Human Relations The Art and Science of Building Effective Relationships, 2nd edition Vivian McCann T

Human Relations The Art and Science of Building Effective Relationships, 2nd edition by

Vivian McCann

Email: richard@qwconsultancy.com

Chapter 1 Foundations of Human Relations Test Bank 1. According to your chapter, __________is/are the single factor most responsible for success of failure in business and personal relationships. a. love b. satisfaction c. effective interpersonal skills d. variable coping skills Answer: c Topic: Why Study Human Relations?

Learning Objective: 1.1: Describe two reasons to develop good human relations Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 2. In John Gottman’s research on satisfaction and happiness in married couples’ relationships, he can predict with a _____ percent accuracy whether a relationship will succeed or fail. a. 10 b. 30 c. 50 d. 90 Answer: d Topic: Why Study Human Relations?

Learning Objective: 1.1: Describe two reasons to develop good human relations Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 3. According to Howard Markham, _________________ account(s) for more than 60% of the level of satisfaction and happiness in married couples’ relationships. a. communication skills b. experience with relationships c. time dating before marriage d. the number of children Answer: a Topic: Why Study Human Relations?

Learning Objective: 1.1: Describe two reasons to develop good human relations Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 246 .

4. Jessica and Marshall, a married couple in their 30s, agreed to participate in a study conducted

by John Gottman. After reviewing their taped interactions, he announced that based on _______________, they could look forward to a successful marriage. a. how they looked at each other b. their patterns of communication with one another c. their similar values d. their complementary viewpoints Answer: b Topic: Why Study Human Relations?

Learning Objective: 1.1: Describe two reasons to develop good human relations Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Difficult 5.

According to the 2003 employer survey conducted by the National Association of Colleges and Employers, _____________ were considered even more important factors for hiring college graduates than were analytical skills, computer skills, or GPA. a. professional preparations such as internships b. previous experience in related fields c. interpersonal skills such as communication, teamwork, and relating well to others d. courses taken in major field of study Answer: c Topic: Why Study Human Relations?

Learning Objective: 1.1: Describe two reasons to develop good human relations Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

6.

You have $75 to spend and want to increase your chances of landing a terrific job upon completing college. According to the 2003 employer survey conducted by the National Association of Colleges and Employers, the best way to apply that money to your job search is to a. take a class on résumé writing. b. buy a new suit. c. take a class on interpersonal communication skills. d. take a computer class to improve keyboarding.

Answer: c Topic: Why Study Human Relations?

Learning Objective: 1.1: Describe two reasons to develop good human relations Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate

247 .

7.

Which of the following components is NOT related to context of an interaction between two individuals? a. Cultural background of the individuals b. Personalities of the individuals c. Situational factors involved in the interaction d. Unrelated topics Answer: d Topic: Why Study Human Relations?

Learning Objective: 1.1: Describe two reasons to develop good human relations Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

8.

Your text suggests that human relations is more accurately thought of as an art. Which of the following best describes this statement? a. Getting along with others is challenging because we have to consider the contexts of our interactions. b. Getting along with others just takes skills; applying skills indiscriminately, regardless of the situation, will result in continued success. c. Getting along with others is best described as love conquers all. If everyone loves me, they will understand me, even if I lack interpersonal skills. d. Getting along with others is a waste of time because individuals will only look at credentials, such as GPA and computer skills.

Answer: a Topic: Why Study Human Relations?

Learning Objective: 1.1: Describe two reasons to develop good human relations Question Type: Analyze Difficulty Level: Difficult

9.

Because Anna is afraid to tell her mother that she received an F on her report card, she waits until the weekend when they will both have more time to talk about it. The fact that she chose to wait to talk to Mom shows a key understanding of the ________ factor associated with listening. a. internal b. external c. listener d. speaker Answer: b Topic: What Is Context?

Learning Objective: 1.2: Explain how context affects our everyday lives Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Difficult 248 .

10. In general, individuals from Western cultures are more likely to value ___________ in communication. a. expectations b. respect c. cooperation d. assertiveness Answer: c Topic: What Is Context?

Learning Objective: 1.2: Explain how context affects our everyday lives Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 11. In countries with Eastern culture (e.g., Japan), hinting to one’s meaning rather than expressing information directly in a conversation allows the listener to a. critique the message. b. debate the issue. c. “save face.” d. “get to the point.”

Answer: c Topic: What Is Context?

Learning Objective: 1.2: Explain how context affects our everyday lives Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 12. Sandra believes in speaking directly when working on a task with another student; Satoko believes in politely hinting her meaning to help the listener make a connection. This difference can best be described as a difference in a. cultural norms. b. power distance. c. masculinity-femininity. d. psychology.

Answer: a Topic: What Is Context?

Learning Objective: 1.2: Explain how context affects our everyday lives Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Difficult

249 .

13. Psychology takes into account _________ such as personality and ________ such as social factors that influence how a person evaluates a situation. a. internal influences; external influences b. external influences; internal influences c. unstable influences; stable influences d. social influences; personal influences Answer: a Topic: Psychology, Science, and Human Relations Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain the role of psychology in learning about human relations Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 14. Jane wants to better understand why her friend Margaret chooses the boyfriends she does.

One way for Jane to gain insight into Margaret’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors is through the study of a. biology. b. psychology. c. ethics. d. economics.

Answer: b Topic: Psychology, Science, and Human Relations Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain the role of psychology in learning about human relations Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 15. Researchers relying on _____ base decisions on data that have been collected from many people using precise measurements. a. intuition b. personal experience c. anecdotal evidence d. empirical evidence Answer: d Topic: Psychology, Science, and Human Relations Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain the role of psychology in learning about human relations Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 16. Empirical evidence differs from anecdotal evidence in that empirical evidence a. makes sense. b. is grounded in combined experiences or observations of many individuals. c. is based on one person’s experience.

250 .

d.

cannot be demonstrated in research.

Answer: d Topic: Psychology, Science, and Human Relations Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain the role of psychology in learning about human relations Question Type: Analyze Difficulty Level: Moderate 17. Marcie wants to be able to interact effectively with diverse others in a variety of situations.

This is an example of the study of a. verbal communication. b. anecdotal evidence. c. human relations. d. human development.

Answer: c Topic: Psychology, Science, and Human Relations Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain the role of psychology in learning about human relations Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 18. Jason thinks using pick-up lines in bars is the best way to meet women. He bases this information only on his friend Paul’s experience with meeting his girlfriend, Brenna. This is an example of a. empirical evidence. b. anecdotal evidence. c. personal experience. d. cultural norms.

Answer: b Topic: Psychology, Science, and Human Relations Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain the role of psychology in learning about human relations Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Difficult 19. Understanding human relations begins informally as early as a. childhood. b. adolescence. c. college age. d. young adulthood.

Answer: a Topic: Psychology, Science, and Human Relations Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain the role of psychology in learning about human relations 251 .

Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 20. Which of the following factors is NOT a characteristic of culture? a. Nationality b. Gender c. Ethnicity d. Genetics Answer: d Topic: Culture: A Unifying Theme Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain how generational differences influence values of that generation Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 21. The multiple definitions of culture, as well as the multiple disciplines that study culture (i.e., anthropology, sociology, history, etc.), suggest that culture is a. individualistic. b. complex. c. idiosyncratic. d. simplistic.

Answer: b Topic: Culture: A Unifying Theme Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain how generational differences influence values of that generation Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 22. According to your text, although sexual modesty is a value, the idea that people should wear clothing to preserve modesty is a(n) a. attitude. b. perception. c. belief. d. expectation of the situation.

Answer: c Topic: Culture: A Unifying Theme Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain how generational differences influence values of that generation Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

252 .

23. Whenever Maya, an American, tries to talk to her British boyfriend, Daniel, about a problem, he refuses and says, “It will fix itself.” The first step in understanding this cultural difference in communication style may be to understand the _________(s) that form the foundation of their culture. a. attitude b. perception c. value d. behavior Answer: c Topic: Culture: A Unifying Theme Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain how generational differences influence values of that generation Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 24. Marcus likes taking his Great Dane, Brutus, to the dog park because the community value is keeping the park clean. He is often offended when other dog owners fail to clean up after their pets. Feeling offended by their inaction is a(n) a. attitude. b. perception. c. belief. d. expectation of the situation.

Answer: a Topic: Culture: A Unifying Theme Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain how generational differences influence values of that generation Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 25. Marcus likes taking his Great Dane, Brutus, to the dog park. Although the community value is leashing all dogs, Marcus interprets this value as only applicable to those owners with dangerous dogs. Therefore, Brutus walks leash-free. Another name for his interpretation of the value is a(n) a. attitude. b. perception. c. value. d. expectation of the situation.

Answer: b Topic: Culture: A Unifying Theme Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain how generational differences influence values of that generation 253 .

Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 26. Amanda and Morgan were discussing premarital sex. Amanda believes that one should not have sex before marriage. Morgan believes that having sex before marriage is permissible under certain circumstances. Amanda replied suddenly, “Gee, Morgan. I thought you had values.” What is Amanda really saying? a. Morgan doesn’t have any values. b. On the topic of premarital sex, Morgan doesn’t have any values. c. Morgan’s values about premarital sex are similar to Amanda’s values. d. Morgan’s values about premarital sex are different from Amanda’s values.

Answer: d Topic: Culture: A Unifying Theme Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain how generational differences influence values of that generation Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 27. The biggest challenge in identifying the value behind another person’s behavior is to a. figure out what positive outcome the person is aiming for. b. investigate who taught them the behavior. c. relating it to our own value system. d. define it as a “good” or “bad” value.

Answer: a Topic: Culture: A Unifying Theme Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain how generational differences influence values of that generation Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 28. “Do these jeans make me look fat?” Wendy often tells friends the truth, even when it hurts their feelings. Maleka tells little white lies, reassuring her friends they look good, regardless of the actual outcome. What value conflict is most likely at work here? a. Honesty vs. dishonesty b. Harmony vs. disharmony c. Honesty vs. harmony d. Understanding vs. lack of understanding Answer: c Topic: Culture: A Unifying Theme

254 .

Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain how generational differences influence values of that generation Question Type: Analyze Difficulty Level: Moderate 29. Gwen is looking forward to getting married in May, a date that is quickly approaching. Her mother reminds her, “Don’t forget what your grandmother said: Something old, something new, something borrowed, and something blue.” This saying is an example of a(n) a. survival challenge. b. historical tradition. c. population density. d. independent algorithm.

Answer: b Topic: Culture: A Unifying Theme Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain how generational differences influence values of that generation Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 30. Most cross-cultural researchers believe that a specific culture’s values are often related to the natural resources available in a certain geographic region. For example, a. when there are few natural resources, people may work more competitively. b. when there are many natural resources, people become less interdependent. c. when there are many natural resources, people become less independent. d. when there are few natural resources, people become more interdependent.

Answer: b Topic: Culture: A Unifying Theme Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain how generational differences influence values of that generation Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 31. Which of the following statements is true concerning the influence of population density on social structure? a. When people are crowded in a society, greater social structure is needed to maintain order. b. When people are crowded in a society, less social structure increases harmony. c. When people live in sparsely populated areas, greater social structure is needed to provide rules. d. When people live in sparsely populated areas, greater social structure provides strict hierarchies necessary to increase interactions.

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Answer: a Topic: Culture: A Unifying Theme Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain how generational differences influence values of that generation Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 32. _______ and _______ climates provide greater survival challenges and are, therefore, influential to the values and practices of culture. a. Moderate; cool b. Hot; temperate c. Very hot; very cold d. Stable; unstable Answer: c Topic: Culture: A Unifying Theme Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain how generational differences influence values of that generation Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 33. Kala is from a country where education is a privilege, not a guarantee. If she had the opportunity to attend a university, all other things equal, she would probably choose a. a school far from home. b. a school in another country. c. a school close to home. d. not to attend college.

Answer: c Topic: Culture: A Unifying Theme Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain how generational differences influence values of that generation Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 34. All the men in Ryan’s family went to colleges or universities upon completing high school, and his family expects the same from him. Which of the following best describes his future plans? a. The best university regardless of the distance from his family b. A university close to his family c. A trade school so that younger family members may attend college d. Employment immediately after high school Answer: a 256 .

Topic: Culture: A Unifying Theme Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain how generational differences influence values of that generation Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 35. Because humans are social as well as biological in nature, our chances of survival improve when we a. work independently. b. belong to a group. c. plan ahead. d. focus on ourselves.

Answer: b Topic: Culture: A Unifying Theme Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain how generational differences influence values of that generation Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 36. Rita is in her early 20s and rents a small apartment near town. Because she is Hispanic, many of her friends assume she lives with her immediate and extended family. This is an example of a(n) a. value. b. attitude. c. stereotype. d. comparison.

Answer: c Topic: Dimensions of Culture Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Analyze Difficulty Level: Moderate 37. Assuming that just because a national culture has a certain value that every person who lives in the culture shares that value is known as a a. myth. b. attitude. c. cultural profile. d. stereotype.

Answer: d Topic: Dimensions of Culture 257 .

Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 38. Twenty-six-year-old Anna began teaching at a large university immediately upon completion of her Ph.D. One student said, “You can’t be our physics professor. You’re not a middle-aged white guy.” His description of a professor can best be defined as a(n) a. value. b. attitude. c. stereotype. d. comparison.

Answer: c Topic: Dimensions of Culture Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Easy 39. According to your text, your individual ___________ includes such things as nationality, gender, age, ethnicity, religion, hobbies, etc. a. online dating profile b. cultural script c. cultural profile d. résumé Answer: c Topic: Dimensions of Culture Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 40. When we make decisions based on how they will affect us individually versus how they may affect others, we are using the ___________ value system. a. individualism-collectivism b. power distance c. masculinity-femininity d. population density Answer: a Topic: Dimensions of Culture

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Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 41. Audrey has the opportunity to take a sales position out of state. This promotion will increase her visibility in the company, as well as her salary. Although her spouse is supportive, the career move will take her away from her family two nights a week. In weighing the advantages and disadvantages of this promotion, which value system will she probably use the most in making her decision? a. Individualism-collectivism b. Power distance c. Masculinity-femininity d. Population density Answer: a Topic: Dimensions of Culture Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 42. Individuals from collectivistic cultures are more likely to live in _______ families, whereas individuals from individualistic cultures are more likely to live in ________ families. a. nuclear; extended b. extended; nuclear c. stable; unstable d. stable; unstable Answer: b Topic: Dimensions of Culture Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 43. Which of the following is an example of a country considered high in collectivism? a. Italy b. India c. Japan d. South Korea Answer: d Topic: Dimensions of Culture 259 .

Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 44. Cultures placing higher value on the individual are called __________cultures. a. self-centered b. individualistic c. collectivistic d. power limited Answer: b Topic: Dimensions of Culture Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 45. Sandra turned down her dream job interview at a Fortune 500 accounting firm to be at her niece’s baptism. Choosing family over one’s personal success is more reflective of someone in the _________ culture. a. individualistic b. high power distance c. masculine d. collectivistic Answer: d Topic: Dimensions of Culture Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Analyze Difficulty Level: Moderate 46. According to a study of more than 50 countries, ____ and _____ countries are the most collectivistic. a. Scandinavian; Finnish b. Eastern European; African c. North American; Western European d. South American, Asian Answer: d Topic: Dimensions of Culture Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration 260 .

Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 47. In collectivist countries, the relationship between the individual and his or her group is a. independent. b. collectivistic. c. autonomous. d. interdependent.

Answer: d Topic: Dimensions of Culture Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 48. In individualistic countries, the relationship between the individual and his or her group is a. independent. b. collectivistic. c. collaborative. d. interdependent.

Answer: a Topic: Dimensions of Culture Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 49. The value of independence in individualistic cultures also influences elderly adults by a. increasing the likelihood that an adult child would take care of his or her elderly parents. b. increasing the likelihood that elderly individuals will move into convalescent homes, rather have adult children take care of them. c. decreasing the likelihood that adults will reach older adulthood. d. increasing the likelihood that adult children will quit full-time employment to care for elderly parents.

Answer: b Topic: Dimensions of Culture Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

261 .

50. Darren had his first lemonade stand at six; his first dog washing job at 10 and his first lawn service company at 12. More than likely Darren lives in a(n) _____________ culture. a. individualistic b. collectivistic c. feminine d. low power distance Answer: a Topic: Dimensions of Culture Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 51. One advantage to living in an individualistic culture is the focus on a. sharing. b. interdependence. c. personal choice. d. family.

Answer: c Topic: Dimensions of Culture Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 52. When compared to individualistic cultures, collectivistic cultures enjoy ________ loyalty in family and social groups. a. greater b. marginally less c. the same d. significantly Answer: a Topic: Dimensions of Culture Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 53. Of the three dimensions most often studied with respect to culture, _________ has been the most widely used in cross-cultural research. a. high power distance-low power distance 262 .

b. c. d.

masculinity-femininity idealism-realism individualism-collectivism.

Answer: d Topic: Dimensions of Culture Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 54. __________ examines how a culture addresses the basic issue of human inequality. a. Collectivism b. Realism c. Power distance d. Economics Answer: c Topic: Dimensions of Culture Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 55. Fraternities often have a strict power hierarchy including pledges, members, officers, and the president. An organization such as this where inequality is valued could also be known as a ____________ power distance culture. a. high b. low c. moderate d. necessary Answer: a Topic: Dimensions of Culture Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 56. Individuals who come from a country which deemphasizes hierarchies and tries to reduce the distance between those hierarchies are from a ________ power distance culture. a. high b. low c. moderate 263 .

d.

necessary

Answer: b Topic: Dimensions of Culture Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 57. In high power distance cultures power is seen as __________, whereas in low power distance cultures, power is seen as a. evil; justified. b. deserving; evil. c. deserving; arbitrary. d. arbitrary; evil.

Answer: c Topic: Dimensions of Culture Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 58. In low power distance cultures, there is more ______________, meaning that a person born in a lower class has greater opportunity to achieve higher status than a similar person in a high power distance culture. a. social mobility b. social discussion c. social stagnation d. inequality Answer: a Topic: Dimensions of Culture Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 59. To explain the high power distance in France, as compared to other European countries, one can examine its a. climate. b. economy. c. enduring history of aristocracy. d. decrease in technological advances.

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Answer: c Topic: Dimensions of Culture Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 60. Iman grew up in a high power distance culture. Which of the following statements is uncharacteristic of individuals from that type of culture? a. He respects his teacher and never questions their authority in public. b. He perceives his teacher as a facilitator and enjoys debating him on issues related to his country. c. He only speaks to his teacher when spoken to. d. He rarely thinks critically about the information covered in his class.

Answer: b Topic: Dimensions of Culture Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Analyze Difficulty Level: Difficult 61. Craig enjoys his job and perceives himself to be a valuable employee because his boss often consults him concerning work issues and new policies. Which of the following cultures is most supportive of this kind of work environment? a. High power distance b. High uncertainty avoidance c. Low uncertainty avoidance d. Low power distance Answer: d Topic: Dimensions of Culture Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Analyze Difficulty Level: Difficult 62. Some cultures perceive ambiguity as an ongoing threat to be resisted whereas others perceive ambiguity as normal and nonthreatening. This concept is known as a. certainty avoidance. b. uncertainty avoidance. c. stress avoidance. d. uncertainty acceptance.

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Answer: b Topic: Dimensions of Culture Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 63. Individuals from low uncertainty avoidance cultures a. are motivated to stay busy. b. feel free to express emotions. c. are comfortable with uncertainty. d. need clarity and structure.

Answer: c Topic: Dimensions of Culture Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 64. Individuals from high uncertainty avoidance cultures a. have lower stress. b. suppress their emotions. c. are comfortable with uncertainty. d. need clarity and structure.

Answer: d Topic: Dimensions of Culture Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 65. One way anxiety is reduced in high UA cultures is through a. anxiety avoidance. b. open expression of emotions. c. staying relaxed, which helps channel anxious energy. d. avoiding stability as much as possible.

Answer: b Topic: Dimensions of Culture Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration 266 .

Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 66. Individuals from high uncertainty cultures appear a. more reactive to unexpected events. b. less cautious in approaching new situations. c. less resistant to change and new ideas. d. more curious in response to ambiguity.

Answer: a Topic: Dimensions of Culture Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 67. Carol and James are working on a group project for their Human Relations class. Carol would like a set schedule for when different parts of the project will be completed. James argues that not only would a schedule impair his creativity, she should just trust he will get his portion done on time. Carol’s and James’ viewpoints best represent _________ and __________ cultures. a. feminine; masculine b. high uncertainty avoidance; low uncertainty avoidance c. individualistic; collectivistic d. complex; simplistic Answer: b Topic: Dimensions of Culture Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 68. The _____________ dimension deals with the degree of differentiation between the roles of men and women in a culture. a. individualism-collectivism b. low power distance-high power distance c. masculinity-femininity d. low uncertainty avoidance-high uncertainty avoidance Answer: c Topic: Dimensions of Culture Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration 267 .

Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 69. The concepts of sex and gender are usually differentiated in that sex a. refers to the social differences between men and women, and gender encompasses the biological differences between masculinity and femininity. b. refers to the different behaviors across men and women, whereas gender refers only to the different perceptions associated with masculinity and femininity. c. encompasses educational differences between men and women, and gender defines their occupation. d. refers to the biological differences between men and women, and gender is associated with the social differences between masculinity and femininity.

Answer: d Topic: Dimensions of Culture Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Analyze Difficulty Level: Moderate 70. Kanji is from Japan, a ________________ culture which expects a high degree of separation between men’s roles and women’s roles. a. feminine b. low power distance c. low uncertainty avoidance d. masculine Answer: d Topic: Dimensions of Culture Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 71. According to Bateson (1994), _____________ creates competition for land and resources, which fosters a more competitive, masculine society. a. hunting and gathering b. agriculture c. fishing d. industry Answer: b Topic: Dimensions of Culture

268 .

Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 72. According to Bateson (1994), _____________ must cooperate, which fosters a more feminine society. a. hunting and gathering b. agriculture c. fishing d. industry Answer: a Topic: Dimensions of Culture Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 73. One way feminine cultures differ from masculine cultures is feminine cultures a. place a greater emphasis on wealth. b. have higher job stress. c. place more emphasis on job status. d. place more emphasis on quality of life.

Answer: d Topic: Dimensions of Culture Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Analyze Difficulty Level: Moderate 74. Annette meets Carson at a night club, and the first thing she asks is, “What do you do for a living?” Clearly, Annette comes from a ___________ culture. a. low power distance b. collectivistic c. masculine d. feminine Answer: c Topic: Dimensions of Culture Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Apply 269 .

Difficulty Level: Moderate 75. One of the benefits of Sven’s job at the software company in Denmark is its family leave policy. He was allowed several weeks off with pay when his first child was born. These kinds of policies are most likely to occur in a ___________ culture. a. low power distance b. collectivistic c. masculine d. feminine Answer: d Topic: Dimensions of Culture Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 76. Although not all countries celebrate the same holidays, according to the text, __________________ is celebrated in almost all cultures. a. Independence Day b. New Year’s Day c. Christmas d. Hanukkah Answer: b Topic: What Is Context?

Learning Objective: 1.2: Explain how context affects our everyday lives Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 77. People from ________________ who want to travel walk around their block with a suitcase right after midnight on New Year’s Eve. a. Poland b. Africa c. Chile d. Spain Answer: c Topic: What Is Context?

Learning Objective: 1.2: Explain how context affects our everyday lives Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

270 .

78. In which location does the New Year’s tradition involve eating black-eyed peas, which are considered a symbol for kindness and blessings? a. Denmark b. Africa c. Scotland d. China Answer: b Topic: What Is Context?

Learning Objective: Explain how context affects our everyday lives Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 79. Chris is confident and optimistic. He is proud of his open-minded nature and wants to use that quality to create art pieces that really express his personality and values. Based on the text, which generation is Chris most likely a part of? a. Generation Y b. Greatest Generation c. Generation X d. Baby Boomer Answer: a Topic: Culture: A Unifying Theme Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain how generational differences influence values of that generation Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 80. Which generation was growing up as the divorce rate began to skyrocket? a. Baby Boomer b. The Greatest Generation c. Generation X d. Generation Y Answer: c Topic: Culture: A Unifying Theme Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain how generational differences influence values of that generation Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

271 .

81. When Francesca and her husband, James, were in their twenties, they wanted to make a difference in the world. James served in Vietnam and Francesca was involved in the civil rights and women’s movements. Which generation are they a part of? a. Generation X b. Greatest Generation c. Generation Y d. Baby Boomer Answer: d Topic: Culture: A Unifying Theme Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain how generational differences influence values of that generation Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 82. Joseph is extremely frugal because he grew up during the Great Depression. He worked hard his entire life to build a family business that he could leave to his children. He regularly gives to charities and he respects the police officers in his town. According to the text, which generation is Joseph a part of? a. Generation Y b. Generation X c. Greatest Generation d. Baby Boomer Answer: c Topic: Culture: A Unifying Theme Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain how generational differences influence values of that generation Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 83. North Americans are taught to avoid bugs because they bite and sting people. As a result, when people from North America visit foreign countries where bugs are considered a delicious treat, they are unlikely to eat them because of their a. politics and religion. b. habits and values. c. morals and generation. d. culture and race.

Answer: b Topic: Culture: A Unifying Theme Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain how generational differences influence values of that generation Question Type: Understanding 272 .

Difficulty Level: Easy 84. Liliana likes to do her own thing and believes that when she succeeds, it is solely based on her own abilities. Which of the following would best describe her views? a. Uncertain b. Collectivist c. Individualist d. Feminine Answer: c Topic: Dimensions of Culture Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 85. Someone who strongly agrees with the statements “I feel good when I cooperate with others” and “It is important to maintain harmony within my group” can be best described as a. masculine. b. individualist. c. autonomous. d. collectivist.

Answer: d Topic: Dimensions of Culture Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 86. According to Hofstede, Russia is a _______________ culture because of its long history of aristocracy that did not end until the early 1900s. a. low power distance b. low uncertainty avoidance c. high power distance d. high uncertainty avoidance Answer: c Topic: Dimensions of Culture Learning Objective: 1.5: Compare and contrast the use of nationality as the basis for cultural exploration Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

273 .

Chapter 2 The Self in Human Relations Test Bank 1.

The __________ is the sum total of who and what you are. a. self-esteem b. self-awareness c. self-efficacy d. self Answer: d Topic: Self-Concept Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the purpose of self-concept Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

2.

Jason describes himself as a student who likes foreign films, thinks education is important, and is open-minded. Which of these descriptors is an example of a trait? a. Student b. Open-minded c. Likes foreign films d. Thinks education is important Answer: b Topic: Self-Concept Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the purpose of self-concept Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate

3.

Jean describes herself as a student who likes to cook, thinks family is important, and is stubborn. Which of these descriptors is as example of a value or a belief? a. Student b. Likes to cook c. Thinks family is important d. Stubborn Answer: c Topic: Self-Concept Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the purpose of self-concept Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate

274 .

4.

To organize information about the self, we use a. self-esteem. b. self-concept. c. self-enhancement. d. self-esteem.

Answer: b Topic: Self-Concept Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the purpose of self-concept Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

5.

Sandra’s mother applauds her daughter’s success in school, especially in chemistry, despite all of her involvement in extracurricular activities. She did comment, however, that Sandra waited until the last minute to study for her recent exam. According to self-verification theory, if Sandra perceives herself as a well-organized student who does well in school, which information from her mother is she LEAST likely to retain? a. Sandra is good in school. b. Sandra is good in chemistry. c. Sandra is involved in extracurricular activities. d. Sandra waited until the last minute to study.

Answer: d Topic: Self-Concept Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the purpose of self-concept Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate

6.

Since Nathan was a child, he has always considered himself a terrific singer. Parents and friends have reinforced his perceptions. After trying out for a national singing contest, the judges emphatically said NO! Which of the following concepts best explains why Nathan has a hard time believing the truth? a. The self b. Self-verification c. Self-concept d. Culture Answer: b Topic: Self-Concept Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the purpose of self-concept Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate

275 .

7.

The basic human need to feel good about ourselves is also known as a. possible selves. b. self-verification. c. self-concept. d. self-enhancement.

Answer: d Topic: Self-Concept Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the purpose of self-concept Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

8.

In Kyle’s future, he sees himself as a first-rate quarterback and practices every chance he gets. This perception of himself as a great quarterback is an example of a. self-concept. b. self-enhancement. c. possible self. d. self-esteem.

Answer: c Topic: Self-Concept Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the purpose of self-concept Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate

9.

Sandra’s success in school comes from hours of study. Sandra knows if she doesn’t study, the chances of getting a scholarship are slim. Instead of college, she’ll continue working part time at a local fast food restaurant. The perception of knowing what can happen is a. self-concept. b. self-enhancement. c. possible self. d. self-esteem.

Answer: c Topic: Self-Concept Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the purpose of self-concept Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate

10. People from individualistic cultures describe themselves a. in relation to others. b. distinct from others. c. only in abstract terms. d. interdependently.

276 .

Answer: b Topic: Self-Concept Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the purpose of self-concept Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 11. Jackie’s description of himself involves connectedness to social groups (i.e., brother, member of the football team, etc.). He is probably from a _______ culture. a. individualistic b. collectivistic c. high power distance d. low power distance Answer: b Topic: Self-Concept Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the purpose of self-concept Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 12. For individualists, self-concept descriptions are primarily a. personality traits. b. relationships with others. c. context-dependent. d. family oriented.

Answer: a Topic: Self-Concept Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the purpose of self-concept Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 13. _________ is/are the emotional component of the self. a. Self-concept b. Self-esteem c. Self-descriptors d. Possible self Answer: b Topic: Self-Esteem Learning Objective: 2.2: Compare self-esteem to self-concept Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 277 .

14. According to Mark Leary, self-esteem a. describes positive and negative possible selves. b. is our tendency to seek out information consistent with our self-concept. c. acts as a gauge that measures the levels of acceptance a person feels. d. is a relatively stable set of beliefs you have about yourself.

Answer: c Topic: Self-Esteem Learning Objective: 2.2: Compare self-esteem to self-concept Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 15. ________ suggests that self-esteem acts as a gauge or monitor that measures the level of acceptance a person feels from his or her environment. a. Social comparison b. Positive regard c. Self-efficacy d. Sociometer theory Answer: d Topic: Self-Esteem Learning Objective: 2.2: Compare self-esteem to self-concept Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 16. When relations are difficult or strained, or the individual is not feeling supported or accepted, the sociometer indicates a. high self-esteem. b. low self-esteem. c. an accurate self-concept. d. an inaccurate self-concept.

Answer: b Topic: Self-Esteem Learning Objective: 2.2: Compare self-esteem to self-concept Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 17. Sociometer theory suggests that a. each relationship has its own sociometer. b. multiple relationships share the same sociometer. c. relationships seem uniformly positive or uniformly negative. d. sociometers are unrelated to self-esteem.

278 .

Answer: a Topic: Self-Esteem Learning Objective: 2.2: Compare self-esteem to self-concept Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 18. According to Brown (1998), self-esteem can serve as a measure of our sense of meaning in life. This is also known as a. unconditional positive regard. b. mastery. c. self-concept. d. self-control.

Answer: b Topic: Self-Esteem Learning Objective: 2.2: Compare self-esteem to self-concept Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 19. _______ involves giving positive regard and acceptance at all times and in all situations. a. Conditional positive regard b. Positive reinforcement c. Operant conditioning d. Unconditional positive regard Answer: d Topic: Self-Esteem Learning Objective: 2.2: Compare self-esteem to self-concept Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 20. On a recent shopping trip with his mother, Devin stole a candy bar from a local store. After Mom explained why she was disappointed, she also let him know she still loved him. This is an example of a. mastery. b. unconditional positive regard. c. conditional positive regard. d. self-efficacy.

Answer: b Topic: Self-Esteem Learning Objective: 2.2: Compare self-esteem to self-concept Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 279 .

21. Marty’s dad expresses his love and delight whenever Marty brings home good grades on his report cards. On those rare occasions Marty brings home bad grades, his dad expresses extreme disappointment, often refusing to talk to his son. According to Rogers, this is an example of a. mastery. b. unconditional positive regard. c. conditional positive regard. d. self-esteem.

Answer: c Topic: Self-Esteem Learning Objective: 2.2: Compare self-esteem to self-concept Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 22. Mrs. Meyers is worried about young Josh’s grades and his lack of motivation. If she wants to encourage his success while assisting in the development of self-esteem, according to Rogers, the best strategy is a. unconditional positive regard. b. conditional positive regard. c. physical punishment. d. modeling good study habits.

Answer: a Topic: Self-Esteem Learning Objective: 2.2: Compare self-esteem to self-concept Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 23. Which of the following strategies can best influence self-esteem? a. Giving constant compliments regardless of performance b. Providing honest feedback and specific skills development c. Providing ego boosters d. Criticizing negative performance Answer: b Topic: Self-Esteem Learning Objective: 2.2: Compare self-esteem to self-concept Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

280 .

24. Hillary wants to join the cheerleading squad but is concerned her skills aren’t good enough.

What is the best way her mom can encourage her? a. Reinforce her efforts no matter how small b. Provide honest feedback and help her find a dance coach c. Point out the mistakes in her tryout routine d. Provide constant praise Answer: b Topic: Self-Esteem Learning Objective: 2.2: Compare self-esteem to self-concept Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 25. Two types of self-esteem are a. stable and unstable. b. continuous and discontinuous. c. trait and state. d. specific and general.

Answer: c Topic: Self-Esteem Learning Objective: 2.2: Compare self-esteem to self-concept Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 26. _______ is the type of self-esteem that fluctuates. a. State b. Trait c. Stable d. Personal Answer: a Topic: Self-Esteem Learning Objective: 2.2: Compare self-esteem to self-concept Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 27. Galen has always perceived himself as open-minded. This is an example of ________ selfesteem. a. state b. trait c. stable d. personal 281 .

Answer: b Topic: Self-Esteem Learning Objective: 2.2: Compare self-esteem to self-concept Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 28. We all have a(n) ______ level or internal “set point” of self-esteem. a. state b. trait c. unstable d. baseline Answer: d Topic: Self-Esteem Learning Objective: 2.2: Compare self-esteem to self-concept Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 29. Mr. and Mrs. Connors are approaching retirement. Mrs. Connors is excited because during this time in her life she will be able to focus on gardening, volunteer work, painting, and her grandchildren. Mr. Connors is apprehensive because he will no longer be working at his much-loved job. The difference in their expectations for retirement may lie in the presence of a. possible selves. b. unconditional positive regard. c. culture. d. stress-related illness.

Answer: a Topic: Self-Esteem Learning Objective: 2.2: Compare self-esteem to self-concept Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 30. For ________, the path to self-esteem involves personal achievement. a. individualists b. collectivists c. men d. women Answer: a Topic: Self-Esteem Learning Objective: 2.2: Compare self-esteem to self-concept Question Type: Understanding 282 .

Difficulty Level: Easy 31. For _______, self-esteem is achieved by acting in ways that support one’s social groups. a. collectivists b. individualists c. cross-culturalists d. males Answer: a Topic: Self-Esteem Learning Objective: 2.2: Compare self-esteem to self-concept Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 32. Regardless of whether you are from an individualistic or a collectivistic culture, feeling good about oneself is derived from acting in ways that support cultural a. norms. b. self-concepts. c. emotions. d. selves.

Answer: a Topic: Self-Esteem Learning Objective: 2.2: Compare self-esteem to self-concept Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 33. The extent to which we believe we are capable of achieving our goals is known as a. self-concept. b. self-esteem. c. possible self. d. self-efficacy.

Answer: d Topic: Self-Efficacy Learning Objective: 2.3: Explain how self-efficacy differs from self-concept and self-esteem Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 34. Morris has his heart set on going to graduate school. He has been motivated to work harder in classes and research. He has also been working after school to earn extra money. Through his actions, we can assume Morris is high in a. self-concept. b. self-efficacy.

283 .

c. d.

self-esteem. collectivism.

Answer: b Topic: Self-Efficacy Learning Objective: 2.3: Explain how self-efficacy differs from self-concept and self-esteem Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 35. Bandura believed children could be taught self-efficacy by a. indiscriminate praise. b. consistent but thoughtful criticism. c. helping them set high but achievable goals. d. helping them set such high goals that they cannot reach them.

Answer: c Topic: Self-Efficacy Learning Objective: 2.3: Explain how self-efficacy differs from self-concept and self-esteem Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 36. According to Hughes and Demo (1989), African Americans who report having faced racial discrimination a. have lower self-efficacy beliefs. b. have the same self-efficacy beliefs as those who haven’t faced racial discrimination. c. have higher self-efficacy beliefs from overcoming adversity. d. perform better in school.

Answer: a Topic: Self-Efficacy Learning Objective: 2.3: Explain how self-efficacy differs from self-concept and self-esteem Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 37. In individualistic cultures, self-efficacy is achieved by mastery typically resulting from a. collaborative efforts within the group. b. successful control of the group. c. interdependence. d. valuing the relationships among group members over individual success.

Answer: b Topic: Self-Efficacy Learning Objective: 2.3: Explain how self-efficacy differs from self-concept and self-esteem Question Type: Understanding 284 .

Difficulty Level: Easy 38. Asking the question “Who am I?” is most typical of a. self-efficacy. b. self-esteem. c. self-concept. d. self-verification.

Answer: c Topic: Self-Efficacy Learning Objective: 2.3: Explain how self-efficacy differs from self-concept and self-esteem Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 39. Aidan wants to be a competitive swimmer, so he asks his coach, “What can I do to be the best?” This question is most typical of a. self-efficacy. b. self-esteem. c. self-concept. d. self-verification.

Answer: a Topic: Self-Efficacy Learning Objective: 2.3: Explain how self-efficacy differs from self-concept and self-esteem Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 40. Chantal has been dating Eric for a year despite her parents’ and friends’ disapproval. She knows he is verbally abusive, but also thinks he truly loves her. She often asks herself, “Do I deserve better?” and “How valuable am I?” This last question is an example of a. self-efficacy. b. self-esteem. c. self-concept. d. self-loathing.

Answer: b Topic: Self-Efficacy Learning Objective: 2.3: Explain how self-efficacy differs from self-concept and self-esteem Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 41. Because Cheryl values her family more than personal success, we can say her behavior is more typical of a(n) ________ culture. a. individualistic 285 .

b. c. d.

collectivistic high uncertainty avoidance low uncertainty avoidance

Answer: b Topic: Self-Efficacy Learning Objective: 2.3: Explain how self-efficacy differs from self-concept and self-esteem Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 42. In collectivistic cultures, social situations are perceived as opportunities to a. influence and master others. b. increase uncertainty avoidance. c. decrease uncertainty avoidance. d. develop or strengthen relationships.

Answer: d Topic: Self-Efficacy Learning Objective: 2.3: Explain how self-efficacy differs from self-concept and self-esteem Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 43. Crystal is trying to decide whether she should take a job in a large city or a small town.

While reflecting on the decision, she realizes she dislikes the fast-paced crowds and noise associated with cities and enjoys the quiet of slower towns. To make her decision, Crystal relied on a. self-verification. b. self-knowledge. c. self-esteem. d. self-speak.

Answer: b Topic: Self-Efficacy Learning Objective: 2.3: Explain how self-efficacy differs from self-concept and self-esteem Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 44. Development of self-knowledge relies on continually a. maintaining our self-concept even if it isn’t accurate. b. examining the accuracy of our self-concept. c. considering all information from our self-concept, including inaccurate or outdated characteristics. d. avoiding new information so that our self-concept remains stable.

286 .

Answer: b Topic: Developing Self-Knowledge Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the four pathways to self-knowledge Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 45. ________ involves evaluating yourself based on how you think you compare to others. a. Self-concept b. Self-verification c. Social comparison d. Social efficacy Answer: c Topic: Developing Self-Knowledge Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the four pathways to self-knowledge Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 46. Amanda is an avid quilter and has noticed her quilts are much nicer and more detailed than those of her peers. On a trip to a quilt museum, she noticed the work of other more advanced quilters was even more detailed than hers. Evaluating her work based on the work of peers and experts is known as a. self-assessment. b. social comparison. c. self-esteem. d. social efficacy.

Answer: b Topic: Developing Self-Knowledge Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the four pathways to self-knowledge Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 47. Comparing ourselves to impossibly high standards can lead to a. higher self-esteem. b. improved self-efficacy. c. inaccurate perceptions of failure. d. improved social relations.

Answer: c Topic: Developing Self-Knowledge Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the four pathways to self-knowledge Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 287 .

48. Regardless of whether you are an individualist or a collectivist, when using social comparison to evaluate yourself objectively, it is important to compare yourself to others who a. know you. b. are better than you. c. who are similar than you. d. are unknown to you.

Answer: c Topic: Developing Self-Knowledge Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the four pathways to self-knowledge Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 49. Tamara has lived away from home for several years and works as a critical care nurse at a local hospital. Tamara, her husband, and her coworkers believe she is a caring and nurturing person, yet her mother still sees Tamara as a selfish and immature teenager. Her mother’s perception is an example of a. self-concept. b. self-presentation. c. obsolete information. d. symptomatic information.

Answer: c Topic: Developing Self-Knowledge Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the four pathways to self-knowledge Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 50. The ___________________ is a visual representation of the parts of yourself that are known to you and known to others. a. self-concept b. Sahara door c. Johari Window d. chi square table Answer: c Topic: Developing Self-Knowledge Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the four pathways to self-knowledge Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

288 .

51. In the Johari Window, the part of yourself that is known by you and also by others is the _______ area. a. open b. hidden c. blind d. unknown Answer: a Topic: Developing Self-Knowledge Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the four pathways to self-knowledge Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 52. In the Johari Window, the part of yourself that is known by you but not by others is the _______ area. a. open b. hidden c. blind d. unknown Answer: b Topic: Developing Self-Knowledge Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the four pathways to self-knowledge Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 53. In the Johari Window, the part of yourself that is hidden from you and from others is the _______ area. a. open b. hidden c. blind d. unknown Answer: d Topic: Developing Self-Knowledge Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the four pathways to self-knowledge Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 54. Brandon is unaware that he is short tempered and often overreacts to events around him, yet others see this behavior clearly. Which block in the Johari Window do these behaviors represent? a. open b. hidden 289 .

c. d.

blind unknown

Answer: c Topic: Developing Self-Knowledge Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the four pathways to self-knowledge Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 55. Typically, the strongest and most lasting relationships have __________ in the Johari Window. a. small open areas b. large hidden areas c. large open areas d. large unknown areas Answer: c Topic: Developing Self-Knowledge Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the four pathways to self-knowledge Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 56. Winston and Samantha have been married for 20 years. The Johari Window that represents their relationship has a large open area, which suggests a. they are keeping secrets from one another. b. there is trust. c. they are cautious about what they will share with one another. d. there are unaware of how they communicate with one another.

Answer: b Topic: Developing Self-Knowledge Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the four pathways to self-knowledge Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 57. Which of the following strategies is useful in reducing the size of the blind area in a Johari Window? a. Ignore feedback provided by others. b. Reject feedback provided by others. c. Ask for and be open to feedback from others. d. Respond defensively to feedback from others.

Answer: c Topic: Developing Self-Knowledge 290 .

Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the four pathways to self-knowledge Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 58. Becky presents a vivacious, bubbly personality when she is out with acquaintances but a more serious, subdued self when alone. Respectively, these two selves are called _______ and a. personality 1; personality 2. b. private self; public self. c. public self; private self. d. outward self; inward self.

Answer: c Topic: How (and How Much) We Show Ourselves to Others Learning Objective: 2.5: Distinguish between the private self and the public self Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 59. When Chance goes dancing, he wears tight jeans and sleeveless shirts so his tattoos are clearly visible. However, he would never dream of dressing this way at the office. His change of clothing depending on the situation is an example of a. the private self. b. self-monitoring. c. personality dilemma. d. outward self.

Answer: b Topic: How (and How Much) We Show Ourselves to Others Learning Objective: 2.5: Distinguish between the private self and the public self Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 60. ______________ self-monitors rarely change their dress or persona from one situation to another. a. Low b. High c. Outward d. Inward Answer: a Topic: How (and How Much) We Show Ourselves to Others Learning Objective: 2.5: Distinguish between the private self and the public self Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 291 .

61. There is a developmental change in self-monitoring. Compared to younger people, older people’s scores on self-monitoring measures a. increase. b. decrease. c. become more stable. d. become less stable.

Answer: b Topic: How (and How Much) We Show Ourselves to Others Learning Objective: 2.5: Distinguish between the private self and the public self Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 62. The best way to determine the success of your self-monitoring ability is to examine __________ and consider the effectiveness. a. others’ abilities to self-monitor. b. the context and determine whether you should self-monitor. c. your own self-monitoring. d. your parents’ self-monitoring.

Answer: c Topic: How (and How Much) We Show Ourselves to Others Learning Objective: 2.5: Distinguish between the private self and the public self Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 63. Erikson’s first stage of adult development, ____________________, involves establishing and maintaining close relationship with a life partner. a. identity vs. role confusion b. intimacy vs. isolation c. trust vs. mistrust d. generativity vs. stagnation Answer: b Topic: The Self Throughout Adulthood Learning Objective: 2.6: Analyze the similarities and differences among the theories of adult development Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 64. Fifteen-year-old Abby is secure and has a strong sense of self. According to Erikson, she has achieved a. intimacy.

292 .

b. c. d.

identity. isolation. generativity.

Answer: b Topic: The Self Throughout Adulthood Learning Objective: 2.6: Analyze the similarities and differences among the theories of adult development Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 65. According to Erikson, before Marshall can develop intimacy with another person, he must have established his a. identity. b. integrity. c. isolation. d. generativity.

Answer: a Topic: The Self Throughout Adulthood Learning Objective: 2.6: Analyze the similarities and differences among the theories of adult development Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 66. Evan and his wife, Julie, have two kids. Julie recently quit her stressful job as an accountant to stay home with the kids. She says this change in her life allows her to nurture the kids and help them develop their own identities. According to Erikson, Julie has resolved a conflict in which stage of adult development? a. Identity vs. role confusion b. Intimacy vs. isolation c. Generativity vs. stagnation d. Integrity vs. despair Answer: c Topic: The Self Throughout Adulthood Learning Objective: 2.6: Analyze the similarities and differences among the theories of adult development Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate

293 .

67. Middle-aged adults who do not meet the challenge of contributing to the next generation experience frustration and lack fulfillment. According to Erikson, these adults are experiencing a. role confusion. b. isolation. c. stagnation. d. despair.

Answer: c Topic: The Self Throughout Adulthood Learning Objective: 2.6: Analyze the similarities and differences among the theories of adult development Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 68. According to Levinson’s study of men from varying backgrounds, their lives are made up of a cycle of stable and __________ periods. a. intimate b. cross-cultural c. stagnate d. transitional Answer: d Topic: The Self Throughout Adulthood Learning Objective: 2.6: Analyze the similarities and differences among the theories of adult development Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 69. Forty-two-year-old Kristine is unhappy at work and at home and feels that many of the dreams she had for herself have been replaced with a boring job and a demanding family.

According to Levinson, Kristine is probably experiencing a. early adult transition. b. isolation. c. generativity. d. a midlife crisis.

Answer: d Topic: The Self Throughout Adulthood Learning Objective: 2.6: Analyze the similarities and differences among the theories of adult development Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 294 .

70. A _________is defined as a group of people born at about the same time in history who share common experiences. a. cluster b. collective c. culture d. cohort Answer: d Topic: The Self Throughout Adulthood Learning Objective: 2.6: Analyze the similarities and differences among the theories of adult development Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 71. According to Gail Sheehy, adults can experience different roles in life during the a. Tryout Twenties b. Turbulent Thirties c. Flourishing Forties d. Middlescence Answer: a Topic: The Self Throughout Adulthood Learning Objective: 2.6: Analyze the similarities and differences among the theories of adult development Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 72. Aisha has been spending time reflecting on her life so far. This reflection has included examining her goals, values, and identity. According to Sheehy, Aisha is in the a. Tryout Twenties. b. Turbulent Thirties. c. Flourishing Forties. d. Middlescence.

Answer: d Topic: The Self Throughout Adulthood Learning Objective: 2.6: Analyze the similarities and differences among the theories of adult development Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate

295 .

73. Catherine is a high-powered attorney working at a prestigious law firm and a mother of two small children. She recently came to the conclusion that she will not fulfill her dream of partner by age 40. According to Sheehy, giving up this dream is also known as a a. meaning crisis. b. shift from competing to connecting. c. midlife transition. d. stagnant choice.

Answer: a Topic: The Self Throughout Adulthood Learning Objective: 2.6: Analyze the similarities and differences among the theories of adult development Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 74. Ron has given up on his dream to be a famous baseball player and has begun fulfilling the qualifications to be an accountant at his father’s firm. According to Sheehy, recognizing the benefits of middle age can only occur when participants come to terms with the __________of their First Adulthood. a. little death b. birth c. midlife transition d. stagnant choice Answer: a Topic: The Self Throughout Adulthood Learning Objective: 2.6: Analyze the similarities and differences among the theories of adult development Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 75. The ________________ is/are characterized by a sense of inner harmony, usually a result of a sense of living in a manner consistent with one’s ideal self. a. Age of Mastery b. Flaming Fifties c. Serene Sixties d. Sage Seventies Answer: a Topic: The Self Throughout Adulthood Learning Objective: 2.6: Analyze the similarities and differences among the theories of adult development Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 296 .

76. Penelope likes to think of herself as an honest and loyal person. When she tells lies to her friends and family, she justifies it by telling herself that she does it to avoid hurting their feelings. In order to maintain her self-concept, Penelope has to ____________________ the fact that she lies. a. verify b. enhance c. avoid d. translate Answer: d Topic: Self-Concept Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the purpose of self-concept Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 77. During the self-verification process, the self-concept acts as a __________________ by putting a positive spin on information. a. judge b. cheerleader c. partner d. guardian Answer: b Topic: Self-Concept Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the purpose of self-concept Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 78. ________________ differences in men and women are linked to gender differences in depression, emotional intelligence, and communication. a. Self-efficacy b. Self-concept c. Self-enhancement d. Self-knowledge Answer: b Topic: Self-Concept Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the purpose of self-concept Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

297 .

79. When neuroscientists studied the effects of collectivism and individualism on the brain, they asked participants to think about themselves, as well as how they feel about their mothers.

When researchers compared the brain activity that occurred when individualist people thought about themselves to when they thought about their mother, the activity was a. different. b. slow. c. repetitive. d. aroused.

Answer: a Topic: Self-Concept Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the purpose of self-concept Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 80. According to Brené Brown, author of The Gifts of Imperfection, there is a link between meaning in life and a. self-monitoring. b. self-efficacy. c. self-esteem. d. self-concept.

Answer: c Topic: Self-Esteem Learning Objective: 2.2: Compare self-esteem to self-concept Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 81. Oliver loves to write and he has gotten the opportunity to write a play for the local community theater. Although he is not being paid for his work, and he’s not sure how successful the play will ultimately be, he enjoys working on it because he gets lost in the process. This is because writing the play is adding _______________ to his life. a. meaning b. experience c. accolades d. positivity Answer: a Topic: Self-Esteem Learning Objective: 2.2: Compare self-esteem to self-concept Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate

298 .

82. For boys, ______________ is linked to academic performance, while for girls, it is linked to successful social behaviors. a. self-esteem b. self-concept c. self-control d. self-efficacy Answer: a Topic: Self-Esteem Learning Objective: 2.2: Compare self-esteem to self-concept Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 83. According to Wu (2009), individualists and collectivists do not differ in their levels of a. self-verification. b. self-enhancement. c. self-efficacy. d. self-concept.

Answer: c Topic: Self-Efficacy Learning Objective: 2.3: Explain how self-efficacy differs from self-concept and self-esteem Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 84. According to Lee (2014), the more people uses Facebook, the more they engage in a. self-comparison. b. self-preservation. c. self-protection. d. self-efficacy.

Answer: a Topic: Developing Self-Knowledge Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the four pathways to self-knowledge Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 85. According to the textbook, the _______________ is the puzzle of what-causes-what. a. Johari Window b. possible self c. sweet spot d. correlation–causation fallacy

299 .

Answer: d Topic: Developing Self-Knowledge Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the four pathways to self-knowledge Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 86. According to Wilson (2012), which of the following would cause Facebook users to be accurate in their profiles? a. Self-presentation b. Self-efficacy c. Self-verification d. Self-esteem Answer: c Topic: How (and How Much) We Show Ourselves to Others Learning Objective: 2.5: Distinguish between the private self and the public self Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 87. By the age of _______________, Arnett notes, most Westerners have married and had their first child. a. 22 b. 25 c. 30 d. 35 Answer: c Topic: The Self Throughout Adulthood Learning Objective: 2.6: Analyze the similarities and differences among the theories of adult development Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

300 .

Chapter 3 How Personality Influences Human Relations Test Bank 1.

A(n) _______ is a set of beliefs that has been tested a number of times and is considered valid. a. hypothesis b. research question c. theory d. analysis Answer: c Topic: Personality Theories: The Big Picture Learning Objective: 3.6: Explain how personality theories improve understanding ourselves and others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

2.

Jeanne believes that women choose dating partners similar to their fathers. This belief, which has been tested several times in her research lab, is also known as a(n) a. hypothesis. b. research question. c. theory. d. analysis.

Answer: c Topic: Personality Theories: The Big Picture Learning Objective: 3.6: Explain how personality theories improve understanding ourselves and others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

3. A person’s pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are consistent over time and across situations is also known as his or her a. personality. b. personal description. c. self-esteem. d. possible self.

Answer: a Topic: Personality Theories: The Big Picture

301 .

Learning Objective: 3.6: Explain how personality theories improve understanding ourselves and others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Some of Freud’s work is considered controversial today because of his undue emphasis on a. early childhood experience. b. late adulthood experience. c. puberty. d. sexual urges.

Answer: d Topic: The Psychoanalytic Perspective Learning Objective: 3.1: Explain how our personality is shaped using the psychodynamic perspective Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 5. According to the _______ perspective, personality is shaped by an ongoing struggle between two or more conflicting needs. a. behaviorist b. humanist c. trait d. psychoanalytic Answer: d Topic: The Psychoanalytic Perspective Learning Objective: 3.1: Explain how our personality is shaped using the psychodynamic perspective Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Chris meets with Dr. Brown because he believes his desire for sex is at conflict with his church’s expectation of waiting until marriage. Which approach would consider this a conflict between satisfying urges and societal expectation? a. Trait b. Psychoanalytic c. Behaviorist d. Humanist Answer: b Topic: The Psychoanalytic Perspective Learning Objective: 3.1: Explain how our personality is shaped using the psychodynamic perspective 302 .

Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 7. Using Freud’s analogy of the mind as an iceberg, which part is the largest? a. Id b. Consciousness c. Preconscious d. Unconscious Answer: d Topic: The Psychoanalytic Perspective Learning Objective: 3.1: Explain how our personality is shaped using the psychodynamic perspective Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 8. From a psychoanalytic perspective, much of the conflict that occurs is in the a. id. b. consciousness. c. preconscious. d. unconscious.

Answer: d Topic: The Psychoanalytic Perspective Learning Objective: 3.1: Explain how our personality is shaped using the psychodynamic perspective Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 9.

The part of our mind with which we are aware is represented as the _______ of the iceberg in Freud’s iceberg metaphor. a. tip b. middle c. bottom d. melting Answer: a Topic: The Psychoanalytic Perspective Learning Objective: 3.1: Explain how our personality is shaped using the psychodynamic perspective Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

303 .

10. The part of the mind which can be brought to awareness by focusing on it is known as a. ego. b. preconscious. c. unconscious. d. conscious.

Answer: b Topic: The Psychoanalytic Perspective Learning Objective: 3.1: Explain how our personality is shaped using the psychodynamic perspective Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 11. Samantha insists on buying a new dress even though she has no money and isn’t sure how she will pay her bills if she buys it. Which component of the structure of personality best explains this behavior? a. Id b. Ego c. Superego d. Superid Answer: a Topic: The Psychoanalytic Perspective Learning Objective: 3.1: Explain how our personality is shaped using the psychodynamic perspective Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 12. The only element of personality present at birth is the a. super id. b. super ego. c. ego. d. id.

Answer: d Topic: The Psychoanalytic Perspective Learning Objective: 3.1: Explain how our personality is shaped using the psychodynamic perspective Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 13. Which structure of the personality operates on the reality principle? a. Id b. Ego 304 .

c. d.

Superego Superid

Answer: b Topic: The Psychoanalytic Perspective Learning Objective: 3.1: Explain how our personality is shaped using the psychodynamic perspective Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 14. The _______ tries to maximize pleasure while minimizing pain. a. id b. ego c. superego d. superid Answer: b Topic: The Psychoanalytic Perspective Learning Objective: 3.1: Explain how our personality is shaped using the psychodynamic perspective Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 15. The superego relies on the ______ and is concerned with making sure the id and ego function in a way consistent with a person’s code of right and wrong. a. pleasure principle b. reality principle c. morality principle d. beauty principle Answer: c Topic: The Psychoanalytic Perspective Learning Objective: 3.1: Explain how our personality is shaped using the psychodynamic perspective Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 16. Sixteen-year-old Janet has an opportunity to see one of her favorite music performers; however, the concert is on a school night. Janet would feel guilty if she lied. Although she knows her mother will disapprove of the late night, she decided to ask mom’s permission to attend. Which aspect of personality structure is at work here? a. Id b. Ego c. Superego 305 .

d.

Superid

Answer: c Topic: The Psychoanalytic Perspective Learning Objective: 3.1: Explain how our personality is shaped using the psychodynamic perspective Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 17. Because the ego has to pay attention to each force and satisfy each need equally, it is also known as the ______ of the personality. a. executive b. president c. teacher d. mediator Answer: a Topic: The Psychoanalytic Perspective Learning Objective: 3.1: Explain how our personality is shaped using the psychodynamic perspective Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 18. Mark has always wanted to try marijuana, but knows his parents and coaches will disagree.

He comes to the decision that the best way to try the drug without others knowing is to keep it a secret. The act of keeping it a secret to avoid punishment is best related to the ______ structure of personality. a. id b. ego c. superego d. superid Answer: b Topic: The Psychoanalytic Perspective Learning Objective: 3.1: Explain how our personality is shaped using the psychodynamic perspective Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 19. Mark has always wanted to try marijuana, but knows his parents and coaches will disagree.

He decided that his ability to try something fun is more important than rules imposed on him by others. Fulfilling his immediate desire is best related to the a. id. b. ego.

306 .

c. d.

superego. superid.

Answer: a Topic: The Psychoanalytic Perspective Learning Objective: 3.1: Explain how our personality is shaped using the psychodynamic perspective Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 20. Mark has always wanted to try marijuana, but knows his parents and coaches will disagree.

He decides that his ability to try something new is not as important as remaining guilt-free and, therefore, chooses not to take the drug. Which structure of the personality is most related to his decision not to take the drug? a. Id b. Ego c. Superego d. Superid Answer: c Topic: The Psychoanalytic Perspective Learning Objective: 3.1: Explain how our personality is shaped using the psychodynamic perspective Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 21. When our anxiety is high, we can use _______ to resolve that anxiety. a. self-defense b. defense mechanisms c. preconscious technique d. self-esteem Answer: b Topic: The Psychoanalytic Perspective Learning Objective: 3.1: Explain how our personality is shaped using the psychodynamic perspective Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 22. Wendy bought a new car even though her old one was still in great shape. When her mom asked why, Wendy replied, “I’ve been working hard. I deserve a reward.” This is an example of which kind of defense mechanism? a. Repression b. Displacement 307 .

c. d.

Projection Rationalization

Answer: d Topic: The Psychoanalytic Perspective Learning Objective: 3.1: Explain how our personality is shaped using the psychodynamic perspective Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 23. After a confrontation with her boss, Andrea went home and yelled at her husband and kids.

This is an example of what kind of defense mechanism? a. Rationalization b. Repression c. Displacement d. Projection Answer: c Topic: The Psychoanalytic Perspective Learning Objective: 3.1: Explain how our personality is shaped using the psychodynamic perspective Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 24. When we have an unacceptable thought or impulse, we often avoid seeing it in ourselves, but are the first to point it out to others. This is also known as a. rationalization. b. repression. c. displacement. d. projection.

Answer: d Topic: The Psychoanalytic Perspective Learning Objective: 3.1: Explain how our personality is shaped using the psychodynamic perspective Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 25. At the gym, Marcus hits the punching bag harder and harder as he thinks about all the things he would like to say or do to his unfair boss. Which defense mechanism is this an example of? a. Rationalization b. Repression c. Regression 308 .

d.

Sublimation

Answer: d Topic: The Psychoanalytic Perspective Learning Objective: 3.1: Explain how our personality is shaped using the psychodynamic perspective Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 26. Whenever Sandy doesn’t get her way, she pouts until her husband, Jim, changes his mind or gives in. What kind of defense mechanism is at work here? a. Reaction formation b. Repression c. Regression d. Sublimation Answer: c Topic: The Psychoanalytic Perspective Learning Objective: 3.1: Explain how our personality is shaped using the psychodynamic perspective Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 27. Acting in a way that is completely opposite to an unacceptable thought or impulse is a. reaction formation. b. repression. c. regression. d. sublimation.

Answer: a Topic: The Psychoanalytic Perspective Learning Objective: 3.1: Explain how our personality is shaped using the psychodynamic perspective Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 28. _______ theory suggests that our personality is shaped exclusively by our experiences. a. Psychoanalytic b. Behaviorist c. Trait d. Humanist Answer: b Topic: The Behaviorist Perspective 309 .

Learning Objective: 3.2: Describe how behavioral psychologists view personality Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 29. According to behaviorists, we are all born as _______, and the people we become are the result of environmental influences. a. information processors b. salivating dogs c. active creatures d. blank slates Answer: d Topic: The Behaviorist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.2: Describe how behavioral psychologists view personality Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 30. According to ________, we learn by associating a neutral stimulus with a natural, biological stimulus. a. classical conditioning b. humanistic theory c. operant conditioning d. observational learning Answer: a Topic: The Behaviorist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.2: Describe how behavioral psychologists view personality Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 31. Crying to an unconditioned stimulus, such as a loud noise, as evidenced by Little Albert in Watson’s study on fear is an example of a. unconditioned response. b. conditioned response. c. conditioned stimulus. d. untrained stimulus.

Answer: a Topic: The Behaviorist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.2: Describe how behavioral psychologists view personality Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

310 .

32. Through a series of stimuli and responses, Little Albert developed a fear of rats. Eventually it became clear that Albert was also afraid of other white furry animals, such as rabbits and dogs. Becoming afraid of stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimuli is also known as a. extinction. b. shaping. c. generalization. d. fright.

Answer: c Topic: The Behaviorist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.2: Describe how behavioral psychologists view personality Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 33. Watson’s Little Albert study demonstrates how _______ can develop. a. animal allergies b. food preferences c. schizophrenia d. phobias Answer: d Topic: The Behaviorist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.2: Describe how behavioral psychologists view personality Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 34. The phase of classical conditioning that involves eliminating the conditioned response is a. conditioned stimuli. b. reinforcement. c. extinction. d. generalization.

Answer: c Topic: The Behaviorist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.2: Describe how behavioral psychologists view personality Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 35. Whenever Carli smells a certain cologne, it brings back negative feelings associated with the breakup of her and her old boyfriend. The negative feelings in response to the cologne are a. the conditioned stimulus. b. the conditioned response. c. the unconditioned stimulus. d. the unconditioned response.

311 .

Answer: b Topic: The Behaviorist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.2: Describe how behavioral psychologists view personality Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 36. When Carli and her boyfriend, Jake, broke up, she felt sick to her stomach. The breakup serves as the _____, and the feeling in her stomach is the a. conditioned stimulus; conditioned response. b. unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response. c. unconditioned stimulus; conditioned response. d. generalization; extinction.

Answer: b Topic: The Behaviorist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.2: Describe how behavioral psychologists view personality Question Type: Analyze Difficulty Level: Moderate 37. _______ is the unpredictable recurrence of a conditioned response that has become extinct. a. Generalization b. Extinction c. Spontaneous recovery d. Conditioned recurrence Answer: c Topic: The Behaviorist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.2: Describe how behavioral psychologists view personality Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 38. Learning based on associating behaviors with the consequences they have previously produced is known as a. classical conditioning. b. operant conditioning. c. spontaneous recovery. d. social learning.

Answer: b Topic: The Behaviorist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.2: Describe how behavioral psychologists view personality Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 312 .

39. People are more likely to do favors again when their favors are followed by thank-yous than when followed by yelling. This is an example of a. the law of negation. b. reward. c. the law of effect. d. politeness.

Answer: c Topic: The Behaviorist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.2: Describe how behavioral psychologists view personality Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Easy 40. Grant helped Morgan by taking out the trash at her apartment on pickup day. She thanked him for his assistance, increasing the likelihood that he would do it again. In this case, Morgan’s thank-you is an example of a a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. positive punishment. d. negative punishment.

Answer: a Topic: The Behaviorist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.2: Describe how behavioral psychologists view personality Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 41. Grant helped Morgan by taking out the trash at her apartment on pickup day. He found that his assistance reduced her stress level and made her less likely to get upset at him.

Therefore, he continued to take out her trash. In this case, Morgan’s reduction of stress and anger toward Grant is an example of a a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. positive punishment. d. negative punishment.

Answer: b Topic: The Behaviorist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.2: Describe how behavioral psychologists view personality Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate

313 .

42. Meagan finds that studying for a test reduces her anxiety toward the test. As a result, she continues to study for upcoming exams. This reduction in anxiety is an example of a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. positive punishment. d. negative punishment.

Answer: b Topic: The Behaviorist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.2: Describe how behavioral psychologists view personality Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 43. Austin chose not to study for his first psychology exam and received a failing grade. As a result, he studied for the second exam and even attended study groups. For Austin, receiving a failing grade on the first exam is an example of a a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. positive punishment. d. negative punishment.

Answer: c Topic: The Behaviorist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.2: Describe how behavioral psychologists view personality Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 44. Austin chose not to study for his first psychology exam and received a failing grade. As a result, his parents reduced the amount of money they were sending him for personal expenses. This reduction is money is an example of a a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. positive punishment. d. negative punishment.

Answer: d Topic: The Behaviorist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.2: Describe how behavioral psychologists view personality Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate

314 .

45. The major difference between negative punishment and negative reinforcement is negative punishment ______________ and negative reinforcement a. punishes a behavior by taking away something; encourages a behavior by taking something away. b. punishes a behavior by adding something; encourages a behavior by taking something away. c. punishes a behavior by adding something; punishes a behavior by taking something away. d. rewards a behavior by punishing another; rewards a behavior by taking something away.

Answer: a Topic: The Behaviorist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.2: Describe how behavioral psychologists view personality Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 46. Ten-year-old Nora borrowed her mother’s scissors without asking permission. As a result, she was spanked. When 6-year-old Angela played with Nora’s doll without asking, Nora responded by hitting her. This example best represents which problem with physical punishment? a. It increases the chance of a behavior being repeated. b. If punishment is physical, it may teach individuals that the appropriate response to misbehavior is violence. c. It teaches individuals to avoid getting caught, rather than eliminating the behavior. d. It doesn’t teach individuals why the behavior was wrong.

Answer: b Topic: The Behaviorist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.2: Describe how behavioral psychologists view personality Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 47. In contrast to using punishment to stop behaviors, most experts believe in looking for positive behaviors and ___________ them. a. overlooking b. avoiding c. attending to d. reinforcing Answer: d Topic: The Behaviorist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.2: Describe how behavioral psychologists view personality Question Type: Understanding 315 .

Difficulty Level: Easy 48. When considering why people do what they do, psychoanalytic approaches are to behaviorist approaches as a. punishments are to defense mechanisms. b. internal programming is to avoiding conflict. c. resolving unconscious conflicts is to external programming. d. external programming is to resolving unconscious conflicts.

Answer: c Topic: The Behaviorist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.2: Describe how behavioral psychologists view personality Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 49. Compared to children in the control condition, children who watched adult models hit inflatable dolls were a. less likely to respond with similar behavior when given access to the inflatable dolls. b. more likely to respond with similar behavior when given access to the inflatable dolls. c. more likely to respond with similar behavior even when inflatable dolls were not available. d. equally likely to play with other items even when presented with the inflatable dolls.

Answer: b Topic: The Behaviorist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.2: Describe how behavioral psychologists view personality Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 50. Bandura was able to determine that the behavior was observed from the model rather than typical play associated with the toy because a. all children played with the Bobo doll in a generally aggressive way. b. children playing with the Bobo doll used the exact phrases and actions as did the adult model. c. only children not exposed to the adult model played with the Bobo doll in an aggressive way. d. none of the children played with the Bobo doll.

Answer: b Topic: The Behaviorist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.2: Describe how behavioral psychologists view personality Question Type: Analyze Difficulty Level: Moderate 316 .

51. To determine whether the children would respond to frustration using the aggressive behavior they had seen the model perform, Bandura created frustration by a. allowing all children to play with the Bobo doll. b. allowing children access to the best toys and then taking the toys away. c. allowing only those children exposed to the aggressive model access to toys. d. refusing access to the Bobo doll to children participating in the study.

Answer: b Topic: The Behaviorist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.2: Describe how behavioral psychologists view personality Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 52. In Bandura’s study on modeling aggression, compared to children in the experimental condition, children in the control condition a. were more likely to play with the Bobo doll. b. were more likely to play with other toys rather than the Bobo doll. c. were equally likely to play with the Bobo doll. d. were more influenced by the model’s aggressive behavior.

Answer: b Topic: The Behaviorist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.2: Describe how behavioral psychologists view personality Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 53. ____________ is the process by which we learn behaviors by watching others engaged in them. a. Operant conditioning b. Classical conditioning c. Defense mechanism d. Observational learning Answer: d Topic: The Behaviorist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.2: Describe how behavioral psychologists view personality Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 54. Observational learning or learning behaviors by watching others engaged in them is also known as a. modeling. b. classical conditioning. c. studying.

317 .

d.

operant conditioning.

Answer: a Topic: The Behaviorist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.2: Describe how behavioral psychologists view personality Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 55. Social learning theorists differ from behaviorists in that social learning theorists a. only focus on behavior in response to environmental stimuli, and behaviorists focus on the mental activity that can accompany behavior. b. are happier people, whereas behaviorists respond negatively to bells in their environment. c. focus on the mental activity that can accompany behavior, and behaviorists only focus on behavior in response to environmental stimuli. d. believe that most learning occurs in large groups of people.

Answer: c Topic: The Behaviorist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.2: Describe how behavioral psychologists view personality Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 56. Max doesn’t understand why Sharon refuses to study as much for the psychology exam as he. Sharon explains that grades just aren’t as important to her. This difference in the reinforcing power of good grades for Max and Sharon is related to a. values. b. prejudice. c. expectations. d. cues.

Answer: a Topic: The Behaviorist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.2: Describe how behavioral psychologists view personality Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 57. Which of the following theories views all humans as potentially good? a. Psychoanalytic b. Classical conditioning c. Operant conditioning d. Humanistic

318 .

Answer: d Topic: The Humanist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.4: Summarize the humanistic view on personality Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 58. A person who gets along well with others and offers unconditional positive regard is also known as a a. model. b. reinforce. c. stimulus person. d. fully functioning person.

Answer: d Topic: The Humanist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.4: Summarize the humanistic view on personality Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 59. Although group projects are difficult for many college students, Dante soon emerged as a well-liked leader who considered others’ viewpoints even when they were different from his own. According to Rogers, Dante is a. an optimist. b. a fully functioning person. c. self-actualized. d. agreeable.

Answer: b Topic: The Humanist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.4: Summarize the humanistic view on personality Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 60. Rogers is to Maslow as a. self-actualization is to self-esteem. b. self is to others. c. self-esteem is to self-actualization. d. others is to self.

Answer: c Topic: The Humanist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.4: Summarize the humanistic view on personality Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 319 .

61. ________ occurs when an individual has developed a complete sense of who he or she is, strengths he or she possesses, and acts in a way consistent with that. a. Need hierarchy b. Conditional positive regard c. Low self-esteem d. Self-actualization Answer: d Topic: The Humanist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.4: Summarize the humanistic view on personality Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 62. According to Maslow, the most basic needs to be met are a. safety needs. b. esteem needs. c. physiological or biological needs. d. belongingness needs.

Answer: c Topic: The Humanist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.4: Summarize the humanistic view on personality Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 63. Abe is concerned he doesn’t make enough money to feed and house his family. According to Maslow, Abe’s primary concern is with his ______ needs. a. physiological b. safety c. belongingness d. esteem Answer: a Topic: The Humanist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.4: Summarize the humanistic view on personality Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 64. Margie commented to her husband, Jake, “I don’t feel as close to you as I did when we first got married.” According to Maslow, Margie is having trouble meeting her ______ needs. a. physiological b. safety c. belongingness 320 .

d.

esteem

Answer: c Topic: The Humanist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.4: Summarize the humanistic view on personality Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 65. Dr. Grayson was concerned her teaching wasn’t as successful as her colleague’s. To do better, she started attending teaching seminars and workshops. Attending these classes should satisfy Dr. Grayson’s ______ needs. a. physiological b. safety c. belongingness d. esteem Answer: d Topic: The Humanist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.4: Summarize the humanistic view on personality Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 66. Characteristics that predict a person’s behavior consistently across a wide range of situations are also known as a. opinions. b. personality traits. c. personality states. d. observations.

Answer: b Topic: The Trait Theories Learning Objective: 3.5: Explain how personality is shaped using the trait theories Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 67. Sarah is very quiet, whereas Stacy is very outgoing. These differences suggest that Sarah and Stacy are at different points on the ________ continuum. a. agreeableness b. conscientiousness c. openness to experience d. extraversion/introversion Answer: d Topic: The Trait Theories 321 .

Learning Objective: 3.5: Explain how personality is shaped using the trait theories Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 68. The continuum of the Big Five personality theory that deals with tendency to be spontaneous or self-disciplined is a. extraversion/introversion. b. neuroticism. c. openness to experience. d. conscientiousness.

Answer: d Topic: The Trait Theories Learning Objective: 3.5: Explain how personality is shaped using the trait theories Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 69. ________ is characterized by anxiety, nervousness, self-consciousness, and moodiness. a. Neuroticism b. Extroversion c. Openness d. Conscientiousness Answer: a Topic: The Trait Theories Learning Objective: 3.5: Explain how personality is shaped using the trait theories Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 70. People low in _______ are more conventional, down to earth, and comfortable with familiarity than are people who are high in this trait. a. extraversion b. neuroticism c. openness to experience d. conscientiousness Answer: c Topic: The Trait Theories Learning Objective: 3.5: Explain how personality is shaped using the trait theories Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

322 .

71. Whenever her friends are in trouble, Suzanne can always be counted on to lend a hand.

Suzanne is high in a. extraversion. b. neuroticism. c. openness to experience. d. conscientiousness.

Answer: d Topic: The Trait Theories Learning Objective: 3.5: Explain how personality is shaped using the trait theories Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 72. Sawyer is disappointed her boyfriend has failed to help her again. He always has good intentions, but when it comes time to complete the task, he is nowhere to be found. Sawyer’s boyfriend is low in a. extraversion. b. neuroticism. c. openness to experience. d. conscientiousness.

Answer: d Topic: The Trait Theories Learning Objective: 3.5: Explain how personality is shaped using the trait theories Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 73. People high in _______ are described as kind, sincere, courteous, helpful, patient, honest, and cooperative. a. introversion b. neuroticism c. openness to experience d. agreeableness Answer: d Topic: The Trait Theories Learning Objective: 3.5: Explain how personality is shaped using the trait theories Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 74. Which personality trait has the biggest effect on marital adjustment for men and women? a. Extroversion/Introversion b. Neuroticism c. Agreeableness 323 .

d.

Conscientiousness

Answer: b Topic: The Trait Theories Learning Objective: 3.5: Explain how personality is shaped using the trait theories Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 75. Which of the following traits appears to be an influential factor in marriage for males and females? a. Agreeableness b. Openness c. Conscientiousness d. Extraversion Answer: a Topic: The Trait Theories Learning Objective: 3.5: Explain how personality is shaped using the trait theories Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 76. Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment set the stage for which of the following schools of thought? a. The psychodynamic perspective b. The social-cognitive perspective c. The personality perspective d. The behaviorist perspective Answer: b Topic: Social Cognitive Theory Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe the contributions of social cognitive theory to the study of personality.

Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 77. Gloria and Debra are getting ready for blind dates on Saturday night. Although Gloria spends a lot of time making sure that she looks her best for her date, Debra just throws on sweatpants and doesn’t put on makeup. When Gloria asks her why, she says, “It doesn’t matter; he’s not going to ask me on a second date anyway.” Debra’s behavior is based on her _____________ of the outcome of her date. a. expectation b. cognition c. rationalization d. sublimation 324 .

Answer: a Topic: Social Cognitive Theory Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe the contributions of social cognitive theory to the study of personality.

Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 78. According to the text, which of Maslow’s needs is at the base of the hierarchy in Chinese culture? a. Safety b. Esteem c. Belonging d. Self-actualization Answer: c Topic: The Humanist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.4: Summarize the humanistic view on personality Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 79. In China, which level of Maslow’s hierarchy is not a part of the culture? a. Belonging needs b. Esteem needs c. Safety needs d. Physiological needs Answer: b Topic: The Humanist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.4: Summarize the humanistic view on personality Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 80. A study conducted by Sheldon (2001) found that for both American and South Korean students, ___________ was the highest need. a. esteem b. self-actualization c. safety d. belonging Answer: a Topic: The Humanist Perspective Learning Objective: 3.4: Summarize the humanistic view on personality Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 325 .

81. People who score higher in which of the following Big Five traits are more likely to have satisfied partners? a. Agreeableness b. Openness to experience c. Conscientiousness d. Emotional stability Answer: d Topic: The Trait Theories Learning Objective: 3.5: Explain how personality is shaped using the trait theories Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 82. Which of the following of the Big Five traits has no impact on relationship satisfaction? a. Introversion b. Agreeableness c. Neuroticism d. Conscientiousness Answer: a Topic: The Trait Theories Learning Objective: 3.5: Explain how personality is shaped using the trait theories Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 83. A study conducted by Schmitt (2008) of men and women from 55 countries found that women score higher on a. introversion. b. openness to experience. c. neuroticism. d. impulsivity.

Answer: c Topic: The Trait Theories Learning Objective: 3.5: Explain how personality is shaped using the trait theories Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 84. Which kind of culture scores higher on agreeableness and conscientiousness according to Triandis and Suh (2002)? a. Low power distance b. Collectivist c. Individualist 326 .

d.

High power distance

Answer: b Topic: The Trait Theories Learning Objective: 3.5: Explain how personality is shaped using the trait theories Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 85. Which Big Five trait drops to low points when someone goes from childhood to adolescence? a. Introversion b. Openness to experience c. Agreeableness d. Neuroticism Answer: c Topic: The Trait Theories Learning Objective: 3.5: Explain how personality is shaped using the trait theories Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 86. Which of the Big Five traits peaks during middle age? a. Introversion b. Conscientiousness c. Extroversion d. Openness to experience Answer: b Topic: The Trait Theories Learning Objective: 3.5: Explain how personality is shaped using the trait theories Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

327 .

Chapter 4 Emotions, Stress, and Human Relations Test Bank 1.

According to _________ psychology, our emotions are an important contribution to our survival and growth as a species. a. humanistic b. evolutionary c. behaviorist d. clinical Answer: b Topic: The Study of Emotion Learning Objective: 4.1: Compare the traditional view of emotions with current perspectives Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

2.

Research on emotion has only recently evolved because a. most Western European and American societies considered it bothersome. b. scientists already understood how emotion influences behaviors. c. most Western European and American societies considered it important. d. research on emotion was considered unreliable.

Answer: a Topic: The Study of Emotion Learning Objective: 4.1: Compare the traditional view of emotions with current perspectives Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

3.

Studies suggest the ____________ is the part of the brain linked to assessing danger in a situation. a. amygdala b. left hemisphere c. right hemisphere d. visual cortex Answer: a Topic: The Study of Emotion Learning Objective: 4.1: Compare the traditional view of emotions with current perspectives Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

328 .

4.

While hiking, Marston heard a noise in the woods. After evaluating the sound and its closeness, he determined there was no danger. What part of Marston’s brain assisted him in assessing danger in this situation? a. Left hemisphere b. Right hemisphere c. Broca’s area d. Amygdala Answer: d Topic: The Study of Emotion Learning Objective: 4.1: Compare the traditional view of emotions with current perspectives Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate

5.

Many studies suggest the ___________ of the brain is related to positive emotions, such as happiness. a. left hemisphere b. right hemisphere c. Wernicke’s area d. amygdala Answer: a Topic: The Study of Emotion Learning Objective: 4.1: Compare the traditional view of emotions with current perspectives Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

6.

Anxious people have more activity in their right hemisphere, suggesting this hemisphere is related to the processing of a. happiness. b. negative emotions. c. positive emotions excluding happiness. d. visual information.

Answer: b Topic: The Study of Emotion Learning Objective: 4.1: Compare the traditional view of emotions with current perspectives Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

7.

When it comes to interpreting situations, events that are meaningful to those experiencing them are called __________ events. a. important b. activating 329 .

c. d.

anticipated life-altering

Answer: b Topic: The Study of Emotion Learning Objective: 4.1: Compare the traditional view of emotions with current perspectives Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 8.

Alex has been in many relationships. Her partner, David, has only been in a couple. After their first fight, Alex is still very confident the couple is destined to be together, whereas David is afraid they may break up. These differences in interpretations are probably a function of differences in a. activating events. b. cognitive appraisal. c. myth of causation. d. myth of helplessness.

Answer: b Topic: The Study of Emotion Learning Objective: 4.1: Compare the traditional view of emotions with current perspectives Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate

9.

Having failed his first psychology exam, Tyler anxiously awaited his grade on the second one. Again, he failed. Based on his previous performance and his interpretation of the current grade, Tyler began thinking critically about the teacher’s methods, questioning techniques, etc. These types of thoughts reinforcing our interpretation of the situation are also known as a. activating event. b. needs. c. cognitive appraisal. d. self-talk.

Answer: d Topic: The Study of Emotion Learning Objective: 4.1: Compare the traditional view of emotions with current perspectives Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate

10. Often when something negative happens in our lives, we exaggerate the effects this event has on other aspects of our lives. This irrational belief is known as a. catastrophizing. b. overgeneralization.

330 .

c. d.

myth of causation. need for approval.

Answer: a Topic: The Study of Emotion Learning Objective: 4.1: Compare the traditional view of emotions with current perspectives Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 11. Jessica left her homework on the bus and was forced to tell her teacher of her mistake.

Before she even talked to her teacher, she assumed the missing homework would make it impossible for her to improve her grade. This is an example of which irrational belief that can influence emotions? a. Catastrophizing b. Overgeneralization c. Myth of causation d. Need for approval Answer: a Topic: The Study of Emotion Learning Objective: 4.1: Compare the traditional view of emotions with current perspectives Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 12. _______________ involves exaggerating the frequency of an event whereas ______________ involves exaggerating the importance of an event. a. Myth of causation; myth of helplessness b. Need for approval; tyranny of shoulds c. Overgeneralization; catastrophizing d. Catastrophizing; overgeneralization Answer: c Topic: The Study of Emotion Learning Objective: 4.1: Compare the traditional view of emotions with current perspectives Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 13. Hannah estimates her neighbors keep her awake three to four nights a week with their partying. In reality, it is only once or twice a month. Her overestimation of her neighbors’ partying is also known as a. catastrophizing. b. need for approval. c. perfectionism. d. overgeneralization.

331 .

Answer: d Topic: The Study of Emotion Learning Objective: 4.1: Compare the traditional view of emotions with current perspectives Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 14. One example of an irrational belief that can influence emotions is the belief that one person’s emotions are the direct result of another person’s actions. This is known as a. perfectionism. b. the myth of causation. c. the need for approval. d. the myth of helplessness.

Answer: b Topic: The Study of Emotion Learning Objective: 4.1: Compare the traditional view of emotions with current perspectives Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 15. Ethan’s mom becomes angry at her son because, once again, he didn’t make his bed. She yells, “You make me so angry!” This statement is most related to which irrational belief that contributes to emotions? a. Perfectionism b. The need for approval c. The myth of causation d. Catastrophizing Answer: c Topic: The Study of Emotion Learning Objective: 4.1: Compare the traditional view of emotions with current perspectives Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 16. According to Ellis (1958), one irrational belief that is a major cause of depression and anxiety is a. catastrophizing. b. need for approval. c. myth of causation. d. perfectionism.

Answer: b Topic: The Study of Emotion Learning Objective: 4.1: Compare the traditional view of emotions with current perspectives 332 .

Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 17. The belief that you are okay only if everyone else approves of you is an example of which irrational belief? a. Overgeneralization b. Catastrophizing c. Myth of helplessness d. Need for approval Answer: d Topic: The Study of Emotion Learning Objective: 4.1: Compare the traditional view of emotions with current perspectives Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 18. Marsten is not comfortable with herself unless everyone approves of her. Marsten is experiencing which irrational belief? a. Myth of helplessness b. Overgeneralization c. Need for approval d. Perfectionism Answer: c Topic: The Study of Emotion Learning Objective: 4.1: Compare the traditional view of emotions with current perspectives Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 19. Belief that other people, or the world in general, ought to think and act in a way that fits your own belief system is also known as a. myth of causation. b. tyranny of shoulds. c. tyranny of musts. d. overgeneralization.

Answer: b Topic: The Study of Emotion Learning Objective: 4.1: Compare the traditional view of emotions with current perspectives Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

333 .

20. Isabella believes her daughter Amy should quit her job and take care of her daughter at home the same way she did when Amy was born. As a result, she constantly suggests that now is the time for Amy to be at home. Isabella’s irrational expectation that Amy should act in the same way she did is known as a. myth of causation. b. rationalization. c. overgeneralization. d. tyranny of shoulds.

Answer: d Topic: The Study of Emotion Learning Objective: 4.1: Compare the traditional view of emotions with current perspectives Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 21. Nicholas believes that if he works hard and makes a good impression during the interview, he will get the job he wants. Later, he found out that the interviewer’s nephew “earned” the job instead. Nicholas’ belief that life should turn out the way he wants is an example of a. myth of causation. b. rationalization. c. overgeneralization. d. tyranny of shoulds.

Answer: d Topic: The Study of Emotion Learning Objective: 4.1: Compare the traditional view of emotions with current perspectives Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 22. Expecting yourself to be the best in tasks, relationships, communications, or other goals is also known as a. tyranny of shoulds. b. overgeneralization. c. perfectionism. d. myth of helplessness.

Answer: c Topic: The Study of Emotion Learning Objective: 4.1: Compare the traditional view of emotions with current perspectives Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

334 .

23. Christopher is so concerned about the quality of his writing he finds it difficult to complete a paragraph. Which irrational belief is interfering with his ability to write? a. Tyranny of shoulds b. Perfectionism c. Overgeneralization d. Catastrophizing Answer: b Topic: The Study of Emotion Learning Objective: 4.1: Compare the traditional view of emotions with current perspectives Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 24. One way to avoid the trap of perfectionism when you struggle with a task involves a. taking action. b. complaining. c. thinking about what you are bad at and focus more attention on that. d. overlooking the problem.

Answer: a Topic: The Study of Emotion Learning Objective: 4.1: Compare the traditional view of emotions with current perspectives Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 25. When we assume we are stuck in a bad situation and cannot do anything about it, we are falling for a. the tyranny of shoulds. b. overgeneralization. c. catastrophizing. d. the myth of helplessness.

Answer: d Topic: The Study of Emotion Learning Objective: 4.1: Compare the traditional view of emotions with current perspectives Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 26. Justin is very frustrated he is scheduled to work on a day he usually has off. Rather than ask someone to trade shifts with him, he complains about his boss and the unfairness of the situation. Justin’s assumption that he is stuck in also known as a. the myth of causality. b. the myth of helplessness. c. overgeneralization.

335 .

d.

perfectionism.

Answer: b Topic: The Study of Emotion Learning Objective: 4.1: Compare the traditional view of emotions with current perspectives Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 27. The tyranny of shoulds leads to which two related irrational beliefs? a. Catastrophizing; Overgeneralization b. Need for approval; Overgeneralization c. Overgeneralization; Tyranny of shoulds d. Perfectionism; The myth of helplessness Answer: d Topic: The Study of Emotion Learning Objective: 4.1: Compare the traditional view of emotions with current perspectives Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 28. One of the major ways to distinguish between “sadness” and “depression” involves a. why people are upset. b. the support system available. c. whether people talk about their emotions. d. the length of time one experiences the emotion.

Answer: d Topic: Some Basic Emotions and Their Effects on Relationships Learning Objective: 4.2: Describe how basic emotions influence your interpersonal relations Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 29. ___________ is the most widespread psychological disorder in our society. a. Schizophrenia b. Obsessive-compulsive disorder c. Catatonia d. Depression Answer: d Topic: Some Basic Emotions and Their Effects on Relationships Learning Objective: 4.2: Describe how basic emotions influence your interpersonal relations Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 336 .

30. Although it can be hard to distinguish between depression and sadness, doctors often use __________ and a. gender; expectations. b. irrational beliefs; hallucinations. c. duration; intensity. d. delusions; well-being.

Answer: c Topic: Some Basic Emotions and Their Effects on Relationships Learning Objective: 4.2: Describe how basic emotions influence your interpersonal relations Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 31. Compared to a normal person, a depressed person is a. able to see him- or herself get better. b. unable to see him- or herself get better. c. more energetic. d. clearly able to solve problems.

Answer: b Topic: Some Basic Emotions and Their Effects on Relationships Learning Objective: 4.2: Describe how basic emotions influence your interpersonal relations Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 32. Depression has been linked to a. only physiological causes. b. only cognitive causes. c. both physiological and cognitive causes. d. neither physiological or cognitive causes.

Answer: c Topic: Some Basic Emotions and Their Effects on Relationships Learning Objective: 4.2: Describe how basic emotions influence your interpersonal relations Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 33. ___________ therapies work to treat depression by helping the depressed understand how their thinking affects their emotions and learn to adjust their thinking and emotions. a. Humanistic b. Behavioral c. Medical d. Cognitive 337 .

Answer: d Topic: Some Basic Emotions and Their Effects on Relationships Learning Objective: 4.2: Describe how basic emotions influence your interpersonal relations Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 34. Gabriel has a hard time recognizing his strengths and feels like a failure regardless of what he does. His therapist is helping Gabriel to identify his pessimistic beliefs as well as his successes. This therapy, usually associated with Beck and Ellis, is also known as _________ therapy. a. humanistic b. cognitive c. medical d. behavioral Answer: b Topic: Some Basic Emotions and Their Effects on Relationships Learning Objective: 4.2: Describe how basic emotions influence your interpersonal relations Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 35. An intervention for fifth and sixth graders at risk for depression taught students to identify their pessimistic beliefs, examine the evidence for and against the beliefs, and generate more realistic alternatives. Which of the following statements best describes the outcome? a. Children in the training reported greater levels of depression at the end of the trials. b. Children in the training reported lower levels of depression at the end of the trial and two years later. c. Children in the training reported lower levels of depression at the end of the trial, but greater levels of depression two years later. d. There were no differences in levels of depression across conditions.

Answer: b Topic: Some Basic Emotions and Their Effects on Relationships Learning Objective: 4.2: Describe how basic emotions influence your interpersonal relations Question Type: Analyze Difficulty Level: Moderate 36. One of the most common recommendations by behavioral therapy to reduce low-level depression is a. sleeping. b. cognitive reframing. c. socializing. d. fasting.

338 .

Answer: c Topic: Some Basic Emotions and Their Effects on Relationships Learning Objective: 4.2: Describe how basic emotions influence your interpersonal relations Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 37. Carrie’s therapist recommended she treat her low-level depression by going out with friends, visiting a museum, or renting a movie. This recommendation is also known as a. socializing. b. sleeping. c. cognitive reframing. d. construction.

Answer: a Topic: Some Basic Emotions and Their Effects on Relationships Learning Objective: 4.2: Describe how basic emotions influence your interpersonal relations Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 38. __________ is a normal human emotion that provides a signal that something is wrong. a. Anger b. Envy c. Joy d. Aggression Answer: a Topic: Some Basic Emotions and Their Effects on Relationships Learning Objective: 4.2: Describe how basic emotions influence your interpersonal relations Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 39. ___________ is an emotion; _________ is a behavior. a. Aggression; anger b. Sadness; depression c. Sadness; happiness d. Anger; aggression Answer: d Topic: Some Basic Emotions and Their Effects on Relationships Learning Objective: 4.2: Describe how basic emotions influence your interpersonal relations Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 339 .

40. Samuel became upset when he found out his roommate, Jake, ate the last slice of pizza in the fridge. He responded by hiding Jake’s algebra homework. Hiding Jake’s homework in response to Jake’s pizza eating is an example of a. sadness. b. pessimism. c. anger. d. aggression.

Answer: d Topic: Some Basic Emotions and Their Effects on Relationships Learning Objective: 4.2: Describe how basic emotions influence your interpersonal relations Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 41. __________ expression of anger involves expressing your anger openly toward the object of your anger. a. Indirect b. Direct c. Group d. Reciprocal Answer: b Topic: Some Basic Emotions and Their Effects on Relationships Learning Objective: 4.2: Describe how basic emotions influence your interpersonal relations Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 42. Danielle thought her husband, Gary, was ignoring her, so she proceeded to turn off the television and immediately expressed her disdain to him. This is an example of a(n) __________ expression of anger. a. indirect b. direct c. group d. reciprocal Answer: b Topic: Some Basic Emotions and Their Effects on Relationships Learning Objective: 4.2: Describe how basic emotions influence your interpersonal relations Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 43. _________ is to physical aggression as __________ is to expression of a problem. a. Anger; aggression b. Destructive; constructive 340 .

c. d.

Constructive; destructive Aggression; anger

Answer: b Topic: Some Basic Emotions and Their Effects on Relationships Learning Objective: 4.2: Describe how basic emotions influence your interpersonal relations Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 44. Instead of asking her roommate to pick up her things, Nikki accused her of being a lazy slob.

Nikki’s expression of anger best fits the ____________ category. a. constructive b. destructive c. connective d. factual Answer: b Topic: Some Basic Emotions and Their Effects on Relationships Learning Objective: 4.2: Describe how basic emotions influence your interpersonal relations Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 45. Which of the following is a constructive way of expressing anger? a. Kitchen sinking b. Verbal aggression c. Labeling d. Staying focused on the issue at hand Answer: d Topic: Some Basic Emotions and Their Effects on Relationships Learning Objective: 4.2: Describe how basic emotions influence your interpersonal relations Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 46. When telling another person what is bothering you, you throw in all of the other things the person has ever done to upset you. This destructive and direct expressions of anger is known as a. kitchen sinking. b. physical aggression. c. labeling. d. verbal aggression.

Answer: a Topic: Some Basic Emotions and Their Effects on Relationships 341 .

Learning Objective: 4.2: Describe how basic emotions influence your interpersonal relations Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 47. After picking up her husband’s socks for the hundredth time, Carson called him a pig and stormed out of the house. Calling him a pig is an example of which destructive and direct expression of anger? a. Kitchen sinking b. Physical aggression c. Labeling d. Catastrophizing Answer: c Topic: Some Basic Emotions and Their Effects on Relationships Learning Objective: 4.2: Describe how basic emotions influence your interpersonal relations Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 48. ____________ involves channeling your anger in a direction other than toward the object of you anger. a. Direct expression of anger b. Aggression c. Kitchen sinking d. Indirect expression of anger Answer: d Topic: Some Basic Emotions and Their Effects on Relationships Learning Objective: 4.2: Describe how basic emotions influence your interpersonal relations Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 49. The theory that releasing pent-up hostilities will return us to a peaceful state is also known as a. direct expression of anger. b. anger management. c. catharsis. d. conflict management.

Answer: c Topic: Some Basic Emotions and Their Effects on Relationships Learning Objective: 4.2: Describe how basic emotions influence your interpersonal relations Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Moderate 342 .

50. _____________ is a form of indirect expression of anger which involves the recognition that the issue at hand may be out of your control, but your reaction to it isn’t. a. Cognitive restructuring b. Relaxation c. Exercise d. Psychological detachment Answer: d Topic: Some Basic Emotions and Their Effects on Relationships Learning Objective: 4.2: Describe how basic emotions influence your interpersonal relations Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Moderate 51. Shifting your focus to the positive aspects of the situation from the negative aspects is also known as a. relaxation. b. catharsis. c. cognitive restructuring. d. psychological detachment.

Answer: c Topic: Some Basic Emotions and Their Effects on Relationships Learning Objective: 4.2: Describe how basic emotions influence your interpersonal relations Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 52. Ethan missed the last bus into the city. Rather than getting frustrated, he accepted the fact that he missed the bus and chose to spend his evening playing video games. On which indirect expression of anger did Ethan rely? a. Cognitive restructuring b. Relaxation c. Exercise d. Psychological detachment Answer: d Topic: Some Basic Emotions and Their Effects on Relationships Learning Objective: 4.2: Describe how basic emotions influence your interpersonal relations Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate

343 .

53. Brianna forgot to pick up the dry cleaning on the way home from work. This memory lapse would normally drive her husband, Larry, crazy, but tonight, he focused instead on the great meal she prepared and her great sense of humor. Focusing on the positives of a situation instead of the negatives is known as a. relaxation. b. catharsis. c. cognitive restructuring. d. psychological detachment.

Answer: c Topic: Some Basic Emotions and Their Effects on Relationships Learning Objective: 4.2: Describe how basic emotions influence your interpersonal relations Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 54. Students entering college listed the most sought-after goal as a. making a difference in the world. b. being married. c. college degree. d. being very well off financially.

Answer: d Topic: Some Basic Emotions and Their Effects on Relationships Learning Objective: 4.2: Describe how basic emotions influence your interpersonal relations Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 55. Self-awareness is a. managing the intensity and duration of feelings and the ability to delay gratification. b. continuing to work toward goals despite setbacks and frustrations. c. an ongoing attention to one’s internal states. d. feeling and understanding the emotions of another person.

Answer: c Topic: Emotional Intelligence Learning Objective: 4.3: Identify the five contributors to emotional intelligence Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 56. Sarah understands when she begins to get stressed and responds by taking deep breaths and drinking a cup of hot chocolate. This understanding of her internal state is also known as a. self-awareness. b. persistence. c. regulating emotions.

344 .

d.

self-concept.

Answer: c Topic: Emotional Intelligence Learning Objective: 4.3: Identify the five contributors to emotional intelligence Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 57. Being able to delay gratification is just one aspect of a. self-awareness. b. empathy. c. persistence. d. regulating emotions.

Answer: d Topic: Emotional Intelligence Learning Objective: 4.3: Identify the five contributors to emotional intelligence Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 58. Elizabeth continued to read her new library book despite the fact the words were difficult.

This is an example of a. regulating emotions. b. empathy. c. persistence. d. self-awareness.

Answer: c Topic: Emotional Intelligence Learning Objective: 4.3: Identify the five contributors to emotional intelligence Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 59. _____________ refers to a state of being where we feel we are one with what we are doing. a. Persistence b. Empathy c. Success d. Flow Answer: d Topic: Emotional Intelligence Learning Objective: 4.3: Identify the five contributors to emotional intelligence Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 345 .

60. Arnold has many friends who indicate he is terrific at feeling and understanding the emotions of another person. Arnold is high in a. sympathy. b. persistence. c. empathy. d. self-awareness.

Answer: c Topic: Emotional Intelligence Learning Objective: 4.3: Identify the five contributors to emotional intelligence Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 61. One aspect of emotional intelligence, ____________, includes the ability to organize groups, mediate conflict, and negotiate solutions. a. sympathy b. group empathy c. self-awareness d. social competencies Answer: d Topic: Emotional Intelligence Learning Objective: 4.3: Identify the five contributors to emotional intelligence Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 62. ________ stressors are to short term as ___________ stressors are to long term. a. Alarm; resistance b. Chronic; acute c. Acute; chronic d. Hardiness; resistance Answer: c Topic: The Role of Stress in Human Relations Learning Objective: 4.4: Discuss how stress influences our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 63. During the _________ phase of the general adaptation system model of stress response, our resistance level drops to a point below normal because resources have been depleted. a. acute b. alarm c. resistance 346 .

d.

exhaustion

Answer: d Topic: The Role of Stress in Human Relations Learning Objective: 4.4: Discuss how stress influences our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 64. According to the general adaptation system (GAS) perspective, our ability to resist stress is highest at which stage? a. Alarm b. Resistance c. Exhaustion d. Recovery Answer: a Topic: The Role of Stress in Human Relations Learning Objective: 4.4: Discuss how stress influences our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 65. __________ is the feeling of arousal and resulting physiological effects of being exposed to the stressor. a. Emotion b. Reaction c. Stressor d. Stress Answer: d Topic: The Role of Stress in Human Relations Learning Objective: 4.4: Discuss how stress influences our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 66. Although Janet was in a hurry to get to work, she didn’t interpret the fact she was late as a stressful situation. Her interpretation of the event is also known as a. control. b. cognitive appraisal. c. optimism. d. stress.

Answer: b Topic: The Role of Stress in Human Relations Learning Objective: 4.4: Discuss how stress influences our relations with others 347 .

Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 67. One factor that decreases Denise’s stress at work is her ability to set her own schedule. This influence Denise has on her work schedule is also known as a. control. b. cognitive appraisal. c. optimism. d. success.

Answer: a Topic: The Role of Stress in Human Relations Learning Objective: 4.4: Discuss how stress influences our relations with others Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 68. One factor that moderates Jacob’s stress is his tendency to focus on the positive aspects of his situation. For example, instead of dwelling on his hour-long train commute, he uses it as an opportunity to read the paper or listen to books on his MP3 player. This is an example of a. control. b. cognitive appraisal. c. optimism. d. stress.

Answer: c Topic: The Role of Stress in Human Relations Learning Objective: 4.4: Discuss how stress influences our relations with others Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 69. A personality style composed of control, commitment, and challenge is also known as a. extroversion. b. optimism. c. resistance. d. hardiness.

Answer: d Topic: The Role of Stress in Human Relations Learning Objective: 4.4: Discuss how stress influences our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

348 .

70. One characteristic of hardiness, challenge involves the perception that a. new things represent unnerving possibilities. b. one should become fully involved in whatever activity one is engaged. c. we have control over the events in our lives. d. new things represent exciting possibilities.

Answer: d Topic: The Role of Stress in Human Relations Learning Objective: 4.4: Discuss how stress influences our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 71. In general, coping strategies can be separated into two categories: __________ and _________ coping. a. person-based; situational-based b. problem-focused; emotion-focused c. present-focused; future-focused d. self-based; other-based Answer: b Topic: The Role of Stress in Human Relations Learning Objective: 4.4: Discuss how stress influences our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 72. One way Marshall reduces stress when a deadline approaches is to only accept those projects he really likes. This inspires him to finish those projects on time. What kind of coping strategy is Marshall using? a. Emotion focused b. Person focused c. Object focused d. Problem focused Answer: d Topic: The Role of Stress in Human Relations Learning Objective: 4.4: Discuss how stress influences our relations with others Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 73. Right before a paper is due, Sue increases the amount of time she spends meditating. After she is done, she feels fresh and ready to attack the assignment. What kind of coping strategy is Sue using? a. Emotion focused b. Person focused 349 .

c. d.

Object focused Problem focused

Answer: d Topic: The Role of Stress in Human Relations Learning Objective: 4.4: Discuss how stress influences our relations with others Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 74. Multiple studies on the influence of social support on stress suggest a. those with larger support systems experience more stress. b. those with larger support systems experience the same level of stress as individuals with smaller support systems. c. those with larger support systems experience less stress, live longer, and are less susceptible to depression. d. those with larger support systems have poorer coping skills.

Answer: c Topic: The Role of Stress in Human Relations Learning Objective: 4.4: Discuss how stress influences our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 75. Collin, an AIDS patient, has many family members and friends who care for him and offer communication and mutual support. Collin is fortunate to have a. a coping network. b. social support. c. stress systems. d. stress skills.

Answer: b Topic: The Role of Stress in Human Relations Learning Objective: 4.4: Discuss how stress influences our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 76. Research shows that the amygdala is linked to the expression of which emotion? a. Disgust b. Sadness c. Anger d. Happiness

350 .

Answer: c Topic: Some Basic Emotions and Their Effects on Relationships Learning Objective: 4.2: Describe how basic emotions influence your interpersonal relations Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 77. People with more activity in the right hemisphere of their brain have a tendency to feel more of which emotion? a. Anxiety b. Happiness c. Fear d. Sadness Answer: d Topic: Some Basic Emotions and Their Effects on Relationships Learning Objective: 4.2: Describe how basic emotions influence your interpersonal relations Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 78. People with more activity in the left hemisphere of their brain have a tendency to feel more of which emotion? a. Happiness b. Anger c. Sadness d. Love Answer: a Topic: Some Basic Emotions and Their Effects on Relationships Learning Objective: 4.2: Describe how basic emotions influence your interpersonal relations Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 79. Research conducted by Strack (1988) showed that when people held a pencil sideways in their teeth, they found cartoons to be funnier. Why? a. Holding a pencil in this way was challenging. b. Holding a pencil in this way mimicked smiling. c. Holding a pencil in this way made study participants feel silly. d. Holding a pencil in this way numbed the facial muscles.

Answer: b Topic: Some Basic Emotions and Their Effects on Relationships 351 .

Learning Objective: 4.2: Describe how basic emotions influence your interpersonal relations Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 80. Research conducted by Havas (2010) found that people who had received Botox injections took longer to read angry and sad sentences than they did before getting the procedure. Why did this occur? a. The Botox hurt their facial muscles. b. The Botox altered their brain chemistry. c. The Botox made them feel good about themselves. d. The Botox inhibited their ability to frown.

Answer: d Topic: Some Basic Emotions and Their Effects on Relationships Learning Objective: 4.2: Describe how basic emotions influence your interpersonal relations Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 81. Which field of psychology aims to promote happiness and well-being? a. Social psychology b. Positive psychology c. Clinical psychology d. Counseling psychology Answer: b Topic: Some Basic Emotions and Their Effects on Relationships Learning Objective: 4.2: Describe how basic emotions influence your interpersonal relations Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 82. According to research conducted by Martin Seligman, people who think about good things every day _________________ within 6 months. a. increase their happiness b. solve their problems c. lose weight d. improve their relationships Answer: a Topic: Some Basic Emotions and Their Effects on Relationships Learning Objective: 4.2: Describe how basic emotions influence your interpersonal relations Question Type: Understanding 352 .

Difficulty Level: Easy 83. Tianna is having a hard time with her parents and is angry and frustrated. Although she is upset, she keeps her anger to herself because she knows it would not be appropriate to express these feelings to her parents. What type of culture does Tianna most likely come from? a. Low uncertainty avoidance b. Low power distance c. High uncertainty avoidance d. High power distance Answer: d Topic: Some Basic Emotions and Their Effects on Relationships Learning Objective: 4.2: Describe how basic emotions influence your interpersonal relations Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 84. Ralph is having a hard time dealing with his older brother picking on him all the time. One day he gets tired of holding his emotions in and starts to defend himself in an assertive way.

Ralph most likely comes from a _____________ culture because this type of culture encourages assertiveness. a. low uncertainty avoidance b. low power distance c. high uncertainty avoidance d. high power distance Answer: b Topic: Some Basic Emotions and Their Effects on Relationships Learning Objective: 4.2: Describe how basic emotions influence your interpersonal relations Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 85. People in _________________ cultures tend to be more expressive of their anxiety. a. low uncertainty avoidance b. low power distance c. high uncertainty avoidance d. high power distance Answer: c Topic: Some Basic Emotions and Their Effects on Relationships Learning Objective: 4.2: Describe how basic emotions influence your interpersonal relations 353 .

Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 86. People in which type of culture tend to regulate their emotions more routinely? a. Low uncertainty avoidance b. Low power distance c. High uncertainty avoidance d. High power distance Answer: a Topic: Some Basic Emotions and Their Effects on Relationships Learning Objective: 4.2: Describe how basic emotions influence your interpersonal relations Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 87. Connie has a lot of mood swings when she’s going through stressful times, and as a result, her behavior can be quite erratic. She tends to let her emotions guide the way she acts, which is a sign that she is from a ________________ culture. a. collectivistic b. low power distance c. individualistic d. high power distance Answer: c Topic: Some Basic Emotions and Their Effects on Relationships Learning Objective: 4.2: Describe how basic emotions influence your interpersonal relations Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 88. Locus of control, optimism, and hardiness are examples of _______________, which reduce the impact of stressors on people’s stress levels. a. positive lifestyle changes b. cognitive appraisal c. moderators d. coping strategies Answer: c Topic: The Role of Stress in Human Relations Learning Objective: 4.4: Discuss how stress influences our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 354 .

89. Social support, exercise, meditation, and sleep are examples of ________________, which help to reduce the impact that stress has on people’s health. a. positive lifestyle changes b. cognitive appraisal c. moderators d. coping strategies Answer: a Topic: The Role of Stress in Human Relations Learning Objective: 4.4: Discuss how stress influences our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 90. Cognitive restructuring and social comparison are examples of ______________, which reduce the impact of perceived stress on physical and mental health. a. positive lifestyle changes b. cognitive appraisal c. moderators d. coping strategies Answer: d Topic: The Role of Stress in Human Relations Learning Objective: 4.4: Discuss how stress influences our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

355 .

Chapter 5 The Role of Perception in Human Relations Test Bank 1.

Because we have to process information quickly, our brains use ____________ that help us draw quick conclusions in a variety of situations. a. mental shortcuts b. logistic regression c. brain wave evaluation d. systematic assessment Answer: a Topic: Cognitive Biases That Influence Our Perception Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain why our brains make perceptual errors Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

2.

In order to avoid the errors associated with mental shortcuts a. we should avoid using them altogether. b. we need to recognize how they influence our own judgments. c. we should gain more experience using mental shortcuts to reduce errors. d. we should have others monitor our use of mental shortcuts.

Answer: b Topic: Cognitive Biases That Influence Our Perception Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain why our brains make perceptual errors Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

3.

Paying more attention to initial information about a person or situation than to later information is also known as the __________ effect. a. focus b. recency c. primacy d. moderating Answer: c Topic: Cognitive Biases That Influence Our Perception Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain why our brains make perceptual errors Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

356 .

4.

Darren set his friend Mike up on a blind date. When Mike asked Darren to describe her, he said, “She’s attractive, intelligent, industrious, impulsive, critical, and stubborn.” Mike replied, “I like attractive and intelligent women.” Mike’s focus on the first words in the list is an example of the ________ effect. a. focus b. recency c. primacy d. moderating Answer: c Topic: Cognitive Biases That Influence Our Perception Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain why our brains make perceptual errors Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate

5.

Solomon Asch (1946) gave participants in his study a list of characteristics about a person they never met. One group read a list indicating the person was intelligent, industrious, impulsive, critical, stubborn, and envious. The second group read the same list in reverse order (i.e., envious, stubborn, critical, etc.). What was the outcome of this study? a. Both groups formed positive impressions of the person. b. Both groups formed negative impressions of the person. c. The group who read the list starting with positive characteristics (i.e., intelligent, industrious, etc.) rated their person more positively than the group who read the list starting with the negative characteristics. d. The group who read the list starting with positive characteristics (i.e., intelligent, industrious, etc.) rated their person more negatively than the group who read the list starting with the negative characteristics.

Answer: c Topic: Cognitive Biases That Influence Our Perception Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain why our brains make perceptual errors Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

6.

Why do we form impressions of people based on the first time we meet? a. Because we usually meet people only one time. b. As humans, we take multiple meetings to make impressions. c. Because later impressions are more important we ignore early impressions d. When we don’t know someone, we are motivated to gather information about the person quickly.

Answer: d Topic: Cognitive Biases That Influence Our Perception Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain why our brains make perceptual errors 357 .

Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 7.

One way to diminish the influence of primacy effect is to a. rely instead on the recency effect. b. be mindful of its existence and its power over our judgment. c. only be influenced by positive information. d. let the target person know that his or her first impression will be most influential on you.

Answer: b Topic: Cognitive Biases That Influence Our Perception Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain why our brains make perceptual errors Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

8.

Ross was excited about attending a protest march in Washington, D.C., supporting abortion rights for women. When he asked his girlfriend, Jane, to go, she remarked, “But, Ross, I am pro-life.” Which cognitive bias contributed to Ross’ perception that Jane believed the same way he did? a. Primacy effect b. False consensus bias c. Confirmation bias d. Fundamental attribution error Answer: b Topic: Cognitive Biases That Influence Our Perception Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain why our brains make perceptual errors Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate

9.

Assuming that other people perceive and interpret things the same way we do is also known as a. fundamental attribution error. b. confirmation bias. c. false consensus bias. d. primacy effect.

Answer: c Topic: Cognitive Biases That Influence Our Perception Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain why our brains make perceptual errors Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 358 .

10. Russ, Greene, and House (1977) asked college students to wear a sandwich-board sign that said “Repent” and walk around campus for 30 minutes. Although only 50 percent of the total number of students volunteering for the study agreed to wear the sign, those who did wear the sign estimated 77 percent of the other participants would do it. Which cognitive bias explains this difference? a. Confirmation bias b. False consensus bias c. Primacy effect d. Fundamental attribution error Answer: b Topic: Cognitive Biases That Influence Our Perception Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain why our brains make perceptual errors Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 11. When considering our talents, abilities, or positive qualities, we tend to see ourselves as more unique than we actually are. This is known as the a. false consensus bias. b. false individual effect. c. false uniqueness bias. d. self-perception effect.

Answer: c Topic: Cognitive Biases That Influence Our Perception Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain why our brains make perceptual errors Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 12. Although she has only been working out regularly for a month, Sandra underestimates the likelihood her colleagues work out. Focusing on her positive behavior while underestimating the likelihood others engage in the same activity is also known as a. false consensus bias. b. false uniqueness bias. c. false individual effect. d. self-perception effect.

Answer: b Topic: Cognitive Biases That Influence Our Perception Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain why our brains make perceptual errors Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate

359 .

13. The ________________involves our tendency to seek out and pay attention to information that supports our preexisting notions, and also to ignore contradictory information. a. primacy effect b. false consensus bias c. false uniqueness bias d. confirmation bias Answer: d Topic: Cognitive Biases That Influence Our Perception Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain why our brains make perceptual errors Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 14. After meeting Jeff, Karyn thought she had found the man of her dreams. Although he began to treat her badly, she ignored his negative behavior and interpreted his positive behaviors in a way that was consistent with her preexisting notions. Karyn’s inability to see Jeff for who he was is related to a. the primacy effect. b. false consensus bias. c. false uniqueness bias. d. confirmation bias.

Answer: d Topic: Cognitive Biases That Influence Our Perception Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain why our brains make perceptual errors Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 15. The confirmation bias has two key components: The first is to look for evidence to confirm our existing beliefs, and the second is to a. interpret ambiguous information in a manner consistent with our own beliefs. b. pay greater attention to the first information we get about a person or situation. c. assume other people’s behavior is a result of their personality. d. make sure you aren’t substituting your interpretation for the facts.

Answer: a Topic: Cognitive Biases That Influence Our Perception Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain why our brains make perceptual errors Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

360 .

16. Often we assume other people’s behavior is due to their personality, and we underestimate the influence of the situation. This cognitive bias is also known as a. confirmation bias. b. false consensus bias. c. false uniqueness bias. d. fundamental attribution error.

Answer: d Topic: Cognitive Biases That Influence Our Perception Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain why our brains make perceptual errors Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 17. Dr. Beasley noticed one of her students kept falling asleep during class. “He must be lazy and unmotivated,” she thought. What she didn’t know was that her student, Pat, was working the night shift before class. Dr. Beasley’s assumption that Pat’s sleeping was due to laziness rather than his working situation is also known as a. confirmation bias. b. false consensus bias. c. false uniqueness bias. d. fundamental attribution error.

Answer: d Topic: Cognitive Biases That Influence Our Perception Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain why our brains make perceptual errors Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 18. Attributing a person’s behavior to something about the person, his character, or personality is called a(n) _______________ attribution. a. situational b. external c. internal d. motivational Answer: c Topic: Cognitive Biases That Influence Our Perception Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain why our brains make perceptual errors Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 19. Dee attributes Stan’s negative behavior to his general moodiness. She is making a(n) ____________ attribution. a. internal 361 .

b. c. d.

external situational motivational

Answer: a Topic: Cognitive Biases That Influence Our Perception Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain why our brains make perceptual errors Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 20. ___________ attributions are to the person whereas _____________ attributions are to the situation. a. External; internal b. Situational; personal c. Internal; external d. Personal; situational Answer: c Topic: Cognitive Biases That Influence Our Perception Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain why our brains make perceptual errors Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 21. Cody is surprised when his wife, Jessica, snaps at him for no reason. Then he remembers that she had a big presentation at work and was up the night before. If he assumes her behavior is related to lack of sleep and stress at work, he is making a(n) _____________ attribution. a. internal b. external c. personal d. motivational Answer: b Topic: Cognitive Biases That Influence Our Perception Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain why our brains make perceptual errors Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 22. In considering why someone behaves the way he or she does, we can examine whether the particular behavior typically occurs in that situation. This is also called ____________ in Kelley’s (1967) model. a. consistency b. consensus c. distinctiveness 362 .

d.

commitment

Answer: a Topic: Cognitive Biases That Influence Our Perception Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain why our brains make perceptual errors Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 23. Marco is angry that his friend Anthony is late. Their movie starts in 15 minutes. One of the pieces of information Marco uses to evaluate why his friend is late is whether Anthony has been late other times they have plans. Which factor of Kelley’s (1967) model is Marco considering? a. Consistency b. Consensus c. Distinctiveness d. Commitment Answer: a Topic: Cognitive Biases That Influence Our Perception Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain why our brains make perceptual errors Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 24. According to Kelley (1967), one way we can determine why a person behaves the way he or she does is to examine whether the behavior of interest also occurs in other situations. This component of the model is called a. consistency. b. consensus. c. distinctiveness. d. commitment.

Answer: c Topic: Cognitive Biases That Influence Our Perception Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain why our brains make perceptual errors Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 25. Derek realized his girlfriend, Sherry, seemed particularly stressed out when it was exam time, but not during other times. According to Kelley’s attributional model, Sherry’s stressed-out behavior is a. consistent. b. distinctive. c. similar to other’s. d. committed.

363 .

Answer: b Topic: Cognitive Biases That Influence Our Perception Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain why our brains make perceptual errors Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 26. Kelley’s (1967) attributional model suggests that determining whether other people typically exhibit the same behavior in the same situation shows the presence or absence of a. consistency. b. consensus. c. distinctiveness. d. commitment.

Answer: b Topic: Cognitive Biases That Influence Our Perception Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain why our brains make perceptual errors Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 27. After having lunch with her friend, Jean became very ill. She called her friend to determine whether she was sick as well. According to Kelley (1967), Jean is looking for __________ to determine whether she has food poisoning. a. consistency b. consensus c. distinctiveness d. commitment Answer: b Topic: Cognitive Biases That Influence Our Perception Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain why our brains make perceptual errors Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 28. ____________ factors can influence our perception of a situation because individuals with different levels of vision and hearing do not perceive the environment similarly to those with normal vision and hearing. a. Physiological b. Cultural c. Memory d. Situational Answer: a Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception 364 .

Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 29. Being tired, overwhelmed by stress, or busy at work can all influence our perceptions of others. These three factors are examples of a. physical senses. b. physical states. c. physical attributes. d. cultural differences.

Answer: b Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Analyze Difficulty Level: Easy 30. Research on beauty suggests people respond more favorably to others they find a. unattractive. b. physically attractive. c. less attractive than them. d. friendly.

Answer: b Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 31. Sophia, an attractive Italian model, has been diagnosed with depression as many times as Eva, a less attractive college student majoring in accounting. Which of the following statements best explains this? a. Neither Sophia nor Eva earn very much money, and money is related to happiness. b. Although Sophia is attractive, she may not think she’s attractive. This is the reason there is no relation between attractiveness and happiness. c. Both have been misdiagnosed. d. Both are assumed by others to be attractive.

Answer: b Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception 365 .

Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 32. Jade has been somewhat down lately, and her friends are getting concerned. They suggest a night on the town scoping out good-looking guys. According to Kenrick, Montello, Gutierres, and Trost (1993), why might this work? a. Drinking is a positive way to elevate her mood. b. When we see attractive people of the opposite sex, our mood is more positive. c. When we see attractive people of the same sex, our mood is elevated. d. Being exposed to beauty rarely influences our mood.

Answer: b Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 33. One concern about the pursuit of thinness in Western culture is that a. teenage girls are gaining too much weight. b. 56% of teenage girls tried to lose weight because they perceived themselves as too heavy. c. as females pursue realistic weight goals, males are becoming more overweight. d. most girls pursuing weight loss were truly overweight.

Answer: b Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 34. ___________ is the comfortable amount of distance between people in conversation. a. Personal zone b. Conversational zone c. Conversational bubble d. Personal space Answer: d Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception 366 .

Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 35. At a recent party, Claire suddenly became uncomfortable when a person she didn’t know well began talking with her only inches from her face. This stranger violated the rules of which zone of Claire’s personal space? a. Intimate b. Personal c. Social d. Business Answer: a Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 36. The intimate zone of personal space spans a. 0-18 inches. b. 18 inches to 4 feet. c. 4-12 feet. d. 12-20 feet.

Answer: a Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 37. The “intimate zone” of personal space applies to the distance we feel comfortable interacting with a. friends, acquaintances, and familiar coworkers. b. closest friends and loved ones. c. professional people we don’t know well. d. individuals we don’t know at all.

Answer: b Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 367 .

38. The “personal zone” is the amount of space where we feel comfortable interacting with a. friends, acquaintances, and familiar coworkers. b. closest friends and loved ones. c. professional people we don’t know well. d. strangers.

Answer: a Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 39. Jason thought it was odd that his close friend Zach kept a greater distance from him than he expected. Instead of 0-18 inches, Zach had suddenly kept his distance at least 4 or more feet from Jason when they talked. This greater distance in personal space is usually referred to as the a. intimate zone. b. personal zone. c. social zone. d. adversarial zone.

Answer: c Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 40. According to research on personal space, our urge to back up when another comes too close allows us to a. establish power during an interaction. b. reestablish a comfortable distance. c. reduce warmth between those talking. d. diminish personal space boundaries between acquaintances.

Answer: b Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 368 .

41. In white American culture, when we’re talking with someone, and he or she looks away, we assume the person is a. hiding something or not interested. b. behaving respectively. c. showing interest by thinking more deeply about the conversation. d. confident in his or her position.

Answer: a Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 42. Linda became angry when she found out her son had skipped school. When she confronted him, he looked away. In white American culture, Linda probably interpreted her son’s behavior as a sign of a. honesty. b. interest. c. sincerity. d. deception.

Answer: d Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 43. In Asian cultures, it is _________ to look a potential employer in the eye. a. common b. disrespectful c. respectful d. necessary Answer: b Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 44. Eye contact norms a. rarely vary across cultures. b. may vary in formal and informal social interactions. c. are consistent within cultures in the same country.

369 .

d.

of one culture are easily translated into the eye contact norms of another culture.

Answer: b Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 45. Different cultures have different rules or guidelines governing conversation. These rules are called a. rules of contact. b. speaking rules. c. interaction guidelines. d. talking rules.

Answer: d Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 46. Because talking is a dominant means of contact in the United States, we tend to avoid conversations with a. too many words. b. periods of silence. c. many interruptions. d. other people.

Answer: b Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 47. In the United States, to keep conversation flowing, individuals often rely on _________ such as “um,” “you know,” and “like” when looking for the right word or phrase. a. conjunctions b. filler words c. connectors d. spacing words 370 .

Answer: b Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 48. When it comes to conversation, Asian cultures, as well as Native American cultures, place great value on a. talking. b. silence. c. filler words. d. chatter.

Answer: b Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 49. Junichiro is from Japan and often feels overwhelmed when having a conversation with her new friend, Angela, who is from the United States. Junichiro probably feels overwhelmed because in her culture, great value is placed on a. talking. b. silence. c. filler words. d. chatter.

Answer: b Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 50. Another example of talking rules involves engaging in general conversation with others in order to develop rapport before discussing the relevant issue. This general conversation is also referred to as a. warm-up. b. efficient lingo. c. pre-conversation. d. small talk.

371 .

Answer: d Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 51. When it comes to the use of small talk, a. Americans value its use, whereas Asian, Southern European, and Middle Eastern cultures value efficiency in conversation. b. American, Asian, Southern European, and Middle Eastern cultures equally value the use of small talk in conversation. c. Americans value efficiency in conversation, especially when it comes to business, whereas individuals from Asian, Southern European, and Middle Eastern cultures value the use of small talk before conducting business. d. Asian, Southern European, and Middle Eastern cultures do not value small talk before business with acquaintances, but they are more likely to use it with strangers.

Answer: c Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 52. Which of the following is an example of an individual difference capable of influencing the perceptions of others? a. Eye contact b. Personal space c. Physical state d. Talking rules Answer: c Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 53. Which of the following is an example of a group difference or cultural factor capable of influencing our perceptions of others? a. Physical senses b. Physical state c. Physical appearance 372 .

d.

Eye contact

Answer: d Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 54. If you are unsure of another person’s behavior, one way to avoid misjudgments is to use a. common sense. b. your own cultural norms. c. perception checking. d. nonverbal behaviors.

Answer: c Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 55. Darren was a few minutes late coming home and noticed a mean look on his wife’s face when he came in. If he was unsure of why she looked cross and relied on perception checking, the first step he should take is a. describe what he noticed to her (in this case, her cross face). b. say, “I didn’t know if you were angry at me for being a little late or if you had a bad day with kids or at work.” c. ask her which interpretation is correct. d. offer to take her to dinner.

Answer: a Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 56. The technique of perception checking works best in cultures which rely on ___________ communication. a. direct b. indirect c. subliminal d. nonverbal 373 .

Answer: a Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 57. Which of the following strategies is the best for learning a new communication technique? a. Practice when in a heated argument. b. Practice only with those for whom you will use this strategy. c. Practice in hypothetical situations. d. No practice is necessary.

Answer: c Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 58. When using perception checking to evaluate ambiguous behavior, the benefit to offering a couple of different ways you could interpret behavior is it a. increases your partner’s defensiveness. b. decreases the likelihood of reaching the truth. c. conveys concern to your partner as well as acknowledging there could be a simple, innocent explanation for the behavior. d. increases the likelihood of confrontation.

Answer: c Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 59. Dr. Graham thought he noticed one of his students copying answers from another’s exam.

He comments, “I noticed your eyes were wandering. Were you reading another student’s response or thinking of your own?” This question refers to which part of the perception checking model? a. Describe a person’s behavior. b. Offer a couple of different ways you could interpret behavior. c. Ask other person which interpretation is correct. d. Substitute your interpretations for facts.

374 .

Answer: b Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 60. According to your text, memory is subject to errors when we try to retrieve information and when we try to ________ information. a. apply b. encode c. remember d. recall Answer: b Topic: The Influence of Perception on Memory Learning Objective: 5.3: Describe how memory processes can lead to miscommunication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 61. Meredith is studying for an exam, but doesn’t understand the material she is reading. If she is confused about the information, she will have trouble ________, which will lead to difficulty remembering. a. encoding b. recalling c. recognizing d. relearning Answer: a Topic: The Influence of Perception on Memory Learning Objective: 5.3: Describe how memory processes can lead to miscommunication Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 62. The memory process has three stages: encoding, ________, and retrieval. a. storage b. assessment c. evaluation d. articulation Answer: a Topic: The Influence of Perception on Memory Learning Objective: 5.3: Describe how memory processes can lead to miscommunication 375 .

Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 63. ________ is a timeframe of about 30 seconds during which we either use and dispose of information or work to retain it. a. Encoding b. Sensory memory c. Working memory d. Long-term memory Answer: c Topic: The Influence of Perception on Memory Learning Objective: 5.3: Describe how memory processes can lead to miscommunication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 64. The ________ model of memory suggests that we learn information through a process involving sensory memory, working memory, and long-term memory. a. universal b. three-box c. process d. situational Answer: b Topic: The Influence of Perception on Memory Learning Objective: 5.3: Describe how memory processes can lead to miscommunication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 65. Carson smelled the best banana bread at her friend Allison’s house. Encoding information from her immediate experiences is known as __________ memory. a. sensory b. working c. long-term d. three-box Answer: a Topic: The Influence of Perception on Memory Learning Objective: 5.3: Describe how memory processes can lead to miscommunication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

376 .

66. According to the three-box model of memory, _________ memory is 1 to 2 seconds, whereas _________ memory is about 30 seconds. a. working; long-term b. long-term; sensory c. working; short-term d. sensory; working Answer: d Topic: The Influence of Perception on Memory Learning Objective: 5.3: Describe how memory processes can lead to miscommunication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 67. According to Hamilton, a set of beliefs and expectations we have about certain concepts, events, and situations is also known as a a. prediction. b. schema. c. scaffold. d. concept.

Answer: b Topic: The Influence of Perception on Memory Learning Objective: 5.3: Describe how memory processes can lead to miscommunication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 68. Which of the following describes how schemas can influence encoding? a. By modifying the way we interpret or perceive a situation b. By interfering with how we recall information c. By interfering with our organization of the information d. By overriding the sensory input in a situation Answer: a Topic: The Influence of Perception on Memory Learning Objective: 5.3: Describe how memory processes can lead to miscommunication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 69. Schemas can influence retrieval of information from memory by a. influencing how we encode information. b. interfering with storage of information. c. decreasing the number of familiar items remembered. d. filling in gaps of what we recall from memory.

377 .

Answer: d Topic: The Influence of Perception on Memory Learning Objective: 5.3: Describe how memory processes can lead to miscommunication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 70. Loftus’ (1974) study found that witnesses increased the estimated speed of a car in a crash by 20 percent when a. they were told the car was a sports car. b. they were asked whether the cars smashed or hit one another. c. they watched the videos of the crash multiple times. d. they watched the video with the sound muted.

Answer: b Topic: The Influence of Perception on Memory Learning Objective: 5.3: Describe how memory processes can lead to miscommunication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 71. Scott and Janice took a trip to Hawaii for their anniversary. When Janice’s mom called to see how their vacation was going, Janice told her that it was nice, but she was annoyed with all the other tourists and wished they had picked a different time of year for their trip. A couple months after they returned home, Janice was telling all her friends and relatives what a wonderful time they’d had on their vacation. Janice’s behavior is an example of a. a schema. b. rosy retrospection. c. positive reconstruction. d. negative reconstruction.

Answer: b Topic: The Influence of Perception on Memory Learning Objective: 5.3: Describe how memory processes can lead to miscommunication Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 72. The tendency to forget minor annoyances and remember pleasures of a positive experience more vividly over time is referred to as a. positive reconstruction. b. negative reconstruction. c. a schema. d. rosy retrospection.

Answer: d Topic: The Influence of Perception on Memory 378 .

Learning Objective: 5.3: Describe how memory processes can lead to miscommunication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 73. Holmberg & Holmes (1994) surveyed married couples just after marriage and then again after two years. What was the outcome of this study? a. Couples whose marriages were going well remembered having problems as newlyweds, while couples who were experiencing marital difficulties remembered being happy as newlyweds. b. Couples whose marriages were going well remembered being very happy as newlyweds, while couples who were experiencing marital difficulties remembered having problems even as newlyweds. c. It didn’t matter whether the marriage was going well, as all participants remembered being happy as newlyweds. d. It didn’t matter whether the marriage was going well, as all participants remembered having problems as newlyweds.

Answer: b Topic: The Influence of Perception on Memory Learning Objective: 5.3: Describe how memory processes can lead to miscommunication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 74. Jeff and Susan have just celebrated their five-year anniversary. Susan’s friend Sarah comments to Susan at the reception that she has noticed that Susan and Jeff act the same now as they did when they first got married. She goes on to ask Susan if their whole marriage has been this way or if they ever experienced difficulty in their relationship. What answer would you expect from Susan based on the study by Holmberg & Holmes (1994)? a. As newlyweds, they did experience some problems in their marriage. b. They have experienced marital problems which have weakened their marriage, but they continue to work through their problems. c. She remembers the happy times when they were first married even though money was tight. d. She finds it difficult to remember happy or sad times from her early marriage.

Answer: c Topic: The Influence of Perception on Memory Learning Objective: 5.3: Describe how memory processes can lead to miscommunication Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 75. We tend to modify our recollections of people as our experiences with them a. change. b. remain the same.

379 .

c. d.

become more frequent. decrease.

Answer: a Topic: The Influence of Perception on Memory Learning Objective: 5.3: Describe how memory processes can lead to miscommunication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 76. According to Holbert’s study (2007) of viewers of CNN Headline News and The Daily Show, those who saw a satirical, skeptical presentation of news first were _______________ likely to buy into the skeptical viewpoint, compared to those who watched the serious presentation first. a. less b. more c. just as d. not at all Answer: b Topic: Cognitive Biases That Influence Our Perception Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain why our brains make perceptual errors Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 77. Joseph grew up thinking of Bruce Jenner as a heroic athletic and a very masculine man.

When he found out that Jenner has transitioned to being a woman, Joseph had a hard time accepting it. On the other hand, his daughter only knows Jenner from the Kardashian reality shows, so she was not as surprised. What is driving Joseph’s perceptions of Caitlyn Jenner? a. False consensus bias b. Recency effect c. Confirmation bias d. Primacy effect Answer: d Topic: Cognitive Biases That Influence Our Perception Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain why our brains make perceptual errors Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate

380 .

78. Carina went through a sexual assault, so when she heard all of the women tell their stories about being allegedly raped by Bill Cosby, she completely believed them—especially in light of her research on sexual assault statistics in the United States. On the other hand, Morgan grew up loving The Cosby Show and viewed Bill Cosby as a lovable, trustworthy father figure, so she refused to believe the allegations. Which of the following is behind Carina’s difference in opinion? a. Confirmation bias b. Primacy effect c. Recency effect d. Attribution error Answer: a Topic: Cognitive Biases That Influence Our Perception Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain why our brains make perceptual errors Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 79. According to Prentice and Miller (1993), college students will increase the amount of alcohol they drink when they believe other students drink that much. This is an example of which of the following? a. Primacy effect b. Fundamental attribution error c. Confirmation bias d. False consensus bias Answer: d Topic: Cognitive Biases That Influence Our Perception Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain why our brains make perceptual errors Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 80. Stephen is a neo-Nazi who spends all of his free time reading websites and message boards that are dedicated to his views. As a result, when he meets new people, he assumes that they have the same opinions that he does. This is an example of which of the following? a. Recency effect b. Primacy effect c. False consensus bias d. Fundamental attribution error Answer: c Topic: Cognitive Biases That Influence Our Perception Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain why our brains make perceptual errors Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 381 .

81. According to Hepworth (2010), _____________%of girls have gone on a diet at least once by the time they 10 ten years old. a. 10 b. 80 c. 50 d. 70 Answer: b Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 82. Studies show that people in _____________ find bigger bodies to be more attractive because they are a sign of high status, wealth, health, and fertility. a. Africa b. Brazil c. the Czech Republic d. the Dominican Republic Answer: a Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 83. Which country uses the phrase “eat, so you will get fat” to exemplify how much they find bigger bodies to be beautiful? a. Ghana b. Fiji c. Colombia d. Scotland Answer: b Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

382 .

84. Why are non-Western cultures beginning to adopt the Western view of voluptuous women? a. Governmental interventions b. Access to healthier foods c. Concern about health d. Increasing exposure to Western media Answer: d Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 85. In the United States, which type of women is more likely to feel satisfied with their bodies? a. Hispanic b. Caucasian c. Asian d. Hawaiian Answer: a Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 86. In _______________, it is common to eat with the right hand, using no utensils, while passing food with the left hand. a. Mexico b. Canada c. India d. Russia Answer: c Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

383 .

87. In ______________, it is more appropriate for women to wear skirts and dresses in neutral colors. a. Japan b. Canada c. Greece d. China Answer: a Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 88. In _______________, it is considered polite to arrive at someone’s home 15 to 30 minutes late. a. the Middle East b. Japan c. Germany d. India Answer: d Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 89. When it was Ana’s birthday, her new boyfriend excitedly gave her a gift. He was surprised when she first refused to accept the gift a few times and then would not open it in his presence. What he didn’t realize is that this is customary in ____________, where Ana’s parents were raised. a. Kenya b. China c. Pakistan d. Russia Answer: b Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 384 .

90. In a study on MMORPGs and nonverbal communication, Stanford University researchers found a. personal space rules do not exist in the games, but eye contact rules do. b. eye contact and personal space rules were the same in the games as they are in real life. c. eye contact rules do not exist in the games at all. d. eye contact and personal space are more important in real life.

Answer: b Topic: Biological and Cultural Influences on Perception Learning Objective: 5.2: Distinguish biological influences from cultural influences on perception Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

385 .

Chapter 6 Social Influence in Our Relations With Others Test Bank 1.

The primary goal of Phil Zimbardo’s 1972 Stanford Prison Experiment was to a. evaluate what individual characteristics would make for the best prison guards. b. determine if specific personality types contributed to more prison riots. c. determine the psychological influence of prison life on inmates and guards. d. evaluate the effects of gender on prison behavior.

Answer: c Topic: Reflections on the Stanford Prison Experiment Learning Objective: 6.4: Explain how social influence affected the Stanford Prison Experiment Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

2.

Applicants for the Stanford Prison Study were screened for physical and mental health, as well as randomly assigned to the prisoner and guard conditions. This was important because it a. minimized the effects of the situation. b. ruled out the effects of individual differences that could have contributed to differences in behavior. c. decreased the insurance premiums charged to the university. d. protected those individuals running the study from harm.

Answer: b Topic: Reflections on the Stanford Prison Experiment Learning Objective: 6.4: Explain how social influence affected the Stanford Prison Experiment Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

3.

Volunteers began their participation in the Stanford Prison Experiment a. by showing up to participate. b. when police cars picked them up at their places of residence. c. after being arrested for a real crime. d. by signing up at the cafeteria.

Answer: b Topic: Reflections on the Stanford Prison Experiment

386 .

Learning Objective: 6.4: Explain how social influence affected the Stanford Prison Experiment Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 4.

One form of punishment the “guards” in the Stanford Prison Experiment relied on involved prisoner isolation. This is also known as a. prisoner segregation. b. individual seclusion. c. time out. d. solitary confinement.

Answer: d Topic: Reflections on the Stanford Prison Experiment Learning Objective: 6.4: Explain how social influence affected the Stanford Prison Experiment Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

5.

Chains were locked around the prisoners’ ankles in the Stanford Prison Experiment to a. slow down their movement. b. remind them of their status as prisoners. c. make them easier to control. d. attach them to their cells.

Answer: b Topic: Reflections on the Stanford Prison Experiment Learning Objective: 6.4: Explain how social influence affected the Stanford Prison Experiment Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Because they were not allowed to use physical punishment to control the prisoners in the Stanford Prison Experiment, the guards began to rely on a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. humiliation and degradation. d. a 12-step program.

Answer: c Topic: Reflections on the Stanford Prison Experiment Learning Objective: 6.4: Explain how social influence affected the Stanford Prison Experiment Question Type: Understanding 387 .

Difficulty Level: Easy 7. What was Dr. Zimbardo’s role in the Stanford Prison Experiment? a. Clergy b. Warden c. Parole officer d. Guard Answer: b Topic: Reflections on the Stanford Prison Experiment Learning Objective: 6.4: Explain how social influence affected the Stanford Prison Experiment Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 8.

The Stanford Prison Experiment was originally planned for two weeks. How long did it last? a. Two days b. Four days c. Six days d. The full two weeks Answer: c Topic: Reflections on the Stanford Prison Experiment Learning Objective: 6.4: Explain how social influence affected the Stanford Prison Experiment Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

9.

Which of the following best explains why Philip Zimbardo stopped the experiment when he did? a. His role in the study made him more aware of the participants’ suffering. b. A graduate student assistant told him she thought what he was doing was terrible. c. The debriefing of the participants made him question his treatment of the guards and prisoners. d. His personal belief system about prison life caused him to question his study.

Answer: b Topic: Reflections on the Stanford Prison Experiment Learning Objective: 6.4: Explain how social influence affected the Stanford Prison Experiment Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

388 .

10. The extensive debriefings of the participants in the Stanford Prison Experiment revealed that participants who had the role of prisoners a. were not aware of how depersonalized they had become. b. never abandoned their concerns for others. c. were struck by the fact that their grasp on reality could be endangered so quickly. d. were not as shaken up as they previously thought.

Answer: c Topic: Reflections on the Stanford Prison Experiment Learning Objective: 6.4: Explain how social influence affected the Stanford Prison Experiment Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 11. The extensive debriefings of those participants in the Stanford Prison Experiment revealed that participants who had the role of guards a. were faced with the reality of the cruelty they had inflicted on others. b. avoided blaming the “victims,” in this case the prisoners. c. were not able to justify their behavior. d. were not as shaken up as they previously thought.

Answer: a Topic: Reflections on the Stanford Prison Experiment Learning Objective: 6.4: Explain how social influence affected the Stanford Prison Experiment Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 12. _________ is a voluntary change in belief or behavior with the intent to follow a perceived social norm. a. Uniformity b. Homogeny c. Standardization d. Conformity Answer: d Topic: Conformity Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the benefits and limitations of conformity Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 13. Stacy noticed that all the other girls were wearing dresses to school, and although she preferred to wear pants, she also began wearing dresses. This is an example of a. uniformity.

389 .

b. c. d.

homogeny. standardization. conformity.

Answer: d Topic: Conformity Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the benefits and limitations of conformity Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 14. When we are unsure of how to behave, we often look to others to gain information about rules for appropriate behavior in a culture or subculture. These rules are also known as a. informal policies. b. laws. c. social norms. d. overgeneralizations.

Answer: c Topic: Conformity Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the benefits and limitations of conformity Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 15. Clapping at the end of a musical performance or play is an example of a(n) a. rule. b. law. c. social norm. d. overgeneralization.

Answer: c Topic: Conformity Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the benefits and limitations of conformity Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 16. Conformity is necessary for society because it a. allows people to know to which groups they belong. b. helps maintain a sense of order. c. accentuates what makes us different from one another. d. decreases feelings of belonging.

Answer: b Topic: Conformity Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the benefits and limitations of conformity 390 .

Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 17. Conforming to “fit in” with a certain group even though you as an individual may not believe in the behavior is also known as ________ social influence. a. normative b. informational c. reciprocal d. responsive Answer: a Topic: Conformity Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the benefits and limitations of conformity Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 18. Although Gerry doesn’t like the taste of alcoholic beverages, she drinks a beer to “fit in” with the other kids at a party. Her behavior is an example of ________ social influence. a. normative b. informational c. reciprocal d. responsive Answer: a Topic: Conformity Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the benefits and limitations of conformity Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 19. Normative social influence is to ___________as informational social influence is to a. knowing; belonging. b. catastrophizing; generalizing. c. thinking; doing. d. belonging; knowing.

Answer: d Topic: Conformity Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the benefits and limitations of conformity Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

391 .

20. Conformity can be helpful when we are involved in ambiguous situations and don’t know what to do. In this case, we do what others are doing because it provides us with a. informational. b. acceptance. c. approval. d. culture.

Answer: a Topic: Conformity Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the benefits and limitations of conformity Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 21. Parker wasn’t sure what the best strategy for studying for his upcoming exam would be, so he asked another student who had taken the class. Since she had used the online quizzes and found them helpful, he chose to use them, too. This is an example of _______ social influence. a. informational b. acceptance c. approval d. normative Answer: a Topic: Conformity Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the benefits and limitations of conformity Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 22. Everyone told Zach the first exam for Dr. Desmond would be tough, but he chose to ignore their advice and didn’t study as much as he should have. In this case, it was unfortunate that he was not persuaded by ______ social influence. a. informational b. acceptance c. approval d. cultural Answer: a Topic: Conformity Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the benefits and limitations of conformity Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate

392 .

23. ____________ in the situation leads to increased conformity. a. Confidence b. Knowledge c. Ambiguity d. Experience Answer: c Topic: Conformity Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the benefits and limitations of conformity Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 24. Which of the following best describes the relationship between group size and conformity? a. As the number of people increases, the degree to which we conform is directly proportional. b. There is no relationship between group size and our likelihood to conform. c. Conformity increases as the group grows to about five. Additional members make little or no difference. d. Group size only influences conformity when groups are crowd size.

Answer: c Topic: Conformity Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the benefits and limitations of conformity Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 25. Culture influences conformity in that collectivistic cultures value ____________ and, therefore, value conformity. a. information b. idealization c. independence d. group harmony Answer: d Topic: Conformity Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the benefits and limitations of conformity Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 26.

____________ goes beyond conformity because it involves a response to an overt request. a. Informational social influence b. Normative social influence c. Agreement d. Compliance 393 .

Answer: d Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 27. Believing it is important to pay back favors is also known as a. commitment. b. liking. c. reciprocity. d. approval.

Answer: c Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 28. Like many times before, Suzanne watched her friend Stan’s house while he was away on business. In return, he shoveled her walk after it snowed. These behaviors illustrate the norm of a. reciprocity. b. liking. c. authority. d. scarcity.

Answer: a Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 29. Sometimes, we comply with another person’s request to build a reciprocity “savings account.” According to your text, the benefit to us would be a. we will have more money. b. the person we help won’t ask us for another favor. c. we increase the likelihood they will remember our compliance and return the favor. d. we will like them more.

394 .

Answer: c Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 30. One study had individuals participate in an “art appreciation study.” In one condition of the real study on reciprocity, one participant (actually a confederate to the experiment) offered the other participant a Coke. After the experiment, the confederate asked the real participant to buy a raffle ticket. What was the outcome of this study? a. Participants across the Coke/no Coke conditions were equally likely to buy raffle tickets. b. Only participants in the no Coke condition bought raffle tickets. c. Neither participants in the Coke or no Coke conditions bought raffle tickets. d. Participants in the Coke condition bought, on average, twice as many raffle tickets as participants in the no Coke condition.

Answer: d Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 31. According to ________________ psychology, we feel a strong obligation to reciprocate because social exchange has been a crucial component in individual and group survival. a. developmental b. humanistic c. evolutionary d. behaviorism Answer: c Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 32. Sondra wanted to stay out with friends until 10 p.m. on Saturday. Rather than ask her mom if she could come home at 10, Sondra asked her mom if she could stay out until midnight.

When Mom said no (an answer Sondra expected), Sondra replied, “Oh, Mom! How about until 10 then?” Which technique is Sondra using to get her way? a. Get what you want 395 .

b. c. d.

Door in the face Foot in the door Pane in the window

Answer: b Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 33. When it comes to the principle of reciprocity, the best way to avoid obligations if you find yourself feeling suspicious of an individual’s motive for a request is to a. say yes to the request. b. say no to the request. c. have someone else fulfill the request. d. ask the individual his or her motives.

Answer: b Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Moderate 34. According to the principle of commitment, once we make a small commitment to a person or idea, a. there is less of a chance we will make a larger commitment later. b. there is more of a chance we will make a larger commitment later. c. we are equally likely to make a similar commitment later. d. we are likely to make a similar commitment to someone else later.

Answer: b Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 35. Jessica borrowed a pencil from a classmate on Tuesday. On Thursday, she asked the same classmate to borrow a calculator. Based on the principle of commitment, predict what the classmate will do? a. Loan her another pencil. b. Refuse to loan her the calculator.

396 .

c. d.

Loan her another student’s calculator.

Loan her the calculator.

Answer: d Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 36. The effectiveness of the “foot-in-the-door” technique comes from a. our need for consistency, which motivates us to maintain a commitment. b. our need for approval. c. the pressure others put on us. d. our desire to help others.

Answer: a Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 37. Publicly announcing your intentions to change a behavior before you start utilizes the principle of _________ in a positive way. a. approval b. commitment c. scarcity d. liking Answer: b Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 38. Jason announced to everyone that on Monday he was going to the gym. This public announcement uses the principle of _________ in a positive way. a. approval b. commitment c. scarcity d. liking

397 .

Answer: b Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 39. According to Cialdini, two signs you are about to agree to a request that makes you uncomfortable include a(n) _____________and asking yourself, “If I had to do this over again and knew at the beginning what I know now, would I do it again?” a. tightening in your stomach b. check of the credentials of the requestor c. evaluation of others in comparable situations d. consideration of past experiences Answer: a Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 40. The principle of social proof involves a. having others prove why their behavior is more appropriate in a given situation. b. going along with a belief or behavior because it looks like many others are doing the same thing. c. a mathematical formula for estimating how many others would behave similarly if in your situation. d. refusing to do something because others have already done it.

Answer: b Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 41. One principle of social proof, _____, suggests that once we know others in the neighborhood or at the store are engaged in a behavior, we are more likely to do it, too. a. consistency b. behaviorism c. complacency d. consensus

398 .

Answer: d Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 42. We are more influenced by a social proof if we see ourselves as _______ others engaged in the behavior. a. more successful than b. similar to c. less successful than d. different from Answer: b Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 43. According to the principle of ______, we are more likely to agree to a request when the person asking is someone we like. a. liking b. admiration c. caring d. attraction Answer: a Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 44. Rhonda gets frustrated because the kids on the block are always selling something for their respective schools. Her husband, Josh, asks, “Why do you buy stuff from Jocelyn and not Karl?” “Easy,” said Rhonda, “because she’s nice.” What principle of compliance is at work here? a. Attraction b. Similarity c. Liking d. Commitment

399 .

Answer: a Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 45. One stereotype concerning politicians is they never miss the opportunity to have their picture taken with a baby. If this stereotype is true, it is based on the concept of associating yourself with something a. controversial. b. likeable. c. sympathetic. d. revolutionary.

Answer: b Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 46. The principle of ________suggests we are more likely to comply to a request made by someone in charge. a. similarity b. liking c. authority d. commitment Answer: c Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 47. Elisabeth attended a concert with her dad and proceeded to stand on the chair and scream for the band. Although her father tried to get her down twice, Elisabeth refused. A security guard asked her once, and she complied, behaving for the rest of the concert. Which principle of compliance was at work here? a. Commitment b. Authority c. Reciprocity d. Liking 400 .

Answer: b Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 48. A study by Peters & Ceci (1982) illustrating the influence of authority chose 12 published articles by well-known authors from important universities and changed the names and affiliations to unfamiliar names. The articles were resubmitted to the same journals. How many articles were accepted for publication under these circumstances? a. None b. 1 of 12 c. 6 of 12 d. 12 Answer: b Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 49. Participants were asked to pick up a paper bag by either an individual dressed in a security guard’s uniform or in plain clothes. How did clothing influence compliance rates in this study? a. Ninety-two percent of the sample complied to the request by the security guard whereas 42 percent of the sample complied to the request by the individual in plain clothes. b. Forty-two percent complied when the request was made by the security guard compared to 92 percent of the sample who complied when the request was made by the person in plain clothes. c. Regardless of the clothing condition, individuals were resistant to picking up the paper bag. d. Regardless of the clothing condition, individuals were equally likely to pick up the paper bag.

Answer: a Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

401 .

50. Wanting something more when the availability appears to be limited is also known as the principle of a. commitment. b. reciprocity. c. similarity. d. scarcity.

Answer: d Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 51. The concept of limited edition artwork, collectibles, or ice cream relies on the principle of __________ to get customers to buy and buy quickly. a. commitment b. reciprocity c. similarity d. scarcity Answer: d Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 52. Whitney searched for the last pair of rhinestone earrings at the store. Turning to her friend, she said, “If I don’t go ahead and get these, I won’t have them for the wedding.” This is an example of the principle of a. liking. b. scarcity. c. reciprocity. d. similarity.

Answer: b Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate

402 .

53. Retail stores capitalize on the principle of __________ with sales that indicate the offer is time limited. a. liking b. scarcity c. reciprocity d. similarity Answer: b Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 54. Humans have the need to control their own destinies and choices. As a result, when this need is threatened, we work harder to maintain this freedom. According to Brehm & Brehm (2013), this effortful response is known as a. resistance. b. overacting. c. psychological reactance. d. predicted response.

Answer: c Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 55. Anderson was told he would never pass calculus. As a result, he worked harder than ever and passed with a B. Anderson’s response to being told he wouldn’t do well is also known as a. predicted response. b. resistance. c. overacting. d. psychological reactance.

Answer: d Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate

403 .

56. According to Hamilton, being interested in a romantic partner who isn’t interested in you may be a form of a. predicted response. b. resistance. c. overacting. d. psychological reactance.

Answer: d Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 57. ____________ occurs when you agree to a request from an authority figure to avoid a negative consequence. a. Social proof b. Obedience c. Compliance d. Conformity Answer: b Topic: Obedience Learning Objective: 6.3: Distinguish the differences between obedience, conformity, and compliance Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 58. Audrey agreed to do her homework when her mother asked in order to avoid punishment. In this case, agreeing to the request is an example of a. social proof. b. obedience. c. compliance. d. conformity.

Answer: b Topic: Obedience Learning Objective: 6.3: Distinguish the differences between obedience, conformity, and compliance Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

404 .

59. Milgram’s (1974) Yale study investigated factors influencing a. compliance. b. conformity. c. obedience. d. commitment.

Answer: c Topic: Obedience Learning Objective: 6.3: Distinguish the differences between obedience, conformity, and compliance Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 60. Obedience is distinguished from compliance by the addition of a ___________ for refusal. a. positive consequence b. neutral stimulus c. liking d. negative consequence Answer: d Topic: Obedience Learning Objective: 6.3: Distinguish the differences between obedience, conformity, and compliance Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 61. Milgram (1974) designed his experiment to demonstrate that Americans a. would obey authority even if it meant hurting others. b. would not obey authority if it meant hurting others. c. would not differ from others on measures of obedience. d. would have the capacity to carry out an order to commit mass execution.

Answer: b Topic: Obedience Learning Objective: 6.3: Distinguish the differences between obedience, conformity, and compliance Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 62. What historical event was Milgram trying to understand when he developed his 1974 experiment? a. The atrocities perpetuated on the Jews by the Nazis b. The stock market crash of 1929 c. The bombing of Pearl Harbor 405 .

d.

Prisoner behavior at Abu Ghraib prison

Answer: a Topic: Obedience Learning Objective: 6.3: Distinguish the differences between obedience, conformity, and compliance Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 63. Who were the subjects in Milgram’s original 1974 study on obedience? a. College students at Yale b. Nursing students recruited from a local hospital c. German immigrants to the United States d. Male volunteers responding to a local newspaper advertisement Answer: d Topic: Obedience Learning Objective: 6.3: Distinguish the differences between obedience, conformity, and compliance Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 64. The teacher’s role in Milgram’s study involves a. learning a list of words to avoid getting shocked. b. reading a list of words and shocking the listener when the word is not recalled. c. training the experimenter to run the study. d. expressing concern when the words were needed.

Answer: b Topic: Obedience Learning Objective: 6.3: Distinguish the differences between obedience, conformity, and compliance Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 65. In Milgram’s (1974) study on obedience, when the learner missed a word on the list, the teacher responded by a. rereading the word. b. administering a shock. c. asking for the word again. d. saying harsh words.

Answer: b Topic: Obedience 406 .

Learning Objective: 6.3: Distinguish the differences between obedience, conformity, and compliance Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 66. Whenever the “teacher” hesitated in administering the shock, a. the “learner” yelled louder. b. the checked the list for errors. c. the “learner” asked for additional words. d. the researcher responded with “please go on” and “the experiment requires that you continue.”

Answer: d Topic: Obedience Learning Objective: 6.3: Distinguish the differences between obedience, conformity, and compliance Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 67. Before assuming the people who shocked to 450 volts did so because they were evil, we are making a. an external attribution. b. a situational attribution. c. the fundamental attribution error. d. an internal attribution.

Answer: c Topic: Obedience Learning Objective: 6.3: Distinguish the differences between obedience, conformity, and compliance Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 68. One factor that influences how far a “teacher” shocked the “learner” involved the physical distance between the two. In close proximity, the teacher delivered a. the same number of shocks. b. fewer shocks. c. more shocks. d. shocks as well as verbal reprimands.

Answer: b Topic: Obedience Learning Objective: 6.3: Distinguish the differences between obedience, conformity, and compliance 407 .

Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 69. In replications of Milgram’s (1974) study, one of the factors that influenced obedience was the proximity of the experimenter. When the experimenter gave instructions by phone, participant obedience a. stayed the same. b. increased by 21 percent. c. decreased from 63 percent to 21 percent. d. dropped to 0.

Answer: c Topic: Obedience Learning Objective: 6.3: Distinguish the differences between obedience, conformity, and compliance Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 70. In one replication of Milgram’s (1974) study, three participants shocked the “learner” rather than one. Two of those “participants” were actually confederates, and at one point in the study, they refused to shock the learner. When the two other teachers defied the experimenter, the conformity level of the actual participant a. increased. b. decreased. c. stayed the same. d. changed over time.

Answer: b Topic: Obedience Learning Objective: 6.3: Distinguish the differences between obedience, conformity, and compliance Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 71. Compared to men in the original Milgram study, women participants in later studies obeyed at _________ rates. a. similar b. dissimilar c. lower d. higher Answer: a Topic: Obedience

408 .

Learning Objective: 6.3: Distinguish the differences between obedience, conformity, and compliance Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 72. Compared to the obedience rates of individuals in America, participants in other countries obeyed the experimenter at __________ rates. a. similar b. dissimilar c. lower d. higher Answer: a Topic: Obedience Learning Objective: 6.3: Distinguish the differences between obedience, conformity, and compliance Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 73. Of all the cross-cultural Milgram replications, the highest obedience rates belong to individuals from a. America. b. Europe. c. South Africa. d. Germany.

Answer: d Topic: Obedience Learning Objective: 6.3: Distinguish the differences between obedience, conformity, and compliance Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 74. According to your text, people in ___________ cultures tended to be influenced by others more than people in ___________ cultures. a. individualistic; collectivistic b. collectivistic; individualistic c. disobedient; obedient d. masculine; feminine Answer: b Topic: Obedience Learning Objective: 6.3: Distinguish the differences between obedience, conformity, and compliance 409 .

Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 75. A Dutch study created a new obedience paradigm by asking men and women to make a series of 15 negative and derogatory comments to a prospective job applicant. As the applicant (really a confederate) became increasingly distressed, the participant, either in the presence or absence of an experimenter, made a choice of whether to stop the comments.

What was the outcome of this study? a. Control group participants who did not have an experimenter present read the entire list of statements. b. There was no difference in the number of words read as a function of the presence or absence of the experimenter. c. When the experimenter was present, 92 percent of the participants read all of the derogatory words to the confederate. d. When the experimenter was not present, participants and confederates chatted, and no data were collected.

Answer: c Topic: Obedience Learning Objective: 6.3: Distinguish the differences between obedience, conformity, and compliance Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 76. According to the text, people in _________________ have a knee-jerk negative reaction to the idea of conformity. a. Germany b. the United States c. Sweden d. Scotland Answer: b Topic: Conformity Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the benefits and limitations of conformity Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 77. An experiment by Hendrickson and Goei (2009) studied the likelihood of a woman accepting a date after a man bought her a drink. Researchers found that women were ___________ likely to accept a date from a man that they thought was a janitor, rather than a man they thought was a doctor. a. equally 410 .

b. c. d.

more less not at all

Answer: b Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 78. According to Guégen (2014), people are more likely to give blood once when they are asked to participate in a long-term blood donation program. This is an example of the a. door-in-the-face strategy. b. foot-in-the-door strategy. c. principle of authority. d. principle of liking.

Answer: a Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 79. Pansu found that in _____________, the door-in-the-face strategy was more effective in getting hospital employees to smoke less than a traditional information campaign. a. the United States b. France c. England d. Japan Answer: b Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Easy Difficulty Level: Understanding

411 .

80. Lokhorst (2013) found that people were more likely to follow through on their promise to recycle when they made a public statement. This is an example of the a. principle of commitment. b. door-in-the-face strategy. c. principle of authority. d. principle of social proof.

Answer: a Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 81. Schnuerch and Gibbons (2015) found that people’s brains are wired to promote their susceptibility to which of the following? a. The principle of social proof b. The principle of consensus c. The principle of scarcity d. The principle of authority Answer: a Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 82. People in ______________ cultures are more prone to engaging in negative reciprocity behaviors. a. collectivistic b. individualistic c. high power distance d. low power distance Answer: b Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 412 .

83. People in ______________ cultures are more susceptible to the principle of commitment. a. individualistic b. high uncertainty avoidance c. low power distance d. collectivistic Answer: a Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 84. People in _______________ cultures are more motivated by social proof. a. low power distance b. high power distance c. collectivistic d. individualistic Answer: c Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 85. The principle of authority is most effective in __________________ cultures. a. high uncertainty avoidance b. high power distance c. low uncertainty avoidance d. low power distance Answer: b Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Easy Difficulty Level: Understanding

413 .

86. The principle of scarcity is most effective in _________________ cultures. a. high uncertainty avoidance b. low uncertainty avoidance c. collectivistic d. individualistic Answer: a Topic: Compliance Learning Objective: 6.2: Explain how the basic principles of compliance influence our relations with others Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 87. Jerry Burger of Santa Clara University recreated whose popular psychological study to find out if modern-day participants would also be compliant to an authority figure? a. Philip Zimbardo b. Solomon Asch c. Albert Bandura d. Stanley Milgram Answer: d Topic: Obedience Learning Objective: 6.3: Distinguish the differences between obedience, conformity, and compliance Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 88. The Heroic Imagination Project was founded by _________________, the researcher who is known for the Stanford Prison Experiment. a. Albert Bandura b. Solomon Asch c. Stanley Milgram d. Philip Zimbardo Answer: d Topic: Reflections on the Stanford Prison Experiment Learning Objective: 6.4: Explain how social influence affected the Stanford Prison Experiment Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

414 .

Chapter 7 Prejudice: Foundations, Causes, Effects, and Remedies Test Bank 1.

According to cross-cultural research on the key factors that contribute to prejudice, although some factors are probably unavoidable, others can be a. examined. b. demonstrated. c. overcome. d. inevitable.

Answer: c Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

2.

____________ is the idea that we develop a bias favoring our own group over other groups in order to maintain positive self-esteem. a. Esteem enhancement b. Social identity theory c. Group membership inflation d. Solidarity Answer: b Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

3.

Morgan perceives her cheerleading group as significantly better at stunts, even though their team came in second in the championships. Morgan’s bias for her own team illustrates the concept of a. esteem enhancement. b. social identity theory. c. group membership inflation. d. solidarity.

Answer: b Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Apply 415 .

Difficulty Level: Moderate 4.

According to social identity theory, liking our own group more than other groups contributes to higher a. IQ scores. b. levels of individualism. c. levels of personal denial. d. self-esteem.

Answer: d Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

5.

In Tajfel’s (1971) research on nominal groups, being labeled as “underestimators” and “overestimators” was enough to establish a. intragroup conflict. b. individualism. c. ingroup bias. d. plagiarism.

Answer: c Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

6.

Favoring others with whom we identify over those whom we perceive as different is also known as a. group preference. b. ingroup bias. c. outgroup stereotype. d. group bond.

Answer: b Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

416 .

7.

Shannon had the choice to room with a seventh-grade girl at camp who had the same interest in horseback riding as she or another girl whose interest was in canoeing. Shannon’s choice of the girl who liked horseback riding is an example of a. group preference. b. ingroup bias. c. outgroup stereotype. d. group bond.

Answer: b Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate

8.

In Tajfel’s (1971) research, individuals labeled as “underestimators” and “overestimators” responded to other “underestimator” and “overestimator” participants by a. awarding more points to individuals with the same group label as themselves. b. awarding more points to individuals with a different group label than themselves. c. awarding points equally across other participating groups. d. awarding points based on criteria other than the group label.

Answer: a Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

9.

Ingroup bias becomes stronger when our group affiliation is based on factors which are meaningful to our a. group membership. b. situation. c. families. d. self-concept.

Answer: d Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Outgroup bias involves a. kicking individuals out of current groups. b. downgrading others who are different or not a part of your group.

417 .

c. d.

remembering more information about members of other groups than members of your own group. caring more about members of other groups as compared to members of your own.

Answer: b Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 11. Ingroup and outgroup bias is beneficial from an evolutionary perspective because they promote a. conflict among groups. b. bonds among people in the same group. c. diversity within groups. d. prejudice and discrimination.

Answer: b Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 12. Individuals who identify with multiple and diverse groups exhibit ______, whereas people with social identities connected to fewer and more similar groups exhibit a. less ethnocentrism; more ethnocentrism. b. more individualism; more collectivism. c. more outgroup bias; less outgroup bias. d. less outgroup bias; more outgroup bias.

Answer: a Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 13. _____________ is our tendency to see the world through the lenses of our own culture. a. Egocentrism b. Evaluation c. Ostracism d. Ethnocentrism Answer: d Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice 418 .

Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 14. John has a difficult time trying new foods and is especially resistant to trying foods from other countries. “It doesn’t taste the same as our food. They use different spices, ingredients, you know.” John’s perspective toward food from other countries is an example of a. egocentrism. b. evaluation. c. ostracism. d. ethnocentrism.

Answer: d Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 15. According to Matsumoto, there are two types of ethnocentrism: _____________ and a. temporary; permanent. b. childhood onset; adult onset. c. specific; universal. d. flexible; inflexible.

Answer: d Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 16. ____________ ethnocentrism involves judging others as wrong simply because they are different. a. Temporary b. Flexible c. Specific d. Inflexible Answer: d Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

419 .

17. ____________ ethnocentrism involves recognizing our tendency toward ethnocentrism and trying to understand and/or empathize with the norms of different cultures. a. Temporary b. Flexible c. Specific d. Inflexible Answer: b Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 18. Al’s refusal to try sushi because all fish should be cooked “just like Americans do” is an example of ___________ ethnocentrism. a. temporary b. flexible c. specific d. inflexible Answer: d Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Easy 19. ____________ ethnocentrism was at work when Avery surprised her husband by cooking traditional recipes from his Indian heritage. a. Temporary b. Flexible c. Specific d. Inflexible Answer: b Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 20. According to Matsumoto, ethnocentrism is a byproduct of our upbringing because a. it is genetic. b. as we grow up in society, we learn the expected behaviors, beliefs, and values that are typical within that society. c. we are always unaware of its presence.

420 .

d.

it prevents us from “getting caught up” in the rules of another culture and forsaking our own culture.

Answer: b Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 21. The key to avoiding inflexible ethnocentrism lies in our ___________ our own ethnocentrism. a. acceptance of b. resistance to c. awareness of d. willingness to ignore Answer: c Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 22. In contrast to an American woman showing her hair, the custom for Muslim women is to wear a ________ or scarf to cover their hair. a. fedora b. veil c. baseball cap d. hijab Answer: d Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 23. Which of the following is the best specific way to develop flexible ethnocentrism? a. Accept your own culture. b. Resist learning about other cultures. c. Ignore differences in others. d. Spend time with someone who seems different from you.

Answer: d Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice 421 .

Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 24. A generalization about a group of people that assumes the members of the group share common characteristics is a(n) a. prototype. b. stereotype. c. assessment. d. value.

Answer: b Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 25. Beth was surprised to hear the John was in a fraternity. “I thought fraternity guys spent every night drinking beer and chasing women. You are a 4.0 student, not a party boy.”

Beth’s difficulty in believing John’s fraternity membership stems from her ____________ about fraternity members. a. prototype b. ingroup bias c. assessment d. stereotype Answer: d Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 26. When asked about stereotypes related to groups to which we belong, we tend to remember ___________ stereotypes. a. positive b. negative c. neutral d. rare Answer: a Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 422 .

27. When asked about stereotypes related to college professors, Dr. Long chose the following descriptions: smart, bookish, helpful, and busy. Because this is a group to which she belongs, she tends to list ___________ stereotypes. a. positive b. negative c. neutral d. rare Answer: a Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 28. One reason individuals engage in stereotyping is because it is a(n) __________ part of the thinking process. a. overgeneralized b. negative c. natural d. rare Answer: c Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 29. Because we have a tendency to quickly categorize and classify things, stereotypes serve as a. schemas. b. mental shortcuts. c. specific impressions. d. time intensive evaluations.

Answer: b Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 30. Individuals from __________ cultures value relationships over time efficiency. a. polychronic b. individualistic c. high power distance d. masculine 423 .

Answer: a Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 31. The _______________ occurs when a person begins to act in a manner consistent with the expectations placed upon him by others. a. behavioristic expectation b. individualistic expectation c. power distance d. self-fulfilling prophecy Answer: d Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 32. Because Joseph was perceived by other students as the class clown, he began disrupting class more and more to get laughs from his peers. The other students’ expectations for his behavior created a(n) a. self-fulfilling prophecy. b. individualistic expectation. c. power distance. d. behavioristic expectation.

Answer: a Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 33. Although Samantha studied hard, she had trouble earning grades higher than a C. Her father, frustrated by her lackluster performance, remarked she would never succeed at this rate.

Samantha soon gave up trying, and her grades slipped from Cs to Ds and Fs. Her behavior is an example of a. self-fulfilling prophecy. b. individualistic expectation. c. power distance. d. behavioristic expectation.

424 .

Answer: a Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 34. Stereotypes persist because we tend to pay more attention to information consistent with our views rather than contrary to our views. This is also known as a a. self-fulfilling prophecy. b. confirmation bias. c. schematic direction. d. behavioristic expectation.

Answer: b Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 35. One example of the confirmation bias is the type of information remembered about ingroup and outgroup members. Which of the following statements best describes this relationship? a. We are less likely to remember positive acts conducted by members of our ingroup and more likely to remember positive acts performed by those in the outgroup. b. We are equally likely to remember positive and negative acts regardless of ingroupoutgroup status. c. We are more likely to remember negative acts conducted by members of our ingroup and positive acts performed by those in the outgroup. d. We are more likely to remember positive acts conducted by members of our ingroup and more likely to remember negative acts performed by those in the outgroup.

Answer: d Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 36. Sometimes, we assume members of the outgroup are more alike than members of the ingroup. This is called a. need for structure. b. categorizing. c. outgroup homogeneity effect. d. outgroup heterogeneity effect.

425 .

Answer: c Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 37. One personal variable related to a person’s tendency to stereotype is his or her need for predictability and order in life. This is also known as a. order preference. b. obsessive compulsive disorder. c. expectation. d. need for structure.

Answer: d Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 38. According to Neuberg and Newsom (1993), people scoring higher on the Personal Need for Structure scale are a. less likely to stereotype. b. find it more difficult to stereotype. c. more likely to stereotype. d. equally likely to stereotype as are individuals who score lower on the same scale.

Answer: c Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 39. When individuals in powerful positions were compared to individuals in less powerful positions in likelihood of stereotyping, Fiske (1993) found a. neither group relied on stereotypes. b. individuals in positions of power were more likely to stereotype people in less powerful positions than were the less powerful likely to stereotype powerful individuals. c. compared to less powerful individuals, those in positions of power were less likely to stereotype. d. both groups were equally likely to stereotype the other group.

Answer: b Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice 426 .

Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 40. Goodwin and Fiske (1993) suggests one reason individuals in powerful positions may differentially stereotype less powerful counterparts is a. they have more to lose and are therefore more likely to engage in stereotyping. b. they have more demands on their time and are therefore more likely to use stereotyping to maintain cognitive efficiency. c. stereotyping lower-level managers and secretaries takes more time and increases the likelihood that supervisors will get to know their employees. d. they all work in the same office climate.

Answer: b Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 41. Gracie just won $250 in a raffle. As she was cheerfully walking home from work, she saw a homeless man and immediately the stereotypical characteristics of down on his luck, mentally ill, and needy came to mind. According to Stroessner and Mackie (1992), this would be an example of how people in a ________ mood are more complacent and, therefore, more likely to engage in stereotyping. a. bad b. neutral c. tearful d. good Answer: d Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 42. Which of the following individuals will be most likely to rely on a stereotype? a. Austin, who is visiting New York City for the first time and is late for his seminar. b. Jane, who is returning to New York City for the third time to visit relatives. c. Justin, who is visiting New York City for the first time on vacation and has all day to see the city. d. Danielle, who is returning to New York City for the second time, this time for her honeymoon.

Answer: a Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice 427 .

Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Analyze Difficulty Level: Moderate 43. ___________ is the prejudgment or superficial judgment about a particular group of people. a. Discrimination b. Prejudice c. Realistic conflict theory d. Social learning Answer: b Topic: Prejudice and Discrimination Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish scenarios of stereotyping from prejudice and discrimination Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 44. Bonnie’s mother keeps trying to fix her up with Carlton, an engineer at her architectural firm. Bonnie replies, “Mom, why would I ever go out with an engineer? They are geeky, wear white shirts, and have pocket protectors. Fix him up with someone else.” Judging Carlton based on these stereotypes is an example of a. discrimination. b. prejudice. c. realistic conflict theory. d. social learning.

Answer: b Topic: Prejudice and Discrimination Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish scenarios of stereotyping from prejudice and discrimination Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 45. The main difference between a stereotype and prejudice is that a stereotype is a(n) ________ and prejudice is a(n) a. attitude; cognitive process. b. cognitive process; attitude. c. negative; positive. d. positive; neutral.

Answer: b Topic: Prejudice and Discrimination Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish scenarios of stereotyping from prejudice and discrimination 428 .

Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 46. One societal factor that increases prejudice of one group against another is when the dominant group of the country feels threatened by a. the loss of a large group of emigrants from another country. b. changes in expectations for the population. c. the influx of a large group of immigrants from another country. d. government intervention associated with economic changes.

Answer: c Topic: Prejudice and Discrimination Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish scenarios of stereotyping from prejudice and discrimination Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 47. In the United States, it appears that some prejudices have ______________ over the last 50 years. a. dramatically increased b. mildly decreased c. remained the same d. dramatically decreased Answer: d Topic: Prejudice and Discrimination Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish scenarios of stereotyping from prejudice and discrimination Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 48. As one reflection of hidden racism, surveys of African American, Asian American, and Mexican American college students indicated a. they felt accepted on college campuses. b. they felt equally comfortable in classes on college campuses. c. more frequent disturbances in dorm life. d. they felt socially isolated up to nine times more often than did students of European American descent.

Answer: d Topic: Prejudice and Discrimination Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish scenarios of stereotyping from prejudice and discrimination Question Type: Understanding 429 .

Difficulty Level: Easy 49. According to ______________ theory, people become prejudiced against others with whom they must compete for limited resources. a. group identity b. realistic group conflict c. social learning d. relative deprivation Answer: b Topic: Prejudice and Discrimination Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish scenarios of stereotyping from prejudice and discrimination Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 50. With so few jobs in the small town of Concord, Idaho, residents are becoming increasingly concerned with the influx of Hispanic immigrants and the scarcity of jobs, money, and status. These concerns are most consistent with _________ theory. a. group identity b. realistic group conflict c. social learning d. relative deprivation Answer: b Topic: Prejudice and Discrimination Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish scenarios of stereotyping from prejudice and discrimination Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 51. The ________________ theory was demonstrated in a landmark study by Muzifer Sherif called the Robbers’ Cave study (1966). a. realistic group conflict b. group identity c. social learning d. relative deprivation Answer: a Topic: Prejudice and Discrimination Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish scenarios of stereotyping from prejudice and discrimination Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 430 .

52. In the Robbers’ Cave study (Sherif, 1966), 22 well-adjusted boys were assigned to one of two groups, the __________ or the a. Garter Snakes; Blue Jays. b. Eagles; Rattlers. c. good boys; bad boys. d. baseball team; basketball team.

Answer: b Topic: Prejudice and Discrimination Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish scenarios of stereotyping from prejudice and discrimination Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 53. During phase one of the 1966 Robbers’ Cave study, the separate groups developed group membership and solidarity. During phase two, a. the boys began a series of cooperative events across the groups. b. the boys began a series of competitive events between the groups. c. hostility between the two groups of boys decreased. d. the groups failed to illustrate the ingroup-outgroup bias expected by Sherif.

Answer: b Topic: Prejudice and Discrimination Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish scenarios of stereotyping from prejudice and discrimination Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 54. In the case of the1966 Robbers’ Cave study, how long did it take to increase competition for resources and subsequent prejudice between the groups? a. One day b. A few days c. Two weeks d. A month Answer: b Topic: Prejudice and Discrimination Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish scenarios of stereotyping from prejudice and discrimination Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

431 .

55. _______________ theory suggests we may learn our prejudicial behaviors and attitudes from role models in our environment. a. Realistic group conflict b. Group identity c. Social learning d. Relative deprivation Answer: c Topic: Prejudice and Discrimination Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish scenarios of stereotyping from prejudice and discrimination Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 56. Jessica handed her mom a list of kids she wanted to invite to her birthday party. After the invitations were mailed, she realized her mom neglected to send the invitations to her African American friends. According to ____________ theory, Jessica may learn prejudicial attitudes from her mother. a. realistic group conflict b. group identity c. social learning d. relative deprivation Answer: c Topic: Prejudice and Discrimination Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish scenarios of stereotyping from prejudice and discrimination Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 57. Sometimes, prejudice is related to the perception that others have more wealth, opportunities, status, etc., than you. This is known as a. realistic group conflict. b. group identity. c. social learning. d. relative deprivation.

Answer: d Topic: Prejudice and Discrimination Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish scenarios of stereotyping from prejudice and discrimination Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 432 .

58. Lorie was excited about her upcoming raise at work until she heard that one of the other technicians received a larger raise than she. This perception that her coworker has more wealth or opportunities than she is also known as a. relative deprivation. b. group identity. c. social learning. d. realistic group conflict.

Answer: d Topic: Prejudice and Discrimination Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish scenarios of stereotyping from prejudice and discrimination Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 59. Relative deprivation leads to prejudice because the target of the frustration associated with the perceived inequality becomes a(n) a. scapegoat. b. ingroup. c. catalyst. d. stereotype.

Answer: a Topic: Prejudice and Discrimination Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish scenarios of stereotyping from prejudice and discrimination Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 60. ____________ is the unfair treatment of a person or group solely on the basis of their group membership. a. Stereotyping b. Prejudice c. Discrimination d. Alienation Answer: c Topic: Prejudice and Discrimination Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish scenarios of stereotyping from prejudice and discrimination Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

433 .

61. The manager of the new shoe store at the mall refused to hire any teenagers just because of their age. This is an example of a. stereotyping. b. prejudice. c. preferential treatment of teens. d. discrimination.

Answer: d Topic: Prejudice and Discrimination Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish scenarios of stereotyping from prejudice and discrimination Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 62. One way discrimination can be unrelated to prejudice is if a. we hire individuals based on laws prohibiting discriminatory behavior even if we are prejudiced. b. we knowingly hire from just one type of people. c. we offer preferential treatment to individuals protected by discrimination laws. d. we fail to hire based on credentials and hire employees based on race.

Answer: a Topic: Effects Prejudice and Discrimination Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish scenarios of stereotyping from prejudice and discrimination Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 63. In a study by Crocker and colleagues (Crocker, Joekl, Testa & Major, 1991), African American college students completed a questionnaire about themselves and were told that a Caucasian student would evaluate their information either with knowledge about the participant’s race or with no knowledge. When participants thought their race was unknown to the evaluator, a. they disregarded all feedback information and instead asked the experimenter for feedback. b. only negative feedback was influential, and positive feedback was ignored. c. both positive and negative feedback influenced participants’ self-esteem in predictable ways (i.e., positive feedback increased self-esteem and negative feedback decreased self-esteem). d. positive feedback and negative feedback influenced participants’ self-esteem in unpredictable ways (i.e., positive feedback decreased self-esteem and negative feedback was disregarded).

434 .

Answer: c Topic: Effects Prejudice and Discrimination Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish scenarios of stereotyping from prejudice and discrimination Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 64. In a study by Crocker and colleagues (Crocker, Joekl, Testa & Major, 1991), African American college students completed a questionnaire about themselves and were told that a Caucasian student would evaluate their information either with knowledge about the participant’s race or with no knowledge. When participants thought their race was known to the evaluator, a. they disregarded all feedback information and instead asked the experimenter for feedback. b. only negative feedback was influential, and positive feedback was ignored. c. both positive and negative feedback influenced participants’ self-esteem in predictable ways (i.e., positive feedback increased self-esteem and negative feedback decreased self-esteem). d. positive feedback and negative feedback influenced participants’ self-esteem in unpredictable ways (i.e., positive feedback decreased self-esteem and negative feedback was disregarded).

Answer: d Topic: Effects Prejudice and Discrimination Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish scenarios of stereotyping from prejudice and discrimination Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 65. Compared to those who do not believe they are discriminated against, people who perceive themselves to be the target of discrimination feel _________ personal control over their lives (Ruggiero & Taylor, 1997). a. the same b. no c. greater d. less Answer: d Topic: Effects Prejudice and Discrimination Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish scenarios of stereotyping from prejudice and discrimination Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 435 .

66. Although many women acknowledge that gender bias and a wage differential in the United States exist, those same women report they have experienced personal discrimination at a _____________ rate to the national average (Crosby, Pufall, Snyder, O’Connell, & Whalen, 1989). a. similar b. lesser c. greater d. increasing Answer: b Topic: Effects Prejudice and Discrimination Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish scenarios of stereotyping from prejudice and discrimination Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 67. ___________ occurs when an individual’s identity is heavily based on a characteristic for which there are strong stereotypes, and as a result, he or she has a heightened awareness of that stereotype, as well as the possibility of it occurring. a. Realistic group conflict b. Social learning c. Sereotypification d. Stereotype threat Answer: d Topic: Effects Prejudice and Discrimination Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish scenarios of stereotyping from prejudice and discrimination Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 68. Maria is keenly aware that others stereotype Italians from New York as too loud and boisterous. As a result, she monitors her behavior closely in public situations. Her fear that others may perceive her as a stereotypical Italian is also known as a. realistic group conflict. b. social learning. c. stereotypification. d. stereotype threat.

Answer: d Topic: Effects Prejudice and Discrimination Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish scenarios of stereotyping from prejudice and discrimination Question Type: Apply 436 .

Difficulty Level: Moderate 69. In Steele’s 1997 study on race and academic performance, he administered a difficult academic test to black and white students. Some students were told it was a lab test, while others were told it was a test of academic ability. Which of the following best describes the outcome of this study? a. Individuals in both conditions performed poorly regardless of their race. b. White students performed better than black students regardless of which testing condition they were assigned. c. Black students performed better than white students regardless of which testing condition they were assigned. d. When told the test was a lab test, there were no racial differences in performance; when told it was a test of academic ability, there were racial differences in performance.

Answer: d Topic: Effects Prejudice and Discrimination Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish scenarios of stereotyping from prejudice and discrimination Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 70. In a study examining stereotype threat prevention (Spencer, Steele, & Quinn, 1999), researchers administered a difficult math test to both men and women. Some students were told that males and females performed equally well on this test, and others were told that there were gender differences in scores on the test. Which of the following best describes the outcome of this study? a. Individuals in both conditions performed poorly regardless of their sex. b. Female students performed similar to males in the no gender difference condition and performed more poorly than males in the gender difference condition. c. Males and female performed well regardless of experimental condition. d. The stereotype threat actually decreased in the gender difference condition, rather than the no gender difference conditions.

Answer: b Topic: Effects Prejudice and Discrimination Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish scenarios of stereotyping from prejudice and discrimination Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 71. One way to overcome prejudice is the use of a(n) _____________ goal or a goal shared by conflicting groups that can only be attained if the groups work together. a. pentultimate b. superordinate 437 .

c. d.

overwhelming social contact

Answer: b Topic: Overcoming Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish scenarios of stereotyping from prejudice and discrimination Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 72. In Sherif’s Robbers’ Cave study, after intergroup hostility had been firmly established, the researchers began introducing goals that could only be accomplished when both groups worked together. Examples included renting a film and pulling a truck out of the ditch.

These tasks are also known as _____________ goals. a. pentultimate b. superordinate c. overwhelming d. social contact Answer: b Topic: Overcoming Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish scenarios of stereotyping from prejudice and discrimination Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 73. Aronson (1978) developed the ________ classroom where students work together to learn rather than complete against each other for academic success. a. jigsaw b. superordinate c. interactive d. social contact Answer: a Topic: Overcoming Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish scenarios of stereotyping from prejudice and discrimination Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 74. Jeff and Sergio are working on an in-class project with other students in their science class.

Both Jeff and Sergio were in the original experts group and are now sharing what they know with other groups. At the end of the assignment, all students will have learned the complete lesson. This is an example of a(n) _________ group.

438 .

a. b. c. d.

social contact superordinate interactive jigsaw

Answer: d Topic: Overcoming Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish scenarios of stereotyping from prejudice and discrimination Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 75. Devine suggests we can change our prejudices by ____________ when we come in contact with an object of our prejudice. a. remaining in contact with the person b. consciously activating our stereotype and challenging it c. overlooking differences d. finding similarities Answer: b Topic: Overcoming Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish scenarios of stereotyping from prejudice and discrimination Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 76. Recent research on ingroup bias found that when people feel _________________ for others, their brain releases chemicals like oxytocin. a. sadness b. empathy c. anger d. apathy Answer: b Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 77. The neurological basis of ____________________ shows that it may have evolved in order to help people survive. a. overgeneralization b. ethnocentrism 439 .

c. d.

outgroup bias ingroup bias

Answer: d Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 78. According to Swann, identity fusion is an extreme version of __________________ that occurs when someone’s personal identity merges with their group identity. a. self-enhancement b. stereotyping c. ingroup bias d. group formation Answer: c Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 79. The Living Library encourages people to become more a. stereotyping. b. flexibly ethnocentric. c. prejudicial. d. outgroup biased.

Answer: b Topic: 7.1: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 80. According to the text, people in _______________ who participated in the Living Library became dramatically less prejudiced against members of the LGBT and Roma communities. a. Hungary b. Romania c. Sweden d. England

440 .

Answer: a Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 81. Elaine is an engineering professor. Since there aren’t a lot of female students in her classes, she regularly encourages them to read biographies of successful female engineers and attend events where female engineers speak. This exposure to female engineers is an effective technique to combat ______________ among the women in Elaine’s classes. a. ethnocentrism b. stereotype threat c. group formation d. ingroup bias Answer: b Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 82. One promising technique to protect students from stereotype threat involves asking them to write short affirmations of their _____________, which allows students to strengthen facets of their identity, thus making them less vulnerable to threats. a. values b. accomplishments c. wishes d. mistakes Answer: a Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 83. According to Fiske (2001), people in higher status positions are ______________ likely to stereotype those in lower status positions than the other way around. a. more b. less c. not at all d. only somewhat 441 .

Answer: a Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 84. Studies show that once someone in power forms a stereotyped judgment, his or her opinion is resistant to change because of a. fundamental attribution error. b. confirmation bias. c. the halo effect. d. the principle of consensus.

Answer: b Topic: The Foundations of Prejudice Learning Objective: 7.1: Summarize the theories that serve as the foundations of prejudice Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 85. UNICEF reports that ______________ of the world’s illiterate population is female. a. three-eighths b. one-quarter c. one-half d. two-thirds Answer: d Topic: Prejudice and Discrimination Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish scenarios of stereotyping from prejudice and discrimination Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 86. A Gallup poll found that ________________ Americans would rather have a male boss than a female boss. a. 1 in 20 b. 1 in 3 c. 1 in 5 d. 1 in 10

442 .

Answer: b Topic: Prejudice and Discrimination Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish scenarios of stereotyping from prejudice and discrimination Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 87. The Yale study on prejudice in hiring scientists found that women were ________________ likely to favor male job candidates compared to their male counterparts. a. not at all b. just as c. less d. more Answer: b Topic: Prejudice and Discrimination Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish scenarios of stereotyping from prejudice and discrimination Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 88. In the Yale study, researchers found that the starting salaries of female scientists were ______ than salaries for men in the study. a. 15% lower b. 5% higher c. 50% lower d. 25% higher Answer: a Topic: Prejudice and Discrimination Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish scenarios of stereotyping from prejudice and discrimination Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 89. A series of experiments conducted by Maureen Craig and Jennifer Richeson (2014) found that as ethnic and racial diversity increases, it ______________________ if the majority group feels threatened. a. promotes feelings of equality b. has no effect on bias c. fosters less tolerance 443 .

d.

fosters more tolerance

Answer: c Topic: Prejudice and Discrimination Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish scenarios of stereotyping from prejudice and discrimination Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 90. Studies show that intergroup contact helps to decrease a. confirmation bias. b. stereotype threat. c. prejudice. d. norms.

Answer: c Topic: Prejudice and Discrimination Learning Objective: 7.2: Distinguish scenarios of stereotyping from prejudice and discrimination Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

444 .

Chapter 8 Listening Test Bank 1.

The _________ involves the degree to which we feel safe, supported, and understood in a relationship. a. interaction expectation b. social climate c. personal valuation d. relational climate Answer: d Topic: Relational Climate: Feeling Valued Learning Objective: 8.1: Explain why relational climates in communication are important Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

2.

Whenever Suzanne has a problem, she talks to her friend, Sarah. “With Sarah, I always feel safe, supported, and understood.” The comfort that Suzanne is expressing is related to a. relational climate. b. personal valuation. c. social climate. d. interaction expectation.

Answer: a Topic: Relational Climate: Feeling Valued Learning Objective: 8.1: Explain why relational climates in communication are important Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate

3.

When our relational climate is supportive and based on mutual trust, respect, and support, we say it’s a ________ climate. a. conforming b. interactional c. disconfirming d. conventional Answer: a Topic: Relational Climate: Feeling Valued Learning Objective: 8.1: Explain why relational climates in communication are important Question Type: Understanding 445 .

Difficulty Level: Easy 4.

Jonah suggests that the relational climate he has with his father is conforming. Which of the following descriptions best fits this type of climate? a. His father rarely has time to listen. b. His father takes the time to listen, but always seems distracted and withdrawn. c. His father listens, offers advice regardless of whether it is requested, and gives support when he makes a final decision. d. His father takes the time to listen, offers advice when asked, and respects his son’s decisions.

Answer: d Topic: Relational Climate: Feeling Valued Learning Objective: 8.1: Explain why relational climates in communication are important Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate

5.

In a disconfirming climate, the relational climate is characterized by defensiveness, negative judgments, and a. openness. b. trust. c. mistrust. d. strength.

Answer: c Topic: Relational Climate: Feeling Valued Learning Objective: 8.1: Explain why relational climates in communication are important Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Megan finds it difficult to talk to her friend, Julie. “Whenever I try to get some insight into my problem, Julie just judges me without hearing all the evidence, if she even takes the time to listen.” Megan’s description best fits the ___________ type of relational climate. a. disconfirming b. confirming c. supportive d. neutral Answer: a Topic: Relational Climate: Feeling Valued Learning Objective: 8.1: Explain why relational climates in communication are important Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 446 .

7.

The _______ climate is most likely to contribute to defensiveness because we feel the listener’s judgment has been imposed on us. a. confirming b. supportive c. neutral d. disconfirming Answer: d Topic: Relational Climate: Feeling Valued Learning Objective: 8.1: Explain why relational climates in communication are important Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

8.

According to Buber (1970), being accepted and respected by others contributes to our psychological growth and a. interactional style. b. self-actualization. c. acceptance of others. d. empathy.

Answer: b Topic: Relational Climate: Feeling Valued Learning Objective: 8.1: Explain why relational climates in communication are important Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

9.

The most basic level of confirmation in a relational climate is a. recognizing another’s existence. b. acknowledging another’s person’s thoughts, feelings, or actions. c. accepting another person’s thoughts or feelings as valid. d. sharing the information you’ve learned about the person with another.

Answer: a Topic: Relational Climate: Feeling Valued Learning Objective: 8.1: Explain why relational climates in communication are important Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Walking across campus, Mary smiles or establishes eye contact with those individuals she recognizes. This is an example of what level of confirmation in a relationship? a. Recognizing another’s existence b. Acknowledging another person’s thoughts, feelings, or actions c. Accepting another person’s thoughts or feelings as valid d. Sharing the information you’ve learned about one person with another 447 .

Answer: a Topic: Relational Climate: Feeling Valued Learning Objective: 8.1: Explain why relational climates in communication are important Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 11. One way to punish others is to withdraw from interactions, including recognizing their existence or acknowledging their existence. This is also known as giving the other person the a. door in the face. b. foot in the door. c. kick in the pants. d. silent treatment.

Answer: d Topic: Relational Climate: Feeling Valued Learning Objective: 8.1: Explain why relational climates in communication are important Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 12. The second level of confirmation in relational climate involves a. recognizing another’s existence. b. accepting another person’s thoughts or feelings as valid. c. acknowledging another person’s thoughts, feeling, or actions. d. sharing the information you’ve learned about the person with another.

Answer: c Topic: Relational Climate: Feeling Valued Learning Objective: 8.1: Explain why relational climates in communication are important Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 13. After a long day at work, Greg came home and announced, “I’ve had the worst day ever!”

Which of the following would be a supportive response to the announcement consistent with the second level of confirmation in relational climate? a. “You think you had a bad day—wait until you hear about mine!” b. “You say you’ve had a hard day every day. Get a new job.” c. “You worry too much about work.” d. “I’m sorry you had a hard day. Do you want to talk about it?”

Answer: d Topic: Relational Climate: Feeling Valued Learning Objective: 8.1: Explain why relational climates in communication are important Question Type: Apply 448 .

Difficulty Level: Moderate 14. Not acknowledging another person’s thoughts, feelings, or actions may leave a person a. feeling heard. b. feeling unimportant or misunderstood. c. feeling trusted to handle the problem on his or her own. d. supported.

Answer: b Topic: Relational Climate: Feeling Valued Learning Objective: 8.1: Explain why relational climates in communication are important Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 15. Accepting another person’s thoughts or feelings as valid is also called a. acceptance. b. acknowledgement. c. recognition. d. endorsement.

Answer: d Topic: Relational Climate: Feeling Valued Learning Objective: 8.1: Explain why relational climates in communication are important Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 16. Stefanie is feelings stressed because, yet again, she has taken on too many projects that need to be completed in a short period of time. When she expresses her concerns to her friend, Stacy, Stacy endorses her statement by responding, a. “I know you are stressed. It’s hard to complete so much in so little time.” b. “You always say that, yet you always overwork yourself.” c. “You worry too much about deadlines; no one cares if everything is in on time.” d. “You work better under pressure. Get over it.”

Answer: a Topic: Relational Climate: Feeling Valued Learning Objective: 8.1: Explain why relational climates in communication are important Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 17. Although effective communication involves a variety of skills, the single most important of these skills is a. speaking clearly. b. thinking about what you are going to say.

449 .

c. d.

listening. knowing your audience.

Answer: c Topic: Basic Elements of Listening Learning Objective: 8.2: Determine elements of good listening Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 18. Good listening skills involve hearing, understanding, and a. talking honestly about your own problems. b. responding in a way that clarifies or confirms your understanding. c. dividing attention effectively. d. presenting your own side on a dispute.

Answer: b Topic: Basic Elements of Listening Learning Objective: 8.2: Determine elements of good listening Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 19. Adults ranked __________ the best communication skill for effectiveness in both family and broader settings (Nolvin, 1984). a. empathy b. listening c. sympathy d. hearing Answer: b Topic: Basic Elements of Listening Learning Objective: 8.2: Determine elements of good listening Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 20. The first step of listening involves a. the physical element: hearing. b. attending. c. understanding. d. responding.

Answer: a Topic: Basic Elements of Listening Learning Objective: 8.2: Determine elements of good listening Question Type: Understanding 450 .

Difficulty Level: Easy 21. Paying attention, the second step to complete listening, to what a speaker is saying is known as a. hearing. b. attending. c. understanding. d. responding.

Answer: b Topic: Basic Elements of Listening Learning Objective: 8.2: Determine elements of good listening Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 22. _________ involves not only attending to what the speaker says, but also the nonverbal aspect of the message and the context of the message. a. Hearing b. Attending c. Understanding d. Responding Answer: c Topic: Basic Elements of Listening Learning Objective: 8.2: Determine elements of good listening Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 23. Your best friend responds to the question, “How was your test?” with a softly spoken, “Fine.” Knowing your friend had a rough week at home and at work, you interpret “fine” differently. This is an example of ___________ associated with complete listening. a. hearing b. attending c. understanding d. responding Answer: c Topic: Basic Elements of Listening Learning Objective: 8.2: Determine elements of good listening Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate

451 .

24. Although listening is perceived as a passive behavior, the last step in effective listening is a. hearing. b. attending. c. understanding. d. responding.

Answer: d Topic: Basic Elements of Listening Learning Objective: 8.2: Determine elements of good listening Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 25. _______ barriers to listening include our thoughts or emotions whereas _______ barriers to listening originate in the message, the sender, or the environment. a. Internal; external b. Genetic; situational c. External; internal d. Observable; nonobservable Answer: a Topic: Overcoming Common Barriers to Listening Learning Objective: 8.3: Summarize the common barriers to effective listening Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 26. One barrier to listening, ___________, involves the stress, anxiety, anger, or other emotion that interferes with our ability to give the speaker our full attention. a. emotional noise b. cognitive distraction c. noise d. informational overload Answer: a Topic: Overcoming Common Barriers to Listening Learning Objective: 8.3: Summarize the common barriers to effective listening Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 27. Marsha was having a hard time listening to Clara’s newest breakup story because Marsha herself had just been dumped by her boyfriend of three years. Because Marsha is devastated, her ability to pay attention is being affected by a. noise. b. cognitive distraction. c. emotional noise.

452 .

d.

informational overload.

Answer: c Topic: Overcoming Common Barriers to Listening Learning Objective: 8.3: Summarize the common barriers to effective listening Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 28. Mason was angry because of his recent fight with his girlfriend. When his friend, Jack, called to talk, Mason was unable to pay close attention due to a. emotional noise. b. cognitive distraction. c. noise. d. informational overload.

Answer: a Topic: Overcoming Common Barriers to Listening Learning Objective: 8.3: Summarize the common barriers to effective listening Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 29. Sometimes, another unavoidable topic is on our mind when others try to talk to us. _________is another type of barrier that interferes with our ability to pay attention. a. Emotional noise b. Cognitive distraction c. Noise d. Information overload Answer: b Topic: Overcoming Common Barriers to Listening Learning Objective: 8.3: Summarize the common barriers to effective listening Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 30. To prevent cognitive distraction from interfering with our ability to listen to others, we can put it aside temporarily, also known as a. redirection. b. recessitate. c. reorganization. d. compartmentalization.

Answer: d Topic: Overcoming Common Barriers to Listening Learning Objective: 8.3: Summarize the common barriers to effective listening 453 .

Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 31. Bill wanted to talk to Jane about his frustrating day at work, but noticed she seemed particularly stressed out. He temporarily put aside the thought of his day and asked her what was wrong. Temporarily “filing away” our own issues is known as a. reconsidering. b. compartmentalizing. c. reorganizing. d. distracting.

Answer: b Topic: Overcoming Common Barriers to Listening Learning Objective: 8.3: Summarize the common barriers to effective listening Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 32. __________ occurs when we stop listening to a message before the speaker is finished. a. Emotional noise b. Cognitive distraction c. Compart d. Premature judgment Answer: d Topic: Overcoming Common Barriers to Listening Learning Objective: 8.3: Summarize the common barriers to effective listening Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 33. One external barrier to listening involves ________, or the distraction associated with other conversations in the room, a television or stereo playing, or any other sound that intrudes while you are trying to listen to someone. a. noise b. emotional noise c. compartmentalization d. information overload Answer: a Topic: Overcoming Common Barriers to Listening Learning Objective: 8.3: Summarize the common barriers to effective listening Question Type: Understanding; Difficulty Level: Easy

454 .

34. In the presence of distracting noise, it is possible to become accustomed to the intrusive stimulus and, therefore, reduce its impact on us. This is known as a. noise. b. sensory adaptation. c. selective attention. d. information overload.

Answer: b Topic: Overcoming Common Barriers to Listening Learning Objective: 8.3: Summarize the common barriers to effective listening Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 35. At first, the noise at the party was overwhelming, but soon, Tracy began to get used to the music. This is known as a. sensory adaptation. b. noise. c. selective attention. d. information overload.

Answer: a Topic: Overcoming Common Barriers to Listening Learning Objective: 8.3: Summarize the common barriers to effective listening Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 36. When the environment is distracting, it sometimes becomes necessary to focus our attention to one stimulus and filter out other less relevant stimuli. This is known as a. sensory adaptation. b. noise. c. selective attention. d. information overload.

Answer: c Topic: Overcoming Common Barriers to Listening Learning Objective: 8.3: Summarize the common barriers to effective listening Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 37. Caitlin found it very hard to talk to her brother at the football game until she tuned out the cheering and focused directly on him. The strategy she is using here is a. sensory adaptation. b. noise. c. selective attention.

455 .

d. information overload.

Answer: c Topic: Overcoming Common Barriers to Listening Learning Objective: 8.3: Summarize the common barriers to effective listening Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 38. Introversion-Extraversion is related to selective attention in that a. compared to introverts, extraverts prefer higher levels of noise in learning environments. b. compared to introverts, extraverts prefer lower levels of noise in learning environments. c. both introverts and extraverts prefer quiet classroom environments. d. compared to introverts, extraverts are less able to filter out distractions in learning environments.

Answer: a Topic: Overcoming Common Barriers to Listening Learning Objective: 8.3: Summarize the common barriers to effective listening Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 39. __________ interferes with our ability to listen to others because we try to process too much information. a. Emotional noise b. Compartmentalization c. Information overload d. Selective attention Answer: c Topic: Overcoming Common Barriers to Listening Learning Objective: 8.3: Summarize the common barriers to effective listening Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 40. Sandra took three phone messages within minutes of each other. Because the messages dealt with different issues, roommates, and callers, it didn’t take long to realize Sandra’s confusion of the messages was due to ___________. a. emotional noise b. information overload c. compartmentalization d. selective attention

456 .

Answer: b Topic: Overcoming Common Barriers to Listening Learning Objective: 8.3: Summarize the common barriers to effective listening Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 41. According to research on sex differences in the brain, women are _______________ compared to men. a. equally likely to multitask b. more likely to multitask c. less likely to succeed at multitasking d. less likely to multitask Answer: b Topic: Overcoming Common Barriers to Listening Learning Objective: 8.3: Summarize the common barriers to effective listening Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 42. When a friend’s message is so complicated that it is difficult to comprehend without taking time away from the message (and the speaker), we say the message is high in a. emotional noise. b. purpose. c. meaning. d. complexity.

Answer: d Topic: Overcoming Common Barriers to Listening Learning Objective: 8.3: Summarize the common barriers to effective listening Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 43. Pearl is learning a complicated knitting technique and finds her mind struggling to absorb the information as the teacher shows her the multistep process. Since Pearl really wants to learn this technique, the fact she finds it difficult to pay attention to the speaker is probably related to a. message complexity. b. emotional noise. c. cognitive distractions. d. premature judgment.

Answer: a Topic: Overcoming Common Barriers to Listening Learning Objective: 8.3: Summarize the common barriers to effective listening 457 .

Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 44. Behaviors that appear to look like listening but are, in fact, counterproductive to good listening are called ___________ listening styles. a. counterintuitive b. counterfeit c. imposter d. deceptive Answer: b Topic: Overcoming Common Barriers to Listening Learning Objective: 8.3: Summarize the common barriers to effective listening Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 45. When Jackie talked to her best friend Emily about a recent breakup, she noticed that although Emily appeared to be listening (eye contact, verbal responses at the right places, etc.), she seemed distracted. In this case, Emily may have been using a. stagehogging. b. defensive listening. c. advising. d. pseudolistening.

Answer: d Topic: Overcoming Common Barriers to Listening Learning Objective: 8.3: Summarize the common barriers to effective listening Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 46. Sometimes when listening to others, we screen the message for certain topics or issues to which we either respond or ignore. This is known as a. emotional noise. b. defensive listening. c. stagehogging. d. selective listening.

Answer: d Topic: Overcoming Common Barriers to Listening Learning Objective: 8.3: Summarize the common barriers to effective listening Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

458 .

47. ___________ involves perceiving criticism in a message when none is intended by the speaker. a. Stagehogging b. Critical listening c. Selective listening d. Defensive listening Answer: d Topic: Overcoming Common Barriers to Listening Learning Objective: 8.3: Summarize the common barriers to effective listening Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 48. ____________ is one of the worst counterfeit listening styles because one response can trigger a downward spiral of increasingly negative communication. a. Stagehogging b. Selective listening c. Defensive listening d. Critical listening Answer: c Topic: Overcoming Common Barriers to Listening Learning Objective: 8.3: Summarize the common barriers to effective listening Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 49. Grace asked her friend, Kerri, “How did you do on the exam?” Kerri replied nastily, “You know I didn’t study as much as I should have for that exam. How do you think I did?”

Kerri’s curt and rude response is typical of a. stagehogging. b. selective listening. c. defensive listening. d. critical listening.

Answer: c Topic: Overcoming Common Barriers to Listening Learning Objective: 8.3: Summarize the common barriers to effective listening Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 50. Stagehogging occurs when someone’s talking to us, and we use something the speaker says as an opening to a. to ask other questions of the speaker. b. hurt the other person.

459 .

c. d.

talk about a story of our own. talk about our desire to be performers.

Answer: c Topic: Overcoming Common Barriers to Listening Learning Objective: 8.3: Summarize the common barriers to effective listening Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 51. Although stagehogging is sometimes intended as a form of one-upmanship, it can also result from a sincere attempt to a. overwhelm the audience. b. relate to the speaker. c. relate to the message. d. show the person a lack of support.

Answer: b Topic: Overcoming Common Barriers to Listening Learning Objective: 8.3: Summarize the common barriers to effective listening Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 52. Some listening styles are ___________ ways of responding to a speaker and show interest in, and empathy for, the person and situation. a. fake b. selective c. counterfeit d. authentic Answer: d Topic: Authentic Listening Styles Learning Objective: 8.4: Determine appropriate authentic listening styles Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 53. According to your text, when we are using authentic listening styles, we show our interest through ________ and __________ responses. a. selective; proprietary b. temporary; permanent c. verbal; nonverbal d. prepared; unprepared Answer: c Topic: Authentic Listening Styles 460 .

Learning Objective: 8.4: Determine appropriate authentic listening styles Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 54. Of the available authentic listening styles, __________ and ____________ are considered controversial. a. paraphrasing; supporting b. advising; evaluating c. analyzing; questioning d. minimally encouraging; supporting Answer: b Topic: Authentic Listening Styles Learning Objective: 8.4: Determine appropriate authentic listening styles Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 55. A listening style in which the responder offers advice is known as the __________ style. a. evaluating b. advising c. analyzing d. supporting Answer: b Topic: Authentic Listening Styles Learning Objective: 8.4: Determine appropriate authentic listening styles Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 56. According to Goldsmith and Fitch (1997), even when someone asks us our opinion, the _________ listening style is typically the least helpful response. a. evaluating b. advising c. analyzing d. supporting Answer: b Topic: Authentic Listening Styles Learning Objective: 8.4: Determine appropriate authentic listening styles Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

461 .

57. When listeners respond to us with a statement that makes a judgment about us or our situation, this is known as a(n) ___________ listening style. a. advising b. evaluating c. analyzing d. questioning Answer: b Topic: Authentic Listening Styles Learning Objective: 8.4: Determine appropriate authentic listening styles Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 58. Nora isn’t doing well in her class, and she asks her friend, Jami, what she should do. Jami’s response is, “Just drop it.” Rather than listening to Nora’s concerns about the class or her performance, Jami jumped to _________, one of the controversial listening styles. a. advising b. evaluation c. analyzing d. questioning Answer: b Topic: Authentic Listening Styles Learning Objective: 8.4: Determine appropriate authentic listening styles Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 59. One effective listening style involves offering a different perspective on the issue. This style is also known as a. advising. b. evaluating. c. analyzing. d. questioning.

Answer: c Topic: Authentic Listening Styles Learning Objective: 8.4: Determine appropriate authentic listening styles Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 60. One advantage of the analyzing style of listening is it offers the speaker a. support for his or her perspective. b. a possible explanation or alternative viewpoint he or she may not have considered. c. the opportunity to review only one side of a dilemma.

462 .

d.

to get something off his or her chest.

Answer: b Topic: Authentic Listening Styles Learning Objective: 8.4: Determine appropriate authentic listening styles Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 61. The ___________ style of listening encourages speakers to continue talking about their concerns and also shows the listener’s interest. a. advising b. evaluating c. analyzing d. questioning Answer: d Topic: Authentic Listening Styles Learning Objective: 8.4: Determine appropriate authentic listening styles Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 62. One situation in which questioning responses may be ineffective involves asking questions a. targeted at helping the listener sort through the issue. b. which clarify the point. c. which satisfy the personal curiosity of the listener. d. which relate to the issue at hand.

Answer: c Topic: Authentic Listening Styles Learning Objective: 8.4: Determine appropriate authentic listening styles Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 63. When we encourage the speaker to continue by giving short, yet unintrusive responses, we are relying on the __________ style. a. supporting b. minimally encouraging c. paraphrasing d. questioning Answer: b Topic: Authentic Listening Styles Learning Objective: 8.4: Determine appropriate authentic listening styles Question Type: Understanding 463 .

Difficulty Level: Easy 64. According to the _________ style of listening, we should say things that validate the speaker’s thoughts or feelings and let him or her know we understand. a. supporting b. minimally encouraging c. paraphrasing d. questioning Answer: a Topic: Authentic Listening Styles Learning Objective: 8.4: Determine appropriate authentic listening styles Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 65. Which of the following styles would be less effective if a person has a lot to get off his or her chest? a. Minimally encouraging b. Supporting c. Analyzing d. Paraphrasing Answer: c Topic: Authentic Listening Styles Learning Objective: 8.4: Determine appropriate authentic listening styles Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 66. The most broadly effective, but difficult to master, response style is the a. supporting. b. minimally encouraging. c. questioning. d. paraphrasing.

Answer: d Topic: Authentic Listening Styles Learning Objective: 8.4: Determine appropriate authentic listening styles Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 67. ______________ is a listening response that reflects what the speaker is feeling or thinking and is expressed in a way that encourages the speaker to continue. a. Paraphrasing b. Supporting 464 .

c. d.

Minimally encouraging Advising

Answer: a Topic: Authentic Listening Styles Learning Objective: 8.4: Determine appropriate authentic listening styles Question Type: Understanding; Difficulty Level: Easy 68. Paraphrasing responses should be used a. across all situations. b. when you are short on time. c. when you are unable to expend a lot of effort. d. when the person with whom you are talking is important to you and when you have time to focus on the conversation.

Answer: c Topic: Authentic Listening Styles Learning Objective: 8.4: Determine appropriate authentic listening styles Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 69. According to Tannen (1990), men tend to communicate to ___________ and women tend to communicate to a. create harmonious relationships; gain status. b. gain status; create harmonious relationships. c. use less authentic styles; use more authentic styles. d. decrease authority; increase authority.

Answer: b Topic: Gender, Culture, and Listening Styles Learning Objective: 8.5: Distinguish between gender and cultural differences in listening styles Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 70. In general, men are more likely to take a(n) __________ approach to listening than are women. a. empathy-oriented b. verbal c. problem-solving d. cooperative Answer: c Topic: Gender, Culture, and Listening Styles 465 .

Learning Objective: 8.5: Distinguish between gender and cultural differences in listening styles Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 71. Compared to men, women are more likely to take a(n) _________ approach to listening. a. empathy-oriented b. verbal c. problem-solving d. cooperative Answer: a Topic: Gender, Culture, and Listening Styles Learning Objective: 8.5: Distinguish between gender and cultural differences in listening styles Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 72. Christine gets frustrated when talking with her husband about work. When she wants to vent, he is “solving” her problems before she can even finish describing them. This fundamental difference in communication style comes from her tendency to take a(n) ____________ approach and his tendency to take a(n) _____________ approach. a. empathy-oriented; problem-solving b. problem-solving; empathy-oriented c. verbal; nonverbal d. questioning; minimally supporting Answer: a Topic: Gender, Culture, and Listening Styles Learning Objective: 8.5: Distinguish between gender and cultural differences in listening styles Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 73. In a classroom situation, our listening goal involves listening a. to help. b. for information. c. to provide a service. d. as a habit.

Answer: b Topic: Gender, Culture, and Listening Styles Learning Objective: 8.5: Distinguish between gender and cultural differences in listening styles 466 .

Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 74. One way to consider the speaker’s needs involves a. thinking about your own message. b. understanding what he or she needs from you. c. knowing your own limits of time and attention. d. listening for your own feelings, as well as thoughts.

Answer: b Topic: Gender, Culture, and Listening Styles Learning Objective: 8.5: Distinguish between gender and cultural differences in listening styles Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 75. One of the best ways to maintain attention when dealing with a speaker’s complex message involves organizing information. According to your text, this is also known as a. schematic organization. b. mentally summarizing key ideas. c. hierarchical organization. d. message evaluation.

Answer: b Topic: Gender, Culture, and Listening Styles Learning Objective: 8.5: Distinguish between gender and cultural differences in listening styles Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 76. Kiki went out to dinner with her husband, Ben, and she started telling him about the great day she had. While she was talking, Ben pulled out his phone and started checking the scores of the hockey game going on that night and looking at his Facebook messages. Ben’s behavior is an example of which of the following? a. YMMV b. FOMO c. YOLO d. NSFW Answer: b Topic: Basic Elements of Listening Learning Objective: 8.2: Determine elements of good listening Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 467 .

77. FOMO has a negative impact on ______________, or the ability to pay attention. a. responding b. understanding c. hearing d. attending Answer: d Topic: Basic Elements of Listening Learning Objective: 8.2: Determine elements of good listening Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 78. Mindfulness is an effective strategy for reducing which of the following? a. Relational climate b. Emotional noise c. Premature judgment d. Cognitive distractions Answer: b Topic: Overcoming Common Barriers to Listening Learning Objective: 8.3: Summarize the common barriers to effective listening Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 79. Janet recently broke up with her boyfriend. She has been having a lot of negative thoughts about how she will never be married and loved like all of her girlfriends are. Instead of trying to distract herself or wallowing in her feelings, she just acknowledges her thoughts and allows them to flow. This is an example of ________________, which can help her get some emotional distance from the situation. a. cognitive appraisal b. fear of missing out c. mindfulness d. compartmentalizing Answer: c Topic: Overcoming Common Barriers to Listening Learning Objective: 8.3: Summarize the common barriers to effective listening Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate

468 .

80. Barry has just failed a test in his pre-law class. He begins to think about how he will never finish his bachelor’s degree, get into a good law school, or realize his dreams of becoming a prosecutor. When this happens, he reminds himself that one test does not negate his previous history of good grades and that he can study more and ask for extra credit to make up for this one bad grade. This is an example of using ______________, which means he replaced emotional thoughts with more rational ones. a. self-talk b. self-knowledge c. stagehogging d. stereotyping Answer: a Topic: Overcoming Common Barriers to Listening Learning Objective: 8.3: Summarize the common barriers to effective listening Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 81. Mindfulness can improve a. self-concept. b. self-knowledge. c. self-enhancement. d. self-talk.

Answer: b Topic: Overcoming Common Barriers to Listening Learning Objective: 8.3: Summarize the common barriers to effective listening Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 82. Workplace studies show that ________________ are associated with employees having higher levels of stress hormones and fatigue, and lower levels of motivation. a. cubicles b. corner offices c. break rooms d. meeting rooms Answer: a Topic: Overcoming Common Barriers to Listening Learning Objective: 8.3: Summarize the common barriers to effective listening Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

469 .

83. Przybylski and Weinstein (2013) found that because of ____________, the mere presence of a cell phone can reduce perceptions of closeness in a relationship. a. information overload b. mindfulness c. fear of missing out d. cognitive appraisal Answer: c Topic: Overcoming Common Barriers to Listening Learning Objective: 8.3: Summarize the common barriers to effective listening Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 84. In the workplace, noise negatively affects people with which Big Five personality trait most? a. Introversion b. Extroversion c. Neuroticism d. Openness Answer: a Topic: Overcoming Common Barriers to Listening Learning Objective: 8.3: Summarize the common barriers to effective listening Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 85. Whenever Gail speaks to her friends on the phone, she will not talk for more than 5 minutes before letting them know that she has to get back to doing her homework. According to Kittie Watson (1995), Gail is a ____________________ listener. a. people-oriented b. action-oriented c. content-oriented d. time-oriented Answer: d Topic: Gender, Culture, and Listening Styles Learning Objective: 8.5: Distinguish between gender and cultural differences in listening styles Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate

470 .

86. Jennifer is planning to buy a new car. She asks her friends and family members for advice about her decision, and has specific questions on what she should look for in a car and how she can get the best deal. She listens to them intently during these conversations, keeping whatever opinions she has to herself. Jennifer is practicing a ______________ listening style. a. content-oriented b. time-oriented c. people-oriented d. action-oriented Answer: a Topic: Gender, Culture, and Listening Styles Learning Objective: 8.5: Distinguish between gender and cultural differences in listening styles Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 87. People with a _________________ listening style have a lot of empathy toward the person they are speaking to and seek to find common ground with them. a. content-oriented b. people-oriented c. time-oriented d. action-oriented Answer: b Topic: Gender, Culture, and Listening Styles Learning Objective: 8.5: Distinguish between gender and cultural differences in listening styles Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 88. Greg is in a meeting with his colleagues. As one of his coworkers starts to ask him about the weekend, he quickly snaps “that’s not what we’re here for.” When someone else in the meeting gives an incorrect statistic, he is quick to correct them and remind them that they said something completely different during the last meeting. Which listening style does Greg have? a. b. c. d.

Action-oriented People-oriented Time-oriented Content-oriented

Answer: a Topic: Gender, Culture, and Listening Styles 471 .

Learning Objective: 8.5: Distinguish between gender and cultural differences in listening styles Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 89. Women are more likely to prefer the ____________ listening style, while men prefer __________ listening. a. time-oriented; action-oriented b. content-oriented; time-oriented c. people-oriented; content-oriented d. action-oriented; people-oriented Answer: c Topic: Gender, Culture, and Listening Styles Learning Objective: 8.5: Distinguish between gender and cultural differences in listening styles Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 90. Helen is speaking to her friend, Sandra, about her problems. She understands her friend’s listening style, so she lets Sandra know that she would like some advice about her situation.

Other times, Helen has told Sandra that she would like her to just listen. Which listening style does Sandra have? a. Problem-solving b. Empathic c. Time-oriented d. Content-oriented Answer: a Topic: Gender, Culture, and Listening Styles Learning Objective: 8.5: Distinguish between gender and cultural differences in listening styles Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate

472 .

Chapter 9 Verbal and Nonverbal Communication Test Bank 1.

Vague language, also known as _________ language, forms the basis for many misunderstandings. a. abstract b. confusing c. irrelevant d. incongruent Answer: a Topic: Language Must Be Clear Learning Objective: 9.1: Determine causes, consequences, and solutions to abstract language Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

2.

Abstract language is often conceptualized as a(n) ________, with highly abstract language at the top and increasingly more specific language on the lower levels. a. continuum b. mountain c. ladder d. iceberg Answer: c Topic: Language Must Be Clear Learning Objective: 9.1: Determine causes, consequences, and solutions to abstract language Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

3.

Sometimes, the use of abstract language isn’t intentional; rather, it stems from the assumption that others see things the same way we do. This is known as the a. conversational bias. b. False consensus bias. c. fundamental attribute error. d. internal attribution.

Answer: d Topic: Language Must Be Clear Learning Objective: 9.1: Determine causes, consequences, and solutions to abstract language Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 473 .

4.

One type of abstract language, ____________, involves words or phrases that gain their meaning by comparison. a. descriptive language b. relative language c. static language d. nonverbal language Answer: b Topic: Language Must Be Clear Learning Objective: 9.1: Determine causes, consequences, and solutions to abstract language Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

5.

Two types of abstract language include ________ language and ________ language. a. descriptive; specific b. relative; static c. nonverbal; verbal d. individual; group Answer: b Topic: Language Must Be Clear Learning Objective: 9.1: Determine causes, consequences, and solutions to abstract language Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

6.

Within abstract language, _________ terms are interpreted in different ways by different people, based on each person’s own experiences and preferences. a. specific b. static c. relative d. individual Answer: c Topic: Language Must Be Clear Learning Objective: 9.1: Determine causes, consequences, and solutions to abstract language Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

7.

Max wanted to stop by a friend’s house on the way home from work. When his wife asked how long he would be, he replied, “Just a little while.” Three hours later, he came home to an angry woman. The misunderstanding created here was a function of _______ language. a. specific b. static 474 .

c. d.

individual relative

Answer: d Topic: Language Must Be Clear Learning Objective: 9.1: Determine causes, consequences, and solutions to abstract language Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 8.

Language that implies a situation or person is always the same is also known as ________ language. a. relative b. descriptive c. specific d. static Answer: d Topic: Language Must Be Clear Learning Objective: 9.1: Determine causes, consequences, and solutions to abstract language Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

9.

“Andrea is always late!” This statement is an example of ________ language. a. relative b. descriptive c. static d. specific Answer: c Topic: Language Must Be Clear Learning Objective: 9.1: Determine causes, consequences, and solutions to abstract language Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

10. “You are never home!” is to ________ language as “You have been working a lot this week, and I miss you” is to ________ language. a. static; relative b. static; descriptive c. descriptive; static d. relative; static Answer: b Topic: Language Must Be Clear Learning Objective: 9.1: Determine causes, consequences, and solutions to abstract language 475 .

Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 11. Sometimes, static language also includes exaggerations of the behavior’s frequency. This is also known as the a. acculturation. b. overregulation. c. fallacy of overgeneralization. d. elaboration.

Answer: c Topic: Language Must Be Clear Learning Objective: 9.1: Determine causes, consequences, and solutions to abstract language Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 12. To avoid misunderstandings, replace abstract terms with ________ terms and include specific examples that describe what happened and when it occurred. a. concrete b. relative c. I-language d. relative Answer: a Topic: Language Must Be Clear Learning Objective: 9.1: Determine causes, consequences, and solutions to abstract language Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 13. _________ occurs when we blame someone else for our own feelings. a. Fallacy of overgeneralization b. Fallacy of causation c. I-language d. Internal attribution Answer: b Topic: Language Must Be Responsible Learning Objective: 9.2: Summarize the meaning of “responsible language“ Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 14. After his dog used the carpet for a restroom, Jake screamed, “You make me so mad!” This is an example of the a. fallacy of overgeneralization.

476 .

b. c. d.

fallacy of causation.

I-language. internal attribution.

Answer: b Topic: Language Must Be Responsible Learning Objective: 9.2: Summarize the meaning of “responsible language“ Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 15. When we use ________ language, it implies the other person is to blame for our feelings or the situation. a. I b. you c. behaviorally descriptive d. emotionally descriptive Answer: b Topic: Language Must Be Responsible Learning Objective: 9.2: Summarize the meaning of “responsible language“ Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 16. Debra turned left at the light and was hit by an oncoming car. Her husband, Derek, responded with, “You scared me so much! Why didn’t you look where you were going?”

This is an example of a(n) ________ statement. a. I b. you c. personal description d. situation description Answer: b Topic: Language Must Be Responsible Learning Objective: 9.2: Summarize the meaning of “responsible language“ Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 17. Language that takes responsibility for the impact the other person’s behavior has on you, rather than scolding or placing blame, is called ________ language. a. I b. you c. personal d. situational 477 .

Answer: a Topic: Language Must Be Responsible Learning Objective: 9.2: Summarize the meaning of “responsible language“ Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 18. Debra turned left at the light and was hit by an oncoming car. Her husband, Derek, responded with, “I was so scared when I found out you were hurt. What happened?”

This is an example of a(n) ________ statement. a. I b. you c. personal d. situational Answer: a Topic: Language Must Be Responsible Learning Objective: 9.2: Summarize the meaning of “responsible language“ Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 19. An effective I-statement includes three basic elements: a behavioral description, an emotional description, and a(n) a. closing statement. b. evaluative statement. c. consequence. d. status statement.

Answer: c Topic: Language Must Be Responsible Learning Objective: 9.2: Summarize the meaning of “responsible language“ Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 20. Within an I-statement, a(n) ________ description is a clear, specific, and factual description of a person’s behavior. a. motivational b. emotional c. behavioral d. influential Answer: c Topic: Language Must Be Responsible Learning Objective: 9.2: Summarize the meaning of “responsible language“ Question Type: Understanding 478 .

Difficulty Level: Easy 21. “You didn’t take the trash out today” is an example of ________ description, an element of the I-statement. a. motivational b. emotional c. influential d. behavioral Answer: d Topic: Language Must Be Responsible Learning Objective: 9.2: Summarize the meaning of “responsible language“ Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 22. The second component of an effective I-statement involves stating how you felt when the behavior occurred. This is also called a(n)_______ description. a. behavioral b. emotional c. factual d. personal Answer: b Topic: Language Must Be Responsible Learning Objective: 9.2: Summarize the meaning of “responsible language“ Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 23. “I felt taken for granted when you were late for dinner three times this week.” This statement includes a behavioral description and a(n) ________ description. a. personal b. situational c. factual d. emotional Answer: d Topic: Language Must Be Responsible Learning Objective: 9.2: Summarize the meaning of “responsible language“ Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 24. The third component of an effective I-statement is to state the ________ or impact the behavior has on you. a. consequence 479 .

b. c. d.

feeling influence meaning

Answer: a Topic: Language Must Be Responsible Learning Objective: 9.2: Summarize the meaning of “responsible language“ Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 25. ________ involve behaviors that occur repeatedly in a relationship. a. One-time events b. Ongoing patterns c. Temporary issues d. Consequences Answer: b Topic: Language Must Be Responsible Learning Objective: 9.2: Summarize the meaning of “responsible language“ Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 26. Serious consequences discussed in I-statements should be prefaced with statements that ________ the consequence. a. soften b. clarify c. increase d. define Answer: a Topic: Language Must Be Responsible Learning Objective: 9.2: Summarize the meaning of “responsible language“ Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 27. Using phrases such as “I’m worried that…” or “I’m wondering if…” before stating a consequence transmits the gravity of our concerns, but in a way that is ______ threatening to the receiver. a. less b. more c. equally d. not

480 .

Answer: a Topic: Language Must Be Responsible Learning Objective: 9.2: Summarize the meaning of “responsible language“ Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 28. ________ communication relies more on attention to contextual details and less on explicit language to transmit its message. a. High-context b. Low-context c. Western d. Eastern Answer: a Topic: Language Must Be Culturally Sensitive Learning Objective: 9.3: Explain how culture affects communication rules Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 29. ________ context communication is more indirect, while ________ context communication is more direct. a. Low; high b. High; low c. Personal; situational d. Situational; personal Answer: b Topic: Language Must Be Culturally Sensitive Learning Objective: 9.3: Explain how culture affects communication rules Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 30. Collectivist cultures prefer _______ context communication because of the value placed on group harmony. a. high b. low c. moderate d. neutral Answer: a Topic: Language Must Be Culturally Sensitive Learning Objective: 9.3: Explain how culture affects communication rules Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 481 .

31. Individuals communicating from a Western perspective prefer ______ context communication. a. high b. low c. moderate d. neutral Answer: b Topic: Language Must Be Culturally Sensitive Learning Objective: 9.3: Explain how culture affects communication rules Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 32. According to Sumeko Iwao, greater value is placed on _______ understanding between individuals in Japan. a. intuitive b. direct c. low context d. individualistic Answer: a Topic: Language Must Be Culturally Sensitive Learning Objective: 9.3: Explain how culture affects communication rules Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 33. ________ context communication relies on clear concrete and explicit language. a. High b. Low c. Moderate d. Personal Answer: b Topic: Language Must Be Culturally Sensitive Learning Objective: 9.3: Explain how culture affects communication rules Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 34. Individuals communicating in ________ context cultures do not pay the close attention to contextual detail that their ________ context counterparts do. a. high; low b. personal; impersonal c. impersonal; personal 482 .

d.

low; high

Answer: d Topic: Language Must Be Culturally Sensitive Learning Objective: 9.3: Explain how culture affects communication rules Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 35. According to your text, the culture with the highest context culture is a. Greek. b. American. c. German-Swiss. d. Japanese.

Answer: d Topic: Language Must Be Culturally Sensitive Learning Objective: 9.3: Explain how culture affects communication rules Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 36. According to your text, the culture with the lowest context culture is a. Greek. b. American. c. German-Swiss. d. Japanese.

Answer: c Topic: Language Must Be Culturally Sensitive Learning Objective: 9.3: Explain how culture affects communication rules Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 37. Phrases that typify direct communication, such as “Don’t beat around the bush,” are characteristic of ________ context cultures. a. high b. low c. moderate d. personal Answer: b Topic: Language Must Be Culturally Sensitive Learning Objective: 9.3: Explain how culture affects communication rules Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 483 .

38. According to Gudykunst and Ting-Toomey (1988), cultural communication styles can be divided into elaborate, exacting, and _______ styles. a. metaphoric b. succinct c. melodic d. specific Answer: b Topic: Language Must Be Culturally Sensitive Learning Objective: 9.3: Explain how culture affects communication rules Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 39. Using many colorful and expressive words to convey a message is typical of ________ language. a. succinct b. exacting c. elaborate d. melodic Answer: c Topic: Language Must Be Culturally Sensitive Learning Objective: 9.3: Explain how culture affects communication rules Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 40. Using many metaphors, similes, and adjectives to add detail and exaggerate the message is typical of ________ language. a. succinct b. exacting c. elaborate d. melodic Answer: c Topic: Language Must Be Culturally Sensitive Learning Objective: 9.3: Explain how culture affects communication rules Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 41. ________ communication is clear and specific in that it states the facts and no more. a. Succinct b. Exacting c. Elaborate 484 .

d.

Melodic

Answer: b Topic: Language Must Be Culturally Sensitive Learning Objective: 9.3: Explain how culture affects communication rules Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 42. ________ communication is similar to the low context communication preferred by Americans. a. Succinct b. Exacting c. Elaborate d. Melodic Answer: b Topic: Language Must Be Culturally Sensitive Learning Objective: 9.3: Explain how culture affects communication rules Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 43. A more understated language that says very little and relies on the listener to understand the unspoken meaning is also known as _________ communication. a. succinct b. exacting c. elaborate d. melodic Answer: a Topic: Language Must Be Culturally Sensitive Learning Objective: 9.3: Explain how culture affects communication rules Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 44. In Chinese and Native American cultures, __________ is valued over talk. a. task orientation b. silence c. facial expression d. written expression Answer: b Topic: Language Must Be Culturally Sensitive Learning Objective: 9.3: Explain how culture affects communication rules Question Type: Understanding 485 .

Difficulty Level: Easy 45. Joe, a Native American college student, rarely speaks in class, and when he does, says very little. Although the other students think Joe is unintelligent, his professor knows better. She suspects his limited verbal expression is because his culture emphasizes _______ communication. a. succinct b. exacting c. elaborate d. melodic Answer: a Topic: Language Must Be Culturally Sensitive Learning Objective: 9.3: Explain how culture affects communication rules Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 46. A third cultural difference in communication involves whether the goal of communication is task oriented or ________ oriented. a. message b. language c. abstract d. person Answer: d Topic: Language Must Be Culturally Sensitive Learning Objective: 9.3: Explain how culture affects communication rules Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 47. Dr. Mason sometimes seems short with students and appears more task oriented than relationship oriented. Which of the following choices best describes her communication style? a. Instrumental b. Language c. Abstract d. Person Answer: a Topic: Language Must Be Culturally Sensitive Learning Objective: 9.3: Explain how culture affects communication rules Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 486 .

48. In general, ________ cultures prefer __________ communication and _________ cultures prefer _________ communication. a. individualist, affective; collectivist, instrumental b. individualist, instrumental; collectivist, affective c. collectivist, succinct; individualist, elaborative d. collectivist, elaborative; individualist; succinct Answer: b Topic: Language Must Be Culturally Sensitive Learning Objective: 9.3: Explain how culture affects communication rules Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 49. According to Tannen’s (1986) research on male and female communication patterns, men see the world in a(n) _________ way and women see the world in a(n) ________ way. a. egalitarian; hierarchical b. cooperative; competitive c. hierarchical, egalitarian d. holistic; individualistic Answer: c Topic: Language Must Be Culturally Sensitive Learning Objective: 9.3: Explain how culture affects communication rules Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 50. A world view that focuses on “getting ahead” will rely on _________ communication whereas a world view focusing on equality will rely on ______ communication. a. affective; instrumental b. collectivist; individualist c. empathic; problem-solving d. instrumental; affective Answer: d Topic: Language Must Be Culturally Sensitive Learning Objective: 9.3: Explain how culture affects communication rules Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 51. One gender difference in communication involves the goal of communication. For men, it revolves around _________; for women, it revolves around a. equality; status. b. empathy; problem solving. c. relationships; power.

487 .

d.

problem solving; empathy.

Answer: d Topic: Language Must Be Culturally Sensitive Learning Objective: 9.3: Explain how culture affects communication rules Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 52. Men often focus on the ________, whereas women emphasize on the __________ in conversation. a. details; status differences b. big picture; details c. relationship; status differences d. details; big picture Answer: b Topic: Language Must Be Culturally Sensitive Learning Objective: 9.3: Explain how culture affects communication rules Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 53. Males consider it _________ appropriate to ask for help as compared to females (Tannen, 1990). a. never b. equally c. more d. less Answer: d Topic: Language Must Be Culturally Sensitive Learning Objective: 9.3: Explain how culture affects communication rules Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 54. One of the first things we need to do to overcome gender differences in communication is to ________ them. a. ignore b. emphasize c. acknowledge d. overlook Answer: c Topic: Language Must Be Culturally Sensitive Learning Objective: 9.3: Explain how culture affects communication rules 488 .

Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 55. According to Burgoon (1994), at least 65 percent of the interpretation of a message is accounted for by __________ communication. a. verbal b. nonverbal c. both verbal and nonverbal d. peripheral Answer: b Topic: Language Must Be Congruent: The Importance on Nonverbal Communication Learning Objective: 9.4: Describe the importance of nonverbal communication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 56. Sometimes our nonverbal behaviors are not consistent with our verbal communication.

When this happens, we say our nonverbal communications a. have a lack of fit. b. are incongruent. c. are nonrepresentative. d. are irrelevant.

Answer: b Topic: Language Must Be Congruent: The Importance on Nonverbal Communication Learning Objective: 9.4: Describe the importance of nonverbal communication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 57. ________ is a nonverbal behavior that has different meanings in different cultures. a. Asking questions b. Eye contact c. Task-oriented communication d. Smiling Answer: b Topic: Language Must Be Congruent: The Importance on Nonverbal Communication Learning Objective: 9.4: Describe the importance of nonverbal communication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

489 .

58. Jason was often told by his mother to stand up straight. It wasn’t until he studied human relations in college that he learned an erect posture signaled confidence and honesty in _________ cultures. a. Eastern b. Western c. collectivistic d. feminine Answer: b Topic: Language Must Be Congruent: The Importance on Nonverbal Communication Learning Objective: 9.4: Describe the importance of nonverbal communication Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 59. _________ involves the direction your body is facing relative to those with whom you are interacting. a. Body posture b. Body orientation c. Physical appearance d. Personal space Answer: b Topic: Language Must Be Congruent: The Importance on Nonverbal Communication Learning Objective: 9.4: Describe the importance of nonverbal communication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 60. In Western culture, facing a person directly when speaking indicates a. a lack of interest. b. dishonesty. c. directness and interest in the other person. d. that we are trying to end the conversation.

Answer: c Topic: Language Must Be Congruent: The Importance on Nonverbal Communication Learning Objective: 9.4: Describe the importance of nonverbal communication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 61. Touch is often used by a communicator to help a. build rapport. b. signal the conversation is over. c. decrease trust. d. decrease compliance.

490 .

Answer: a Topic: Language Must Be Congruent: The Importance on Nonverbal Communication Learning Objective: 9.4: Describe the importance of nonverbal communication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 62. In conversation, men and women in Western culture use touch a. similarly. b. differently, in that men use touch for status and women use touch for intimacy. c. differently, in that women use touch for status and men use touch for intimacy. d. differently, in that men use touch more often than women.

Answer: b Topic: Language Must Be Congruent: The Importance on Nonverbal Communication Learning Objective: 9.4: Describe the importance of nonverbal communication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 63. In Arab culture, ____________ is/are an important part of nonverbal communication. a. taste b. touch c. facial expressions d. smell Answer: d Topic: Language Must Be Congruent: The Importance on Nonverbal Communication Learning Objective: 9.4: Describe the importance of nonverbal communication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 64. The ____________ phenomenon is the name given by social psychology for the strong relationship between attractiveness and other characteristics, such as friendliness and intelligence. a. “Beauty-Success” b. “What Is Good Is Beautiful” c. “What Is Positive Is Beautiful” d. “What Is Beautiful Is Good” Answer: d Topic: Language Must Be Congruent: The Importance on Nonverbal Communication Learning Objective: 9.4: Describe the importance of nonverbal communication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 491 .

65. Austin had a graduate school interview planned for March, and his mother asked whether he planned on removing his facial piercings. He replied, “Oh, Mom, they will accept me or not accept me based on my credentials, not my looks.” What does Austin’s mom know that he doesn’t? a. He will be taken less seriously if he dresses in a manner that conforms to the expectation of the profession. b. Piercings are the new “in” thing in graduate school. c. He will be taken more seriously if he dresses in a manner that conforms to the expectation of the profession. d. His piercings will be irrelevant in the interview.

Answer: c Topic: Language Must Be Congruent: The Importance on Nonverbal Communication Learning Objective: 9.4: Describe the importance of nonverbal communication Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 66. Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between personal space and a person’s status? a. Status is unrelated to personal space. b. Individuals with lower status demand greater amounts of personal space. c. Individuals with higher status demand greater amounts of personal space. d. Individuals with higher status demand lesser amounts of personal space.

Answer: c Topic: Language Must Be Congruent: The Importance on Nonverbal Communication Learning Objective: 9.4: Describe the importance of nonverbal communication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 67. ___________ is/are communication that is verbal, but wordless. a. Pseudolanguage b. Facial expressions c. Paralanguage d. Gestures Answer: c Topic: Language Must Be Congruent: The Importance on Nonverbal Communication Learning Objective: 9.4: Describe the importance of nonverbal communication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

492 .

68. Marriage researcher John Gottman has discovered that one of the best predictors of longterm marital success is tone of voice. This is an example of a. pseudolanguage. b. facial expressions. c. paralanguage. d. gestures.

Answer: c Topic: Language Must Be Congruent: The Importance on Nonverbal Communication Learning Objective: 9.4: Describe the importance of nonverbal communication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 69. When Lydia talks, she uses a lot of expressions involving the movement of her hands, arms, and other parts of the body. These nonverbal expressions are also known as a. pseudolanguage. b. facial expressions. c. paralanguage. d. gestures.

Answer: d Topic: Language Must Be Congruent: The Importance on Nonverbal Communication Learning Objective: 9.4: Describe the importance of nonverbal communication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 70. A new restaurant in town specializes in romantic music and soft lighting. The owners are probably aware of the research demonstrating the effects of physical environment on behavior. Studies have confirmed a. faster music and harsher lighting tend to create more relaxed moods. b. faster music and softer lighting tend to create more relaxed moods. c. slower music and harsher lighting tend to create less moods. d. slower music and softer lighting tend to create more relaxed moods.

Answer: d Topic: Language Must Be Congruent: The Importance on Nonverbal Communication Learning Objective: 9.4: Describe the importance of nonverbal communication Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 71. Compared to cultures low in contact, cultures high in contact tend to be a. less open with each other. b. less likely to use nonverbal cues to signal warmth and closeness. c. more nonverbally expressive.

493 .

d.

more verbally expressive.

Answer: c Topic: Language Must Be Congruent: The Importance on Nonverbal Communication Learning Objective: 9.4: Describe the importance of nonverbal communication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 72. Which of the following regions is considered a low contact culture? a. Russia b. Arabia c. Latin America d. Great Britain Answer: d Topic: Language Must Be Congruent: The Importance on Nonverbal Communication Learning Objective: 9.4: Describe the importance of nonverbal communication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 73. When it comes to nonverbal communication, individuals in collectivistic cultures tend to a. be less open with each other. b. coordinate their schedules and actions with their family groups. c. be more self-centered about activities and plans. d. express less synchrony when dancing.

Answer: b Topic: Language Must Be Congruent: The Importance on Nonverbal Communication Learning Objective: 9.4: Describe the importance of nonverbal communication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 74. Individuals from high power distance cultures encourage emotions that a. equalize power differences among members. b. minimize power differences among members. c. promote and maintain power differences among members. d. are easily understood by all members of the culture.

Answer: c Topic: Language Must Be Congruent: The Importance on Nonverbal Communication Learning Objective: 9.4: Describe the importance of nonverbal communication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 494 .

75. Individuals in ________ power distance cultures are ________ sensitive to the impact of their paralanguage on others. a. high; less b. low; more c. high; more d. low; less Answer: d Topic: Language Must Be Congruent: The Importance on Nonverbal Communication Learning Objective: 9.4: Describe the importance of nonverbal communication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 76. Which of the following can help people avoid the fallacy of causation that may be caused by I-language? a. Context b. Self-talk c. Fundamental attribution d. Self-efficacy Answer: b Topic: Language Must Be Responsible Learning Objective: 9.2: Summarize the meaning of “responsible language” Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 77. Websites in ________________ cultures rely more on imagery, while websites in ________________ cultures rely more on text. a. low-context; high-context b. high-context; low-context c. low uncertainty-avoidance; high uncertainty-avoidance d. high uncertainty-avoidance; low uncertainty-avoidance Answer: b Topic: Language Must Be Culturally Sensitive Learning Objective: 9.3: Explain how culture affects communication rules Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

495 .

78. Websites with cues for navigation repeated in multiple places for easy reference are more likely to be found in ____________ cultures. a. high-context b. high-power distance c. low-context d. low-power distance Answer: c Topic: Language Must Be Culturally Sensitive Learning Objective: 9.3: Explain how culture affects communication rules Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 79. Websites with pop-up windows that promote additional exploration are most common in ______________ cultures. a. high uncertainty-avoidance b. low uncertainty-avoidance c. high-context d. low-context Answer: c Topic: Language Must Be Culturally Sensitive Learning Objective: 9.3: Explain how culture affects communication rules Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 80. Workers in _______________ cultures prefer minimal instruction from their supervisors. a. high-context b. high-power distance c. low-power distance d. low-context Answer: d Topic: Language Must Be Culturally Sensitive Learning Objective: 9.3: Explain how culture affects communication rules Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

496 .

81. Workers in _______________ cultures prefer detailed instructions, so they know exactly what their supervisor wants from them. a. low-power distance b. high-power distance c. high-context d. low-context Answer: c Topic: Language Must Be Culturally Sensitive Learning Objective: 9.3: Explain how culture affects communication rules Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 82. Gendered communication in teen chatrooms and online forums __________________ “old” traditional norms. a. is not affected by b. falls in line with c. is the opposite of d. strongly discourages Answer: b Topic: Language Must Be Culturally Sensitive Learning Objective: 9.3: Explain how culture affects communication rules Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 83. Kimberly and Shannon are waitresses in the same restaurant. When Kimberly waits on her customers, she has made it a habit to lightly touch them on the arm or shoulder. Shannon never touches her customers when she works. According to Crusco and Wetzel (1984), what effect will these behaviors have on the waitresses’ tips? a. Shannon will get higher tips than Kimberly. b. Kimberly will get higher tips than Shannon. c. Kimberly and Shannon will get standard tips. d. Kimberly and Shannon will get below standard tips.

Answer: b Topic: Language Must Be Congruent: The Importance of Nonverbal Communication Learning Objective: 9.4: Describe the importance of nonverbal communication Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 497 .

84. When a server touches a customer while making a suggestion about a menu item, the customer is ________________ likely to order it, compared to when there is no touching involved. a. more b. less c. just as d. not at all Answer: a Topic: Language Must Be Congruent: The Importance of Nonverbal Communication Learning Objective: 9.4: Describe the importance of nonverbal communication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 85. Gary met Sue in a coffee shop and started chatting with her. As he was about to leave, he gently placed his hand on Sue’s arm and asked her for her phone number and a date.

According to Guéguen (2007), how is Sue likely to respond? a. Sue will slap Gary and leave the coffee shop. b. Sue will politely decline his offer for a date. c. Sue will ignore the request. d. Sue will give Gary her phone number and agree to the date.

Answer: d Topic: Language Must Be Congruent: The Importance of Nonverbal Communication Learning Objective: 9.4: Describe the importance of nonverbal communication Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate

498 .

Chapter 10 Conflict and Conflict Resolution Test Bank 1.

_________ conflict is a situation in which two or more people in an interdependent relationship perceive themselves to have different viewpoints or goals that are not consistent. a. Interactive b. Interpersonal c. Interdependent d. Incongruent Answer: b Topic: Conflict: Myths, Misperceptions, and Facts Learning Objective: 10.1: Describe interpersonal conflict Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

2.

Sally and Stephan are currently disagreeing about how money should be spent and saved in their family. Stephan thinks Sally spends too little, and Sally thinks Stephan spends too much. This _________ conflict is resulting in weekly arguments. a. interactive b. interdependent c. interpersonal d. incongruent Answer: c Topic: Conflict: Myths, Misperceptions, and Facts Learning Objective: 10.1: Describe interpersonal conflict Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate

3.

In a(n) _________ relationship, both or all parties have a stake in continuing the relationship. a. interactive b. interpersonal c. interdependent d. incongruent Answer: c Topic: Conflict: Myths, Misperceptions, and Facts Learning Objective: 10.1: Describe interpersonal conflict 499 .

Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 4.

Although they occasionally argue, Mark and Kayla are invested in their relationship. She depends on him for support in her challenging college major, and he depends on her to help him with his parents. They have a(n) __________ relationship. a. dependent b. interdependent c. personal d. interpersonal Answer: b Topic: Conflict: Myths, Misperceptions, and Facts Learning Objective: 10.1: Describe interpersonal conflict Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate

5.

Goals that we perceive as different may not be. One way to determine if goals are truly incompatible is by _______ goals early. a. announcing b. forgetting c. arguing about d. clarifying Answer: d Topic: Conflict: Myths, Misperceptions, and Facts Learning Objective: 10.1: Describe interpersonal conflict Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

6.

Samter & Cupachs’ (1988) study of friendships found that _________ of the participants acknowledged conflicts in their relationships with each other. a. 5 percent b. 10 percent c. 70 percent d. Virtually all Answer: d Topic: Conflict: Myths, Misperceptions, and Facts Learning Objective: 10.1: Describe interpersonal conflict Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

500 .

7.

John Gottman, the leading researcher on the dynamics of happy relationships, found _______ correlations between the amount of conflict in a relationship and its overall health. a. no b. weak negative c. strong negative d. positive Answer: a Topic: Conflict: Myths, Misperceptions, and Facts Learning Objective: 10.1: Describe interpersonal conflict Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

8.

In research on relationship development and satisfaction, FBF stands for a. fighting but friends. b. free beer forever. c. frustrated been fighting. d. first big fight.

Answer: d Topic: Conflict: Myths, Misperceptions, and Facts Learning Objective: 10.1: Describe interpersonal conflict Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

9.

According to Siegert & Stamp (1994), individuals surviving their first big fights in relationships report a. the conflicts are dramatic enough to prevent future relationships. b. the conflicts lead to a greater sense of mutual commitment to the relationship. c. subsequent fights occur more frequently. d. previous fights were less destructive in nature.

Answer: d Topic: Conflict: Myths, Misperceptions, and Facts Learning Objective: 10.1: Describe interpersonal conflict Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

10. The perspective that within conflict there is only one winner is most likely to occur in _______ cultures. a. collectivistic b. individualistic c. low power distance d. feminine 501 .

Answer: b Topic: Conflict: Myths, Misperceptions, and Facts Learning Objective: 10.1: Describe interpersonal conflict Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 11. In research on the First Big Fight in relationships, the characteristic that differentiated survivors and nonsurvivors was a. number of previous fights. b. how long they were in conflict. c. number of previous relationships. d. perceptions and expectations of conflicts.

Answer: d Topic: Conflict: Myths, Misperceptions, and Facts Learning Objective: 10.1: Describe interpersonal conflict Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 12. Survivors of the first big fights studied by Siegert & Stamp (1994) were more likely to believe that a successful relationship a. was one without conflict. b. required extreme sacrifice from one of the parties. c. required a joint effort in problem solving. d. involves partners who are resistant to changing ways of doing things.

Answer: c Topic: Conflict: Myths, Misperceptions, and Facts Learning Objective: 10.1: Describe interpersonal conflict Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 13. According to Hamilton, conflict myths gain power from their place in our __________ awareness. a. conscious b. preconscious c. unconscious d. relationship Answer: c Topic: Conflict: Myths, Misperceptions, and Facts Learning Objective: 10.1: Describe interpersonal conflict Question Type: Understanding 502 .

Difficulty Level: Easy 14. “Compromise? Why should I compromise? I’m right!” The speaker of this statement clearly believes which myth associated with conflicts in relationships? a. Healthy relationships have little or no conflict. b. Conflict is always destructive. c. In any conflict, there can be only one winner. d. It is better to have loved and lost than to have never loved at all.

Answer: c Topic: Conflict: Myths, Misperceptions, and Facts Learning Objective: 10.1: Describe interpersonal conflict Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 15. “I can’t believe we are arguing about this! We must not have the good relationship I thought we did.” Which of the following myths associated with conflicts in relationships is referred to in the previous statement? a. Healthy relationships have little or no conflict. b. Conflict is always destructive. c. In any conflict, there can be only one winner. d. It is better to have loved and lost than to have never loved at all.

Answer: a Topic: Conflict: Myths, Misperceptions, and Facts Learning Objective: 10.1: Describe interpersonal conflict Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 16. “I am glad we had this argument. Now that I have heard your side, and you’ve heard mine, I feel closer to you.” Which of the following myths associated with conflicts in relationships is debunked by this statement? a. Healthy relationships have little or no conflict. b. Conflict is always destructive. c. In any conflict, there can be only one winner. d. It is better to have loved and lost than to have never loved at all.

Answer: b Topic: Conflict: Myths, Misperceptions, and Facts Learning Objective: 10.1: Describe interpersonal conflict Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

503 .

17. According to the dual concern model, two factors whose levels characterize different types of conflict are ______ and a. interest; responsibility. b. loudness; concern. c. assertiveness; cooperativeness. d. accessibility; motivation.

Answer: c Topic: Personal Conflict Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish personal conflict styles and outcomes Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 18. Carmen is highly interested in pursuing her own goals. According to the dual-concern model, she is a. high in assertiveness. b. high in cooperativeness. c. low in assertiveness. d. low in cooperativeness.

Answer: a Topic: Personal Conflict Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish personal conflict styles and outcomes Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 19. __________ involves the degree to which we want to be in a relationship or support the goals of the other person. a. Assertiveness b. Accommodation c. Domination d. Cooperating Answer: d Topic: Personal Conflict Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish personal conflict styles and outcomes Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 20. In the __________ conflict style, there is a high degree of interest in the relationship and a low degree of concern about one’s own interest. a. dominating b. accommodating c. avoiding 504 .

d.

compromising

Answer: b Topic: Personal Conflict Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish personal conflict styles and outcomes Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 21. Christine would do anything to maintain her current relationship with Devon, even at the risk of her own self-interest. She clearly has a(n) ___________ conflict style. a. assertiveness b. accommodation c. domination d. cooperating Answer: b Topic: Personal Conflict Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish personal conflict styles and outcomes Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 22. When the accommodating style is used too frequently, the accommodator often ends up feeling a. powerful. b. helpful. c. used. d. overbearing.

Answer: c Topic: Personal Conflict Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish personal conflict styles and outcomes Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 23. Under which of the following conditions is the accommodating conflict style an effective strategy? a. In short-term relationships, where decisions are critical b. In short-term relationships, where decisions are compromises c. In long-term relationships, where one person’s desire for something is stronger than the other’s competing desire d. In long-term relationships, where both people’s desires are equally important to the requestors

505 .

Answer: c Topic: Personal Conflict Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish personal conflict styles and outcomes Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 24. In long-term relationships, it is often beneficial to accommodate another’s request if he or she has accommodated you in the past. This is also known as a. avoiding. b. reciprocity. c. dominating. d. justifying.

Answer: b Topic: Personal Conflict Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish personal conflict styles and outcomes Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 25. Jason has a high degree of interest in his own goals and a low degree of interest in his relationship with Angela or even Angela herself. Jason’s conflict style is a. avoiding. b. accommodating. c. dominating. d. justifying.

Answer: c Topic: Personal Conflict Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish personal conflict styles and outcomes Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 26. Zach’s conflict style often includes threats and nonverbal behaviors, such as stonewalling.

His style is also known as a. compromising. b. dominating. c. accommodating. d. justifying.

Answer: b Topic: Personal Conflict Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish personal conflict styles and outcomes Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 506 .

27. The only time the dominating conflict style may be helpful is in a _____________by a(n) a. personal relationship; stonewaller. b. work environment; subordinate. c. personal relationship; avoider. d. work environment; legitimate authority.

Answer: d Topic: Personal Conflict Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish personal conflict styles and outcomes Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 28. The _________ style is usually characterized by a low degree of interest in pursuing one’s own goals, as well as a low degree of interest in maintaining the relationship or the other person’s goals. a. avoiding b. dominating c. accommodating d. cooperating Answer: a Topic: Personal Conflict Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish personal conflict styles and outcomes Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 29. Which of the following characteristics best describes the type of person who routinely avoids conflict? a. Experiences with conflict have been positive b. Higher biological tolerance for emotional stress c. Experiences with conflict have been negative d. Always recognizes conflict Answer: c Topic: Personal Conflict Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish personal conflict styles and outcomes Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 30. A person who typically uses the avoiding style of conflict has a low degree of interest in pursuing his or her own goals and a a. high degree of interest in supporting the relationship. b. high degree of interest in supporting the other person’s goals.

507 .

c. d.

low degree of interest in supporting the relationship, but a high degree of interest in supporting the other person’s goals. low degree of interest in supporting the relationship and a low degree of interest in supporting the other person’s goals.

Answer: d Topic: Personal Conflict Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish personal conflict styles and outcomes Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 31. One common type of behavior used in the avoiding conflict style is a. stonewalling. b. threatening. c. compromising. d. downplaying the significance of the issue.

Answer: d Topic: Personal Conflict Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish personal conflict styles and outcomes Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 32. Research on the effects of avoiding conflict shows a. neither long-term positive nor negative effects. b. only long-term negative effects. c. mixed positive and negative effects. d. only long-term positive effects.

Answer: c Topic: Personal Conflict Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish personal conflict styles and outcomes Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 33. According to marriage researcher John Gottman, the avoiding style can be useful in resolving conflict if a. only the husband uses it. b. only the wife uses it. c. both partners use it. d. avoidance is used to increase blood pressure.

Answer: c Topic: Personal Conflict Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly 508 .

Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish personal conflict styles and outcomes Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 34. Marriage researcher John Gottman suggested the avoidance style of conflict is used by some individuals a. as a reaction to a rapidly decreasing blood pressure. b. to irritate their partners. c. to calm their partners. d. as a reaction to a rapidly increasing blood pressure.

Answer: d Topic: Personal Conflict Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish personal conflict styles and outcomes Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 35. One of the long-term risks of the avoidance conflict style in a relationship is the inability to a. develop conflict resolution styles and, therefore, the ability to handle more extreme conflicts. b. recognize the conflicts as they occur. c. ever interact positively with your partner. d. maintain a long-term relationship.

Answer: a Topic: Personal Conflict Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish personal conflict styles and outcomes Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 36. Anna’s boss harshly criticized her work on a new advertising campaign. Rather than engage in conflict with her boss, Anna replied, “I’m sorry you didn’t like it.” Anna chose to avoid the conflict thinking that it was probably a. temporary. b. unimportant. c. too risky. d. too personal.

Answer: c Topic: Personal Conflict Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish personal conflict styles and outcomes Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 509 .

37. According to the _____________ style of conflict, there is a moderate degree of interest in one’s own goals and equal interest in the relationship and goals of the other person. a. avoiding b. cooperation c. compromising d. accommodating Answer: c Topic: Personal Conflict Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish personal conflict styles and outcomes Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 38. Compared to dominators, compromisers are more likely to value a. a win. b. success. c. conflict. d. harmony.

Answer: d Topic: Personal Conflict Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish personal conflict styles and outcomes Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 39. Casey values her own goals, but also appreciates her relationship and the goals of her partner. The type of conflict style Casey is most likely to use is a. accommodating. b. cooperating. c. compromising. d. dominating.

Answer: c Topic: Personal Conflict Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish personal conflict styles and outcomes Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 40. The compromising style of conflict is advantageous to those involved in that a. each party gains some satisfaction. b. one member of the party gains satisfaction while the other loses. c. neither party wins. d. each person gets all of what they want.

510 .

Answer: b Topic: Personal Conflict Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish personal conflict styles and outcomes Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 41. The ____________ keeps the compromise strategy from being the best overall conflict style. a. required sacrifice b. accommodation c. equality d. resentment Answer: a Topic: Personal Conflict Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish personal conflict styles and outcomes Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 42. Compromise is often the best conflict strategy when a. there is more time and a decision isn’t necessary. b. the issue goes to the core of the relationship. c. the issue repeatedly surfaces in the relationship. d. there is little time and a decision must be reached.

Answer: d Topic: Personal Conflict Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish personal conflict styles and outcomes Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 43. In the _____style, there is a strong interest in pursuing one’s own goals and an equally strong interest in supporting the relationship and/or the goals of the other person. a. accommodating b. integrating c. dominating d. avoiding Answer: b Topic: Personal Conflict Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish personal conflict styles and outcomes Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

511 .

44. Integrating conflict style differs from compromising conflict style in that the integrating conflict style emphasizes a. each person giving up something so both can benefit. b. one person compromising on Issue A, while the other person compromises on Issue B. c. that each person gets all of what he or she wants. d. avoiding the problem until it goes away.

Answer: c Topic: Personal Conflict Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish personal conflict styles and outcomes Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 45. Compared to the compromising conflict style, the integrating conflict style ___________ to resolve conflict. a. takes the same amount of time b. takes slightly less time c. takes more time d. takes significantly less time Answer: c Topic: Personal Conflict Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish personal conflict styles and outcomes Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 46. Compared to the other conflict styles, individuals who use the ___________ style of conflict are more likely to view conflict as positive. a. accommodating b. avoiding c. compromising d. integrating Answer: d Topic: Personal Conflict Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish personal conflict styles and outcomes Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 47. In order to be successful at the integrative conflict style, one has to have a. the ability to compromise. b. a high level of creativity. c. a limited amount of experience with communication. d. a limited amount of experience with conflict.

512 .

Answer: b Topic: Personal Conflict Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish personal conflict styles and outcomes Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 48. The _________style is an approach to conflict that never has positive outcomes. a. compromise b. avoiding c. accommodating d. passive-aggressive Answer: d Topic: Personal Conflict Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish personal conflict styles and outcomes Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 49. When one individual upset with another pretends that everything is fine, and at the same time, punishes the other person in a secretive way, that individual is using the __________ conflict style. a. compromise b. passive-aggressive c. accommodating d. avoiding Answer: b Topic: Personal Conflict Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish personal conflict styles and outcomes Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 50. Susan is frustrated her roommate refuses to clean up after herself. Rather than confront her directly, she chooses instead to hide her roommate’s keys. This is an example of ___________ behavior. a. compromise b. passive-aggressive c. accommodating d. avoiding Answer: b Topic: Personal Conflict Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish personal conflict styles and outcomes 513 .

Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 51. According to the ____________ personality theory, our personality can be explained by a unique combination of extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience. a. integrative b. Freudian c. associative d. Big Five Answer: d Topic: Personality and Cultural Influences on Conflict Styles Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain how personality traits and cultural differences influence an individual’s preferred conflict style Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 52. Nancy has a hard time interacting with others, and the interactions she has are usually negative. Based on this information, Nancy is probably high in a. extraversion. b. neuroticism. c. agreeableness. d. conscientiousness.

Answer: b Topic: Personality and Cultural Influences on Conflict Styles Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain how personality traits and cultural differences influence an individual’s preferred conflict style Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 53. Morgan is reliable, dependable, and always on hand when her friends need her. Rarely has she ever failed to follow through with a commitment. Morgan is high in a. extraversion. b. neuroticism. c. agreeableness. d. conscientiousness.

Answer: d Topic: Personality and Cultural Influences on Conflict Styles Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain how personality traits and cultural differences influence an individual’s preferred conflict style Question Type: Apply 514 .

Difficulty Level: Moderate 54. Ian enjoys trying new things, whether it be new food, music, or activities. He is probably high in which aspect of the Big Five Personality Theory? a. Extraversion b. Neuroticism c. Openness to experience d. Conscientiousness Answer: c Topic: Personality and Cultural Influences on Conflict Styles Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain how personality traits and cultural differences influence an individual’s preferred conflict style Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 55. Individuals who use integrative conflict style are a. higher in agreeableness. b. higher in extraversion. c. higher in neuroticism. d. lower in neuroticism.

Answer: d Topic: Personality and Cultural Influences on Conflict Styles Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain how personality traits and cultural differences influence an individual’s preferred conflict style Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 56. Individuals who use the avoiding conflict style report having personalities that are a. higher in conscientiousness. b. lower in extraversion. c. higher in agreeableness. d. lower in neuroticism.

Answer: c Topic: Personality and Cultural Influences on Conflict Styles Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain how personality traits and cultural differences influence an individual’s preferred conflict style Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

515 .

57. According to Ting-Toomey, Asian and Latino groups perceive ____________ and avoiding as positive choices because they reduce friction. a. agreeing b. assuming c. dominating d. accommodating Answer: d Topic: Personality and Cultural Influences on Conflict Styles Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain how personality traits and cultural differences influence an individual’s preferred conflict style Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 58. Compared to European Americans, African Americans use the __________ conflict strategy more often. a. agreeing b. assuming c. dominating d. accommodating Answer: d Topic: Personality and Cultural Influences on Conflict Styles Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain how personality traits and cultural differences influence an individual’s preferred conflict style Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 59. Compared to individualists, collectivists use the __________ conflict strategy less often. a. agreeing b. avoiding c. dominating d. accommodating Answer: b Topic: Personality and Cultural Influences on Conflict Styles Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain how personality traits and cultural differences influence an individual’s preferred conflict style Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 60. Regardless of cultural orientation, ____________ is the most preferred conflict style. a. integration b. avoiding 516 .

c. d.

dominating accommodating

Answer: a Topic: Personality and Cultural Influences on Conflict Styles Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain how personality traits and cultural differences influence an individual’s preferred conflict style Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 61. During a conflict, one negative comment is often reciprocated with an even more negative comment. When this continues, it is known as a(n) a. defensive spiral. b. evaluation. c. description. d. extreme fighting.

Answer: a Topic: Reducing Defensiveness in Conflict Resolution Learning Objective: 10.4: Determine strategies for reducing defensiveness in communication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 62. Jackie didn’t do well on her first human relations exam and called her mom with her concerns. Her mom responded, “You should have studied more.” Jackie responded defensively because her mother used ___________ language. a. evaluative b. descriptive c. certainty d. provisional Answer: a Topic: Reducing Defensiveness in Conflict Resolution Learning Objective: 10.4: Determine strategies for reducing defensiveness in communication Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 63. Jackie didn’t do well on her first human relations exam and called her mom with her concerns. Her mom responded, “It sounds like you are really upset.” This response is typical of ___________ language. a. evaluative b. descriptive 517 .

c. d.

certainty provisional

Answer: b Topic: Reducing Defensiveness in Conflict Resolution Learning Objective: 10.4: Determine strategies for reducing defensiveness in communication Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 64. Often when others respond to our fears or our concerns, they imply that their opinion is the last word on the subject. This is known as a(n) _________ response. a. evaluative b. descriptive c. certainty d. provisional Answer: c Topic: Reducing Defensiveness in Conflict Resolution Learning Objective: 10.4: Determine strategies for reducing defensiveness in communication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 65. When we respond to friends supportively and in a way that signals open-mindedness and interest, we are using a(n) _________ response. a. evaluative b. descriptive c. certainty d. provisional Answer: d Topic: Reducing Defensiveness in Conflict Resolution Learning Objective: 10.4: Determine strategies for reducing defensiveness in communication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 66. Control orientation is to problem orientation as _________ is to a. a message signals closed-mindedness; a message signals open-mindedness. b. making decisions for other people; working with partners to share decision making. c. evaluating another person; describing the behavior of another person. d. conveys the speaker is smarter; conveys the listener is smarter.

518 .

Answer: b Topic: Reducing Defensiveness in Conflict Resolution Learning Objective: 10.4: Determine strategies for reducing defensiveness in communication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 67. Individuals with hidden agendas are often perceived as communicating in a way that is meant to manipulate the other person. This defense-arousing behavior is called a. evaluation. b. strategy. c. certainty. d. provisionalism.

Answer: b Topic: Reducing Defensiveness in Conflict Resolution Learning Objective: 10.4: Determine strategies for reducing defensiveness in communication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 68. The ___________ category for eliciting defensive responses is more difficult to recognize than other strategies because the strategy is often more apparent in the nonverbal element. a. evaluation vs. description b. strategy vs. spontaneity c. certainty vs. provisionalism d. neutrality vs. empathy Answer: b Topic: Reducing Defensiveness in Conflict Resolution Learning Objective: 10.4: Determine strategies for reducing defensiveness in communication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 69. The category of defense-arousing response that deals with listener interest is known as a. evaluation vs. description. b. control vs. problem orientation. c. certainty vs. provisionalism. d. neutrality vs. empathy.

Answer: d Topic: Reducing Defensiveness in Conflict Resolution 519 .

Learning Objective: 10.4: Determine strategies for reducing defensiveness in communication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 70. When a respondent seems disinterested in what we have to say, Gibb refers to the behavior as a. empathy. b. neutrality. c. superiority. d. description.

Answer: b Topic: Reducing Defensiveness in Conflict Resolution Learning Objective: 10.4: Determine strategies for reducing defensiveness in communication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 71. The defense-arousing message that implies the speaker is smarter, knows more, or is somehow better than the listener is a(n) ________ message. a. empathy b. neutrality c. superiority d. description Answer: c Topic: Reducing Defensiveness in Conflict Resolution Learning Objective: 10.4: Determine strategies for reducing defensiveness in communication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 72. One of the hardest situations to deal with is when someone criticizes us for something we know is true. In this case, the best response is to ___________ the statement. a. disagree with b. agree with c. understand the motivation of d. ask for clarification of Answer: b Topic: Reducing Defensiveness in Conflict Resolution Learning Objective: 10.4: Determine strategies for reducing defensiveness in communication 520 .

Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 73. Suzanne was hurt when her mother unfairly criticized her efforts on a recent exam. Since Suzanne believes the criticism is inaccurate, her best response is to ___________ the statement. a. disagree with b. agree with c. understand the motivation of d. ask for clarification of Answer: c Topic: Reducing Defensiveness in Conflict Resolution Learning Objective: 10.4: Determine strategies for reducing defensiveness in communication Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 74. One multipurpose, nondefensive response that is most effective in responding to others’ criticisms involves a. guessing about the specifics. b. ignoring the remarks. c. paraphrasing. d. asking for clarification.

Answer: c Topic: Reducing Defensiveness in Conflict Resolution Learning Objective: 10.4: Determine strategies for reducing defensiveness in communication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 75. Which method is not included in the integrative model for resolving conflict? a. Identifying the problem b. Setting a time and place to discuss the issue c. Exchanging viewpoints d. Avoiding brainstorming and using safe options for resolving conflicts Answer: d Topic: Reducing Defensiveness in Conflict Resolution Learning Objective: 10.4: Determine strategies for reducing defensiveness in communication Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 521 .

76. Janet is paired with George on a work project. As they work together, Janet soon finds out that no matter what concerns she has about how the project is going, George will argue with her until he is satisfied that he won. Also, he takes credit for her ideas whenever they update the boss on their progress. By the end of the project, Janet is left feeling unmotivated because of George’s __________________ style. a. compromising b. accommodating c. dominating d. avoiding Answer: c Topic: Personal Conflict Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish personal conflict styles and outcomes Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 77. When the boss needs to make a difficult decision quickly, the _______________ style is most useful. a. dominating b. avoiding c. passive-aggressive d. accommodating Answer: a Topic: Personal Conflict Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish personal conflict styles and outcomes Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 78. When a workplace issue is temporary and the benefit of engaging in conflict is minimal, it is best to use a(n) ______________ style. a. dominating b. compromising c. integrating d. avoiding Answer: d Topic: Personal Conflict Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish personal conflict styles and outcomes Question Type: Understanding 522 .

Difficulty Level: Easy 79. The _______________ conflict style should be reserved for important and long-lasting workplace issues. a. compromising b. integrating c. accommodating d. avoiding Answer: b Topic: Personal Conflict Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish personal conflict styles and outcomes Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 80. Christina is mad at Anna, her close friend at work. When they are assigned to work together on a presentation, she treats Anna the same way she always has and doesn’t let her know anything is wrong. But whenever Christina talks to their boss, she lies about Anna not pulling her weight and spending a lot of work time making personal phone calls. Which conflict style best describes Christina’s behavior? a. Integrating b. Dominating c. Passive-aggressive d. Accommodating Answer: c Topic: Personal Conflict Styles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish personal conflict styles and outcomes Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 81. People who are extroverts are more likely to have a(n) ________________ conflict style. a. accommodating b. dominating c. passive-aggressive d. avoiding Answer: b Topic: Personality and Cultural Influences on Conflict Styles Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain how personality traits and cultural differences influence an individual’s preferred conflict style 523 .

Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 82. People who prefer a compromising style tend to be high in which of the Big Five personality traits? a. Agreeableness b. Neuroticism c. Extroversion d. Openness Answer: a Topic: Personality and Cultural Influences on Conflict Styles Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain how personality traits and cultural differences influence an individual’s preferred conflict style Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 83. People who are high in ________________ are most likely to engage in the _______________ conflict style. a. neuroticism; avoiding b. introversion; dominating c. openness; passive-aggressive d. conscientiousness; collapsing Answer: a Topic: Personality and Cultural Influences on Conflict Styles Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain how personality traits and cultural differences influence an individual’s preferred conflict style Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 84. Which Big Five personality trait is not associated with any particular conflict style? a. Agreeableness b. Extroversion c. Openness d. Neuroticism Answer: c Topic: Personality and Cultural Influences on Conflict Styles Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain how personality traits and cultural differences influence an individual’s preferred conflict style 524 .

Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 85. People who have an integrating conflict style are least likely to have which Big Five trait? a. Conscientiousness b. Neuroticism c. Extraversion d. Introversion Answer: b Topic: Personality and Cultural Influences on Conflict Styles Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain how personality traits and cultural differences influence an individual’s preferred conflict style Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 86. As both men and women rise into higher positions within an organization, they are more likely to use the ________________ style. a. avoiding b. accommodating c. integrating d. dominating Answer: d Topic: Personality and Cultural Influences on Conflict Styles Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain how personality traits and cultural differences influence an individual’s preferred conflict style Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 87. People who are lower in status are most likely to use the _________________ style. a. accommodating b. dominating c. compromising d. integrating Answer: a Topic: Personality and Cultural Influences on Conflict Styles Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain how personality traits and cultural differences influence an individual’s preferred conflict style Question Type: Understanding 525 .

Difficulty Level: Easy 88. An Australian study conducted by Wilson and Power (2004) found that Christians are more likely to use a(n) _______________ style, while practicing Muslims are more likely to use a(n) ________________ style. a. avoiding; accommodating b. dominating; integrating c. integrating; compromising d. passive-aggressive; dominating Answer: c Topic: Personality and Cultural Influences on Conflict Styles Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain how personality traits and cultural differences influence an individual’s preferred conflict style Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 89. Family ________________ is the sense of shared purpose and higher satisfaction in the family relationship. a. climate b. cohesion c. authenticity d. orientation Answer: b Topic: Personality and Cultural Influences on Conflict Styles Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain how personality traits and cultural differences influence an individual’s preferred conflict style Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 90. A higher rate of family cohesion is associated with which conflict style? a. Compromising b. Avoiding c. Dominating d. Integrating Answer: d Topic: Personality and Cultural Influences on Conflict Styles Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain how personality traits and cultural differences influence an individual’s preferred conflict style 526 .

Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

527 .

Chapter 11 Key Concepts in Intimate Relationships Test Bank 1.

According to Sternberg, love relies on three primary elements: intimacy, __________, and commitment. a. affection b. passion c. cognition d. respect Answer: b Topic: What Is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

2.

Within Sternberg’s triangular model of love, the __________ component includes trust, caring, warmth, and honesty. a. affection b. passion c. intimacy d. respect Answer: c Topic: What Is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

3.

According to Sternberg’s triangular theory of love, the _____________ component involves sexual desire and physical attraction. a. affection b. passion c. cognition d. respect Answer: b Topic: What Is Love?

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Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 4.

Grayson thinks Dylan is very attractive and finds herself thinking about his smile (and his terrific body) constantly. Grayson’s feelings for Dylan best typify the _________ component of love in Sternberg’s model. a. eros b. storge c. cognition d. passion Answer: b Topic: What Is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate

5.

When we feel chemistry for someone, Sternberg says we are high in a. eros. b. storge. c. passion. d. intimacy.

Answer: c Topic: What Is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

6.

Elizabeth likes that she can tell Blake anything, and for him, the feeling is mutual.

According to Sternberg, Elizabeth and Blake are high in the ________ component of love. a. eros b. storge c. passion d. intimacy Answer: d Topic: What Is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures 529 .

Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Easy 7.

Darren has asked his fiancée to marry him, and she has agreed. According to Sternberg, Darren’s conscious decision to maintain this relationship over the long term is also known as a. eros. b. commitment. c. passion. d. intimacy.

Answer: b Topic: What Is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate

8.

Strong attraction or passion for another without intimacy or commitment is also known as a. liking. b. infatuation. c. empty love. d. intimacy.

Answer: b Topic: What Is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

9.

When intimacy is the only component present, Sternberg refers to the relationship style as a. liking. b. infatuation. c. empty love. d. intimacy.

Answer: a Topic: What Is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

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10. The three primary elements of intimacy, passion, and commitment are often thought of as the ___________, physical, and cognitive aspects of love. a. empty b. emotional c. romantic d. passionate Answer: b Topic: What Is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 11. By combining the primary elements of intimacy and passion, you get the ________ pattern of loving. a. empty b. emotional c. romantic d. passionate Answer: c Topic: What Is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 12. Xavier is committed to his relationship with Augusta even though he no longer feels passion and intimacy with her. This is also known as __________ love. a. empty b. emotional c. romantic d. passionate Answer: a Topic: What Is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

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13. Mr. and Mrs. Stevens have been married for 35 years. Their kids think their relationship is without passion and intimacy or typical of __________ love, when, in fact, it is full of intimacy and commitment, which is indicative of __________ love. a. emotional; empty b. emotional; romantic c. empty; companionate d. passion; storge Answer: c Topic: What Is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Easy 14. When couples have relationships that include intimacy and commitment but no passion, Sternberg refers to it as __________ love. a. committed b. empty c. companionate d. romantic Answer: c Topic: What Is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 15. Sammy and Deidre married within six weeks of meeting. Their relationship has commitment and passion, but no intimacy. It is also known as ________ love. a. fatuous b. empty c. companionate d. romantic Answer: a Topic: What Is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate

532 .

16. According to Sternberg, __________ relationships are made up of all three elements of love. a. consummate b. empty c. companionate d. romantic Answer: a Topic: What Is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 17. Compared to Sternberg’s perspective on love relationships, Lee focuses on a. secondary love styles only. b. individual love styles. c. the interactions between those involved. d. intimacy, passion, and commitment.

Answer: a Topic: What Is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 18. According to Lee, _________ love focuses primarily on physical attraction and has a strong sense of passion. a. ludus b. eros c. storge d. passion Answer: b Topic: What Is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 19. Individuals who see love as a game of skill and strategy have a _________ love style. a. ludus b. eros c. storge 533 .

d.

passion

Answer: a Topic: What Is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 20. According to Lee, the ludus lover is interested in a relationship high in a. passion. b. stability. c. practicality. d. game-playing.

Answer: d Topic: What Is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 21. According to Lee, storge love is characterized by a. obsession, desperation, and possession. b. stability, strong friendship, and mutual respect. c. objective evaluation of advantages and disadvantages. d. passion-centered love.

Answer: b Topic: What Is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 22. Jeff takes pride in his ability to get women to fall for him, although he has no intention of commitment. Which of Lee’s love styles best characterizes this behavior? a. Eros b. Ludus c. Storge d. Passion Answer: b Topic: What Is Love?

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Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 23. Individuals with a(n) _________ love style weigh the benefits and costs of a particular relationship. a. eros b. ludus c. storge d. pragma Answer: d Topic: What Is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 24. Lee’s secondary love style, pragma, is a combination of _________ and ludus primary love styles. a. storge b. pragma c. eros d. agape Answer: a Topic: What Is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 25. Susan has a difficult time trusting her partner and spends much of her time engaging in obsessive, desperate, and possessive behaviors. This love style is known as a. storge. b. pragma. c. mania. d. agape.

Answer: c Topic: What Is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures 535 .

Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 26. A(n) ___________ love style involves a deep abiding love that is passionate and selfless. a. storge b. pragma c. mania d. agape Answer: d Topic: What Is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 27. ___________ and storge love styles combine to form the deep abiding love that is passionate and selfless. a. Eros b. Pragma c. Mania d. Agape Answer: a Topic: What Is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 28. Jessica has a passionate, unconditional love for her husband, Harrison. She never has a concern for reciprocity. Lee would describe their love as a. eros. b. pragma. c. mania. d. agape.

Answer: d Topic: What Is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 536 .

29. Mason is literally getting ready to marry the girl next door. He and Sierra grew up in the same neighborhood, and their parents were friends. The idea that we are attracted to individuals who live nearby is called the ________ effect. a. eros b. association c. attractiveness d. proximity Answer: d Topic: Falling in Love: Attraction and Mate Selection Learning Objective: 11.2: Discuss factors influencing attraction and mate selection Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 30. One reason individuals who live in close proximity to us or who attend similar classes are perceived as more attractive is because we see them more frequently. This is known as the _________ effect. a. eros b. proximity c. mere exposure d. association Answer: c Topic: Falling in Love: Attraction and Mate Selection Learning Objective: 11.2: Discuss factors influencing attraction and mate selection Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Moderate 31. The __________ effect finds people tend to like others more when they have seen them more frequently, even if they haven’t spoken to the person. a. attraction b. mere exposure c. similarity d. complementarity Answer: b Topic: Falling in Love: Attraction and Mate Selection Learning Objective: 11.2: Discuss factors influencing attraction and mate selection Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

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32. Women’s preferences for men with healthy and physically attractive characteristics are highest when women are a. menopausal. b. tired. c. pregnant. d. fertile.

Answer: d Topic: Falling in Love: Attraction and Mate Selection Learning Objective: 11.2: Discuss factors influencing attraction and mate selection Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 33. According to your text, research on physical attractiveness indicates that women are more likely to achieve orgasm with a _________ male partner. a. familiar b. tired c. previous d. symmetrical Answer: d Topic: Falling in Love: Attraction and Mate Selection Learning Objective: 11.2: Discuss factors influencing attraction and mate selection Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 34. There is a relationship between the prevalence of food in a culture and perceptions of female beauty in that as food becomes a. more plentiful, heavier women are perceived as more attractive. b. less plentiful, thinner women are perceived as more attractive. c. less plentiful, heavier women are perceived as more attractive. d. more plentiful, older women are perceived as more attractive.

Answer: c Topic: Falling in Love: Attraction and Mate Selection Learning Objective: 11.2: Discuss factors influencing attraction and mate selection Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 35. According to the ____________ hypothesis, we tend to pursue others we think are in about the same category as us in attractiveness as long as they reciprocate our interest. a. matching b. dating c. opposites attract 538 .

d.

attractiveness

Answer: a Topic: Falling in Love: Attraction and Mate Selection Learning Objective: 11.2: Discuss factors influencing attraction and mate selection Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 36. According to the ______________ theory, we want the best we can get from relationships and may need to trade what we have for something the partner is offering. a. social matching b. dating forever c. social attractiveness d. social exchange Answer: d Topic: Falling in Love: Attraction and Mate Selection Learning Objective: 11.2: Discuss factors influencing attraction and mate selection Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 37. Seeing a significantly older woman on a date with a much younger man may remind us of _____________theory, which suggests we may trade what we have for something the partner is offering. a. social exchange b. dating forever c. social attractiveness d. social matching Answer: a Topic: Falling in Love: Attraction and Mate Selection Learning Objective: 11.2: Discuss factors influencing attraction and mate selection Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 38. Compared to women, men rank the characteristic of physical attractiveness as a. less important. b. more important. c. equally important. d. unimportant.

Answer: b Topic: Falling in Love: Attraction and Mate Selection Learning Objective: 11.2: Discuss factors influencing attraction and mate selection 539 .

Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 39. According to your text, when it comes to self-monitoring, men who are high self-monitors rank the characteristic of physical attractiveness as a. less important. b. more important. c. equally important. d. unimportant.

Answer: b Topic: Falling in Love: Attraction and Mate Selection Learning Objective: 11.2: Discuss factors influencing attraction and mate selection Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 40. In addition to physical attractiveness, _________, or the degree to which we are like someone, is related to attraction. a. similarity b. dissimilarity c. opposites attract d. mere exposure Answer: a Topic: Falling in Love: Attraction and Mate Selection Learning Objective: 11.2: Discuss factors influencing attraction and mate selection Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 41. Sam and Michael are similar in that they have comparable values concerning education and family. This is an example of ___________ similarity. a. demographic b. attitude c. personality d. lifetime Answer: a Topic: Falling in Love: Attraction and Mate Selection Learning Objective: 11.2: Discuss factors influencing attraction and mate selection Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

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42. One theory on why attitude similarity predicts relationship satisfaction involves the idea that dating someone with similar beliefs __________our own perspective. a. changes b. devalues c. personalizes d. validates Answer: d Topic: Falling in Love: Attraction and Mate Selection Learning Objective: 11.2: Discuss factors influencing attraction and mate selection Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 43. Personality traits have a consistent impact on relationship satisfaction and this relationship is a. strong. b. moderate. c. weak. d. nonexistent.

Answer: c Topic: Falling in Love: Attraction and Mate Selection Learning Objective: 11.2: Discuss factors influencing attraction and mate selection Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 44. Rather than attitude similarity leading to marriage, it could be that a. attitudes have become more similar by the time partners have decided to get married. b. attitudes have become more dissimilar. c. perceptions of similarity may be less than actual similarity. d. influences from others make partners more similar.

Answer: a Topic: Falling in Love: Attraction and Mate Selection Learning Objective: 11.2: Discuss factors influencing attraction and mate selection Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 45. Since you can control the pace of dating in Internet dating, people may perceive their mates to be more attractive because a. of mere exposure. b. of dishonesty. c. of the virtual environment. d. they love them.

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Answer: c Topic: Falling in Love: Attraction and Mate Selection Learning Objective: 11.2: Discuss factors influencing attraction and mate selection Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 46. Sammy has corresponded for six months with Maddie, a woman he met online and is planning to meet. According to Levine (2000), what is the likely outcome? a. They will live happily ever after. b. Since they have corresponded longer than a month without meeting, they may deal with unrealistic expectations. c. They will never meet. d. One or both will move on to other partners.

Answer: b Topic: Falling in Love: Attraction and Mate Selection Learning Objective: 11.2: Discuss factors influencing attraction and mate selection Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 47. __________ love is characterized by intense arousal and absorption with a partner. a. Intimate b. Companionate c. Manic d. Passionate Answer: d Topic: Making Relationships Work: Keys to Healthy Long-Term Relationships Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe strategies for maintaining healthy long-term relationships Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 48. Passionate love is fueled by ___________ and cognitive factors. a. physiological b. evaluative c. charismatic d. storge Answer: a Topic: Making Relationships Work: Keys to Healthy Long-Term Relationships Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe strategies for maintaining healthy long-term relationships Question Type: Understanding 542 .

Difficulty Level: Easy 49. Theresa describes her love for her husband as intensely arousing and overwhelming.

According to Hendrick (2004), this is characteristic of _______ love. a. passionate b. manic c. companionate d. intimate Answer: a Topic: Making Relationships Work: Keys to Healthy Long-Term Relationships Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe strategies for maintaining healthy long-term relationships Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 50. Harriet reports feeling giddy whenever she thinks about her boyfriend. The giddiness is related to neurochemicals such as _______ and ________, which stimulates us and promotes feelings of attraction. a. estrogen; testosterone b. dopamine; estrogen c. PEA (phenylethylmine); testosterone d. dopamine; PEA (phenylethylmine) Answer: d Topic: Making Relationships Work: Keys to Healthy Long-Term Relationships Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe strategies for maintaining healthy long-term relationships Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Easy 51. From a physiological perspective, the decline in passionate love characteristic of many relationships has been attributed to a. troubles in the relationship. b. the need of greater neurochemicals to have the same feelings and the inability to create the increasing amounts. c. the decrease in time available to spend with one’s partner. d. the increase in time together and decrease in fantasy-based perceptions.

Answer: b Topic: Making Relationships Work: Keys to Healthy Long-Term Relationships Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe strategies for maintaining healthy long-term relationships Question Type: Understanding 543 .

Difficulty Level: Easy 52. Jared hasn’t felt the same about Stacy for some time. He commented to his brother, “I remember when the hair on my neck stood up when she entered a room, and I wouldn’t stop thinking about her. I guess I just don’t love her anymore.” Based on his statement, we can infer that Jared defines love as _________-based. a. companionate b. passion c. friendship d. communication Answer: b Topic: Making Relationships Work: Keys to Healthy Long-Term Relationships Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe strategies for maintaining healthy long-term relationships Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 53. __________ love is based on trust, mutual respect, affection, and friendship. a. Passionate b. Companionate c. Manic d. Pragmatic Answer: b Topic: Making Relationships Work: Keys to Healthy Long-Term Relationships Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe strategies for maintaining healthy long-term relationships Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 54. __________ love may get us into long-term relationships, but _________ love sustains them. a. Passionate; companionate b. Companionate; manic c. Ludus; eros d. Pragmatic; storge Answer: a Topic: Making Relationships Work: Keys to Healthy Long-Term Relationships Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe strategies for maintaining healthy long-term relationships Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 544 .

55. Earlier research on passionate love suggested that passionate love shifted to companionate love. Newer research by Tucker and Aron (1993) found a. similar findings to previous results. b. that companionate love continued throughout the relationship, although it did have ups and downs. c. that passionate love continued throughout the relationship, although it did have ups and downs. d. that few couples reported passion for their mates over the long term.

Answer: c Topic: Making Relationships Work: Keys to Healthy Long-Term Relationships Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe strategies for maintaining healthy long-term relationships Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 56. Individuals in long-term relationships note that expressed affection and frequency of sex decline rapidly after the first year or two of marriage. How do they respond? a. With frustration and guilt b. With understanding and acceptance as companionate love increases c. With resentment d. With understanding and acceptance as companionate love decreases Answer: b Topic: Making Relationships Work: Keys to Healthy Long-Term Relationships Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe strategies for maintaining healthy long-term relationships Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 57. One way to decrease the decline of chemicals associated with emotional intensity is to a. love more. b. expose self and partner to new situations. c. maintain familiarity and comfort in relationships. d. break up with partner.

Answer: b Topic: Making Relationships Work: Keys to Healthy Long-Term Relationships Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe strategies for maintaining healthy long-term relationships Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 545 .

58. According to Baumeister & Bratslavsy (1999), change in emotion rather than the emotion itself a. interrupts the success of a relationship. b. causes a breakup. c. maintains familiarity and comfort in relationships. d. fosters greater emotional connection between partners.

Answer: d Topic: Making Relationships Work: Keys to Healthy Long-Term Relationships Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe strategies for maintaining healthy long-term relationships Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 59. Audrey and Jackson both think their relationship is in a rut and decide to take up a new hobby together: hiking. According to Baumeister & Bratslavsy (1999), this new adventure should correlate with a. increased relationship satisfaction. b. decreased relationship satisfaction. c. aspects of individual happiness. d. increased fighting.

Answer: a Topic: Making Relationships Work: Keys to Healthy Long-Term Relationships Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe strategies for maintaining healthy long-term relationships Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Easy 60. In general, couples giving birth in a hospital show _________ intimacy after the event. a. increased b. decreased c. maintained d. a decrease, then an increase in Answer: b Topic: Making Relationships Work: Keys to Healthy Long-Term Relationships Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe strategies for maintaining healthy long-term relationships Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

546 .

61. According to a study by Moran (1992), couples giving birth at home show _________ intimacy after the event. a. increased b. decreased c. maintained d. a decrease then an increase in Answer: a Topic: Making Relationships Work: Keys to Healthy Long-Term Relationships Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe strategies for maintaining healthy long-term relationships Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 62. According to Hiller (2004) and Uvnas-Moberg (1998), the hormone _______ is released in both men and women during sex, and it __________ pair bonding. a. testosterone; decreases b. estrogen; maintains c. oxytocin; maintains d. oxytocin; increases Answer: d Topic: Making Relationships Work: Keys to Healthy Long-Term Relationships Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe strategies for maintaining healthy long-term relationships Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 63. At the center of Gottman’s principles for relationship success is the need to _______ in your relationship. a. have control b. introduce novelty c. understand intentions d. create and nurture intimacy Answer: d Topic: Making Relationships Work: Keys to Healthy Long-Term Relationships Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe strategies for maintaining healthy long-term relationships Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

547 .

64. According to Gottman, having trust in our relationships often leads us to a. demand more quality time. b. take our partner for granted. c. behave inappropriately with others. d. interruptions in communication.

Answer: b Topic: Making Relationships Work: Keys to Healthy Long-Term Relationships Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe strategies for maintaining healthy long-term relationships Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 65. _________ are the perceptions of our partner’s likes, dislikes, hopes, and dreams. It is created out of a deep and broad awareness of that partner. a. Love letters b. Positive attributions c. Love maps d. Negative attributions Answer: c Topic: Making Relationships Work: Keys to Healthy Long-Term Relationships Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe strategies for maintaining healthy long-term relationships Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 66. For couples who have detailed love maps, the birth of their first child a. maintains their existing relationship satisfaction. b. increases their existing relationship satisfaction. c. decreases their existing relationship satisfaction. d. contributed to divorce.

Answer: b Topic: Making Relationships Work: Keys to Healthy Long-Term Relationships Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe strategies for maintaining healthy long-term relationships Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 67. Justin is frustrated by the latest fight with his girlfriend, Meghan. However, he attributes the fight to her stress at work and as normal in a relationship. This is an example of a a. love map. b. negative attribution.

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c. d.

positive attribution. misattribution.

Answer: c Topic: Making Relationships Work: Keys to Healthy Long-Term Relationships Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe strategies for maintaining healthy long-term relationships Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 68. Positive attributions are beneficial to relationships because they a. allow us to ignore negative feelings. b. build and maintain supportive climates. c. cause us to take our partners for granted. d. increase defensiveness.

Answer: b Topic: Making Relationships Work: Keys to Healthy Long-Term Relationships Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe strategies for maintaining healthy long-term relationships Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 69. According to Gottman, we create a(n) ___________ by making small, everyday sacrifices and by making efforts to notice and appreciate the kindnesses of our partner. a. tit-for-tat strategy b. reciprocal strategy c. plus system d. emotional bank account Answer: d Topic: Making Relationships Work: Keys to Healthy Long-Term Relationships Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe strategies for maintaining healthy long-term relationships Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 70. According to Gottman’s work, anger in relationships is often escalated by a. men more than women. b. women more than men. c. men and women equally. d. outside sources.

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Answer: a Topic: Making Relationships Work: Keys to Healthy Long-Term Relationships Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe strategies for maintaining healthy long-term relationships Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 71. Emma was angry her roommate had forgotten to put the milk away. She shouted, “Don’t you ever do anything right?” Which of Gottman’s horsemen does this interaction represent? a. Criticism b. Contempt c. Defensiveness d. Stonewalling Answer: a Topic: Making Relationships Work: Keys to Healthy Long-Term Relationships Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe strategies for maintaining healthy long-term relationships Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 72. Darla was moving some furniture, and in the process, her dog, Sammy, ran out the front door. Rather than accepting responsibility for leaving the door open, she yelled at her husband for not closing the door. According to Gottman, this is an example of which horseman of conflict? a. Criticism b. Contempt c. Defensiveness d. Stonewalling Answer: c Topic: Making Relationships Work: Keys to Healthy Long-Term Relationships Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe strategies for maintaining healthy long-term relationships Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 73. Whenever Jayden brings up a heated issue she would like to resolve, her partner, Neil, refuses to respond or leaves the room. This is an example of ____________, one of Gottman’s four horseman related to conflict. a. criticism b. contempt c. defensiveness d. stonewalling 550 .

Answer: d Topic: Making Relationships Work: Keys to Healthy Long-Term Relationships Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe strategies for maintaining healthy long-term relationships Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 74. One successful way to begin a conflict discussion involves the use of I-language. According to Gottman, this is called a. a soft startup. b. a repair attempt. c. self-soothing. d. finding common groups.

Answer: d Topic: Making Relationships Work: Keys to Healthy Long-Term Relationships Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe strategies for maintaining healthy long-term relationships Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 75. Apologizing during an argument is an example of a. a soft startup. b. a repair attempt. c. self-soothing. d. finding common groups.

Answer: b Topic: Making Relationships Work: Keys to Healthy Long-Term Relationships Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe strategies for maintaining healthy long-term relationships Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 76. According to the text, agreeableness is associated with a. intimacy. b. intimacy and passion. c. passion and commitment. d. intimacy, passion, and commitment.

Answer: d Topic: What is Love?

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Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 77. Conscientiousness is a strong predictor of a. intimacy and commitment. b. passion and commitment. c. passion and intimacy. d. intimacy, passion, and commitment.

Answer: a Topic: What is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 78. According to the text, which Big Five trait is only slightly associated with passion? a. Neuroticism b. Introversion c. Openness to experience d. Extraversion Answer: d Topic: What is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 79. Which Big Five trait has no association with any of Sternberg’s dimensions of love? a. Introversion b. Extraversion c. Openness to experience d. Neuroticism Answer: d Topic: What is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Understanding 552 .

Difficulty Level: Easy 80. Hindu philosopher Vatsayana, who is believed to be the author of the Kama Sutra, thought that people should marry for a. love. b. passion. c. money. d. commitment.

Answer: a Topic: What is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 81. The idea of passionate love dates back ________________ years. a. 1,000 b. 2,000 c. 3,000 d. 4,000 Answer: d Topic: What is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 82. How many words for love exist in the Arabic language? a. 4 b. 9 c. 20 d. 100 Answer: b Topic: What is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 553 .

83. Although cultural anthropologists all agree it exists universally, which of the following have they found is not always associated with marriage? a. Passion b. Intimacy c. Agape d. Mania Answer: a Topic: What is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 84. In ______________ culture, passion is seen as a waste of valuable energy and resources. a. Mexican b. Chinese c. Italian d. American Answer: b Topic: What is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 85. In which area is arranged marriage most likely to occur? a. Scandinavia b. Brazil c. Africa d. Japan Answer: c Topic: What is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

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86. Asian Americans are more likely to prefer which love style? a. Pragma b. Agape c. Mania d. Eros Answer: a Topic: What is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 87. Latino Americans display _______________ love more than European Americans. a. eros b. agape c. ludus d. storge Answer: c Topic: What is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 88. People in France are more likely to exhibit ____________ love than people in the United States. a. storge b. mania c. ludus d. agape Answer: d Topic: What is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

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89. In the United States, an increased sense of well-being is associated with ____________ love. a. agape b. storge c. eros d. pragma Answer: b Topic: What is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 90. Men score higher on _____________ love than women. a. eros b. agape c. mania d. pragma Answer: b Topic: What is Love?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Analyze several different perspectives on love in modern times, throughout history, and in various cultures Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 91. When couples who have been together a long time do new and interesting things, it rejuvenates their brain chemistry and reignites their a. ludus. b. intimacy. c. commitment. d. passion.

Answer: d Topic: Making Relationships Work: Keys to Healthy Long-Term Relationships Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe strategies for maintaining healthy long-term relationships Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

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92. There are ______________ million users on dating sites such as eHarmony, Match, Plenty of Fish, and Christian Mingle. a. 20 b. 100 c. 50 d. 5 Answer: a Topic: Falling in Love: Attraction and Mate Selection Learning Objective: 11.2: Discuss factors influencing attraction and mate selection Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 93. According to the text, dating site members spend an average of ________ hours on the sites every week. a. 12 b. 25 c. 3 d. 18 Answer: a Topic: Falling in Love: Attraction and Mate Selection Learning Objective: 11.2: Discuss factors influencing attraction and mate selection Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 94. What percentage of people put inaccurate information in their dating profiles? a. 50% b. 81% c. 27% d. 33% Answer: b Topic: Falling in Love: Attraction and Mate Selection Learning Objective: 11.2: Discuss factors influencing attraction and mate selection Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

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95. Candy joined a dating site for the first time. She spends hours looking at profiles and feels like a lot of different men on the site could be a good match for her. She wants to meet as many of them as possible because they all look interesting to her. What is Candy’s behavior an example of? a. Win-win method b. Confirmation bias c. Shopping mentality d. Soft startup Answer: c Topic: Falling in Love: Attraction and Mate Selection Learning Objective: 11.2: Discuss factors influencing attraction and mate selection Question Type: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 96. The shopping mentality on dating sites increases the chances that daters will a. get into a relationship based on money. b. form a deep connection with someone. c. get discouraged right away. d. objectify people based on looks.

Answer: d Topic: Falling in Love: Attraction and Mate Selection Learning Objective: 11.2: Discuss factors influencing attraction and mate selection Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 97. ________________ is easier on dating sites than in person, which makes relationships develop faster. a. Self-esteem b. Self-disclosure c. Self-efficacy d. Self-talk Answer: b Topic: Falling in Love: Attraction and Mate Selection Learning Objective: 11.2: Discuss factors influencing attraction and mate selection Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

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98. According to Levine (2000), people who meet on an Internet dating site should meet in person within 1 ____________ in order to decrease the risk of unrealistic expectations. a. month b. day c. week d. year Answer: a Topic: Falling in Love: Attraction and Mate Selection Learning Objective: 11.2: Discuss factors influencing attraction and mate selection Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 99. According to the Pew Report, ____________% of single Americans in their 20s to 40s have actively used a dating website or app to find love. a. 38 b. 59 c. 13 d. 75 Answer: a Topic: Falling in Love: Attraction and Mate Selection Learning Objective: 11.2: Discuss factors influencing attraction and mate selection Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy 100. People who use Internet dating heavily tend to be those who a. work too much to go to bars. b. have gone through a recent breakup. c. spend all of their free time online. d. are in major cities.

Answer: b Topic: Falling in Love: Attraction and Mate Selection Learning Objective: 11.2: Discuss factors influencing attraction and mate selection Question Type: Understanding Difficulty Level: Easy

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