give us information about the space and direction dynamics of the signals’ spreading.

6, 1

FET detectors respond to variations in potential at the surface of the transistor channel region, and they are typically called active detectors.

Application of the SuFET’s modifcations such as [14], p. 5 CMOSuFET (low Tc) and coplanar SuFET (high Tc) broadens the range of requirements which are being satisfed by the SuFETTr [the superconducting transducers (SuFETTrs) of biosignals (BSs) into different quantities (electrical and biochemical)]. Moreover, an organic superconductivity of carbon molecules, known as bucky balls, which can act as superconductors at relatively warm temperatures, raises hopes for loss-free organic electronics and their practical applications in biosensors, including organic ones.

7, 1

carbon nanotube/nanofibre-based passive detectors are not considered Since the proposed variety of bio-nano-sensors are in our work because ... difficult to reduce the size of individual electrodes passive, they do not affect the functions of the organs

[main], p. 8

to the subcellular level, a size regime necessary to achieve a non-invasive and their interaction.

3D interface of electronics with cells in tissue.

8, 1

The development of three-dimensional (3D) synthetic biomaterials as f) the combination of biocompatibility and tissue structural and bioactive scaffolds is central to fields ranging from cellular equivalence in both the diamond and protein-based (organic) FETs makes them naturally ft for biophysics to regenerative medicine.

[15], p. 4

implantation. b) lost or damaged organs of the senses could be [15], p. 5 substituted or complemented by similarly operating human, animal, etc. organs. Its output biosignals may be picked up by the transducer and injected into nerve fbres of the recipient after reverse changing; c) substitution of inoperative control or motor nerve centers by control biosignals simulation and transducing them to living organs as discussed above. the sizes of nanoFETs and nanoPCs are in the same order as the transmitting substances of NSs, such as axons and neurons. Secondly, the crossed-nanowire FET or textile arrays are, in itself, multiinput. The remaining part of FET devices are applicable for serial connection to the said mediums.

9, 1

Here, we [electrically probe the physicochemical and biological microenvironments throughout their 3D and macroporous interior] using macroporous, flexible and free-standing nanowire nanoelectronic scaffolds (nanoES), and their hybrids with synthetic or natural biomaterials.

10, 1

3D macroporous nanoES mimic the structure of natural tissue scaffolds, An organic FET (OFET) is characterized by textile and they were formed by self-organization of coplanar reticular networks process fully compatible size and geometry. This transistor has shown very interesting performances, with built-in strain and by manipulation of 2D mesh matrices.

[43], p. 1-2

[main], p. 3

with typical values of the electronic parameters very similar to those of planar devices.

3D transistor structures such as multiple-gate FETs have been proposed and extensively studied as a promising solution to overcome the scaling limitations of planar bulk devices.

11, 1

NanoES exhibited robust electronic properties and have been used alone or combined with other biomaterials as biocompatible extracellular scaffolds for 3D culture of neurons, cardiomyocytes and smooth muscle cells.

EC/PC Based on Smart Textiles [42], p. 2 Hence the mechanical stability of the smart textiles is suffcient for implantation of the planar structures (Fig.).

Since the developed system allow the micro- and nanoscopic of room and tissue temperature samples, such testing will be of practical use for clinical diagnostic.

12, 1

we show the integrated sensory capability of the nanoES by real-time monitoring of the local electrical activity within 3D

When SuFET channel(s) of are implanted into the tissue [14], p. 11 or process we can aquire more precize data about the

nanoES/cardiomyocyte constructs, the response of 3D-nanoES-based frequency distribution of NIs, volume distribution of neural and cardiac tissue models to drugs, and distinct pH changes inside ionized molecules and detecting activity of individual nucleoteds. and outside tubular vascular smooth muscle constructs.

The implantable and non-invasive variants of the device [15], p. 2 are defned by the type of contacting PCs and/or SuFET channel(s) with nerve impulses and/or synaptic currents (see Table).

Table. The different arrangements of the transducer according to the detecting quantity.

Chemical SuFETTr converts the changes in pH through [14], p. 11 Q of the channel also into output signal Vout. In the scale of Q from 10 to 400 nS a pH (2 to 10) is transformed into variations of Vout from 0 to 1V (Fig. 26).

13, 2

The sensor network is flexible, macroporous and 3D. As a result, nanoES are suitable for 3D cell cultures that are known to resemble the structure, function or physiology of living tissues.

Table 1: Dependence of the received BS parameters on [14], p. 11 [main], the mode of SuFETTr’s functioning. p. 6

[19], p. 839 etc.

The described interfaces designed on the basis of SuFETTr are suitable for investigating both the structure [main], p. 7 of organic objects and their comparing analysis:

etc.

14, 5

The potential of the nanoES-based 3D cardiac culture to monitor appropriate pharmacological response was investigated by dosing ... a drug that stimulates cardiac contraction... Measurements from the same nanowire FET device showed a twofold increase in the contraction frequency ...

[main], p. 3 [19], p. 840-841

Figure 1: Diagnostics of the biomedium with the necessary drugs delivering.

15, 5

Simultaneous recordings from four nanowire FETs ... demonstrated multiplexed sensing ...

[14], p. 10 [19], p. 838 etc.

Figure 25. Schem atic of SuFETTr in the parallel connection Primary sensors use fux transformers located in a closeproximity to the scalp or chest surface, where they couple to the brain’s or heart’s MFs, respectively.

The importance of being able to address nanoscale elements in arrays goes beyond the area of nanocomputing and will be critical to the realization of other integrated nanosystems such as chemical/biological sensors. A regular crossed-NW FET array that consists of n-input Iin and moutput Uout NWs, in which outputs are the active channels of FETs and the inputs function as gate electrodes that turn these output lines on and off.

16, 6-8

Increases in nanowire FET density, the use of cross-bar circuits and implementing multiplexing/demultiplexing for addressing could allow the nanoES scaffolds to map cardiac and other synthetic tissue electrical activities over the entire constructs at high density in three dimensions.

17, 8

The nanoES concept and implementations described here represent a Application variety of the novel superconducting, new direction in merging nanoelectronics with biological systems because organic, and CNTFETs allows us to design transducers of biosignals (nerve, biochemical, etc.) that transduce we have demonstrated a 3D macroporous material/ device platform ...

them into different quantities, including electric voltage, density of chemical and biomolecules.

The designed sensors are arranged in a space and time arrays for investigation of the biostructures of the

[main], p. 5 [47] [19], p. 838 etc.

[main], p. 6 [main], p. 7 [19], p. 839 etc.

different level of precision. c) the capability to regulate the proportion of axons that [15], p. 4 are being investigated to the untouched ones- either the whole cross section of the nerve fbre or any part of it; d) the possibility to substitute the SuFET device or to adjust its ratings to comply with the conditions of the measuring process without repeatedly destroying nerve fbre.

18, 8

Cell interactions with nanoES could be tuned by modification of the nanoES with growth determinants ...

19, 8

In addition, the elements in the nanoES could be expanded to incorporate c) substitution of inoperative control or motor nerve centers by control biosignals simulation and nanoscale stimulators and stretchable designs to provide electrical and transducing them to living organs as discussed above. mechanical stimulation to enhance cell culture.

Moreover, this process can be executed in reverse for introducing the artifcial control signals with the local neural code into the single cell electrical activity.

[15], p. 5 [main], p. 2 [main], p. 7

Table 3: Geometrical form of the distributed in space and time arrays.

20, 3

[7], p. 3

Reticular nanowire FET devices.

Figure 7: Location of each EMT on fex former W and relevant matrix for its further processing.

21, 3

[15], p. 2 [14], p. 5 [43], p. 2 etc.

The method of transducing the vortical magnetic feld from the nerve impulses by the PC wrapped around the nerve fbre was advanced long ago. By introducing the said superconducting magnetometer with

3D reconstructed confocal fluorescence micrographs of reticular nanoES viewed along the y and x axes.

roomtemperature PC (SIM) it is possible to create the implantable transducer (Fig. 1).

A PC with inductance L, self-capacitance C0 and active resistance R is connected in parallel with the drain of a SuFET cryogenic device. The SuFET is used as a zeroresistance ammeter which converts drain currents (I0 >Ic ) into gate voltages. the PCs, which are necessary for the external sensor with respect to the transducing medium (nerve fbre, fow of ions and DNA spiral), and corresponding lowohmic wire traces for connecting PCs to the FET’s channel are suffciently developed, even at nanodimensions.

22, 3

Photograph of a mesh device, showing (1) nanowires, (2) metal interconnects and (3) SU-8 structural elements.

Hence the mechanical stability of the smart textiles is suffcient for implantation of the planar structures (Figure 22).

Since the developed system allows the micro- and nanoscopic of room and tissue temperature samples, such testing will be of practical use for clinical diagnostic.

23, 7

[main], p. 8

[40], p. 13

[28], p. 9

Fig. 16 The gasiform or friable substances 1 which ionized in consequence of interaction with the internal solid surface of capillary 2. The formed electrogaseodynamical jet 3 induce the vortical MF 4.

Micro-computed tomograph of a tubular construct segment.

24, 7

[14], p. 6 [19], p. 836 etc.

The inset shows a schematic of the experimental set-up. Outer tubing delivered bathing solutions with varying pH (red dashed lines and arrows); inner tubing delivered solutions with fixed pH (blue dashed lines and arrows).

Figure 12. An organic SuFET device and its electrodes

Table II. Estimation the score under identical criteria according to the informational input of the defgned/highlighted text parts.

Fragment\Part

I (plum)- 30%

II (sea foam)-50%

III (banana)-20%

ÎŁ (100%)

Text

(60)30%=20%

(10)50%=5%

(40)20%=8%

33.00%

Figures

(100)30%=33%

(6)50%=3%

(10)20%=2%

38.00%

Total

53.00%

8.00%

10.00%

71.00%