Foundations of Career Counseling A Case-Based Approach, 1st edition Suzanne M Dugger Solution Manual

Instructor’s Resource Manual for

Foundations of Career Counseling: A Case-Based Approach Suzanne M. Dugger The University of Mississippi

Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 1 Quiz True/False Items 1. T or F When the profession of career counseling originated, the economy of the United States was especially strong and jobs were plentiful.

2. T or F Prior to the industrial revolution, careers tended to be determined by type of work one's parents' did.

3. T or F After publishing his book Choosing a Vocation, Frank Parsons delivered a famous speech at the Boston Vocational Bureau.

4. T or F Whereas workers could once reasonably expect to retire comfortably by the age of 65, this is no longer the case.

5. T or F Interfirm mobility is the primary emphasis of a protean career.

6. T or F Career success in new, post-Globalization era calls for higher levels of self-directedness as it pertains to one's career trajectories.

7. T or F Ambitious employees today should demonstrate loyalty and focus upon advancement opportunities with their current employers.

8. T or F There is generally agreement that career identity is only tangentially related to one’s sense of self.

9. T or F During the industrial revolution, many people moved from the rural, agrarian areas in which their families lived to cities in which they could easily find work in the manufacturing industry.

10. T or F The overall impact of the industrial revolution is that it offered people more opportunities to pursue personally satisfying careers.

11. T or F The United States had a largely agrarian economy after the industrial revolution.

12. T or F Given the radical changes that have occurred in the world of work and the pressing needs of many people for assistance with career planning, job searching, and career management, there is a strong need for career counselors.

13. T or F Lower-skill level jobs are more likely to be offshored than jobs that require higher level skills.

14. T or F Most workers in the future will need to reinvent their careers to keep up with a fast changing workplace.

15. T or F National statistical data indicate that people with a bachelor's degree have a higher unemployment rate than people with an associate's degree.

16. T or F Early in the counseling process, career counselors should offer advice about client concerns so as to establish credibility.

17. T or F The beginning of globalization can be traced back to the 1980s.

Multiple Choice. For each of the following items, circle the response that best answers the question.

1. Identify the technological advance(s) associated with the industrial revolution. a. Assembly Line b. Harnessing of electricity c. Mass Production d. Railroad Expansion e. All of the Above f.

A and C

2. Frank Parsons is recognized as: a. The father of vocational guidance b. The father of career counseling c. The father of counseling d. All of the Above e. A and B 3. In what year was Choosing a Vocation published? a. 1870 b. 1901 c. 1909 d. 1913 e. 1929 4. Which of the following terms refers exclusively to paid employment? a. Avocation b. Vocation c. Work d. Occupation e. B and D f.

None of the Above

5. Which of the following is NOT considered an outcome of the digital revolution? a. Decreased reliance upon print materials in the workplace b. Increased ability to work off-site with flex scheduling c. Decreased hours and workload d. Increased efficiency e. B and C f.

None of the Above

Matching Identify the definition that best matches each term below. In doing so, rely upon the definitions offered by the text.

1.

_____

Work

A.

The overall balance of vocational and avocational activities at any given point in time and the relative balance of competing roles (work, family, social, leisure), which clearly can vary over time.

2.

_____

Job

B.

Specific to paid work, this term that represents a broader grouping of activities that require similar skills and involve similar tasks. National labor market statistics usually address this broader category.

3.

_____

Career

C.

Another term referring to paid employment in a job or occupation

4.

_____

Occupation

D.

A term that refers to the specific set of tasks performed by an individual worker. Although the term usually refers to paid positions, payment isn’t technically required.

5.

_____

Avocation

E.

A term generally referring to unpaid activities during leisure time. These activities may include hobbies or other activities for which others get paid (e.g., woodworking) but for which one is unpaid and engages in during leisure time.

6.

_____

Lifestyle

F.

A broad category referring to the series or sequence of one’s vocational activities over the course of a lifetime. It is generally viewed as integral to one’s sense of self.

7.

_____

Vocation

G.

A term that refers to the expenditure of energy and effort that occurs during paid employment (e.g., at one’s job) as well as during unpaid activities (e.g., housework, yardwork).

Matching Identify the one client who best matches each client description.

1.

_____ This client is a very successful and highly paid accountant.

A.

Doris Bronner

2.

_____ This client works for the Ford Motor Company.

B.

Juan Martinez

3.

_____ This client has a serious health condition prompting a need for a new career.

C.

Gillian Parker

4.

_____ This client’s spouse recently died.

D.

Lakeesha Maddox

5.

_____ This client demonstrates a lack of insight about having poor work habits.

E.

Wayne Jensen

6.

_____ This client suffers from feeling inadequate in comparison to his/her siblings.

F.

Vincent Santiago Arroyo

7.

_____ This client is struggling with the implications of sexual orientation on career decisions.

G.

Lily Huang Li Mei

Short Answer Questions 1. Choose one client and identify at least one internal factor and one external factor that prompted him or her to seek career services.

2. List four types of career-related issues typically addressed by career counselors.

Essay Questions

1. Describe the changes in the psychological relationship between employers and employees that are associated with the impact of globalization.

2. Identify and describe the three primary effects of the digital revolution as articulated in the text.

Chapter 2 Quiz True/False Items 1. T or F In career counseling, it is best to choose one specific theory and use it exclusively in your work with clients.

2. T or F TWA theory includes an emphasis on how satisfactory a worker is to an employer.

3. T or F E.G. Williamson developed a three-step process of trait factor counseling.

4. T or F The S in the RIASEC model stands for Scientific.

5. T or F Frank Parsons believed that no one should select a career without careful self-analysis.

6. T or F Although Holland identified 6 personality types, he didn't address how these personalities develop.

7. T or F Holland referred to the difference between a person's highest numerical score and the lowest numerical score on the SDS as calculus.

8. T or F The theory of work adjustment addresses the ways in which people adjust to low levels of satisfaction at work.

Multiple Choice. For each of the following items, circle the response that best answers the question.

1. The origin of career development theories can be traced back to ____. a. The Civil War b. World War II c. The Industrial Revolution d. The Agrarian Revolution 2. The techniques of which field inspired the early trait factor theories? a. Industrial Organizational Psychology b. Social Psychology c. Behavioral Psychology d. Differential Psychology 3. The Self-Directed Search is most closely aligned with which theory? a. Person-Environment Fit Theory b. Theory of Circumscription and Compromise c. Theory of Work Adjustment d. Life-Span Life-Space Theory

4. This theory focuses on the assessment of interests and personality. a. Person-Environment Fit Theory b. Theory of Work Adjustment c. Narrative Theory of Career Counseling d. CIP Approach 5. This theory focuses on the assessment of values and abilities. a. Person-Environment Fit Theory b. Theory of Work Adjustment c. Theory of Circumscription and Compromise d. CIP Approach 6. This theory offers a model to predict a worker's satisfaction and satisfactoriness. a. Person-Environment Fit Theory b. Theory of Work Adjustment c. Narrative Theory of Career Counseling d. Social Cognitive Career Theory 7. This ability test was developed by the U.S. Army. a. Army Cognitive Ability Test b. Army Vocational Ability Test c. Army Basic Skills Battery d. Army Alpha and Beta Test 8. Trait factor theories are most closely associated with this state. a. Michigan b. Minnesota c. Mississippi d. Missouri 9. In which of the RIASEC model work environments would counselors most likely to be overrepresented? a. R b. I c. A d. S e. E f.

C

10. In which RIASEC model work environment would accountants and librarians most likely be overrepresented? a. R b. I c. A d. S e. E f.

C

11. In which RIASEC model work environment would politicians and sales executives most likely be overrepresented? a. R b. I c. A d. S e. E f.

C

12. Nuclear physicists would most likely work within which model work environment? a. R b. I c. A d. S e. E f.

C

13. The work of police officers and airline pilots is most closely aligned with which type of model work environment? a. R b. I c. A d. S e. E f.

C

14. Floral designers are most likely to be overrepresented in which model work environment? a. R b. I c. A d. S e. E f.

C

15. Which of the following concepts addresses how long a person can tolerate a lack of correspondence before engaging in adjustment behavior? a. Flexibility b. Celerity c. Pace d. Reactiveness 16. Which of the following concepts refers to the typical pattern of a person's pace when engaging in work activities? a. Activeness b. Endurance c. Adjustment Style d. Rhythm 17. Doris's reputation for being slow to start tasks that are assigned to her would be most indicative of ___. a. Celerity b. Pace c. Flexibility d. Perseverance

Matching

1.

_____ This person is considered the father of counseling

A.

Rene Dawis

2.

_____ This person developed the RIASEC hexagon

B.

John Holland

3.

_____ This person developed a six-step trait factor approach to providing career counseling for college students

C.

Frank Parsons

4.

_____ This person developed a trait-factor approach for use in vocational rehabilitation counseling

D.

E.G. Williamson

Essay Question

1.

The first fundamental belief underlying Parson's ideas about vocational guidance is that "it is better to choose a vocation than merely to hunt for a job" (Parsons, 1909, p. viii). Explain this concept and present an argument to explain why you believe this is relevant or irrelevant in today's world of work. (5 points)

Chapter 3 Quiz True/False Items 1. T or F A commonality of the developmental theories of career development is their attention to the role of early childhood experiences and/or lifespan development on a person's career choices.

2. T or F Ginzberg publicly chastized the profession of vocational guidance for having an insufficient theoretical base.

3. T or F According to the Theory of Personality Development and Choice, people working in the sciences and technology are likely to have had over-demanding parents who concentrated their attention on their children.

4. T or F Gottfredson has remained firm in her beliefs that early socialization experiences are the most influential factors influencing career choice.

5. T or F Super considered it essential to assess a person's readiness to make career choices before assessing a person's interests, abilities or values.

6. T or F A strength of Roe's theory is the substantial research support for the basic tenets of her theory.

7. T or F Bordin's theory focused on how the parenting styles experienced during childhood affect an individual's later career choices.

8. T or F Gottfredson has reversed herself and drawn the conclusion that innate learning abilities rather than socialization are primarily responsible for gaps in academic and career achievement.

9. T or F Ginzberg referred to the internalization of external pressures as compulsions.

10. T or F Whereas trait factor theorists placed emphasis on the objective assessment of aptitudes and interests and the provision of information about the world of work, Super advocated for going beyond this rational, assessment-based approach.

11. T or F Gottfredson's zone of acceptable alternatives reflects her awareness that most children experience pressure to limit their career choices to a zone in which their parents will offer at least a modicum of approval.

12. T or F The focus of Super's lifespan model is on how individuals develop and within their careers of choice.

13. T or F The Psychodynamic Model of Career Choice and Satisfaction is actually based on a blending of trait-factor theories and Carl Rogers' ideas about self-concept.

14. T or F Ginzberg's theory places emphasis on the various stages of career decision-making.

15. T or F A major premise of Ginzberg's theory is that occupational choice should be conceptualized as a process rather than an event.

16. T or F Gottfredson contended that the primary reason people eliminate career options from consideration is that they lack interest or ability in them.

17. T or F Like Frank Parsons, Donald Super came into the profession of career counseling very late in his life after having worked in several other fields.

18. T or F Recycling is a concept in Super's theory that refers to the importance of carefully reviewing one's career options and going back through the advantages and disadvantages of each option before making a final choice.

19. T or F Bordin believed that career choice is determined exclusively by an individual's expression of their unconscious personality structure.

20. T or F According to Gottfredson, once a career option has been eliminated from consideration, the elimination tends to be permanent.

21. T or F Super's life-career rainbow incorporates elements of both life-span and life-space.

22. T or F A major premise of Super's theory is that the choice of a career should be viewed as a way in which a person attempts to implement his or her self-concept.

23. T or F Ginzberg's decision to revise his theory was motivated by an expansion of his own research from an exclusively upper class sample of well-educated males to a more diverse sample.

24. T or F In Super's theory, the concept of career adaptability is most appropriate for use with adolescents and the concept of career maturity is most appropriate for use with adults.

25. T or F Whereas the foundational aspects of her theory emphasized the importance of sex-role stereotypes and socioeconomic status on the career aspirations of young people, Gottfredson has shifted her focus to intelligence levels and how they differ across racial groups.

Multiple Choice. For each of the following items, circle the response that best answers the question.

1. Roe believed that people who experienced warm, loving acceptance during their childhood from their parents would be most likely to choose a career in which occupational grouping? a. Group I b. Group III c. Group V d. Group VII 2. Which of the following concepts is most closely reflected in a child's belief that doctors are boys and nurses are girls? a. Career Maturity (lack of) b. Circumscription c. Role Salience d. Self-Concept

3. In which stage must a person decide whether to stagnate or innovate? a. Establishment b. Realistic c. Compromise d. Maintenance 4. Which theorist placed the greatest emphasis on the impact of early childhood experiences? a. Anna Roe b. Edward Bordin c. Eli Ginzberg d. Donald Super e. Linda Gottfredson 5. Which theorist placed the greatest emphasis on the id, ego and superego? a. Anna Roe b. Edward Bordin c. Eli Ginzberg d. Donald Super e. Linda Gottfredson 6. Which theorist is associated with maxi and mini cycles? a. Anna Roe b. Edward Bordin c. Eli Ginzberg d. Donald Super e. Linda Gottfredson 7. Which theorist offered 14 propositions? a. Anna Roe b. Edward Bordin c. Eli Ginzberg d. Donald Super e. Linda Gottfredson

8. Which theorist placed most emphasis on socialization experiences related to sex roles and socioeconomic status? a. Anna Roe b. Edward Bordin c. Eli Ginzberg d. Donald Super e. Linda Gottfredson 9. Which theorist was an economist? a. Anna Roe b. Edward Bordin c. Eli Ginzberg d. Donald Super e. Linda Gottfredson 10. Which theorist became controversial due to research about racial differences in intelligence? a. Anna Roe b. Edward Bordin c. Eli Ginzberg d. Donald Super e. Linda Gottfredson Matching Match the theorists with the names of the theories.

1.

_____

Edward Bordin

A.

Life-Space, Life-Space Approach

2.

_____

Eli Ginzberg

B.

Psychodynamic Model of Career Choice and Satisfaction

3.

_____

Linda Gottfredson

C.

Theory of Circumscription, Compromise and Self-Creation

4.

_____

Anna Roe

D.

Theory of Occupational Choice

5.

_____

Donald Super

E.

Theory of Personality Development and Career Choice

Match each segment of Super’s theory with the graphic model most closely associated with it.

1.

_____

Life-Span

A.

Archway

2.

_____

Life-Space

B.

Ladder

3.

_____

Self-Concept

C.

Rainbow

Match the constructs with the theorists. There will be two constructs for each theorist.

1.

_____ Fantasy, Tentative and Realistic Choices

A.

Edward Bordin

2.

_____ Occupational Classification System

B.

Eli Ginzberg

3.

_____ Optimization

C.

Linda Gottfredson

4.

_____ Parenting Styles

D.

Anna Roe

5.

_____ Personality Development

E.

Donald Super

6.

_____ Principles of Compromise

7.

_____ Readiness

8.

_____ Roles and Theatres

9.

_____ The Role of Play

10. _____ Zone of Acceptable Alternatives

Chapter 4 Quiz True/False Items 1. T or F In the CIP Approach's CASVE model, the C stands for communication and refers to the importance of clients talking with the counselor about their career concerns.

2. T or F Distal contextual factors are also known as background contextual affordances (or the lack thereof).

Multiple Choice. For each of the following items, circle the response that best answers the question.

1. Which of the following theories does NOT address the role of triadic reciprocality? a. Social Cognitive Theory b. Social Learning Theory of Career Decision Making c. Social Cognitive Career Theory d. Cognitive Information Processing Approach 2. Whose theory of self-efficacy served as a foundational concept for many of the learning theories of career development and career counseling? a. Bandura b. Krumboltz c. Lent, Brown & Hackett d. Peterson, Samson, Reardon & Lenz 3. Which of the following is not a feature of SCCT? a. Self-Observation Generalizations b. Self-Efficacy Beliefs c. Outcome Expectations d. Triadic Reciprocity 4. Which of the following theorists focused on the role of chance in career development? a. Bandura b. Krumboltz c. Lent, Brown & Hackett d. Peterson, Samson, Reardon & Lenz 5. Which of the following theorists focused on executive processing functions such as self-talk? a. Bandura b. Krumboltz c. Lent, Brown & Hackett d. Peterson, Samson, Reardon & Lenz

6. Which of the following theories recommends first assessing a client's readiness to make a career decision? a. Social Learning Theory b. Social Cognitive Career Theory c. Happenstance Learning Theory d. Cognitive Information Processing Approach 7. If you learned that Li Mei had told her parents she declared engineering as her major even though she really has no idea what she wants to do, how would the CIP approach categorize her decision status? a. Decided b. Undecided c. Indecisive d. Complex 8. What SCCT concept would most closely capture Lakeesha's experience of needing child care before being able to accept a job? a. Self-Efficacy Beliefs b. Outcome Expectations c. Distal Contextual Factors d. Proximal Contextual Factors 9. In the CIP Approach's CASVE model, valuing refers to which of the following a. Choosing an occupation, program of study, or job b. Expanding and narrowing my list of options c. Knowing I need to make a choice d. Understanding myself and my options 10. Which of the following theories views claims that career assessments are best used to stimulate learning rather than to match personal characteristics with occupational characteristics? a. Cognitive Information Approach b. Happenstance Learning Theory c. Social Cognitive Career Theory d. Social Learning Theory of Career Decision Making

11. Which of the following theories would recommend working with young people to assist them in experiencing positive instrumental and associative learning, developing accurate selfobservation generalizations, and acquiring useful task approach skills? a. Cognitive Information Approach b. Happenstance Learning Theory c. Learning Theory Of Career Counseling d. Social Cognitive Theory Career Theory 12. Which of the following theories recommends working with youth to support healthy career development by providing a broad exposure to the world, encouraging exploration of interests, promoting skill development, assisting with development of accurate self-efficacy, teaching about the world of work, and assisting with the development of accurate outcome expectations? a. Cognitive Information Processing Approach b. Happenstance Learning Theory c. Learning Theory of Career Counseling d. Social Cognitive Career Theory 13. Which of the following theories focuses on assisting clients with the decision-making step in Frank Parsons' three-step model? a. Cognitive Information Processing Approach b. Happenstance Learning Theory c. Learning Theory of Career Counseling d. Social Cognitive Career Theory 14. Which of the following theories recommends a seven-step delivery sequence? a. Cognitive Information Processing Approach b. Happenstance Learning Theory c. Learning Theory of Career Counseling d. Social Cognitive Career Theory 15. Which of the following theories focuses most on triadic reciprocality and self-efficacy? a. Cognitive Information Processing Approach b. Happenstance Learning Theory c. Learning Theory of Career Counseling d. Social Cognitive Career Theory

16. Which of the following decision statuses involves difficulty with the executive processing domain? a. Decided-Conflict Avoidant b. Indecisive c. Undecided-Deferred Choice d. Undecided-Developmental

Fill in the Blank Items 1. An H is to instrumental learning experiences as a parallelogram is to _____.

2. According to Krumboltz, career counselors should reframe a client's undecidedness as _____.

3. The phenomenon of people learning not only as a result of their own behaviors and the consequences they experience directly but also as a result of watching others is called what?

Short Answer 1. What are the three information-processing domains addressed by the CIP approach?

Essay Questions 1. Explain the basic difference between social learning theory and social cognitive theory. (3 points)

2. Henry Ford once said, "Whether you think you can or you think you can't, you're right." Identify two theory-based concepts that reflect this idea and explain how each concept is related to what Henry Ford said. The two concepts must come from two different theories. (4 points)

3. Explain why Bandura considered the following equation inadequate for explaining human behavior (2 points)

Chapter 5 Quiz True/False Items 1. T or F A major emphasis of narrative theories is helping clients replace the stories they have told themselves with the objective reality.

2. T or F Narrative theories of career development are most closely associated with postmodern thought.

3. T or F Cochran was interested in helping clients improve their life stories by increasing their feelings of self-efficacy in building their careers.

4. T or F Savickas' approach to career counseling has remained relatively unchanged since he first unveiled it in 2002. (False) 5. T or F Savickas' theory places relatively more importance on the development of one's sense of self than does Cochran's theory. (True)

Multiple Choice. For each of the following items, circle the response that best answers the question.

1. Cochran used this phrase to describe the process by which the counselor and client develop a common understanding of the career problem that prompted the client to seek career counseling. a. Crystallizing a decision b. Enacting a role c. Changing a life structure d. Constructing reality e. Founding a future narrative f.

Composing a life history

g. Elaborating a career problem 2. This episode in Cochran's narrative approach reflected his recognition that achieving career goals may require significant modifications in one's situational circumstances such as child care arrangements. a. Crystallizing a decision b. Enacting a role c. Changing a life structure d. Constructing reality e. Founding a future narrative f.

Composing a life history

g. Elaborating a career problem

3. According to Cochran, this episode requires attention to the patterns of subjective meaning a client has regarding his or her past. a. Crystallizing a decision b. Enacting a role c. Changing a life structure d. Constructing reality e. Founding a future narrative f.

Composing a life history

g. Elaborating a career problem 4. Cochran suggested that clients begin making intentional choices to spend their time in activities consistent with their new career goals. Doing so reflects which of the following steps in Cochran's model? a. Crystallizing a decision b. Enacting a role c. Changing a life structure d. Constructing reality e. Founding a future narrative f.

Composing a life history

g. Elaborating a career problem 5. To accomplish this step, Cochran suggested using techniques such as life lines and asking clients to project beyond the present day what they would like to have happen. a. Crystallizing a decision b. Enacting a role c. Changing a life structure d. Constructing reality e. Founding a future narrative f.

Composing a life history

g. Elaborating a career problem

6. When the action episodes confirm the client's hope that the career path being considered is one which will be rewarding, Cochran would say this has occurred. a. Crystallizing a decision b. Enacting a role c. Changing a life structure d. Constructing reality e. Founding a future narrative f.

Composing a life history

g. Elaborating a career problem 7. This step in Cochran's narrative therapy calls for clients to experience first-hand what careers of interest actually entail through activities such as job shadowing. a. Crystallizing a decision b. Enacting a role c. Changing a life structure d. Constructing reality e. Founding a future narrative f.

Composing a life history

g. Elaborating a career problem 8. Which of the following is most closely associated with a person's internalization of traits others have attributed to him or her? a. Self as Actor b. Self as Agent c. Self as Author 9. Which of the following is most closely associated with a child's introjection of guides and incorporation of models? a. Self as Actor b. Self as Agent c. Self as Author 10. Which of the following is most closely associated with the exercise of choice over one's educational and educational plots? a. Self as Actor b. Self as Agent c. Self as Author

11. Which of the following is most closely associated with the integration and continued development of a unique career identity? a. Self as Actor b. Self as Agent c. Self as Author

Matching Match the following constructs associated with Savickas’s Theory of Career Construction.

1.

_____ Self as Actor (A)

A.

Object

2.

_____ Self As Agent (C)

B.

Project

3.

_____ Self as Author (B)

C.

Subject

Match the following types of career services with the constructs included in Savickas’s Career Construction Theory.

1.

_____ Career Counseling (C)

A.

Self as Actor

2.

_____ Career Education (B)

B.

Self as Agent

3.

_____ Vocational Guidance (A)

C.

Self as Author

Chapter 6 Quiz True/False Items 1. T or F Members of non-dominant cultural groups tend to live in a barrier-based world in which their career success is constrained by social inequities.

2. T or F The fact that Asian American households had the highest annual household income in 2012 shows that the socioeconomic disparities across race/ethnicity have largely been eradicated.

3. T or F In order to provide effective career services, counselors must actively seek to understand their client not only as an individual but also as a cultural being.

4. T or F Thanks to our laws prohibiting workplace discrimination, workers in the United States can now view the workplace as a true meritocracy in which their success will be determined solely by their skills and their efforts.

5. T or F In the United States, females tend to earn only 77 cents to every dollar earned by males.

6. T or F According to Blustein, the idea of exercising volition and choosing a career is a universal concept applicable to the majority of workers around the world.

7. T or F The total median wealth of European Americans is approximately 4 times more than the total median wealth of African Americans.

8. T or F Although socioeconomic discrepancies may exist across cultures, it is important for career counselors to treat all clients the same just as their employers will.

9. T or F The cultural formulation approach offered by Leong is actually an adaptation of an approach first introduced in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

10. T or F It is risky to make assumptions about clients based upon their membership in a specific cultural group because people often identify with more than one dimension of culture.

Multiple Choice. For each of the following items, circle the response that best answers the question.

1. Who coined the term “cultural encapsulated counselor” ? a. Flores b. Leong c. Sue & Sue d. Wrenn 2. Which of the following statements is in contrast to a world view of individualism? a. The individual is considered the primary psychosocial unit b. Career decisions should be made autonomously c. Career success is best evaluated by how much it benefits an individual’s family and community d. An individual’s career satisfaction is an important element of career success

3. Research findings suggest that which of the following is particularly important to the development of self-efficacy beliefs for members of non-dominant racial/ethnic groups? a. Acculturation b. Immigration History c. Identity Development d. World View 4. The fact that people from non-dominant cultures often experience systemic barriers to education and success challenges which culturally encapsulated assumption? a. Affluence b. Individualism c. Centrality of Work d. Equitable Opportunity Structure 5.

Which strategy of acculturation describes clients who reject the norms and traditional values of their non-dominant culture of origin and fully embrace the values and beliefs of the dominant culture? a. Assimilation b. Integration c. Marginalization d. Separation/segregation

6. Which of the following assumptions is most related to the achievement of career success? a. Individualism b. Centrality of Work c. Affluence d. Equitable Opportunity Structure 7. Which of the following concepts is the best explanation of differences within a cultural group? a. Acculturation b. Centrality of Work c. Sociopolitical Realities d. World View 8. Which of the following assumptions is most related to the Protestant work ethic? a. Centrality of Work b. Affluence c. Equitable Opportunity Structure d. Personal Agency

9. Which of the following clients would most likely hold a world view based on individualism? a. Wayne b. Li Mei c. Lakeesha d. Vincent 10. Which of the following groups have the highest poverty rate in the United States? a. African Americans b. Females c. Latino/a Americans d. People with Disabilities

Fill in the Blank 1. The relative importance of work and career in an individual's life is referred to as _______.

Short Answer 1.

Which category of questions in the cultural formulation interview for career counseling is most closely aligned with SCCT’s concepts of contextual affordances and barriers?

2.

Using figure 6.9, explain how the quality of a person’s K-12 school experiences might affect a person’s career development

Essay Questions 1. Explain how cultural differences may affect the development of career aspirations and give a concrete example. For full credit, you must address differences for dominant vs. non-dominant cultural groups.

2. Explain how cultural differences may affect one’s career success and give a concrete example.

For full credit, you must address differences for dominant vs. non-dominant cultural groups.

3. Explain how cultural differences may affect the process of career decision-making and give a concrete example. For full credit, you must address differences for dominant vs. non-dominant cultural groups.

4. Explain how cultural differences may affect the career counseling relationship and give a concrete example. For full credit, you must address differences for dominant vs. non-dominant cultural groups.

Chapter 7 Quiz True/False Items 1.

T or F As a result of this chapter, you will be able to offer legal advice to your clients in career counseling.

2. T or F Frank Parsons' could be described as someone whose career path was marked by considerable planned happenstance.

3. T or F According to the National Employment Counseling Association, one of the traits that separate employment counselors from other types of counselors is their understanding of employment law and their commitment to protect the rights of the public.

4. T or F Because of its importance to workers and career counseling clients, most career counseling textbooks include a chapter focused on employment law.

5. T or F Under the ‘entire contract doctrine,’ workers who quit or were fired from their jobs before the end of the term of their employment contract did not get paid for any of the time they had worked.

6. T or F Currently, employment law in the United States requires an employer to have "just cause" to terminate an employee.

7. T or F The initial intention of the at-will employment doctrine was to protect workers by ensuring they would get paid for time already worked.

8. T or F Labor unions were illegal and considered criminal conspiracies until at least 1842.

9. T or F All employers in the United States must verify the work eligibility status of all applicants for employment by examining government-issued documents and completing an I-9 Form to record this verification process.

10. T or F Refusing to hire applicants because of their arrest records may constitute discrimination.

11. T or F It is legal for an employer to base a hiring decision on genetic information as long as the applicant provided the information voluntarily.

12. T or F The Age Discrimination in Employment Act prohibits age discrimination against any age group.

13. T or F The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) prohibits employment discrimination against individuals with a disability, but it requires that people with disabilities demonstrate that they are qualified, when given reasonable accommodations, to meet all job requirements.

14. T or F Employees with substance use disorders are legal protected against being fired for relapses under the Americans with Disabilities Act. 15. T or F Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits the refusal or failure to hire any individual, or the discrimination against any individual with respect to compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment because of that individual’s race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, or national origin.

16. T or F At-will employment means that means that an employer can fire an employee for a good reason, a bad reason, or no reason at all.

17. T or F The Occupational Safety and Health Act protects employees from being fired for filing a complaint alleging unsafe working conditions.

18. T or F Because of the at-will employment doctrine, employers are legally able to fire employees on any basis, including pregnancy or child birth.

19. T or F Unemployment insurance benefits are based upon the requirement that the recipient is able to engage in work.

20. T or F Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits sex discrimination AND sexual harassment.

21. T or F All employers in the United States with 15 or more employees must participate in the social security retirement program.

22. T or F Since passage of the Occupational Safety and Health Act, workplace fatalities have been cut by more than 60 percent and occupational injury and illness rates have declined 40 percent.

Multiple Choice. For each of the following items, circle the response that best answers the question.

1.

Which of the following laws is used to regulate minimum wage and the employment of children? a. Equal Pay Act b. Fair Labor Standards Act c. Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act d. Occupational Safety and Fair Pay Act

2. Which of the following laws prohibits sexual harassment in the workplace? a. Civil Rights Act of 1964 b. COBRA Act c. Fair Labor Standards Act d. Lilly Ledbetter Act 3. Which of the following laws allows for the extension of eligibility for employer-based health care benefits? a. Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act b. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act c. Occupational Safety and Health Act d. Worker’s Compensation Act

4. Which of the following laws is designed to provide funding for programs to assist individuals with disabilities in obtaining employment and living independently? a. Americans with Disabilities Act b. Occupational Safety and Health Act c. Rehabilitation Act d. Social Security Disability Insurance Act

Short Answer 1.

What is the full name of the organization which handles complaints regarding alleged employment discrimination?

2. Identify three potential sources of income for people in retirement.

Essay Questions 1.

Identify three types of clients who are generally eligible for vocational rehabilitation benefits. (3 points)

2. Explain the concepts of disparate treatment and disparate impact and describe the relevance of these concepts to employment law. (5 points)

Chapter 8 Quiz True/False Items 1.

T or F Your professors and your counselor preparation program are primarily responsible for making you competent as a future counselor.

2. T or F Whereas licensure is legally required of counselors, certifications are generally voluntary.

3. T or F Title protection and the specific titles which are protected vary by state.

4. T or F It is illegal in all 50 states to practice professional counseling without a license.

5. T or F Unfortunately, the counseling licensure law in [insert your state] does not include the practice of career counseling.

6. T or F Whereas certification tends to set minimum standards for training, licensure requirements tend to exceed the minimum standards set by law.

7. T or F Whereas licensure is generally administered by state governmental agencies, certification is generally administered by professional associations.

8. T or F The National Board for Certified Counselors offers a certification called "National Certified Career Counselor."

9. T or F A person with no more than a GED can qualify for certification as a Global Career Development Facilitator.

10. T or F The promulgation of ethical standards is considered necessary in order for an occupation to be considered a profession.

11. T or F It is unethical for career counselors to routinely refuse to accept clients or to refer clients based upon the clients’ age, culture, mental/physical disability, ethnicity, race, religion/spirituality, creed, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, marital/partnership status, language preference, or socioeconomic status.

12. T or F An ethical dilemma is one in which there is a clear best action but the counselor is unsure what it is, often due to a lack of knowledge.

Short Answer 1.

What is title protection?

2. What organization administers the Global Career Development Facilitator (GCDF) certification?

3. What is the primary difference between NCDA's requirements for Master Career Counselors (MCCs) and Master Career Development Professionals (MCDPs)?

Matching 1.

_____ Above all, do no harm.

A.

Autonomy

2.

_____ Honor your commitments and demonstrate loyalty to your clients.

B.

Beneficence

3.

_____ Provide fair and equitable treatment of all clients, and do not discriminate in your treatment of any clients.

C.

Fidelity

4.

_____ Respect your clients' rights to make their own decisions and avoid attempting to impose your values.

D.

Justice

5.

_____ Strive to be as helpful as possible to all clients.

D.

Nonmaleficence

Essay Questions 1. Identify the 11 areas in which NCDA indicates career counselors must be competent. (5 points)

2. According to the NCDA Code of Ethics, what is the difference between "career planning services" and "career counseling"? (3 points)

3. Identify and describe the general steps of an ethical decision-making model. (5 points)

Chapter 9 Quiz True/False Items 1. T or F The stage model for career counseling differs significantly from stage models for personal or clinical counseling.

2. T or F There is no single correct way to greet clients in the reception area.

3. T or F In order to protect confidentiality, career counselors should never use a client’s surname (last name) to address them in the reception area.

4. T or F Because career counseling is more task-oriented, developing a warm relationship with clients is less important than in personal or clinical counseling.

5. T or F Obtaining a client’s informed consent at the onset of career counseling is an ethical imperative.

6. T or F Assessment and intervention should be treated as distinct stages separated by a goalsetting process.

7. T or F It is appropriate for the intake assessment portion of the counseling process to be more counselor-directed.

8. T or F With regard to counseling goals, most clients seeking career counseling want assistance in choosing a career path, finding a job or a better job, or increasing their satisfaction or success in their career.

9. T or F Solidifying client progress simply involves helping the client identify the changes that occurred during the counseling process.

10. T or F Clients rarely if ever accomplish all of their work-related goals in the span of a single career counseling relationship.

11. T or F It is important in career counseling to remain focused on the client’s career concerns and to avoid spending time discussing concerns of a more personal nature.

12. T or F Another term for “minimum wage” is “living wage.”

Multiple Choice. For each of the following items, circle the response that best answers the question.

1. Which of the following is not a task associated with the beginning stage of career counseling? a. Gathering background information b. Identifying client concerns and goals c. Identifying helping strategies d. Welcoming and orienting clients to counseling

2. In the context of career counseling, “structuring” refers to which of the following? a. Assessing the client’s hand-eye coordination and motor skills to determine the workplace structures for which the client would be best suited b. Carefully arranging the office furniture to avoid barriers between the counselor and client c. Ensuring that the career center arrangement is well organized and conducive to smooth client flow d. Sharing information about what the client can expect from the session and the counseling process 3. Which of the following theories is most likely to guide a career counselor’s exploration of perceived barriers? a. Cognitive Information Processing Approach b. Happenstance Learning Theory c. Person-Environment Fit Theory d. Social Cognitive Career Theory 4. Which of the following theories is most likely to guide a career counselor’s use of the life line technique? a. Cognitive Information Processing Approach b. Narrative Theory c. Person-Environment Fit Theory d. Theory of Work Adjustment 5. Which of the following theories is most closely related to the Career Development, Assessment and Counseling (C-DAC) model? a. Cognitive Information Processing Approach b. Happenstance Learning Theory c. Life-Span, Life Space Theory d. Social Cognitive Career Theory 6. Which of the following represents the best example of psychoeducation in career counseling? a. Encouraging clients to seek additional education b. Explaining a decision-making model or flow chart to a client c. Helping clients gain insight into the impact of their personal issues on their career success d. Teaching clients to recognize their positive assets

Essay Questions 1. Explain how assessments may be used as helping strategies.

2. Give an example of how theory may guide the use of assessments as helping strategies during the counseling process.

3. Identify some benefits to seeking professional assistance with career concerns with a career counselor who is also a stranger as opposed to sharing them with someone a client already knows.

Chapter 10 Quiz True/False Items 1. T or F As a career counselor, you have a responsibility to assess each client’s current psychological state.

2. T or F Intake interviews should be conducted orally with the client during the first session.

3. T or F Global Career Development Facilitators are specially trained to assess and address psychological issues presented by their clients.

4. T or F Understanding a client’s educational status, academic abilities, and training experiences is especially important when providing career counseling.

5. T or F Career counselors should also inquire about the educational achievement and employment history of parents and other significant adults in the client’s life.

Essay Questions 1. Identify and describe five basic areas of content you need to understand about your clients in career counseling.

2. Identify and describe three structural variations for intake assessments.

3. Identify and describe ten (10) typical content areas for intake assessments.

4. Information about client concerns and goals may be elicited by using an open question or by using a checklist. Identify an advantage of each approach.

5. Identify and describe at least three types of challenges or obstacles you might assess during a career counseling intake assessment.

Chapter 11 Quiz True/False Items 1. T or F Expressed interests are interests that are evident in a person’s behavioral choices.

2. T or F The primary purpose for using personality tests in career counseling is to determine whether clients also have need for personal counseling.

3. T or F A weakness of standardized tests of vocational aptitude is that they rely exclusively upon self-reported abilities.

4. T or F Standardized tests are frequently used in the context of career counseling.

5. T or F Interest inventories are likely the most common type of standardized test used in career counseling.

6. T or F Work values reflect the extent to which an employee is likely to represent value-added to the employer 7. T or F The most objective information about standardized tests is generally obtained from the test publisher.

8. T or F When clients express dissatisfaction with their jobs, career counselors should start by administering an assessment related to career selection to make sure the client is in the right field.

9. T or F Standardized tests related to career adjustment are derived from the Theory of Work Adjustment.

Multiple Choice. For each of the following items, circle the response that best answers the question.

1.

The 16 PF is an example of which type of assessment? a. Interests Assessments b. Personality Assessments c. Values Assessments d. Academic Ability Assessments e. Vocational Aptitude Assessments

2. The Ability Explorer is an example of which type of assessment? a. Interests Assessments b. Personality Assessments c. Values Assessments d. Academic Ability Assessments e. Vocational Aptitude Assessments

3. The Clifton Strengths Finder is an example of which type of assessment? a. Interests Assessments b. Personality Assessments c. Values Assessments d. Academic Ability Assessments e. Vocational Aptitude Assessments 4. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is an example of which type of assessment? a. Interests Assessments b. Personality Assessments c. Values Assessments d. Academic Ability Assessments e. Vocational Aptitude Assessments 5. The Self-Directed Search is an example of which type of assessment? a. Interests Assessments b. Personality Assessments c. Values Assessments d. Academic Ability Assessments e. Vocational Aptitude Assessments 6. The Minnesota Importance Questionnaire is an example of which type of assessment? a. Interests Assessments b. Personality Assessments c. Values Assessments d. Academic Ability Assessments e. Vocational Aptitude Assessments 7. The Wonderlic Assessments are examples of which type of assessment? a. Interests Assessments b. Personality Assessments c. Values Assessments d. Academic Ability Assessments e. Vocational Aptitude Assessments

8. The Graduated Record Exam is an example of which type of assessment? a. Interests Assessments b. Personality Assessments c. Values Assessments d. Academic Ability Assessments e. Vocational Aptitude Assessments 9. The Career Anchors Self- Assessment is an example of which type of assessment? a. Interests Assessments b. Personality Assessments c. Values Assessments d. Academic Ability Assessments e. Vocational Aptitude Assessments 10. The ASVAB is an example of which type of assessment? a. Interests Assessments b. Personality Assessments c. Values Assessments d. Academic Ability Assessments e. Vocational Aptitude Assessments 11. The VCAT is an example of which type of assessment? a. Interests Assessments b. Personality Assessments c. Values Assessments d. Academic Ability Assessments e. Vocational Aptitude Assessments 12. The Career Development Inventory is a standardized test most closely associated with which of the following theories. a. Career Construction Theory b. Cognitive Information Processing Approach c. Life-Span, Life-Space Approach d. Person-Environment Fit Theory e. Social Cognitive Career Theory

13. The Career Maturity Inventory is a standardized test most closely related to which of the following theories? a. Career Construction Theory b. Cognitive Information Processing Approach c. Life-Span, Life-Space Approach d. Person-Environment Fit Theory e. Social Cognitive Career Theory 14. The Career Thoughts Inventory is a standardized test most closely related to which of the following theories? a. Career Construction Theory b. Cognitive Information Processing Approach c. Life-Span, Life-Space Approach d. Person-Environment Fit Theory e. Social Cognitive Career Theory 15. The Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale is a standardized test most closely related to which of the following theories? a. Career Construction Theory b. Cognitive Information Processing Approach c. Life-Span, Life-Space Approach d. Person-Environment Fit Theory e. Social Cognitive Career Theory 16. My Vocational Situation is a standardized test most closely related to which of the following theories? a. Career Construction Theory b. Cognitive Information Processing Approach c. Life-Span, Life-Space Approach d. Person-Environment Fit Theory e. Social Cognitive Career Theory 17. Which of the following tests was developed by John Holland? a. O*Net Interest Profiler b. Self-Directed Search c. Strong Interest Inventory d. Wide Range Interest and Occupation Test e. World of Work Inventory

Matching

1.

_____

This test was developed by John Holland

A.

Adult Career Concerns Inventory

2.

_____

This personality test is widely used in career counseling

B.

BRIGANCE Transition Skills Inventory

3.

_____

This values inventory is designed for use with people who already have significant work experience

C.

Career Anchors SelfAssessment

4.

_____

This test is designed to assess cognitive ability and takes only 12 minutes to administer

D.

Career Beliefs Inventory

5.

_____

This test is used to explore problematic thinking that may interfere with a person’s career decision-making or development

E.

Career Development Inventory

6.

_____

This test is used to assess an individual’s readiness to make career decisions

F.

16PF

7.

_____

This test is designed for use with middle and high school students receiving special education services to help them plan for life after high school.

G.

Self-Directed Search

8.

_____

This test is used to assess the stages of

H.

Wonderlic

a maxicycle or minicycle of most concern to individuals experiencing career transitions.

Essay Questions

1. Identify and describe the three primary types of standardized tests used in counseling. (5 points)

2. A common reason people seek career counseling is for assistance in selecting a career path. The text described four categories of standardized tests used for this purpose. Identify these categories and give an example of a test in each category. (5 points)

Chapter 12 Quiz True/False Items 1. T or F A vocational card sort is designed to allow career counselors to assess clients’ clerical abilities as evidenced by their ability to quickly categorize cards.

2. T or F Leona Tyler, the developer of the original card sort, titled her creation as the Tyler Vocational Card Sort.

3. T or F The history of card sorts provides evidence that graduate students can make significant contributions to their professional even before graduating.

4. T or F Even John Holland got into the card sort business and developed a card sort consistent with his Person-Environment Fit Theory.

5. T or F It is advisable to limit use of card sorts to high school and college students.

6. T or F Card sorts as described by Tyler are constructivist in nature.

7. T or F A weakness of card sorts is that they lack a theory base.

8. T or F Dolliver’s unique contribution to the development of card sorts was the inclusion of a Holland code for the occupations listed on each card.

9. T or F When using vocational card sorts, career counselors should adhere to their standardized administration procedures.

10. T or F It is acceptable and legitimate for career counselors to create card sorts for their own purposes without subjecting them to a peer-review process.

11. T or F Card sorts are necessarily one-dimensional in nature, requiring that clients organize cards according to categories on a continuum.

Multiple Choice. For each of the following items, circle the response that best answers the question.

1. The origin of vocational card sorts can be traced back to ____. a. Robert Dolliver b. Norm Gysbers c. John Holland d. Leona Tyler 2. The Work Importance Locator card sort is most closely related to which theory? a. Theory of Circumscription and Compromise b. Life-Span, Life Space Theory c. Person-Environment Fit Theory d. Theory of Work Adjustment

3. Which of the following is not a recommended step when using card sorts? a. Identify your purpose. b. Identify the categories or continuum. c. Identify a card sort that is reliable and valid. d. Engage in iterative activities

Essay Questions 1. Explain the constructivist elements of the card sort technique as originally developed.

2. Describe how you could use the card-sort technique with Vincent. In doing so, be sure to identify the 10 steps outlined in the text and explain what you would do for each step with Vincent.

Chapter 13 Quiz True/False Items 1.

T or F An occupation is a category of jobs that are similar with respect to the work performed and the skills possessed by the worker.

2. T or F The federal government now requires all federal agencies to use the Standard Occupational Classification System.

3. T or F The Occupational Outlook Handbook was developed by ACT. 4. T or F A "line man" is a person who works behind the scene in theatre, television, and movie productions to assist performers in learning their lines.

5. T or F The World of Work Map integrates Holland's RIASEC system for occupational classification.

6. T or F SCANS is an online system allowing users to quickly scan occupational and labor market information.

7. T or F According to NCDA, sources of occupational and labor market information should address opportunities for career progression and advancement.

8. T or F A major weakness of O*NET is that it does not facilitate occupational searches according to interest areas.

9. T or F The Occupational Outlook Handbook is the nation's premier source for career information.

10. T or F Surprisingly, employers rate four-year college graduates as having greater deficiencies in overall preparation and employability skills than workers whose highest educational attainment is a high school diploma.

11. T or F Holland identified a two or three letter Holland code for every occupation listed in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles.

12. T or F There is a strong, negative correlation between educational attainment and unemployment rate.

13. T or F A weakness of the Occupational Outlook Handbook is that, although it provides useful labor market information, it does not provide descriptions of occupations and what they entail.

Multiple Choice. For each of the following items, circle the response that best answers the question.

1.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, in which setting do educational, guidance, school, and vocational counselors have the highest annual mean wage? a. K-12 Schools b. Community/Junior Colleges c. 4-year College and Universities d. Vocational Rehabilitation Settings

2. Which of the following phrases is most often used in conjunction with information about the projected demand and compensation for workers in a given occupation? a. Career Projection Statistics b. Labor Market Information c. Occupational Classification d. Occupational Information 3. O*NET OnLine has replaced which of the following publications? a. Dictionary of Occupational Titles b. Guide to Occupational Employment Statistics c. Holland Dictionary of Occupational Codes d. Occupational Outlook Handbook 4. Which of the following Computer Assisted Career Guidance Systems (CACGSs) is now defunct? a. Career Cruising b. Discover c. Kuder d. Sigi3 e. XAP 5. State governments often maintain their own_____. a. Career Information Delivery System (CIDS) b. Career Pocket Series c. Computer Assisted Career Guidance Systems (CACGSs) d. Occupational Assessment Programs 6. Federal funding was discontinued in 2000 for which of the following? a. America’s Career InfoNet b. DISCOVER c. Occupational Outlook Handbook d. National Information Coordinating Committee 7. Which of the following is considered the “gold standard” for occupational classification? a. Holland’s Occupational Classification System b. National Career Clusters and Pathways System c. Standard Occupational Classification System d. World-of Work Map

8. How many career clusters were identified by State Career Clusters Initiative? a. 6 b. 9 c. 16 d. 29 Short Answer 1.

Approximately how many occupations exist in the United States? (1 point)

2. Which online resource has largely replaced the Dictionary of Occupational Titles? (1 point)

3. Name the career cluster within which counseling is categorized (1 point)

Chapter 14 Quiz True/False Items 1.

T or F School counselors should understand that there is a strong, positive correlation between educational attainment levels and earnings.

2. T or F School counselors should understand that there is a strong, negative correlation between educational attainment levels and unemployment.

3. T or F Many school counselors have insufficient time to adequately address the career development needs of students.

4. T or F The primary way in which school counselors should assist students with career planning is through individual meetings with students known as the "junior interview."

5. T or F Career development activities for students should ideally begin in middle school.

6. T or F One of the most popular career guidance programs currently in use is the DISCOVER program.

7. T or F Career development programs in middle schools generally include assessment activities designed to help students crystallize their sense of self.

8. T or F Although students may not all initially aspire to careers requiring a college degree, the high school guidance curriculum should emphasize college as the best postsecondary option.

9. T or F Paws in Jobland is a career development program for use in elementary schools.

10. T or F Although school counselors should work with most students on postsecondary plans, postsecondary planning with students in special education is best handled by special education teachers.

11. T or F Federal law requires educational and career planning for all students with disabilities.

12. T or F In contrast to job shadowing programs, though, where the student primarily observes work being performed, internships generally involve the student being actively engaged in work tasks that are commensurate with their skills and knowledge.

13. T or F The use of career assessment instruments with middle school students is appropriate.

14. T or F The Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA) applies to students with disabilities in both K12 and postsecondary educational settings.

Multiple Choice. For each of the following items, circle the response that best answers the question.

1.

What metaphor did Boshoven liken to the process of selecting a college? a. Buying a coat b. Planning a trip c. Solving a problem d. Winning a race

2. Ideally, career development efforts at the high school level focus on: a. Encouraging exploration b. Facilitating planning c. Increasing awareness d. Supporting implementation 3. Ideally, career development efforts at the elementary school level focus on: a. Encouraging exploration b. Facilitating planning c. Increasing awareness d. Supporting implementation 4. Ideally, career development efforts at the post-secondary level focus on: a. Increasing awareness b. Encouraging exploration c. Facilitating planning d. Supporting implementation 5. “Developing positive interpersonal skills including respect for diversity” would fall within which of the following domains as specified by the National Career Development Guidelines? a. Career Management Domain b. Educational Achievement and Lifelong Learning Domain c. Personal Social Domain 6. Attaining “performance levels needed to reach your personal and career goals” would fall within which of the following domains as specified by the National Career Development Guidelines? a. Career Management Domain b. Educational Achievement and Lifelong Learning Domain c. Personal Social Domain 7. Mastering “academic, occupational and general employability skills in order to obtain, create, maintain, and/or advance your employment” would fall within which of the following domains as specified by the National Career Development Guidelines? a. Career Management Domain b. Educational Achievement and Lifelong Learning Domain c. Personal Social Domain

8. Balancing “personal, leisure, community, learner, family and work roles” would fall within which of the following domains as specified by the National Career Development Guidelines? a. Career Management Domain b. Educational Achievement and Lifelong Learning Domain c. Personal Social Domain

Short Answer 1.

What is our societal goal in mandating and financing elementary and secondary education? (1 point)

2. What is the Reality Store? (2 points)

3. What is the National Occupational Information Coordinating Committee? (1 point)

4. What is an EDP? For full credit, give its full name and explain what it is. (1 point)

5. With which holiday are many job shadowing programs coordinated? (1 point)

6. What are transition services? (1 point)

Essay Question 1.

Identify and describe the 4 stages of post-secondary planning according to Hossler and modified by Dugger (4 points)

Chapter 15 Quiz True/False Items 1. T or F Career and Technical Education is limited to high school settings.

2. T or F School counselors should discourage students from participating in CTE programs because they are academically less rigorous.

3. T or F The defining characteristic of CTE programs is that they do not prepare students for college as a postsecondary option.

4. T or F By 2018, approximately two thirds of all jobs in the United States will require postsecondary education.

5. T or F Despite being an early leader in the "college for all" movement, Schwartz has since changed his professional opinion.

6. T or F The primary distinction between college-prep and CTE courses involves academic rigor, with college-prep courses being much more rigorous than CTE courses.

7. T or F CTE is appropriate both for students planning to go to a 4 year college and for students who plan to transition directly from high school into employment.

8. T or F Counselors would be wise to caution students to verify all claims made by proprietary (for profit) trade schools as there have been numerous cases of false advertising.

9. T or F Higher socioeconomic status (SES) is correlated with a greater likelihood of choosing a college-bound track in high school and with college attendance.

10. T or F According to Pérez and McDonough (2008), African Americans are the least likely to enroll in college after high school.

11. T or F The States Career Clusters Initiative resulted in national agreement for states to adopt six (6) specific career clusters for use in career development and CTE activities.

Multiple Choice. For each of the following items, circle the response that best answers the question.

1. The Pathways to Prosperity report was authored by all of the following except a. Ferguson b. Schwartz c. Symonds d. Unger

2. The Pathways to Prosperity report estimated that nearly ___ percent of the projected job openings requiring postsecondary education will go to people with an associate’s degree or occupational certificate? a. 10% b. 25% c. 33% d. 50% 3. Unger estimated that more than ___ percent of students who enroll in American colleges or universities quit without graduating? a. 10% b. 25% c. 40% d. 75% 4. Which of the following pieces of legislation represents the official establishment of vocational education within public schools? a. Carl D. Perkins Vocational Education Act b. National Defense Education Act c. Smith-Hughes Act d. Vocational Education Act 5. Which of the following laws was promulgated in direct response to Russia’s success in launching Sputnik? a. Carl D. Perkins Vocational Education Act b. National Defense Education Act c. Smith-Hughes Act d. Vocational Education Act 6. Which of the following approaches emphasizes the importance that all students take rigorous academic coursework in high school; that contextualized learning is more effective than traditional instructional strategies; and that all students need to be college and career ready? a. Career and College Transitions Initiative b. High Schools that Work c. Project Lead the Way d. Tech Prep

7. Which of the following approaches involves a 2+2, 3+2 or 4+2 design involving a common core of proficiency in math, science, communication and technology? a. Career and College Transitions Initiative b. High Schools that Work c. Project Lead the Way d. Tech Prep 8. Which of the following would best describe the Linked Learning approach? a. Career and Technical Education Track b. College Preparatory Track c. Dual Track d. General Track 9. Which of the following approaches is considered the premier pre-engineering program for today’s high schools? a. Career and College Transitions Initiative b. High Schools that Work c. Project Lead the Way d. Tech Prep 10. Which of the following approaches emphasizes the elimination of the general track as an option for students and instead calls for students to choose between a rigorous academic track or a blended track involving both academic and CTE coursework? a. Career and College Transitions Initiative b. High Schools that Work c. Project Lead the Way d. Tech Prep Essay Questions 1.

Identify and explain at least three (3) roles school counselors should play with regard to CTE. (3 points)

2. Describe the three primary goals of the Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Applied Technology Education Act. (3 points)

3. How can school counselors serve as institutional change agents to counter the racial disparities in college attendance? (2 points)

4. Name and describe one of the “best practice” CTE programs. (2 points)

Chapter 16 Quiz True/False Items 1. T or F The central developmental task demanded by society of college students is the independent choice of a career informed by the academic course of study.

2. T or F Estimates are that nearly three quarters of college students change their major at least once.

3. T or F Estimates are that one in four students in college today is a returning adult.

4. T or F Surprisingly, the provision of career counseling is not a recommended component of college career services.

5. T or F Although computer assisted career guidance systems are common in secondary schools, they are rarely used by colleges.

6. T or F Courses focused on assisting students with the transition from college to work should also address employability skills.

7. T or F The MAT is the standard admissions test for medical schools.

8. T or F Most college students who have earned good grades report experiencing a smooth, seamless transition and an ease in understanding workplace culture.

9. T or F Most college-based career centers rely primarily on hard-copy materials and offer very few online resources.

10. T or F College career services offices should be heavily involved in supporting student preparation for job searches.

Multiple Choice. For each of the following items, circle the response that best answers the question.

1.

The Revised Taxonomy of Career Decision-Making Difficulties identifies all of the following as reasons for a lack of readiness except a. Dysfunctional Beliefs b. External Conflicts c. Indecisiveness d. Lack of Motivation

2. Struggles with their increased responsibility for activities of daily living fall within which area of developmental challenges? a. Academic Management b. Career Management c. Relationship Management d. Self-Management

3. Having to juggle numerous, compelling responsibilities such as work, child care, and other family responsibilities falls within which area of developmental challenges? a. Academic Management b. Career Management c. Relationship Management d. Self-Management 4. Addressing problematic dynamics within their families of origin falls within which area of developmental challenges? a. Academic Management b. Career Management c. Relationship Management d. Self-Management 5. Stress related to the loss of an intact high school peer group and the development of a college peer group falls within which area of developmental challenges? a. Academic Management b. Career Management c. Relationship Management d. Self-Management 6. When returning students feel out of practice with writing papers and using technology, this falls within which area of developmental challenges? a. Academic Management b. Career Management c. Relationship Management d. Self-Management 7. Learning to follow a syllabus and assuming increased responsibility for assignment completion fall within which area of developmental challenges? a. Academic Management b. Career Management c. Relationship Management d. Self-Management

8. Connecting one's academic major with occupational options falls within which area of developmental challenges? a. Academic Management b. Career Management c. Relationship Management d. Self-Management 9. Connecting one's academic major with occupational options falls within which area of developmental challenges? a. Academic Management b. Career Management c. Relationship Management d. Self-Management 10. Launching a job search falls within which area of developmental challenges? a. Academic Management b. Career Management c. Relationship Management d. Self-Management 11. The Revised Taxonomy of Career Decision-Making Difficulties identifies all of the following as reasons for a lack of readiness except a. Dysfunctional Beliefs b. External Conflicts c. Indecisiveness d. Lack of Motivation 12. Standards that specifically address the provision of college career services are developed and disseminated by which of the following organizations a. Council for the Advancement of Standards b. Council for the Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs c. National Career Development Association d. National Occupational Information Coordinating Committee 13. The Revised Taxonomy of Career Decision-Making Difficulties identifies all of the following as reasons for a lack of readiness except a. Dysfunctional Beliefs b. External Conflicts c. Indecisiveness d. Lack of Motivation

Essay Question 1.

Identify at least 5 areas that should be addressed by the mission of the career services unit on each college campus. (5 Points)

Chapter 17 Quiz True/False Items 1.

T or F Unemployment is the second most common career challenge presented by clients in community settings.

2. T or F Jobless individuals are no longer considered as unemployed if they have not looked for a job in the past month.

3. T or F The hopelessly unemployed represent the largest proportion of people in the United States who want a job but don't have one.

4. T or F People who are unemployed don't tend to need personal counseling. They just need a job.

5. T or F One's reaction to involuntary job loss often resembles the grief process.

6. T or F Enthusiasm for a job search often follows the process of grieving loss of a job.

7. T or F It is essential that career counselors strongly encourage clients to launch a job search immediately following loss of a job.

8. T or F When working with unemployed clients, career counselors should rely upon problemfocused interventions.

9. T or F When offering group counseling programs for unemployed clients, career counselors should avoid focusing on the dissemination of job search information to the exclusion of psychological reactions.

10. T or F Before developing a resume and other job search materials, clients should first clarify their employment goals.

11. T or F Employers often react to functional resumes with an assumption that the applicant may have something to hide.

12. T or F There is an association that certifies individuals as Certified Professional Resume Writers.

13. T or F A career counselor's job is done when an unemployed client finally receives a job offer.

14. T or F The now-standard resume prepared on a PC is likely to soon seem as outdated as the resume your grandparents prepared using a typewriter.

15. T or F Resumes should always a person's name and mailing address.

16. T or F Although employers often conduct online searches about job applicants, it is relatively uncommon for them to base hiring decisions on the information they find.

17. T or F The majority of job openings are filled before they reach the stage of being advertised.

18. T or F The term 'digital footprint' refers to the impact one can make through emailing potential employers.

Matching Match the following definitions with the correct term in accordance with the U.S. Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics. Each term may be used only once.

1.

_____

People without a job who want one and A. have been actively engaged in a job search in the past month

Discouraged workers

2.

_____

People without a job who want one but haven’t engaged in job searching for at least four weeks because of a belief that they won’t find work

B.

Marginally attached to the labor force

3.

_____

People without a job who want one but who have not looked work in the past four weeks for reasons such as being in school

C.

Not in the labor force

4.

_____

People without a job who want one but who have not looked work in the past twelve months

D.

Unemployed

Multiple Choice. For each of the following items, circle the response that best answers the question.

1. Which of the following stages is least likely addressed by state-based unemployment office personnel? a. Grief and Psychological Reactions b. Job Applications c. Job Leads d. Resume Preparation 2. Which of the following is the most widely used group program for unemployed clients? a. Job Club b. JOBS Intervention Project c. Job Seekers United d. Employment Support Program 3.

Which of the following helping strategies is most recommended for clients who are grieving the loss of a job? a. Assessing their skills b. Listening empathically c. Networking d. Revising their resume

4. Which of the following is least related to managing one's social media presence? a. Brand Yourself b. Digital Footprint c. Reputation.com d. Search Engine Optimization e. Vizability.com 5. Which of the following technological approaches is least related to the development of resumes? a. Applicant Tracking Systems b. LinkedIn c. QR Codes d. Resumeter e. Visual CV 6. According to Dugger, which of the following types of resume is most common and most desirable? a. Chronological b. Combination c. Functional **Author Explanation: See page 396, lines 13-14.

7. Which of the following documents would be most appropriate for use in an informational networking interview? a. Cover Letter b. List of references c. Resume d. Targeted Opportunity Profile Short Answer 1.

What is the hidden job market? (1 point)

2. What is the most common goal for clients who seek career services in community settings? (1 point)

3. Identify three situations in which an elevator speech is appropriately used. (1 point)

4. Not including financial compensation, identify five items one might negotiate upon receipt of a job offer. (1 point)

Essay Questions 1. Explain the relevance of the Amundson & Borgen model to discouraged workers and status as being "not in the labor force.' (2 points)

2. Explain what an applicant tracking system (ATS) is and describe strategies your clients may use in response to them.

3. When counseling clients who have reached the burnout stage, what is your goal as a career counselor and what helping strategies might you use?

Chapter 18 Quiz True/False Items 1.

T or F Only about a third of people with a disability expresses a desire for employment.

2. T or F The unemployment rate for people with disabilities is approximately twice as high as for people without disabilities.

3. T or F Military veterans are unemployed at a higher rate than non-veterans.

4. T or F Veterans with a disability have a lower unemployment rate that veterans without a disability.

5. T or F Approximately a third of all clients seen in outpatient mental health clinics have criminal convictions.

6. T or F Three quarters of people in prison have substance abuse problems.

7. T or F It is estimated that half of all people who are incarcerated are functionally illiterate.

8. T or F 70% of the U.S. prison population is African American or Hispanic/Latino.

9. T or F Of the ex-offenders who are successful in finding jobs, 50% of them earn less than $5,000 per year.

10. T or F Only about 5% of stay-at-home parents are male.

11. T or F The average cost for a semi-private room in a nursing home is nearly $80,000 per year.

Multiple Choice. For each of the following items, circle the response that best answers the question.

1.

In the context of transitions, one's current life context would be considered a a. Precursor to the Transition b. Precipitant of the Transition c. Temporal Issue d. Example of the Impact of Transition e. Example of Coping Resources/Capital

2. In the context of transitions, the degree to which one's previous job was central to one's sense of personal identity would be considered a a. Precursor to the Transition b. Precipitant of the Transition c. Temporal Issue d. Example of the Impact of Transition e. Example of Coping Resources/Capital

3. In the context of transitions, the sudden and unexpected loss of Doris's job would be most related to a. Precursor to the Transition b. Precipitant of the Transition c. Temporal Issue d. Example of the Impact of Transition e. Example of Coping Resources/Capital 4. In the context of transitions, the trigger that prompted the transition would be considered a a. Precursor to the Transition b. Precipitant of the Transition c. Temporal Issue d. Example of the Impact of Transition e. Example of Coping Resources/Capital 5. In the context of transitions, one's sense of self-efficacy would be considered a. Precursor to the Transition b. Precipitant of the Transition c. Temporal Issue d. Example of the Impact of Transition e. Example of Coping Resources/Capital 6. In the context of transitions, one's age when losing a job would be considered a a. Precursor to the Transition b. Precipitant of the Transition c. Temporal Issue d. Example of the Impact of Transition e. Example of Coping Resources/Capital 7. In the context of transitions, one's sense of urgency to find a new job would be considered a a. Precursor to the Transition b. Precipitant of the Transition c. Temporal Issue d. Example of the Impact of Transition e. Example of Coping Resources/Capital

8. In the context of transitions, the life insurance money Lakeesha received would be considered a a. Precursor to the Transition b. Precipitant of the Transition c. Temporal Issue d. Example of the Impact of Transition e. Example of Coping Resources/Capital 9. In the context of transitions, the blow to Juan's self-esteem as the primary breadwinner for his family would be considered a a. Precursor to the Transition b. Precipitant of the Transition c. Temporal Issue d. Example of the Impact of Transition e. Example of Coping Resources/Capital 10. In the context of transitions, the loss of daily structure would be considered a a. Precursor to the Transition b. Precipitant of the Transition c. Temporal Issue d. Example of the Impact of Transition e. Example of Coping Resources/Capital 11. Which of the following paraprofessionals has training most specific to the needs of a military veteran who was discharged due to injury and wants to find a job in the civilian workforce? a. Certified Workforce Development Professional b. Global Career Development Facilitator c. Offender Workforce Development Specialist d. Vocational Rehabilitation Counselor 12. If Doris were to seek career services in a state employment security agency, which of the following paraprofessionals might be most appropriate to assist her? a. Certified Workforce Development Professional b. Global Career Development Facilitator c. Offender Workforce Development Specialist d. Vocational Rehabilitation Counselor

13. If Juan were to seek career services from a governmental agency, which of the following paraprofessionals might be most appropriate to assist him? a. Certified Workforce Development Professional b. Global Career Development Facilitator c. Offender Workforce Development Specialist d. Vocational Rehabilitation Counselor 14. Which of the following paraprofessionals has training most specific to the needs of a client who was just released from prison and wants to find a job? a. Certified Workforce Development Professional b. Global Career Development Facilitator c. Offender Workforce Development Specialist d. Vocational Rehabilitation Counselor 15. Which of the following sub-populations would benefit most from the federal bonding program? a. People with disabilities b. Military Veterans c. Ex-offenders d. Homemakers and Caretakers 16. Which of the following sub-populations would benefit most from pre-separation counseling? a. People with disabilities b. Military Veterans c. Ex-offenders d. Homemakers and Caretakers 17. Veterans within which age range have the HIGHEST unemployment rate? a. 18-24 b. 25-34 c. 35-44 d. 45-54 e. 55-64

Essay Questions 1.

Identify five clusters of employment challenges often experienced by homemakers and caretakers as they prepare to transition back into the workforce. Choose one cluster to describe in depth. (3 points)

2. Identify four helping strategies useful when providing career services to people with disabilities.

Choose one to describe in depth. (3 points)

3. Identify six helping strategies for use with military veterans as they prepare to transition into the civilian workforce. Choose one strategy to describe in depth. (3 points)

4. Identify seven strategies for assisting ex-offenders in launching careers following their release from incarceration. Choose one strategy to describe in depth, particularly as it pertains to having a criminal background. (4 points)