Essentials of Geology, 13th edition Frederick K Lutgens Test Bank

Essentials of Geology, 13th edition BY Frederick K Lutgens

Email: richard@qwconsultancy.com

Essentials of Geology, 13e (Lutgens/Tarbuck/Tasa) Chapter 1 An Introduction to Geology 1) What are the basic differences between the disciplines of physical and historical geology?

A) Physical geology is the study of fossils and sequences of rock strata; historical geology is the study of how rocks and minerals were used in the past.

B) Historical geology involves the study of rock strata, fossils, and geologic events, utilizing the geologic time scale as a reference; physical geology includes the study of how rocks form and of how erosion shapes the land surface.

C) Physical geology involves the study of rock strata, fossils, and deposition in relation to plate movements in the geologic past; historical geology charts how and where the plates were moving in the past.

D) None of the above—physical geology and historical geology are essentially the same.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.1 Geology: The Science of Earth Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 2) ________ was the highly influential, ancient Greek philosopher noted for his writings and teachings on natural philosophy and on the workings of the Earth.

A) Nero B) Odysseus C) Aristotle D) Pappagapolis Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.2 The Development of Geology Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 3) Compared to the age of the Earth accepted as correct today, how did seventeenth and eighteenth century proponents of catastrophism envision the Earth's age?

A) They believed Earth to be much older than current estimates.

B) They believed it to be about the same as current estimates, give or take a few million years.

C) They believed Earth to be much younger than current estimates.

D) None of the above—they didn't really address the age of Earth.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.2 The Development of Geology Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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4) ________ was an important eighteenth century English geologist and proponent of uniformitarianism.

A) Charles Lyell B) Isaac Newton C) James Hutton D) James Ussher Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.2 The Development of Geology Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 5) ________ is often paraphrased as "the present is the key to the past."

A) Biblical prophecy B) Uniformitarianism C) Aristotelian logic D) Catastrophism Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.2 The Development of Geology Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 6) ________, a popular natural philosophy of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, was based on a firm belief in a very short geologic history for Earth.

A) Ecospherism B) Exoschism C) Uniformitarianism D) Catastrophism Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.2 The Development of Geology Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 7) The currently accepted age of the Earth is ________ years.

A) 4.6 thousand B) 6.4 trillion C) 4.6 billion D) 6.4 million Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.2 The Development of Geology Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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8) Which of the following best describes the fundamental concept of superposition?

A) Strata with fossils are generally deposited on strata with no fossils.

B) Older strata generally are deposited on younger strata without intervening, intermediate age strata.

C) Older fossils in younger strata indicate a locally inverted geologic time scale.

D) Any sedimentary deposit accumulates on older rock or sediment layers.

Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.2 The Development of Geology Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 9) The Geologic Time Scale represents ________.

A) the previous 100,000 years of Earth's history B) the entire 4.6 billion-year history of Earth C) the span of geologic time since humans existed D) the span of geologic time since dinosaurs existed Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.2 The Development of Geology Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 10) The ________ division of the geologic time scale makes up over 88 percent of geologic time.

A) Cenozoic B) Precambrian C) Paleozoic D) Mesozoic Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.2 The Development of Geology Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 11) A ________ is a well-tested and widely accepted view that best explains certain scientific observations.

A) hypothesis B) generalization C) law D) theory Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.3 The Nature of Scientific Inquiry Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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12) All of the following are possible steps of scientific investigation EXCEPT for ________.

A) the collection of scientific facts through observation and measurement B) assumption of conclusions without prior experimentation or observation C) the development of one or more working hypotheses or models to explain facts D) development of observations and experiments to test the hypotheses Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.3 The Nature of Scientific Inquiry Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 13) Which of the following choices best illustrates the proper order of the steps in a scientific investigation?

A) Analyze data, conduct background research, form a hypothesis.

B) Form a hypothesis, conduct background research, analyze data.

C) Raise a question from the natural world, construct a hypothesis, test the hypothesis.

D) Develop observations, conduct background research, form a question about the natural world.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 1.3 The Nature of Scientific Inquiry Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 14) The ________ refers to the sum total of all life on Earth.

A) hydrosphere B) atmosphere C) biosphere D) asthenosphere Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.4 Earth as a System Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 15) The ________ is not a part of the Earth's physical environment.

A) solid Earth B) astrosphere C) hydrosphere D) atmosphere Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.4 Earth as a System Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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16) Which of the following cycles moves water among Earth's four spheres?

A) the rock cycle B) the hydrologic cycle C) the solar cycle D) the volcanic cycle Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.4 Earth as a System Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 17) Which of the following best describes the Earth system?

A) The different components of the system are totally independent of one another.

B) The Earth system includes only the hydrologic cycle and the rock cycle.

C) The Earth system has a nearly endless array of interconnected subsystems.

D) Geology is the only field of study related to the Earth system.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 1.4 Earth as a System Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 18) The ________ proposes that the bodies of our solar system formed at essentially the same time from a rotating cloud of gases and dust.

A) Big Bang theory B) Plate Tectonics theory C) Nebular theory D) Heliocentric theory Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.5 Origin and Early Evolution of Earth Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 19) The asthenosphere ________.

A) is a subdivision of the outer core B) is a zone of strong material near the inner core C) contains Earth's crust and upper mantle D) is a relatively weak zone within the mantle Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.6 Earth's Internal Structure Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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20) The ________ forms the relatively cool, brittle plates of plate tectonics.

A) asthenosphere B) lithosphere C) astrosphere D) geosphere Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.6 Earth's Internal Structure Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 21) Which of the following is an Earth layer defined based on its chemical composition?

A) asthenosphere B) lithosphere C) crust D) transition zone Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.6 Earth's Internal Structure Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 22) In correct order from the center outward, Earth includes which units?

A) core, inner mantle, outer mantle, crust B) inner core, outer core, mantle, crust C) inner core, crust, mantle, hydrosphere D) core, crust, mantle, hydrosphere Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.6 Earth's Internal Structure Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 23) The composition of the core of the Earth is thought to be ________.

A) basalt B) granite C) peridotite D) solid iron-nickel alloy Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.6 Earth's Internal Structure Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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24) Most of our understanding of Earth's interior comes from ________.

A) direct samples from the mantle B) the activity of volcanoes C) the study of seismic waves D) sampling the composition of the crust Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.6 Earth's Internal Structure — "Did You Know?" Box Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 25) The asthenosphere is actually a part of the ________ of the Earth.

A) outer core B) crust C) inner core D) mantle Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.6 Earth's Internal Structure Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 26) The ________ is thought to be a liquid, metallic region in the Earth's interior.

A) inner core B) lithosphere C) mantle D) outer core Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.6 Earth's Internal Structure Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 27) The ________ is the thinnest layer of the Earth.

A) crust B) outer core C) mantle D) inner core Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.6 Earth's Internal Structure Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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28) According to the rock cycle, which of the following statements is true?

A) Sedimentary rocks can be turned into igneous rocks, but not metamorphic rocks.

B) Metamorphic rocks are the end product, and cannot be altered.

C) Any rock type can ultimately be turned into any other rock type.

D) Sedimentary rocks can be turned into igneous rocks, but igneous rocks cannot become sedimentary rocks.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.7 Rocks and the Rock Cycle Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 29) ________ rocks form by crystallization and consolidation of molten magma.

A) Sedimentary B) Indigenous C) Primary D) Igneous Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.7 Rocks and the Rock Cycle Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 30) ________ rocks always originate at the surface of the solid Earth.

A) Secondary B) Igneous C) Metamorphic D) Sedimentary Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.7 Rocks and the Rock Cycle Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 31) ________ is the process by which rocks break down in place to produce soils and sediments.

A) Weathering B) Lithification C) Subduction D) Metamorphism Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.7 Rocks and the Rock Cycle Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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32) Which one of the following statements is NOT correct?

A) Metamorphic rocks may melt to magma.

B) Sedimentary rocks may weather to igneous rocks.

C) Magmas crystallize to form igneous rocks.

D) Igneous rocks can undergo metamorphism.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.7 Rocks and the Rock Cycle Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 33) In sedimentary rocks, lithification includes ________.

A) compaction and cementation B) cementation and weathering C) compaction and transportation D) crystallization and cooling Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.7 Rocks and the Rock Cycle Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 34) Active mountain belts are most likely to be found ________.

A) along the margins of continents B) in the interior regions of continents C) scattered throughout continents D) along only the eastern margins of continents Answer: A Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 1.8 The Face of Earth Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 35) The continental shelf is located ________.

A) between the continental slope and continental rise B) between the continental rise and the abyssal plains C) seaward of the continental slope D) landward of the continental slope Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.8 The Face of Earth Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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36) The most prominent feature on the ocean floor are the ________.

A) deep-ocean trenches B) oceanic ridges C) seamounts D) lava plateaus Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.8 The Face of Earth Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 37) Which of the following is true of Earth's continents?

A) Most of their landmass lies at elevations substantially above sea level.

B) Most of their landmass is comprised of rocky mountains.

C) They are relatively flat and have an average elevation that is quite close to sea level.

D) They cover the vast majority of Earth's surface.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.8 The Face of Earth Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 38) The gently sloping platform that extends seaward from shore, found along most coasts, is called ________.

A) the continental shelf B) the continental slope C) the continental rise D) the continental shield Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.8 The Face of Earth Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 39) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) hydrosphere B) biosphere C) atmosphere D) geosphere Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.4 Earth as a System Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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40) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) transpiration B) metamorphism C) infiltration D) precipitation Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.4 Earth as a System Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 41) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) Mercury B) Venus C) Mars D) Neptune Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.5 Origin and Early Evolution of Earth Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 42) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) crust B) asthenosphere C) lithosphere D) transition zone Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.6 Earth's Internal Structure Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 43) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) lithification B) weathering C) cementation D) transpiration Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.7 Rocks and the Rock Cycle Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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44) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) sedimentary B) craton C) igneous D) metamorphic Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.7 Rocks and the Rock Cycle Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 45) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) abyssal plain B) seamount C) oceanic ridge D) shield Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.8 The Face of Earth Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 46) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) craton B) shield C) mountain belt D) trench Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.8 The Face of Earth Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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Critical thinking and discussion questions. Use complete sentences, correct spelling, and the information presented in chapter 1 to answer the questions below.

47) Catastrophism obviously influenced seventeenth and eighteenth century thought by implying that Earth only needed to be a few thousand years old in order to explain landscapes and geologic features. However, catastrophic and often sudden changes are at least a part of the rock record that geologists attempt to interpret. List three geologic catastrophes that would most likely affect landscapes or features on Earth and be recorded in rocks. How might these events be explained in the rock record using only uniformitarianism (or the implication of slow, gradual change)?

Answer: Even though the rates of Earth's processes vary in intensity throughout geologic time, they still will influence the landscape, typically over very long time periods. A classic example is the formation of the Grand Canyon (Figure 1.5). Other potential examples are mountain building, sedimentary rock deposition, and plate tectonics.

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: 1.2 The Development of Geology Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating 48) Earth's physical environment is traditionally divided into the hydrosphere, atmosphere, and the solid Earth. Remembering the scientific method, why do you think that scientists tend to categorize and classify various features, phenomena, and characteristics of the natural world into groups or subdivisions? Also, are there potential pitfalls or problems if we only consider the natural world as individual groups or categories rather than as a whole?

Answer: Scientists organize and classify into group and subdivisions because the data are collected to answer a specific question or hypothesis. The potential problems are that scientists may become very focused on a research question that they may not realize that an answer may lie outside their discipline.

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: 1.3 The Nature of Scientific Inquiry Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating

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49) Label the layers of Earth's interior on the diagram below.

Answer: See Figure 1.20 in the Essentials of Geology, 13e textbook.

Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.6 Earth's Internal Structure Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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50) Using the following figure, please match each section of the rock cycle to the appropriate label.

Answer: A — Cooling, crystallization B — Weathering, transport, deposition C — Lithification (compaction, cementation) D — Metamorphism (heat, intense pressure) E — Melting Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 1.7 Rocks and the Rock Cycle Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 15 .

51) Look at the three photographs below. Which one depicts sedimentary rocks?

Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 1.7 Rocks and the Rock Cycle Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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Essentials of Geology, 13e (Lutgens/Tarbuck/Tasa) Chapter 2 Plate Tectonics: A Scientific Theory Unfolds 1) ________ was an ancient reptile that lived in South America and Africa during the late Paleozoic.

A) Granopteris B) Monastarious C) Glossopteris D) Mesosaurus Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.2 Continental Drift: An Idea Before Its Time Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 2) In the early part of the twentieth century, ________ argued forcefully for continental drift.

A) Karl Wagner B) Peter Rommel C) Alfred Wegener D) Bill Kohl Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.2 Continental Drift: An Idea Before Its Time Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 3) Evidence of ________ having affecting landmasses currently in subtropical and tropical regions provides evidence supporting Wegener's continental drift hypothesis.

A) landslides B) earthquakes C) glaciation D) flooding Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.2 Continental Drift: An Idea Before Its Time Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 4) The late Paleozoic supercontinent is known as ________.

A) Pandomonia B) Pancakea C) Pangaea D) Panatopia Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.2 Continental Drift: An Idea Before Its Time Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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5) ________ was never proposed as evidence supporting the existence of Pangaea.

A) Geometrical fit between South America and Africa B) Islands of Precambrian rocks along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge C) Late Paleozoic glacial features D) Similar fossils on different continents Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.2 Continental Drift: An Idea Before Its Time Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 6) By the early Cenozoic era, Australia had separated from ________.

A) India B) South America C) Eurasia D) Antarctica Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.2 Continental Drift: An Idea Before Its Time Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 7) The continental drift hypothesis was rejected primarily because Alfred Wegener could not ________.

A) find geologic similarities on different continents B) disprove competing theories that were more accepted by scientists C) identify a mechanism capable of moving continents D) all of the above Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.2 Continental Drift: An Idea Before Its Time Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 8) According to the plate tectonics model, the rigid ________ moves over top of the weaker ________.

A) lithosphere, asthenosphere B) asthenosphere, lithosphere C) crust, mantle D) lithosphere, mantle Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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9) Which type of plate boundary occurs where two plates move apart, resulting in upwelling and partial melting of hot material from the mantle?

A) convergent boundary B) divergent boundary C) transform boundary D) transition boundary Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 10) Pull-apart rift zones are generally associated with ________ plate boundaries.

A) transform B) divergent C) convergent D) all Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.4 Divergent Plate Boundaries and Seafloor Spreading Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 11) The ________ is(are) a logical evolutionary analog of the African Rift Valleys ten million years from now.

A) Ural Mountains B) San Andreas fault C) Peru-Chile trench D) Red Sea Answer: D Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 2.4 Divergent Plate Boundaries and Seafloor Spreading Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 12) A typical rate of seafloor spreading in the Atlantic Ocean is ________.

A) 2 feet per year B) 0.1 inches per year C) 20 feet per year D) 2 centimeters per year Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.4 Divergent Plate Boundaries and Seafloor Spreading Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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13) New oceanic crust and lithosphere are formed at ________.

A) divergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of rhyolitic magma B) convergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of rhyolitic magma C) divergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of basaltic magma D) convergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of basaltic magma Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.4 Divergent Plate Boundaries and Seafloor Spreading Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 14) The modern-day Red Sea is explained by plate tectonics theory because it is ________.

A) a tiny remnant of a once immense ocean that was closed as Africa moved Asia B) the site of a transform fault along which Arabia is moving away from Africa C) a rift zone that may eventually open into a major ocean if Arabia and Africa continue to separate D) a rare example of a two-continent subduction zone where the African continental plate is sinking under the Arabian continental plate Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.4 Divergent Plate Boundaries and Seafloor Spreading Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 15) The volcanoes and deep valleys of east Africa are related to a ________.

A) continental rift along which parts of the African continent are beginning to slowly separate B) fault allowing Arabia to slip westward past east Africa and penetrate into Turkey C) transform fault aligned with the Red Sea carrying the Arabian and African blocks in opposite directions D) continental collision zone between Africa and the Zagros Mountains along the southern margin of Eurasia Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.4 Divergent Plate Boundaries and Seafloor Spreading Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 16) The main reason for the elevated position of the oceanic ridge is because ________.

A) it is hot, and therefore less dense than the cooler rocks surrounding it B) it is the result of the collision of two tectonic plates, which pushes up the ridge C) oceanic crust is less dense than continental crust D) as one oceanic plate is submerged beneath another, the ridge is pushed up Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.4 Divergent Plate Boundaries and Seafloor Spreading Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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17) Cooler, older, oceanic lithosphere sinks into the mantle at ________.

A) subduction zones along convergent plate boundaries B) transform fault zones along divergent plate boundaries C) rift zones along mid-ocean ridges D) sites of long-lived, hot spot volcanism in the ocean basins Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.5 Convergent Plate Boundaries and Subduction Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 18) At subduction zones, ________ portions of oceanic crust descend into the mantle.

A) younger B) older C) less dense D) melted Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.5 Convergent Plate Boundaries and Subduction Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 19) The Aleutian Islands occur at a ________.

A) convergent boundary on a volcanic arc above a northward-subducting Pacific plate B) transform boundary where North America has moved towards Alaska C) divergent boundary where shield volcanoes are forming D) convergent, continental margin with uplifted fault blocks, much like those of the Basin and Range Province Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.5 Convergent Plate Boundaries and Subduction Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 20) Deep-oceanic trenches are most abundant around the rim of the ________ Ocean Basin.

A) Atlantic B) Indian C) Arctic D) Pacific Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.5 Convergent Plate Boundaries and Subduction Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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21) Deep ocean trenches are surficial evidence for ________.

A) rifting beneath a continental plate and the beginning of continental drift B) sinking of oceanic lithosphere into the mantle at a subduction zone C) rising of hot asthenosphere from deep in the mantle D) transform faulting between an oceanic plate and a continental plate Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.5 Convergent Plate Boundaries and Subduction Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 22) The ________ is an example of an active, continent-continent collision.

A) Arabian Peninsula slamming into North Africa under the Red Sea B) westward movement of the South American plate over the Nazca plate C) northern movement of Baja California and a sliver of Western California toward the Hawaiian Islands D) northward movement of India into Eurasia Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.5 Convergent Plate Boundaries and Subduction Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 23) Which of the following convergent boundary types will NOT result in a deep-ocean trench forming?

A) oceanic-oceanic collision B) oceanic-continental collision C) continental-continental collision D) All of these boundary types result in the formation of a deep-ocean trench.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.5 Convergent Plate Boundaries and Subduction Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 24) A transform plate boundary is characterized by ________.

A) stratovolcanoes on the edge of a plate and shield volcanoes on the adjacent plate B) two converging oceanic plates meeting head-on and piling up into a mid-ocean ridge C) a divergent boundary where the continental plate changes to an oceanic plate D) a deep, vertical fault along which two plates slide past one another in opposite directions Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.6 Transform Plate Boundaries Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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25) The San Andreas fault in California is a good example of a ________ plate boundary.

A) convergent B) divergent C) transform D) The San Andreas fault is not a plate boundary.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.6 Transform Plate Boundaries Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 26) Most transform faults are found ________.

A) in the center of continents B) along the edges of continents C) along the oceanic ridge system D) adjacent to subduction zones Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.6 Transform Plate Boundaries Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 27) Which of the following is NOT a result of plate tectonics?

A) The diameter of Earth is slowly increasing.

B) The size and shape of plates are constantly changing.

C) Plate boundaries migrate over time.

D) Plates are constantly being created and destroyed.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.7 How Do Plates and Plate Boundaries Change?

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 28) Which of the following places the events related to the breakup of Pangaea in the proper order?

A) separation of North America and Africa; separation of Africa, India, and Antarctica; collision of India and Eurasia B) collision of India and Eurasia; separation of North America and Africa; separation of Africa, India, and Antarctica C) separation of Africa, India, and Antarctica; collision of India and Eurasia; separation of North America and Africa D) separation of Africa, India, and Antarctica; separation of North America and Africa; collision of India and Eurasia Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.7 How Do Plates and Plate Boundaries Change?

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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29) All of the following are evidence supporting the theory of plate tectonics EXCEPT for ________.

A) changes in the Moon's orbit due to shifting plates B) ocean floor drilling C) hot spots D) paleomagnetism Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.2 Continental Drift: An Idea Before Its Time Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 30) The temperature below which magnetic material can retain a permanent magnetization is called the ________.

A) Darcy temperature B) Vine temperature C) Bullard point D) Curie point Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.8 Testing the Plate Tectonics Model Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 31) A very long-lived magma source located deep in the mantle is called a ________.

A) magma welt B) basalt spout C) melt well D) hot spot Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.8 Testing the Plate Tectonics Model Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 32) Which one of the following most accurately describes the volcanoes of the Hawaiian Islands?

A) They are associated with subduction and a convergent plate boundary.

B) They are fed by a long-lived hot spot below the Pacific lithospheric plate.

C) They are associated with a mid-Pacific ridge and spreading center.

D) They are associated with a mid-Pacific transform fault.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.8 Testing the Plate Tectonics Model Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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33) ________ first related the symmetrical magnetic patterns in seafloor basalts to seafloor spreading at a mid-ocean ridge.

A) Evans and Novak B) Vine and Matthews C) Matthews and Marks D) Wegener and Wilson Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.8 Testing the Plate Tectonics Model Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 34) Early results of the Deep Sea Drilling Project clearly justified the conclusion that ________.

A) the oceans have not always contained most of Earth's water B) the ocean basins are relatively young; most ocean basin rocks and sediments are Cretaceous or younger in age C) Proterozoic rocks are found only as seamounts in the deepest parts of the ocean basins D) the youngest sediments were deposited directly on the oldest seafloor basalts Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.8 Testing the Plate Tectonics Model Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 35) Linear, magnetic patterns associated with mid-ocean ridges are configured as ________.

A) concentric circles about a rising plume of hot mantle rocks and magma B) reversed magnetizations along the rift valleys and normal magnetizations along the ridge C) normal and reversed magnetized strips roughly parallel to the ridge D) normal and reversed magnetized strips roughly perpendicular to the ridge axis Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.8 Testing the Plate Tectonics Model Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 36) Which of the following is true of the rocks of the seafloor?

A) The oldest rocks of the seafloor are older than the oldest rocks on the continents.

B) The oldest rocks of the seafloor are younger than the oldest rocks on the continents.

C) The youngest rocks of the seafloor are older than the oldest rocks on the continents.

D) The rocks of the seafloor are generally the same age as the rocks on the continents.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.8 Testing the Plate Tectonics Model Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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37) How do transform faults provide information about the direction of plate motion?

A) They are aligned perpendicular to the direction of spreading.

B) They are aligned parallel to the direction of spreading.

C) They create new seafloor that can be dated and analyzed.

D) Transform faults do not provide information about the direction of plate motion.

Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 2.9 How is Plate Motion Measured?

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 38) Which of the following energy sources is thought to drive the lateral motions of Earth's lithospheric plates?

A) gravitational attractive forces of the Sun and Moon B) electrical and magnetic fields localized in the inner core C) export of heat from deep in the mantle to the top of the asthenosphere D) swirling movements of the molten iron particles in the outer core Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.10 What Drives Plate Motions Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 39) The subduction of cold, dense oceanic lithosphere–a major driving force of plate motion–is known as ________.

A) convection B) ridge push C) slab pull D) convective flow Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.10 What Drives Plate Motions Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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Match the plate boundary with the appropriate phrase.

A) divergent B) transform C) convergent 40) plates are moving apart from one another Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.4 Divergent Plate Boundaries and Seafloor Spreading Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 41) the Mid-Atlantic Ridge Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.4 Divergent Plate Boundaries and Seafloor Spreading Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 42) where lithosphere is sinking into the mantle Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.5 Convergent Plate Boundaries and Subduction Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 43) characterized by seafloor spreading Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.5 Convergent Plate Boundaries and Subduction Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 44) characterized by volcanic arcs and deep-ocean trenches Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.5 Convergent Plate Boundaries and Subduction Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 45) where subduction zones occur Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.5 Convergent Plate Boundaries and Subduction Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 46) the San Andreas fault Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.6 Transform Plate Boundaries Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 47) plates are sliding past one another horizontally Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.6 Transform Plate Boundaries Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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48) this boundary is normally devoid of volcanism Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.6 Transform Plate Boundaries Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding Answers: 40) A 41) A 42) C 43) A 44) C 45) C 46) B 47) B 48) B 49) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) fossil evidence B) fit of the continents C) mantle plumes D) paleoclimates Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.2 Continental Drift: An Idea Before Its Time Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 50) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) oceanic ridge B) seafloor spreading C) arc volcanoes D) divergent Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.4 Divergent Plate Boundaries and Seafloor Spreading Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 51) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) midocean ridge B) island arc C) volcanic arc D) subduction Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.5 Convergent Plate Boundaries and Subduction Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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52) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) slab pull B) paleomagnetism C) ridge push D) slab suction Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.10 What Drives Plate Motions Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding Critical thinking and discussion questions. Use complete sentences, correct spelling, and the information presented in chapter 2 to answer the questions below.

53) Although Alfred Wegener presented compelling evidence for his continental drift hypothesis (despite lacking a mechanism), why was the true nature of plate boundaries not determined until the 1960s?

Answer: It was only after WWII that oceanographers began exploring the ocean floor. Many features were discovered such as the Mid-Atlantic Ocean Ridge and the "stripe" signatures of normal and reverse polarity in the oceanic floor.

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: 2.2 Continental Drift: An Idea Before Its Time Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating 54) If you could time travel back to the 1920s and meet Alfred Wegener, who was the original proponent of the continental drift hypothesis, what could you tell him about our modern idea of plate tectonics? What would you tell him regarding the structure of the Earth's interior, what evidence exists for plate tectonics, what is the relationship between volcanoes and earthquakes to plate tectonics (specifics), and what are some (if any) of the problems we still have in explaining certain features of plate tectonics?

Answer: The Earth is divided into different layers. The outermost rocky layer (the lithosphere) is broken into plates of various sizes. There are multiple lines of evidence that support plate tectonics such as the ages of the seafloor proportional to the distance from the ridge, magnetic stripes of the oceanic floor parallel to oceanic ridges, and hotspots. The plate boundaries and earthquakes are closely linked. For instance, the region around the Peru-Chile trend experiences great earthquakes. Convection in the mantle is a process that still needs to be fully understood.

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: 2.2 Continental Drift: An Idea Before Its Time Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating

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55) Fill in the blanks with the correct name of the feature that is labeled.

Answer: (a) oceanic trench (b) oceanic ridge (c) oceanic trench (d) subduction zone (e) transform faults Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: Multiple Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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56) In the diagram below, match the letter of each illustration to the correct type of plate boundary.

(A) convergent (B) transform (C) divergent

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Answer: (a) B, (b) C, (c) A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: Multiple Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 57) Describe exactly what type of plate boundary is illustrated below and explain your answer by providing additional information about this type of boundary and the resultant features.

Answer: This is an example of a continental-to-continental convergent plate boundary. The continental lithosphere is too buoyant for subduction to occur; therefore, the two plates collide and the crust is buckled, fractured, and thickened. Major mountain systems including the Alps, Himalayas, Appalachians, and the Urals formed during continental collisions.

Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 2.5 Convergent Plate Boundaries and Subduction Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 16 .

58) Study the image below. What is depicted, and what information can it provide to geologists?

A) record of magnetism of the seafloor, evidence of seafloor spreading B) record of magnetism of the seafloor, measure of density of oceanic crust C) carbon-dates for ages of seafloor rocks, age of the seafloor D) layers of magma erupting from a mid-ocean ridge, evidence of transform faults Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 2.8 Testing the Plate Tectonics Model Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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Essentials of Geology, 13e (Lutgens/Tarbuck/Tasa) Chapter 3 Matter and Minerals 1) Which of the following best defines a mineral and a rock?

A) A rock has an orderly, repetitive, geometrical, internal arrangement of minerals; a mineral is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of rocks.

B) A mineral consists of its constituent atoms arranged in a geometrically repetitive structure; in a rock, the atoms are randomly bonded without any geometric pattern.

C) In a mineral, the constituent atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, internal structure; a rock is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of different mineral grains.

D) A rock consists of atoms bonded in a regular, geometrically predictable arrangement; a mineral is a consolidated aggregate of different rock particles.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.1 Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 2) Which one of the following is NOT true for minerals?

A) They have a specific, internal, crystalline structure.

B) They can be a liquid, solid, or gas.

C) They have a specific, predictable chemical composition.

D) They can be identified by characteristic physical properties.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.1 Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 3) ________ is NOT a mineral.

A) Halite B) Calcite C) Oxygen D) Gold Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.1 Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 4) A compound is a stable chemical substance composed of two or more ________.

A) elements B) molecules C) minerals D) electrons Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.2 Atoms: Building Blocks of Minerals Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 1 .

5) What is the smallest particle of matter that exhibits and defines the distinctive chemical characteristics of the individual elements?

A) electron B) element C) compound D) atom Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.2 Atoms: Building Blocks of Minerals Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 6) A(n) ________ is not a fundamental particle found in atoms.

A) neutron B) photon C) electron D) proton Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.2 Atoms: Building Blocks of Minerals Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 7) Each atom of the same element, zinc for example, has the same number of ________.

A) electrons in the nucleus B) protons in the nucleus C) neutrons in the outer nuclear shell D) electrons in the valence bond level Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.2 Atoms: Building Blocks of Minerals Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 8) How many neutrons are in its nucleus?

A) 21 B) 7 C) 14 D) 6 Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 3.2 Atoms: Building Blocks of Minerals Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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9) ________ denote positively charged, nuclear particles.

A) Protons B) Electrons C) Isotrons D) Neutrons Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.2 Atoms: Building Blocks of Minerals Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 10) What are the lightest or least massive of the fundamental atomic particles?

A) uranium nuclei B) protons C) electrons D) neutrons Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.2 Atoms: Building Blocks of Minerals Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 11) A ________ denotes the purity of gold used in jewelry.

A) carnot B) carette C) karat D) carlot Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.2 Atoms: Building Blocks of Minerals - "Did You Know?" Box Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 12) Which of the following is an accurate description of ionic bonding?

A) Nuclei of bonding atoms exchange electrons; the resulting ions are bonded together by the attractive forces between the negative and positive nucleons.

B) Atoms of two different elements share electrons and protons; the resulting compound is bonded together by the strong, binding energy of shared protons.

C) Nuclei of two different atoms share electrons, and the resulting compound is tightly bonded by the very strong, induced, electronuclear bonds.

D) Atoms of different elements, having gained or lost electrons, form negative and positive ions that are bonded together by attractive forces between ions with opposite charges.

Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.3 Why Atoms Bond Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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13) What in the name given to an atom that gains or loses electrons in a chemical reaction?

A) molecule B) ion C) isotope D) nucleon Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.3 Why Atoms Bond Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 14) When an atom gains an electron during a chemical reaction, which of the following is true?

A) That atom has a negative charge.

B) That atom has a positive charge.

C) That atom has no charge.

D) That atom has no valence electrons.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.3 Why Atoms Bond Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 15) In which type of chemical bonding are electrons shared between adjacent atoms?

A) ionic B) subatomic C) covalent D) isotopic Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.3 Why Atoms Bond Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 16) How do the electrons behave in a mineral with metallic bonding?

A) They are tightly bound to certain atoms and cannot readily move.

B) They can move relatively easily from atom to atom inside the mineral.

C) They react with protons to make neutrons in the outer valence shells.

D) They move to adjacent negative ions, forming positive ions.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.3 Why Atoms Bond Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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17) In which type of bond are electrons transferred?

A) covalent bond B) metallic bond C) ionic bond D) Electrons are transferred in all of these types of bonds.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.3 Why Atoms Bond Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 18) What mineral is the hardest known substance in nature?

A) silicate B) native gold C) diamond D) muscovite Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.4 Properties of Minerals Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 19) The strong tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth, parallel planes is known as ________.

A) streak B) cleavage C) cracking luster D) crystal form Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.4 Properties of Minerals Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 20) A cubic centimeter of quartz, olivine, and gold weigh 2.5, 3.0, and 19.8 grams respectively.

This indicates that ________.

A) gold has a higher density and specific gravity than quartz and olivine B) gold is 6 to 7 times harder than olivine and quartz C) gold and olivine are silicates, quartz is elemental silicon D) olivine and quartz powders are harder than metallic gold Answer: A Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 3.4 Properties of Minerals Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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21) ________ has the highest specific gravity.

A) Wood B) Water C) Gold D) Quartz Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.4 Properties of Minerals Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 22) The Mohs scale measures which property of minerals?

A) hardness B) cleavage C) specific gravity D) opacity Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.4 Properties of Minerals Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 23) What physical property denotes the color of a powdered mineral?

A) fracture B) hardness C) streak D) luster Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.4 Properties of Minerals Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 24) Which of the following is true about a mineral's streak?

A) All minerals produce a streak when rubbed across a streak plate.

B) A mineral's color is a better way to identify it than by its streak.

C) A mineral's streak is always the same color as the solid mineral's color.

D) Streak is a more reliable way to identify a mineral than by color.

Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.4 Properties of Minerals Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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25) ________ reacts readily with acids such as hydrochloric.

A) Calcite B) Quartz C) Diamond D) Talc Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.4 Properties of Minerals Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 26) Which of the following describes the light reflecting characteristics of a mineral?

A) luster B) color streak C) virtual absorption D) fluorescence Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.4 Properties of Minerals Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 27) Gold's tenacity can be described as ________.

A) malleable B) sectile C) elastic D) brittle Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.4 Properties of Minerals Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 28) You come across a whitish mineral in the field. You think it might be calcite, but you aren't sure. Which of the following would be the best way to determine if your sample is calcite?

A) Smash it with a rock hammer to see if it fractures.

B) Apply dilute hydrochloric acid to see if it fizzes.

C) Check its streak color.

D) Test its hardness.

Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 3.4 Properties of Minerals Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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29) Which group of minerals are the most abundant in the Earth's crust?

A) sulfides B) carbonates C) silicates D) chlorides Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.5 Mineral Groups Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 30) How many elements compose the majority of rock-forming minerals?

A) 4 B) 6 C) 8 D) 10 Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.5 Mineral Groups Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 31) Which of the following best describes the way minerals are classified?

A) on the basis of similar crystal structures and compositions B) on the basis of similar color and shape C) on the basis of similar names and color D) on the basis of being found in the same place Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.5 Mineral Groups Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 32) All silicate minerals contain ________ and ________.

A) iron; silicon B) silicon; sodium C) oxygen; carbon D) silicon; oxygen Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.6 The Silicates Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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33) What element is the most abundant in the Earth's crust by weight?

A) carbon B) chlorine C) oxygen D) sodium Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.6 The Silicates Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 34) The ion at the center of a silicate tetrahedron is surrounded by ________.

A) 4 oxygen ions B) 6 oxygen ions C) 4 sodium ions D) 6 sodium ions Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.6 The Silicates Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 35) Silicate minerals polymerize to form a variety of structures. Three-dimensional structures have ________ silicon than those composed of independent tetrahedra.

A) less B) more Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.6 The Silicates Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 36) Which mineral is composed of silicon dioxide (SiO2)?

A) calcite B) diamond C) olivine D) quartz Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.7 Common Silicate Minerals Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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37) Parallel, straight, linear imperfections visible on the cleavage surfaces of plagioclase feldspar are called ________.

A) striations B) fractures C) cleavage D) streaks Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.7 Common Silicate Minerals Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 38) Which of the following minerals is a silicate?

A) hematite B) muscovite C) calcite D) halite Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.7 Common Silicate Minerals Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 39) Which one of the following is a sodium and calcium feldspar with striations?

A) orthoclase B) microcline C) plagioclase D) sanidine Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.7 Common Silicate Minerals Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 40) Which of the following minerals is a ferromagnesian silicate?

A) quartz B) orthoclase C) hornblende D) muscovite Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.7 Common Silicate Minerals Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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41) Which of the following minerals is in the mineral group known as mica?

A) orthoclase B) muscovite C) augite D) olivine Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.7 Common Silicate Minerals Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 42) Which of the following best characterizes ferromagnesian silicates?

A) They contain iron and magnetite, are black in color, and they have metallic lusters.

B) They are black to dark-green silicate minerals containing iron and magnesium.

C) They contain magnetite and ferrite, and they are clear to light green.

D) They are mostly clear, colorless, and rich in the elements magnesium and ferrum.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.7 Common Silicate Minerals Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 43) Which of the following correctly describes the difference between ferromagnesian and nonferromagnesian silicates?

A) Nonferromagnesian silicates are darker in color and do not contain iron or magnesium.

B) Nonferromagnesian silicates are lighter in color and do not contain iron or magnesium.

C) Nonferromagnesian silicates are lighter in color and contain iron or magnesium.

D) Nonferromagnesian silicates are darker in color and contain iron or magnesium.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.7 Common Silicate Minerals Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 44) ________ exhibit a sheet-like silicate structure.

A) Carbonates B) Pyroxenes C) Clays D) Feldspars Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.7 Common Silicate Minerals Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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45) Which one of the following is a typical product of weathering?

A) micas B) ferromagnesians C) feldspars D) clays Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.7 Common Silicate Minerals Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 46) What is the name of the dark-colored mica?

A) calcite B) biotite C) quartz D) olivine Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.7 Common Silicate Minerals Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 47) Hornblende and the other amphiboles have what type of silicate structure?

A) metallic B) sheet C) 3-D framework D) double chains Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.7 Common Silicate Minerals Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 48) How does one classify a nonsilicate mineral group?

A) silicon tetrahedra B) negatively charged ion or complex ion C) cleavage direction D) opacity Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.8 Important Nonsilicate Minerals Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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49) Which common nonsilicate mineral is used in wallboard?

A) gypsum B) pyrite C) bentonite D) halite Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.8 Important Nonsilicate Minerals - "Did You Know?" Box Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 50) Which of the following is an important nonsilicate mineral?

A) calcite B) dolomite C) quartz D) Calcite and dolomite are both important nonsilicate minerals.

E) Calcite and quartz are both important nonsilicate minerals.

Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.8 Important Nonsilicate Minerals Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 51) What is a naturally occurring concentration of one or more metallic minerals that can be extracted economically called?

A) nonrenewable resource B) compound C) ore D) deposit Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.9 Minerals: A Nonrenewable Resource Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 52) Cell phones are often recycled to collect gold and other metals from them. This is profitable because ________.

A) the demand for the precious metals has increased B) technological advances allow the metals to be extracted more efficiently C) it is a renewable resource D) the demand for the precious metals has increased, and technological advances allow the metals to be extracted more efficiently E) technological advances allow the metals to be extracted more efficiently, and it is a renewable resource Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.9 Minerals: A Nonrenewable Resource Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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53) Ruby and sapphire are red and blue forms of the mineral ________.

A) diamond B) turquoise C) emerald D) corundum Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.9 Minerals: A Nonrenewable Resource - "Did You Know?" Box Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 54) Mineral resources are ________ resources.

A) renewable B) nonrenewable C) Mineral resources can be both renewable and nonrenewable.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.9 Minerals: A Nonrenewable Resource Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 55) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) electron B) compound C) proton D) neutron Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.2 Atoms: Building Blocks of Minerals Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 56) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) quartz B) mica C) feldspar D) calcite Answer: D Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 3.7 Common Silicate Minerals Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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57) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) diamond B) calcite C) gypsum D) dolomite Answer: A Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 3.8 Important Nonsilicate Minerals Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing Critical thinking and discussion questions. Use complete sentences, correct spelling, and the information presented in chapter 3 to answer the questions below.

58) Based on the brief discussion of chemistry and chemical bonding in chapter 3, why do minerals rarely exhibit pure chemical compositions (100% always the same chemical composition)?

Answer: Certain elements can substitute for others of similar size without changing the minerals' internal structure.

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: 3.1 Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating 59) Overall, the physical properties of minerals provide a reliable means to identify common minerals. However, certain properties can exhibit a range of characteristics or values making them less useful for identification purposes. Choose three physical properties that might vary considerably between samples of the same mineral and explain why such variability would exist.

Answer: Certain elements can substitute for others of similar size without changing the minerals' internal structure.

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: 3.4 Properties of Minerals Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating 60) Considering the composition and structure of Earth discussed in chapter 1, do you think all of the possible silicate (and even mineral) structures have been identified by scientists? Discuss why or why not. Also, does this same reasoning apply to all possible chemical elements of Earth?

Answer: It is probable that there are more silicate and mineral structures yet to be identified by scientists. We have not been able to extensively explore the layers of the earth nor the surface of other planets.

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: 3.5 Mineral Groups Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating

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61) Label the various parts of an atom in the diagram below.

Answer: See Figure 3.4A in chapter 3 of the Essentials of Geology, 13e textbook Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.2 Atoms: Building Blocks of Minerals Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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62) Fill in the table below on silicate minerals.

Answer: (a) none (b) pyroxene group - augite (c) amphibole group - hornblende (d) two planes at 60 and 120 degrees Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 3.7 Common Silicate Minerals Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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63) Look at the figure below. Which mineral is best represented by this figure?

A) mica B) quartz C) diamond D) calcite Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 3.4 Properties of Minerals Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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Essentials of Geology, 13e (Lutgens/Tarbuck/Tasa) Chapter 4 Igneous Rocks and Intrusive Activity 1) ________ is the name given to molten rock when it reaches Earth's surface.

A) Magma B) Lava C) Igneous D) Melt Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.1 Magma: Parent Material of Igneous Rock Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 2) What are volatiles?

A) the liquid portion of magma B) silicate crystals in magma C) the gaseous components of magma D) ash particles Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.1 Magma: Parent Material of Igneous Rock Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 3) Which of the following is a name for igneous rocks that crystalize beneath Earth's surface?

A) intrusive igneous rock B) extrusive igneous rock C) plutonic igneous rock D) volcanic rock E) Intrusive and plutonic are both names for igneous rocks that crystallize beneath Earth's surface.

Answer: E Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.1 Magma: Parent Material of Igneous Rock Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 4) The process by which ions arrange themselves into orderly patterns during the cooling of a liquid is called ________.

A) crystallization B) melting C) extrusion D) intrusion Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.1 Magma: Parent Material of Igneous Rock Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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5) ________ is thought to be common in the Earth's mantle but rare in the crust.

A) Pumice B) Granite C) Pegmatite D) Peridotite Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.2 Igneous Compositions Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 6) ________ is composed mainly of ferromagnesian minerals.

A) Peridotite B) Rhyolite C) Andesite D) Granite Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.2 Igneous Compositions Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 7) Which igneous rock or magma has the least amount of light-colored silicates?

A) granite B) basalt C) andesite D) peridotite Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.2 Igneous Compositions Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 8) ________ rocks are composed almost entirely of light-colored silicates.

A) Ultramafic B) Basaltic C) Mafic D) Felsic Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.2 Igneous Compositions Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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9) Which of the following is an example of a rock with an intermediate composition?

A) diorite B) peridotite C) basalt D) granite Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.2 Igneous Compositions Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 10) The sizes, shapes, and arrangements of mineral grains in an igneous rock are known as ________.

A) silica content B) texture C) mineral content D) Bowen's reaction series Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.3 Igneous Textures: What Can They Tell Us? Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 11) Which magma is most likely to quench (congeal) to a natural glass?

A) highly viscous; cools quickly B) highly viscous; cools slowly C) highly fluid; cools slowly D) highly fluid; cools quickly Answer: A Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 4.3 Igneous Textures: What Can They Tell Us? Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 12) Extrusive igneous rocks are typically finer grained than intrusive igneous rocks. Why? A) Intrusive magma is cooler because it is well insulated by the surrounding rock.

B) Intrusive magma flows onto the Earth's surface and cools very slowly, allowing many small mineral grains to grow.

C) The extrusive magma cools quickly so the mineral grains do not have time to grow.

D) The extrusive magma, because it is deep below the surface, cools very slowly producing very small mineral grains.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.2 Igneous Compositions Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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13) A ________ is an open cavity in a volcanic rock that was filled by a gas bubble when the lava was still mainly liquid.

A) porphyrocryst B) vesicle C) phenocryst D) xenocryst Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.3 Igneous Textures: What Can They Tell Us? Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 14) In a porphyritic volcanic rock, which mineral grains are the last to crystallize?

A) phenocrysts B) vesicles C) pegmatites D) matrix or groundmass Answer: D Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 4.3 Igneous Textures: What Can They Tell Us? Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 15) A(n) ________ texture represents a single, long period of cooling and crystallization.

A) glassy B) pyroclastic C) aphanitic D) phaneritic Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.3 Igneous Textures: What Can They Tell Us? Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 16) Which of the following best describes an aphanitic texture?

A) The rock is crystalline; mineral grains are too small to be visible without a magnifying lens or microscope.

B) The mineral grains have glassy textures.

C) The rock consists of broken, volcanic-rock and mineral fragments.

D) The rock is crystalline; mineral grains are of distinctly different sizes.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.3 Igneous Textures: What Can They Tell Us? Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

4 .

17) Another word for a coarse-grained texture is ________.

A) pyroclastic B) glassy C) aphanitic D) phaneritic Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.3 Igneous Textures: What Can They Tell Us? Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 18) In an igneous rock with a(n) ________ texture, the mineral grains are visible to the unaided eye.

A) aphanitic B) phaneritic C) glassy D) crystalline Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.3 Igneous Textures: What Can They Tell Us? Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 19) Which term describes a rock with large crystals embedded in a matrix of smaller crystals?

A) glassy B) vesicular C) porphyritic D) phaneritic Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.3 Igneous Textures: What Can They Tell Us? Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 20) When magma cools too fast for mineral grains to grow, the resultant texture is called ________.

A) porphyritic B) glassy C) vesicular D) pyroclastic Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.3 Igneous Textures: What Can They Tell Us? Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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21) The large mineral grains in a porphyritic igneous rock are called ________.

A) phenocrysts B) vesicles C) tuff D) fragments Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.3 Igneous Textures: What Can They Tell Us? Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 22) When gas bubbles escape as lava solidifies, a ________ texture is formed.

A) glassy B) vesicular C) fragmental D) porphyritic Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.3 Igneous Textures: What Can They Tell Us? Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 23) ________ is the dominant feldspar in basalt.

A) Plagioclase B) Microcline C) Orthoclase D) Pyroxene Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.4 Naming Igneous Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 24) ________ has the same mineral composition as andesite.

A) Basalt B) Granite C) Gabbro D) Diorite Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.4 Naming Igneous Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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25) What do pumice and obsidian have in common?

A) basaltic composition B) glassy texture C) ultramafic composition D) phaneritic texture Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 4.4 Naming Igneous Rocks Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 26) Which of the following igneous rocks exhibit aphanitic texture?

A) granite, gabbro B) andesite, rhyolite C) andesite, diorite D) rhyolite, gabbro Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.4 Naming Igneous Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 27) Visible quartz and potassium feldspar grains are the main constituents in a ________.

A) granite B) gabbro C) basalt D) rhyolite Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.4 Naming Igneous Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 28) Which of the following igneous rocks has a pyroclastic texture?

A) rhyolitic tuff B) porphyritic basalt C) intrusive granite D) andesitic lava Answer: A Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 4.4 Naming Igneous Rocks Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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29) ________ is a volcanic rock that is extremely vesicular and glassy.

A) Obsidian B) Pegmatite C) Tuff D) Pumice Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.4 Naming Igneous Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 30) ________ is named for a prominent, volcanic mountain range in western South America.

A) Basalt B) Andesite C) Pegmatite D) Peridotite Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.4 Naming Igneous Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 31) ________ is the dominant lava erupted from volcanoes on Hawaii and Iceland.

A) Rhyolite B) Andesite C) Peridotite D) Basalt Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.4 Naming Igneous Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 32) ________ is the aphanitic or fine-grained equivalent of gabbro.

A) Rhyolite B) Basalt C) Granite D) Diorite Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.4 Naming Igneous Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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33) All of the following are factors that affect the generation of magma EXCEPT for ________.

A) heat B) pressure C) crystal size D) volatiles Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.5 Origin of Magma Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 34) Decompression melting occurs because of ________.

A) decrease in pressure B) addition of water C) temperature increases D) increase in pressure Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.5 Origin of Magma Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 35) Consider Bowen's reaction series. Which mineral would you expect to see as a phenocryst in a porphyritic basalt?

A) olivine B) quartz C) orthoclase D) sodium-rich plagioclase Answer: A Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 4.6 How Magmas Evolve Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 36) Which of the following minerals crystallize early in Bowen's reaction series?

A) biotite B) quartz C) olivine D) muscovite Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.6 How Magmas Evolve Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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37) The last minerals to crystallize on Bowen's Reaction Series result in igneous rocks with a(n) ________ composition.

A) felsic B) intermediate C) mafic D) ultramafic Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.6 How Magmas Evolve Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 38) Changing the composition of magma by incorporating surrounding host rock is known as ________.

A) magma mixing B) partial melting C) differentiation D) assimilation Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.6 How Magmas Evolve Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 39) Bowen's reaction series predicts the ________ of the different mineral grains that grow from crystallizing magmas.

A) size and color B) order of crystallization C) color and shape D) texture and size Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.6 How Magmas Evolve Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 40) Which of the following crystallizes at the highest temperature?

A) quartz B) potassium feldspar C) olivine D) amphibole Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.6 How Magmas Evolve Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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41) ________ lava, commonly erupted along oceanic ridge systems, originates by partial melting of mantle peridotite.

A) Basaltic B) Rhyolitic C) Andesitic D) Granitic Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.6 How Magmas Evolve Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 42) Pyroxene, hornblende, and biotite are all minerals found on the ________ series of Bowen's Reaction Series.

A) continuous B) discontinuous Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.6 How Magmas Evolve Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 43) ________ refers to the removal and isolation of early-formed mineral grains that can cause the composition of the remaining magma to change.

A) Assimilation B) Magma mixing C) Crystal settling D) Differentiation Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.6 How Magmas Evolve Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 44) Partial melting results in magma that is ________ that of the rock from which it was derived.

A) the same as B) different than Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.7 Partial Melting & Magma Composition Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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45) Partial melting of the ultramafic rock peridotite can generate a(n) ________ magma.

A) rhyolitic B) andesitic C) granitic D) basaltic Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.7 Partial Melting & Magma Composition Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 46) Partial melting results in a magma that is nearer the ________ end of the compositional spectrum than the parent rock from which it was derived.

A) felsic B) ultramafic C) mafic D) basaltic Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.7 Partial Melting & Magma Composition Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 47) Structures that result from the emplacement of magma into preexisting rocks are called ________.

A) country rocks B) host rock C) extrusions D) plutons Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.8 Intrusive Igneous Bodies Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 48) Which of the following is an example of a tabular intrusive body?

A) a dike B) a stock C) a batholith D) a laccolith Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.8 Intrusive Igneous Bodies Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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49) ________ are the largest intrusive igneous bodies.

A) Sills B) Dikes C) Stocks D) Batholiths Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.8 Intrusive Igneous Bodies Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 50) ________ often contain gem-quality crystals of minerals such as beryl and tourmaline and high concentrations of relatively rare elements such as lithium, boron, and beryllium?

A) Welded tuff sheets B) Basaltic lavas C) Granitic pegmatites D) Diorite plutons Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.9 Mineral Resources and Igneous Processes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 51) ________ is characterized by very coarse mineral grains.

A) Obsidian B) Pumice C) Pegmatite D) Granite Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.9 Mineral Resources and Igneous Processes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 52) In which of the following igneous rocks and environments would you expect to find unusually high concentrations of rare elements such as lithium, beryllium, and boron?

A) basalt dike; fills a vertical fracture at shallow depth B) pumice lump; crystallized at depth in a mass of intrusive granite C) peridotite; crystallized at depth in the upper mantle D) pegmatite; crystallized from a water-rich, highly differentiated, residual magma Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.9 Mineral Resources and Igneous Processes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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Match the description with the appropriate texture.

A) phaneritic B) aphanitic C) porphyritic D) glassy 53) magma cools and consolidates without growth of mineral grains Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.3 Igneous Textures: What Can They Tell Us? Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 54) mineral grains are of roughly equal size and coarse enough to be seen without a microscope or magnifying glass Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.3 Igneous Textures: What Can They Tell Us? Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 55) rock has two or more, distinctly different-sized populations of mineral grains Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.3 Igneous Textures: What Can They Tell Us? Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 56) a magnifying glass or microscope is needed to see individual mineral grains Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.3 Igneous Textures: What Can They Tell Us? Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding Answers: 53) D 54) A 55) C 56) B

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Match the following rocks to their equivalent aphanitic or phaneritic igneous rocks.

A) gabbro B) andesite C) rhyolite 57) granite Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 4.4 Naming Igneous Rocks Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 58) basalt Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 4.4 Naming Igneous Rocks Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 59) diorite Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 4.4 Naming Igneous Rocks Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing Answers: 57) C 58) A 59) B 60) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) biotite B) hornblende C) plagioclase D) mica Answer: C Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 4.2 Igneous Compositions Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 61) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) granite B) basalt C) diorite D) gabbro Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 4.4 Naming Igneous Rocks Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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62) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) obsidian B) granite C) pumice D) welded tuff Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 4.4 Naming Igneous Rocks Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 63) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) olivine B) quartz C) amphibole D) pyroxene Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 4.6 How Magmas Evolve Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing Critical thinking and discussion questions. Use complete sentences, correct spelling, and the information presented in chapter 4 to answer the questions below.

64) The size of crystals in igneous rocks is generally a function of the rate of cooling. However, within the same rock, crystal size does not necessarily reflect the order of crystallization for individual minerals. Without using Bowen's Reaction Series, how might you determine the order of crystallization of minerals in an individual rock sample? (Hint: Think about the texture.)

Answer: Slow cooling promotes the growth of few but larger crystals while rapid cooling encourages the growth of numerous tiny interwoven crystals. In order for larger crystals to occur in any rock, they must form first in a slow cooling environment and then the groundmass may form. Example: Porphyritic rocks.

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: 4.3 Igneous Textures: What Can They Tell Us? Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating 65) In a series of basaltic lava flows on Hawaii, the top and bottom of each flow is difficult to distinguish just by looking at the layers of rock. What are some rock characteristics (texture, mineralogy, etc.) and other features that you might use to recognize individual lava flows?

Answer: Crystal size, vesicular texture, glassy texture, pyroclastic texture, types of minerals, xenoliths.

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: 4.3 Igneous Textures: What Can They Tell Us? Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating

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66) Fill in the missing composition names on the chart below.

Answer: See Figure 4.5 in the Essentials of Geology 13e textbook.

Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 4.2 Igneous Compositions Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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67) Fill in the missing texture names on the chart below.

Answer: See Figure 4.12 in the Essentials of Geology, 13e textbook.

Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.4 Naming Igneous Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 18 .

68) All other factors being equal (geothermal gradient, pressure, composition, and heat from other sources such as friction), why is magma generally produced in association with subduction zones as opposed to areas away from subduction zones?

Answer: Addition of water and temperature increase. As the cool oceanic slab sinks, heat and pressure drive water and other volatiles out of the rocks and sediments and into the overlying mantle above it. The partial melt generates basaltic magma. As the hot magma has a lower density, it migrates upwards and heats the underlying crust. This temperature increase may lead to additional melting and generate a secondary, more silica-rich magma through partial melting.

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: 4.5 Origin of Magma Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating

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69) What magma-generating process is exhibited by the diagram below? When does this process take place?

Answer: Decompression melting. This occurs when confining pressure drops enough to lower melting points. Such drops in pressure occur when rock ascends due to convective upwelling like that at divergent plate boundaries.

Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 4.5 Origin of Magma Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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70) In general, what happens in terms of composition as crystallization proceeds down the Bowen's reaction?

Answer: The early-formed silicates are enriched in iron and magnesium, resulting in such rocks as peridotite and basalt. As crystallization proceeds, the later-formed silicates are enriched in sodium, potassium, and silicon, resulting in andesite and granite.

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: 4.6 How Magmas Evolve Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating

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Essentials of Geology, 13e (Lutgens/Tarbuck/Tasa) Chapter 5 Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards 1) In 1980, ________ was the first Cascade Range volcano to erupt since Mt. Lassen, California, in 1915-16.

A) Mt. Rainier B) Mt. Shasta C) Kilauea D) Mt. St. Helens Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.1 Mount St. Helens Versus Kilauea Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 2) Which statement about the May, 1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens is FALSE? A) During the eruptive period, the mountain peak was substantially built up by new lava flows and pyroclastic debris.

B) Plumes of ash rose high into the atmosphere during the major eruptive events.

C) Mudflows accompanied the major eruptive events.

D) The most powerful explosive event was preceded by a massive landslide.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.1 Mount St. Helens Versus Kilauea Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 3) Mount St. Helens is ________.

A) a basaltic cinder cone B) an explosive stratovolcano C) a basaltic shield volcano D) a small, welded tuff cone Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.1 Mount St. Helens Versus Kilauea Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 4) Which of the following would you most expect to accompany an eruption of Kilauea Volcano?

A) mudflows B) explosions of ash and debris C) a cloud of hot gas and ashes D) fluid lava flows Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.1 Mount St. Helens Versus Kilauea Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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5) ________ is a major dissolved volatile constituent in both magmas and volcanic gases.

A) Water B) Carbon monoxide C) Hydrogen chloride D) Methane Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.2 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 6) Which one of the following shows the correct order (left to right) of decreasing magma viscosity?

A) rhyolite, andesite, basalt B) andesite, rhyolite, basalt C) basalt, rhyolite, andesite D) basalt, andesite, rhyolite Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.2 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 7) The more ________ in a magma, the more its viscosity increases.

A) silica B) ferromagnesian minerals C) air bubbles D) water Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.2 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 8) Why do magmas rise toward Earth's surface?

A) Magmas are more viscous than solid rocks in the crust and upper mantle.

B) Most magmas are richer in silica than most crustal and upper mantle rocks.

C) Magmas are mainly liquid and contain dissolved fluids such as water; most are less dense than the adjacent solid rock.

D) all of the above Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.2 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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9) Which of the following is most likely to result in an effusive eruption?

A) magma with a high silica composition B) highly viscous magma C) magma with a low silica composition D) rhyolitic magma Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.2 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 10) Basaltic lava flows are generally ________ and ________ than andesite lavas.

A) hotter, more viscous B) hotter, less viscous C) cooler, more viscous D) cooler, less viscous Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.2 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 11) Which of the following magma types has the highest gas content?

A) basaltic magma B) andesitic magma C) rhyolitic magma D) All of these magmas have equal gas content by weight.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.2 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 12) Which was the most powerful, explosive volcanic eruption of historic time?

A) Mt. Pele, Martinique, 1902 B) Vesuvius, Italy, 79 A. D. C) Tambora, Indonesia, 1815 D) Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia, 1985 Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.3 Materials Extruded During an Eruption Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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13) Which type of basaltic lava flow has a fairly smooth, unfragmented, ropy surface?

A) aa B) pegmatitic C) pahoehoe D) scoria Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.3 Materials Extruded During an Eruption Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 14) Volcanic bombs originate ________.

A) as laser-guided, granite blocks launched from a supersonic jet B) as blocks of volcanic rock ejected from an erupting volcanic crater C) as erupted magma blobs that partly congeal before falling to the ground D) as ash particles that join together in the eruptive plume and fall as cobble-sized objects Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.3 Materials Extruded During an Eruption Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 15) ________ are usually the most abundant gases typically released during volcanism.

A) Chlorine and sodium B) Neon and ammonia C) Oxygen and nitrogen D) Water vapor and carbon dioxide Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.3 Materials Extruded During an Eruption Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 16) Which type of basaltic lava flow has its surface covered with sharp-edged, angular blocks and rubble?

A) scoria B) pahoehoe C) pillow lava D) aa Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.3 Materials Extruded During an Eruption Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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17) Which one of the following statements concerning volcanic blocks and bombs is TRUE? A) Blocks are broken fragments of solid rocks; bombs have smaller sizes than lapilli.

B) Bombs are guided to Earth by laser beams; blocks fall anywhere.

C) Bombs are ejected as magma lumps; blocks are ejected as solid fragments.

D) Bombs and blocks are both smaller than lapilli and cinders.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.3 Materials Extruded During an Eruption Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 18) A lava flow comprised of numerous tube-like structures is called ________.

A) aa B) pahoehoe C) pillow lava D) block lava Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.3 Materials Extruded During an Eruption Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 19) Which of the following is associated with andesitic or rhyolitic volcanism?

A) scoria B) pumice C) lava tubes D) pillow lavas Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.3 Materials Extruded During an Eruption Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 20) Pyroclastic fragments intermediate in size between ash and bombs are known as ________.

A) pumice B) tuff C) tephra D) lapilli Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.3 Materials Extruded During an Eruption Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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21) ________ denotes a basaltic lava flow covered with angular, congealed lava rubble.

A) Aa B) Pahoehoe C) Block lava D) Pillow lava Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.3 Materials Extruded During an Eruption Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 22) ________ only emit gas.

A) Parasitic cones B) Fumaroles C) Craters D) Calderas Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.4 Anatomy of a Volcano Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 23) ________ are large, circular depressions having diameters greater than 1 km across.

A) Calderas B) Craters C) Vents D) Fissures Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.4 Anatomy of a Volcano Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 24) Kilauea and Mauna Loa are ________.

A) explosive, rhyolitic volcanoes B) andesitic stratovolcanoes C) basaltic shield volcanoes D) small, basaltic cinder cones Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.5 Shield Volcanoes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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25) Which of the following best describes seamounts and islands of the deep ocean basins?

A) huge granite batholiths intruded beneath the ocean floor B) piles of basaltic lava flows built up from the ocean floor by multiple, summit and flank eruptions C) andesitic pyroclastic rocks submerged when the mountains sank below sea level D) domed gabbro intrusions and massive, submarine, rhyolitic, pyroclastic cones Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 5.5 Shield Volcanoes Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 26) A ________ volcano is a very large, gently sloping mound composed mainly of basaltic lava flows.

A) composite B) stratospheric C) cinder cone D) shield Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.5 Shield Volcanoes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 27) The 1943 eruption of Paricutin in Mexico was characterized by ________.

A) mudflows and explosive ash eruptions B) welded-tuff deposition and caldera formation C) cinder cone building and basaltic lava D) pyroclastic eruptions and nuée ardente flows Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.6 Cinder Cones Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 28) Which one of the following statements concerning cinder cones is FALSE? A) They are small volcanoes with fairly steep sides.

B) They are built mostly or entirely during one eruptive cycle.

C) The cinders and other pyroclastic particles are consolidated into welded tuff.

D) The cinders most commonly are basaltic.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.6 Cinder Cones Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

7 .

29) Cinder cones are built from ________.

A) repeated basaltic lava flows B) ejected lava fragments from fine ash to bombs C) repeated aa lava flows D) alternating ash and lava flows a period of many years Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.6 Cinder Cones Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 30) The average composition of rocks comprising a large composite cone or stratovolcano is similar to a(n) ________ magma.

A) basaltic B) ultramafic C) andesitic D) rhyolitic Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.7 Composite Volcanoes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 31) Which kind of eruptive activity is most likely to be highly explosive?

A) lava flows from a large shield volcano on an oceanic island B) fissure eruptions feeding lava to flood basalt accumulations C) eruptions of big, continental margin, composite cones or stratovolcanoes D) lava flows from a large cinder cone complex Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.7 Composite Volcanoes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 32) ________ is another name for composite volcanoes.

A) Stratovolcanoes B) Calderas C) Cinder cone D) Shield Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.7 Composite Volcanoes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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33) Which best describes the way composite volcanoes are built up?

A) the accumulation of blocks and bombs that have been ejected over time B) repeated lava flows C) alternating layers of cinders and ash embedded with lava flows Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.7 Composite Volcanoes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 34) Which best describes the shape of classic composite cones?

A) low mounds with gently sloping sides B) steep summit with gently sloping flanks C) steep sides with large crater at the summit Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.7 Composite Volcanoes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 35) ________ destroyed the city of St. Pierre, Martinique in 1902.

A) Mudflows B) Basaltic lava flows C) Heavy ashfall D) A nuée ardente Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.8 Volcanic Hazards Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 36) The 1991 Pinatubo eruption in the Philippines caused brilliantly colored sunrises and sunsets to be seen for the next few years. What caused this phenomenon?

A) The eruption added large amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.

B) The eruptive cloud destroyed parts of the Earth's protective ozone layer.

C) Radioactive atoms blown into the atmosphere glowed red as they decayed.

D) Sulfur dioxide and other erupted gases formed aerosols in the stratosphere.

Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.8 Volcanic Hazards Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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37) A ________ is a dangerous, fast moving, hot, turbulent cloud of volcanic gases and finesized, pyroclastic particles.

A) lahar B) gas cloud C) fumerole D) nuée ardente Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.8 Volcanic Hazards Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 38) Another term for a volcanic mudflow is a ________.

A) lahar B) gas cloud C) fumerole D) nuée ardente Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.8 Volcanic Hazards Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 39) Which of the following statements about pyroclastic flows is TRUE? A) They commonly occur as part of basaltic volcanism at midocean ridges.

B) They are comprised of water-saturated volcanic debris that builds up from repeated eruptions.

C) They are slow-moving, but because of their high temperature they are quite deadly.

D) They consist of hot gasses infused with ash and lava fragments and move at extremely high speed.

Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.8 Volcanic Hazards Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 40) The Columbia Plateau in Washington and Oregon is ________.

A) a flood basalt plateau B) a thick stack of welded-tuff layers C) a caldera filled with rhyolite lava flows D) a field of large stratovolcanoes Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.9 Other Volcanic Landforms Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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41) Which of the following best describes Shiprock, a famous volcanic feature in New Mexico?

A) a very recently active, basaltic cinder cone B) an extinct, highly symmetrical, composite volcanic cone C) the eroded remains of a volcanic pipe and radiating dikes D) an extinct, massive, rhyolitic shield volcano Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.9 Other Volcanic Landforms Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 42) What volcanic events formed Crater Lake, Oregon? When did they take place?

A) A powerful explosion blew away the top of a stratovolcano; 10 million years ago.

B) The crater of a large, extinct cinder cone filled with water; 5 million years ago.

C) Landslides and volcanic mudflows dammed the Mazama River; 500 years ago.

D) Caldera collapse followed major ash and pyroclastic-flow eruptions; 6000 years ago.

Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.9 Other Volcanic Landforms Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 43) Large, volcanic depressions formed by subsidence and collapse are known as ________.

A) lahars B) craters C) calderas D) fissures Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.9 Other Volcanic Landforms Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 44) ________ usually grow over a period of several years, following an explosive eruption of silica-rich magma.

A) Flood basalts B) Pillow lavas C) Volcanic necks D) Lava domes Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.9 Other Volcanic Landforms Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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45) ________ magma is the most abundant type of erupted at oceanic spreading centers.

A) Basaltic B) Granitic C) Andesitic D) Pegmatitic Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.10 Plate Tectonics & Volcanism Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 46) The ________ Ocean Basin is rimmed by the most subduction zones.

A) Atlantic B) Indian C) Pacific D) Arctic Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.10 Plate Tectonics & Volcanism Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 47) Pockets of magmas can be formed by the melting of deep continental crust heated by the intrusion of other magmas. Which of the following correctly describes this process?

A) Intrusion of basaltic magma causes deep crustal rocks to melt, producing andesitic or rhyolitic magmas.

B) Intruded rhyolite magma causes basalt magma to form by melting of granite.

C) Intrusion of diorite magma causes basalt magma to melt from peridotite.

D) All of the above correctly describe the process.

Answer: A Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 5.10 Plate Tectonics & Volcanism Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 48) Which kind of volcanism is typical of mid-oceanic ridge systems?

A) explosive; composite cones B) submarine; basaltic lava flows C) fissure eruptions; flood basalts fields D) explosive; rhyolitic, pyroclastic flows Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.10 Plate Tectonics & Volcanism Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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49) Which region has the greatest concentration of currently active volcanoes?

A) the coastal plain of western Africa B) European Russia and Siberia C) the area surrounding the Red Sea D) the circum-Pacific area Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.10 Plate Tectonics & Volcanism Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 50) The (geologically) recent volcanic activity in Yellowstone National Park is ________.

A) related to plate subduction B) related to a divergent plate boundary C) related to a transform plate boundary D) related to intraplate, hot spot volcanism Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.10 Plate Tectonics & Volcanism Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 51) The Icelandic volcanoes are related to plate tectonics because ________.

A) they lie on a spreading center where two plates are converging B) they lie on a subduction zone where two plates are converging C) they lie on a spreading center where two plates are moving apart D) they lie along a subduction zone where two plates are diverging Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.10 Plate Tectonics & Volcanism Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 52) Which one of the following best describes volcanism in the Cascade Range, northwestern United States?

A) related to a mantle hot spot B) related to plate subduction C) related to a mid-oceanic ridge system D) related to deep, transform faults Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.10 Plate Tectonics & Volcanism Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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53) Which of the following statements best describes the big Hawaiian volcanoes?

A) They lie directly above a transform plate boundary that cuts deeply into the mantle.

B) They lie directly above an active subduction zone where the Pacific plate is sinking into the mantle.

C) They lie along the crest of the East Pacific Rise, a mid-ocean ridge or spreading center.

D) They are situated in the interior of a large, Pacific plate above a hot spot deep in the mantle.

Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.10 Plate Tectonics & Volcanism Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 54) Which of the following is associated with deep mantle hot spots?

A) Vesuvius and the other volcanoes of Italy B) the volcanoes of Hawaii and Quaternary activity in Yellowstone National Park C) the very young cinder cones scattered across the southwestern United States D) Mount St. Helens and other volcanoes of the Cascade Mountains Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.10 Plate Tectonics & Volcanism Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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Match the description with the appropriate volcanic structures.

A) cinder cones B) shield volcanoes C) composite/stratovolcanoes 55) massive, gently sloping volcanoes built of successive, basaltic lava flows Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 5.5 Shield Volcanoes Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 56) the big volcanoes of Hawaii Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 5.5 Shield Volcanoes Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 57) large, fairly steep-sided cones composed of lavas and pyroclastic layers Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 5.7 Composite Volcanoes Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing Answers: 55) B 56) B 57) C

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58) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) silica content B) temperature C) dissolved gases D) ash Answer: D Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 5.2 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 59) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) pahoehoe B) aa C) pyroclastic flow D) pillow lava Answer: C Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 5.3 Materials Extruded During an Eruption Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 60) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) ash B) crystals C) lapilli D) blocks Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 5.3 Materials Extruded During an Eruption Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 61) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) caldera B) pipe C) vent D) fumarole Answer: A Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 5.4 Anatomy of a Volcano Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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62) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) Mt. Vesuvius B) Mt. Mazama C) Mount Pelée D) Kilauea Answer: D Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 5.8 Volcanic Hazards Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing Critical thinking and discussion questions. Use complete sentences, correct spelling, and the information presented in chapter 5 to answer the questions below.

63) What type of volcano is shown in the diagram below?

A) Shield volcano B) Composite volcano C) Cinder cone Answer: A Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 5.5 Shield Volcanoes Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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64) What type of volcano is shown in the diagram below?

A) Shield volcano B) Composite volcano C) Cinder cone Answer: C Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 5.6 Cinder Cones Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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65) What type of volcano is shown in the diagram below?

A) Shield volcano B) Composite volcano C) Cinder cone Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 5.7 Composite Volcanoes Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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66) Use the following choices to correctly label the particles shown in the figure:

Choices: Volcanic ash Volcanic bombs Lapilli Volcanic blocks

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Answer: A. Volcanic ash B. Lapilli C. Volcanic bombs D. Volcanic blocks Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 5.3 Materials Extruded During an Eruption Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 67) What is represented by the red areas on the map in this figure?

A) the locations of subduction zones B) the locations of basalt provinces C) the locations of stratovolcanoes D) the locations of calderas Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 5.10 Plate Tectonics & Volcanism Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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Essentials of Geology, 13e (Lutgens/Tarbuck/Tasa) Chapter 6 Weathering and Soils 1) The two basic categories of weathering are ________.

A) mechanical and chemical B) mechanical and physical C) chemical and physical Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.1 Weathering Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 2) In which area would weathering by frost wedging probably be most effective?

A) in a moist, tropical forest B) in cool high desert areas C) where the subsoil is permanently frozen D) in moist, temperate climates Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.2 Mechanical Weathering Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 3) Frost wedging is the major weathering process contributing to the formation of which regolith material?

A) tropical laterites B) talus slopes C) soil horizons D) mature pedalfers Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.2 Mechanical Weathering Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 4) Which one of the following is an important mechanical weathering process for enlarging fractures and extending them deeper into large boulders and bedrock?

A) oxidation B) eluviation C) hydrologic cycling D) frost wedging Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.2 Mechanical Weathering Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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5) Which of the following best describes sets of fractures in relatively fresh bedrock, such as granite, which are roughly parallel to the land surface?

A) thermal expansion cracks B) sheeting fractures C) hydrolytic failures D) columnar joints Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.2 Mechanical Weathering Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 6) Which one of the following statements concerning mechanical weathering is NOT true?

A) It reduces grain sizes of rock particles.

B) It allows for faster rates of chemical weathering.

C) It is important in the formation of talus slopes.

D) It involves a major change in the mineral composition of the weathered material.

Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.2 Mechanical Weathering Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 7) Assume that water filling a crack in a rock undergoes cycles of freezing and melting. Which of the following statement is TRUE? A) Water expands as it melts, causing the crack walls to be pushed apart.

B) Water shrinks as it freezes, causing the crack walls to be drawn closer together.

C) Water expands as it freezes, causing the crack walls to be pushed apart.

D) Water shrinks as it melts, causing the crack walls to be pulled closer together.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.2 Mechanical Weathering Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 8) Which term best describes an accumulation of angular rock fragments at the base of a steep, bedrock slope or cliff?

A) trellis slope B) taliche slope C) tellus slope D) talus slope Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.2 Mechanical Weathering Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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9) Half Dome in Yosemite National Park is a good example of ________.

A) joints B) an exfoliation dome C) frost wedging D) chemical weathering Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.2 Mechanical Weathering Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 10) What two chemical constituents cannot form by chemical weathering of the feldspar minerals?

A) soluble sodium and potassium bicarbonates B) insoluble iron oxides and soluble magnesium bicarbonates C) silica and insoluble clay minerals D) silica and soluble calcium bicarbonate Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.3 Chemical Weathering Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 11) Under similar warm, moist climatic conditions, why would basalt and gabbro generally have higher chemical weathering rates than rhyolite and granite?

A) The quartz in the gabbro and basalt decomposes very quickly.

B) The ferromagnesian minerals in the gabbro and basalt are subject to oxidation and chemical breakdown.

C) The plagioclase feldspars in the granite and rhyolite decompose readily to clay minerals and iron oxides.

D) The potassium feldspars and quartz in the rhyolite and granite are more susceptible to cracking by frost wedging.

Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 6.3 Chemical Weathering Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 12) Clay minerals formed from gabbro or diorite bedrock illustrate which kind of weathering?

A) chemical B) proactive C) syntropical D) mechanical Answer: A Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 6.3 Chemical Weathering Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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13) Which of the following is/are most susceptible to chemical weathering by dissolution?

A) quartz B) clay minerals C) iron oxides D) calcite Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.3 Chemical Weathering Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 14) The finely divided, red, brown, and yellow soil-coloring minerals originate by what process?

A) mechanical weathering of very fine-grained, blue-gray clays B) chemical weathering of quartz and feldspars C) precipitation of iron oxides during the chemical weathering process D) mechanical weathering of the feldspars and micas in granite and rhyolite Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.3 Chemical Weathering Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 15) Clay minerals, silica (SiO2), and dissolved potassium bicarbonate in the soil water are products of which process?

A) chemical weathering of olivine and plagioclase feldspar B) mechanical weathering of granite and rhyolite C) chemical weathering of orthoclase feldspar D) differential mechanical weathering of micas Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.3 Chemical Weathering Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 16) What mineral particles are the dominant coloring agents in reddish, brownish, and yellowish soils?

A) soluble potassium and sodium bicarbonates B) humus and calcium carbonate C) very fine-sized, silica and calcite particles D) dust-sized grains of iron oxides Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.3 Chemical Weathering Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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17) What portion of an angular, fracture-bounded granitic block shows the highest rate of weathering?

A) the unfractured interior B) the edges and corners C) the crack surfaces not including edges and corners D) All of the above show equal rates.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.3 Chemical Weathering; Figure 6.10 Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 18) ________ is formed when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water.

A) Hydrochloric acid B) Carbonic acid C) Calcite D) Potassium Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.3 Chemical Weathering; Figure 6.10 Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 19) Which of the following do feldspars weather to form?

A) feldspar grains B) clay minerals C) limonite D) hematite Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.3 Chemical Weathering; Figure 6.10 Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 20) Oxidation plays an important role in the weathering of ________.

A) granite B) plagioclase C) ferromagnesian minerals D) silicate minerals Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.3 Chemical Weathering; Figure 6.10 Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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21) Which of the following components of granite are more resistant to chemical weathering?

A) potassium feldspar B) quartz C) Potassium feldspar and quartz are equally resistant to chemical weathering.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.3 Chemical Weathering; Figure 6.10 Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 22) What two factors speed up rates of chemical reaction and weathering in rocks and soils?

A) low temperatures; very dry B) low temperatures; very moist C) high temperatures; very dry D) warm temperatures; very moist Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.4 Rates of Weathering Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 23) Chemical weathering is most likely to occur in ________.

A) warm, moist environments B) warm, dry environments C) cold, wet environments D) cold, dry environments Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.4 Rates of Weathering Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 24) Which of the following statements concerning humus is NOT true?

A) Humus is typically found above the B soil horizon.

B) Humus consists of decaying and partly decayed leaves and other plant materials.

C) Humus is comprised entirely of weathered rock materials.

D) Humus is less abundant in wet, tropical, forested areas than in temperate, forested areas.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.5 Soil: An Indispensable Resource Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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25) Which of the following is the largest component (by volume) of a soil in good condition for plant growth?

A) air B) water C) organic matter D) mineral matter Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.5 Soil: An Indispensable Resource Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 26) ________is considered the most influential control of soil formation.

A) Topography B) Parent material C) Climate D) Plants and animals Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.5 Soil: An Indispensable Resource Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 27) The layer of rock and mineral fragments, produced by weathering, that cover most of Earth's land surface, is called ________.

A) regolith B) hummus C) soil D) parent material Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.5 Soil: An Indispensable Resource Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 28) Which of the following statements most accurately describes the influences on soil formation?

A) Time is not an important part of soil formation.

B) Time and topography have the greatest influence on soil formation.

C) No single factor is responsible for a soil's character—it is the combined influence of parent material, climate, plants and animals, time, and topography that determine a soil's character.

D) Soils are unable to form in desert areas, even over hundreds of years.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.5 Soil: An Indispensable Resource Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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29) In the Rocky Mountain region of the United States, north-facing slopes (downhill direction is toward the north) are typically more moist and heavily forested than south-facing slopes. Why? A) North-facing slopes receive more sunlight in the summer; snow melts faster and more soil moisture is available for the trees.

B) South-facing slopes receive more moisture and sunlight; rock weathering is slower.

C) North-facing slopes receive about the same amount of precipitation as south-facing slopes; less moisture evaporates from north-facing slopes.

D) South-facing slopes receive less moisture, yet rock weathering is faster.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 6.5 Soil: An Indispensable Resource Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 30) Which term describes a soil formed by weathering of the underlying bedrock?

A) transformational B) residual C) relict D) transported Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.5 Soil: An Indispensable Resource Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 31) Which of the following best describes the E soil horizon?

A) regolith zone B) erosion zone C) residual zone D) leaching zone Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.6 Describing & Classifying Soils Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 32) From the land surface downward to the unweathered bedrock, which of the following is the correct order of the different soil horizons?

A) O, A, E, B, C, bedrock B) A, B, C, D, E, bedrock C) E, A, B, C, O, bedrock D) D, E, C, B, A, bedrock Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.6 Describing & Classifying Soils Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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33) Which of the following best describes the process of eluviation?

A) washing out of fine soil components B) buildup of calcite in the B horizon of pedocal soils C) removal of soluble chemical constituents from the A and B soil horizons D) feldspar decomposition and leaching of the soluble products from the C soil horizon Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.6 Describing & Classifying Soils Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 34) Removal of soluble materials from the upper soil is termed ________.

A) solum B) eluviation C) regolith D) leaching Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.6 Describing & Classifying Soils Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 35) The O, A, E, and B horizons together constitute the ________, or "true soil."

A) regolith B) eluvium C) solum D) ultisol Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.6 Describing & Classifying Soils Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 36) Oxisol soils form under what climatic conditions?

A) warm and moist as in a wet, tropical forest B) cool and relatively dry as in the Northern Great Plains of the United States C) hot and dry as in the desert regions of North Africa and Arabia D) moist and temperate as in the Northeastern United States Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.6 Describing & Classifying Soils Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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37) The Soil Taxonomy recognizes ________ soil orders.

A) 5 B) 12 C) 150 D) more than 19,000 Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.6 Describing & Classifying Soils Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 38) Which of the following statements concerning oxisol soils is generally NOT true?

A) They form in warm, moist, tropical climates.

B) They are mainly red in color.

C) They remain highly productive agriculturally without additions of fertilizers.

D) They consist of only the most insoluble, soil-forming minerals.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.6 Describing & Classifying Soils Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 39) Which soil horizon is mostly comprised of organic matter?

A) O horizon B) A horizon C) E horizon D) B horizon Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.6 Describing & Classifying Soils Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 40) Which of the following best describes the "Dust Bowl"?

A) the long drought preceding the Irish potato famine of the 1840s B) the area covered by volcanic ash around Mt. Pinatubo, 1991 C) areas of severe wind erosion on the Great Plains, 1930s D) a New Year's Day invitational soccer match in Tripoli, Libya Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.7 The Impact of Human Activities on Soil Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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41) Which one of the following statements best describes erosion?

A) Erosion is the disintegration and decomposition of rocks and minerals at the surface.

B) Erosion is the movement of weathered rock and regolith toward the base of a slope.

C) Erosion is the process by which weathered rock and mineral particles are removed from one area and transported elsewhere.

D) Erosion is the combined processes of leaching, eluviation, and mass wasting.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.7 The Impact of Human Activities on Soil Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 42) It is estimated that ________ is responsible for about two-thirds of the soil erosion in the United States.

A) farming B) flowing water C) construction D) industrial activity Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.7 The Impact of Human Activities on Soil Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 43) After water flows as a think, unconfined sheet for a short distance, tiny channels called ________ begin to form.

A) sheets B) rills C) gullies D) channels Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.7 The Impact of Human Activities on Soil Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 44) ________ is the principle ore of aluminum.

A) Copper B) Steel C) Pyrite D) Bauxite Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.8 Weathering & Ore Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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45) The process by which mineral deposits are created through the concentration of minor amounts of metals is known as ________.

A) secondary enrichment B) primary enrichment C) leaching D) dissolution Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.8 Weathering & Ore Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 46) Bauxite forms in ________ climates.

A) arid B) polar C) rainy, tropical D) temperate Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.8 Weathering & Ore Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 47) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) frost wedging B) salt crystal growth C) sheeting D) dissolution Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 6.2 Mechanical Weathering Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 48) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) carbonic acid B) clay minerals C) dissolved silica D) sheeting Answer: D Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 6.3 Chemical Weathering Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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49) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) surface area B) rock characteristics C) regolith D) climate Answer: C Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 6.4 Rates of Weathering Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 50) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) topography B) time C) parent material D) elevation Answer: D Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 6.5 Soil: An Indispensable Resource Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 51) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) parent material B) A horizon C) E horizon D) B horizon Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 6.6 Describing & Classifying Soils Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding Critical thinking and discussion questions. Use complete sentences, correct spelling, and the information presented in chapter 6 to answer the questions below.

52) Based on the examples and discussion in chapter 6, what is the relationship of climate to weathering, both chemical and mechanical? Also, are certain climates more susceptible to certain types of weathering? Why or why not?

Answer: Climate (temperature and moisture) is the major control on chemical and physical weathering. Rocks are affected more by chemical weathering in hot, wet climates while mechanical weathering dominates in arid regions because there is insufficient moisture and the daily temperatures change rapidly.

Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 6.4 Rates of Weathering Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 13 .

53) What process does the diagram below illustrate?

A) sheeting B) exfoliation C) frost wedging D) root wedging Answer: A Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 6.2 Mechanical Weathering Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 54) How do weathering and the development of soils influence the topography and landforms in a given region? Are certain landforms indicative of the particular bedrock geology of a region or is that determined more by weathering?

Answer: Mechanical weathering in a mountain areas result in erosion through frost wedging, frost heave, and sheeting. Spheroidal weathering can wear down an angular rock into a spherical boulder. Limestone is dissolved through acidic water, causing voids and caves. Primarily, some regions' landforms are dominated by weathering of different rock/mineral composition. For instance, caves will develop in limestone and other evaporites but not in granite bedrock. For some landforms, it is climate. For instance, weathering (aka climate), not the parent material, primarily influences soil formation.

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: 6.2 Mechanical Weathering Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating 14 .

55) Fill in the blanks on the diagram below with the names of the soil "layers" that are labeled.

Answer: (A) O horizon (B) A horizon (C) B horizon (D) C horizon Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 6.6 Describing & Classifying Soils Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 15 .

56) Briefly discuss the classification of soils. What parameters are important? What characteristics or features are evaluated for distinguishing between different types of soils?

Answer: Soil classification stresses the physical and chemical properties of the soil profiles, is organized based on observable soil characteristics and used primarily for land-use purposes.

Important features: extent of weathering, fertility, clay content, soil structure, elements and minerals, and others.

Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 6.6 Describing & Classifying Soils Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 57) Examine the figure below. Which best describes where Gelisols are found on Earth?

A) mostly in tropical areas B) mostly in northern regions of North America and Asia C) mostly in the middle latitudes D) mostly in South America and Africa Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 6.6 Describing & Classifying Soils Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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Essentials of Geology, 13e (Lutgens/Tarbuck/Tasa) Chapter 7 Sedimentary Rocks 1) Sedimentary rocks account for about what percentage of the Earth's outermost 10 kilometers of rock (first percentage). Also, what percentage of the Earth's continental area is covered by sedimentary rocks (second percentage)?

A) 5% and 75% B) 3.5% and 100% C) 65% and 10% D) 85% and 100% Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.1 An Introduction to Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 2) Which of the following is true about sedimentary rocks?

A) They contain much of the basic information needed to reconstruct Earth's history.

B) They have little to no economic significance.

C) They cover up to 50% of Earth's land areas.

D) They form from mechanical, but not chemical weathering.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.1 An Introduction to Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 3) Sedimentary rocks formed from the accumulation of material that is transported as solid particles derived from both mechanical and chemical weathering are known as ________ sedimentary rocks.

A) organic B) detrital C) chemical D) physical Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.1 An Introduction to Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 4) Changes in texture, composition, and other physical properties, after sediments are deposited, are collectively called ________.

A) lithification B) compaction C) diagenesis D) sedimentation Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.1 An Introduction to Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 1 .

5) Which of the following sedimentary rocks would you expect to have originally been deposited by fast-moving streams?

A) mudstone B) oolitic limestone C) greywacke D) conglomerate Answer: D Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 7.2 Detrital Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 6) ________, a common mineral found in igneous rocks, is the most abundant mineral in detrital sedimentary rocks.

A) Calcite B) Orthoclase C) Quartz D) Biotite Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.2 Detrital Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 7) The primary basis for distinguishing among detrital sedimentary rocks is ________.

A) color B) particle size C) composition D) geographic location Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.2 Detrital Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 8) ________ sandstone contains abundant feldspar, suggesting that the sand was derived by weathering and erosion of granitic bedrock.

A) Quartz-rich B) Lignitic C) Arkosic D) Oolitic Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.2 Detrital Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

2 .

9) A graywacke is ________.

A) a limestone with abundant, sand-sized, quartz grains B) a sandstone with the sand grains embedded in a clay-rich matrix C) a dark-gray, calcite-rich mudstone or shale containing pyrite D) a dark, organic-rich, chemical sedimentary rock containing small crystals of halite Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.2 Detrital Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 10) What is the main difference between a conglomerate and a sedimentary breccia?

A) Breccia clasts are angular; conglomerate clasts are rounded.

B) A breccia is well stratified; a conglomerate is poorly stratified.

C) Breccia clasts are the size of baseballs; conglomerate clasts are larger.

D) Breccia has a compacted, clay-rich matrix; conglomerate has no matrix.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.2 Detrital Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 11) Detrital grains of which mineral(s) would be extremely rare in detrital sediments? Why? A) Calcite; it is soft and relatively soluble.

B) Clays; they are rare in soils and regolith.

C) Quartz; it is very hard and insoluble.

D) Feldspars; they occur only in granites.

Answer: A Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 7.2 Detrital Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 12) What is the name for a sedimentary rock composed of a mixture of silt- and clay-sized particles?

A) sandstone B) shale C) greywacke D) siltstone Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.2 Detrital Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

3 .

13) Which best describes the main difference between shale and mudstone?

A) Shale easily breaks into thin layers and mudstone breaks into chunks.

B) Shale breaks into chunks and mudstone easily breaks into thin layers.

C) Mudstone is composed of larger particles than shale.

D) Shale is composed of larger particles than mudstone.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.2 Detrital Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 14) Sorting refers to the range of particle ________ in a rock.

A) shapes B) colors C) composition D) sizes Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.2 Detrital Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 15) A poorly sorted sandstone, containing angular grains of ferromagnesian minerals, was probably deposited ________ the source area of the particles.

A) close to B) far from C) It is impossible to tell based on this information.

Answer: A Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 7.2 Detrital Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 16) Which rock type most suggests possible deposition by energetic mountain streams?

A) well-sorted, quartz-rich sandstone B) greywacke C) shale D) conglomerate Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.2 Detrital Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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17) The main difference between conglomerate and breccia is ________.

A) conglomerate contains rounded particles, while breccia contains angular particles B) conglomerate is a detrital sedimentary rock, while breccia is a chemical sedimentary rock C) conglomerate contains fine grains, while breccia contains coarse grains D) conglomerate is well sorted, while breccia is poorly sorted Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.2 Detrital Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 18) Which of the following applies to the basic constituents of halite, gypsum, and sylvite?

A) transported as dissolved ions; deposited as detrital mud B) transported as detrital mud; deposited by evaporation C) transported as dissolved ions; deposited by evaporation D) transported and deposited as mud-sized particles Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.3 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 19) Flint, chert, and jasper are microcrystalline forms of ________.

A) quartz; (SiO2) B) hematite (Fe2O3) C) halite (NaCl) D) calcite (CaCO3) Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.3 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 20) A cherty limestone would contain which major constituents?

A) iron oxide, calcite B) silica, iron oxide C) clay minerals D) silica, calcite Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.3 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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21) Which of the following best describes bedded gypsum and halite?

A) detrital sedimentary rocks B) varieties of dolostone C) varieties of coal and peat D) evaporates Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.3 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 22) ________ is the most common type of chemical sedimentary rock.

A) Limestone B) Chert C) Phosphate rock D) Quartz sandstone Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.3 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 23) ________ is a form of calcium carbonate.

A) Travertine B) Chert C) Lignite D) Gypsum Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.3 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 24) Which one of the following is not a chemical sedimentary rock or evaporite?

A) shale B) bedded gypsum C) cherty dolostone D) oolitic limestone Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.3 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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25) Which of the following is NOT a type of limestone?

A) arkose B) coquina C) chalk D) travertine Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.3 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 26) Oolitic limestone is most likely to form in what type of depositional environment?

A) quiet, muddy, lagoons and bays B) shallow, clear, marine waters with vigorous current activity C) deep, marine waters below most wave action D) acidic, organic-rich waters in freshwater swamps and bogs Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 7.3 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 27) What is the chemical formula for dolomite, the major mineral in dolostones?

A) NaCl B) CaSO4 ∙ 2H2O C) SiO2 D) CaMg(CO3)2 Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.3 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 28) Which of the following describes the correct order for relative solubility of minerals in sedimentary rocks?

A) Evaporate minerals are more soluble than quartz and less soluble than calcite.

B) Evaporate minerals are less soluble than quartz and calcite.

C) Evaporate minerals are more soluble than calcite and quartz.

D) Evaporate minerals, quartz, and calcite all have the same relative solubility.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.3 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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29) Which type of limestone consists mainly of tiny, marine fossils composed of calcite?

A) dolostone B) chert C) coquina D) chalk Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.3 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 30) A coarse rock composed of poorly cemented shells and shell fragments is called ________.

A) travertine B) dolostone C) shellstone D) coquina Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.3 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 31) Which of the following is made of microcrystalline quartz?

A) coquina B) dolostone C) chert D) gypsum Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.3 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 32) Which of the following is true regarding limestone and dolostone?

A) They both react to acid in their solid form.

B) Dolostone only visibly reacts to acid if powdered.

C) Limestone only visibly reacts to acid if powdered.

D) They are very similar, except limestone has magnesium in addition to calcium carbonate.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.3 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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33) Which evaporite, composed of calcium sulfate, is an important component of plasters and wallboard?

A) halite B) gypsum C) sylvite D) rock salt Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.3 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 34) Coal beds originate in ________.

A) shallow lakes in a dry, desert region B) channels of fast-moving streams C) deep, marine basins below wave action D) freshwater coastal swamps and bogs Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.4 Coal: An Organic Sedimentary Rock Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 35) Which product, related to coal formation, is a result of metamorphism?

A) peat B) lignite C) bituminous coal D) anthracite Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.4 Coal: An Organic Sedimentary Rock Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 36) The first stage in the formation of coal involves a substance composed of partially altered plant material called ________.

A) lignite B) hummus C) anthracite D) peat Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.4 Coal: An Organic Sedimentary Rock Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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37) ________ is NOT a common cementing agent for sandstones.

A) Quartz B) Calcite C) Fluorite D) Iron oxide Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.5 Turning Sediment into Sedimentary Rock: Diagenesis and Lithification Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 38) ________ cement produces bright-red and yellow colors in some sandstone.

A) Clay B) Calcite C) Quartz D) Iron oxide Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.5 Turning Sediment into Sedimentary Rock: Diagenesis and Lithification Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 39) Which type of sediment undergoes the most compaction as it lithifies to sedimentary rocks?

A) marine mud B) desert dune sand C) reef limestone D) coarse gravel Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.5 Turning Sediment into Sedimentary Rock: Diagenesis and Lithification Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 40) Detrital sedimentary rocks are classified (named) based on the ________.

A) colors of the cementing minerals B) grain sizes of the detrital particles C) mineral composition D) degree of compaction and lithification Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.6 Classification of Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

10 .

41) Chemical sedimentary rocks are classified (named) based on the ________.

A) colors of the cementing minerals B) grain sizes of the detrital particles C) mineral composition D) degree of compaction and lithification Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.6 Classification of Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 42) Nonclastic textures are common in which of the following sedimentary rocks?

A) sandstones B) limestones C) boulder breccias D) cherty conglomerates Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.6 Classification of Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 43) Which of the following chemical sedimentary rocks has a clastic texture?

A) travertine B) chalk C) chert D) rock gypsum Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.6 Classification of Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 44) Which statement concerning sedimentary rocks is NOT true?

A) They may contain fossils that provide clues about ancient life forms.

B) They probably show some evidence of stratification.

C) They were originally deposited at depth beneath Earth's surface.

D) They are composed of particles and constituents derived from weathering and erosion of other rocks.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.7 Sedimentary Rocks Represent Past Environments Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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45) Which of the following sedimentary features would typically be found in shales but not in sandstones?

A) mud cracks B) cross stratification C) ripple marks D) bedding Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.7 Sedimentary Rocks Represent Past Environments Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 46) What is probably the single most important, original, depositional feature in sedimentary rocks?

A) sizes of the sand grains B) degree of lithification C) bedding or stratification D) compaction of the mud and clay Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.7 Sedimentary Rocks Represent Past Environments Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 47) Which of the following sedimentary features can each be used to determine paleocurrent directions?

A) mud cracks and ripple marks B) ripple marks and cross stratification C) fossils and mud cracks D) grain size sorting and ripple marks Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.7 Sedimentary Rocks Represent Past Environments Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 48) You are working in the field and come across and outcrop that contains graded beds. Which of the following best describes the likely depositional environment?

A) windy desert B) mountain stream C) landslide D) turbidity current Answer: D Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 7.7 Sedimentary Rocks Represent Past Environments Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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49) Which sedimentary structure indicates the depositional environment involved the drying out of fine grained sediments?

A) mud cracks B) ripple marks C) cross beds D) strata Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.7 Sedimentary Rocks Represent Past Environments Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 50) Which of the following is true of graded beds?

A) They generally form from mountain streams.

B) They exhibit a decrease in sediment size from top to bottom.

C) They exhibit a decrease in sediment size from bottom to top.

D) They indicate tectonic activity has occurred after they were deposited.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.7 Sedimentary Rocks Represent Past Environments Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 51) Which characteristic is absolutely necessary for a sedimentary rock to have potential as a possible reservoir rock for oil or gas?

A) high permeability B) clastic texture C) chemical origin D) good stratification Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.8 Resources from Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 52) Nonmetallic minerals resources are commonly divided into two categories: building materials and ________.

A) energy resources B) industrial minerals C) petroleum resources D) fossil fuels Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.8 Resources from Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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53) When strata are displaced so that a dipping reservoir rock abuts an impermeable bed, a ________ is formed.

A) anticline trap B) fault trap C) salt dome D) stratigraphic (pinchout) trap Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.8 Resources from Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 54) Which of the following is a way that carbon moves from the geosphere to the atmosphere?

A) deposition of carbonite sediments B) burning of fossil fuels C) weathering of granite D) photosynthesis by vegetation Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.9 The Carbon Cycle & Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding Match the sediment with the appropriate rock name.

A) all clay sediment B) gravel C) sand 55) sandstone Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 7.2 Detrital Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 56) shale Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 7.2 Detrital Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 57) conglomerate Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 7.2 Detrital Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing Answers: 55) C 56) A 57) B

14 .

58) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) limestone B) chert C) coquina D) travertine Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.3 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 59) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) chert B) flint C) rock salt D) agate Answer: C Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 7.3 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 60) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) lithification B) cementation C) weathering D) compaction Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 7.5 Turning Sediment into Sedimentary Rock: Diagenesis and Lithification Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding Critical thinking and discussion questions. Use complete sentences, correct spelling, and the information presented in chapter 7 to answer the questions below.

61) Considering the factors that influence the formation of sedimentary rocks, how might sedimentary rocks be different on another planet such as Mars or Venus? What about similarities?

Answer: Without running water, sedimentary rocks will be different. For instance, detritus sedimentary (well-sorted sandstones) may not be sorted and chemical sedimentary rocks (reefs, coquina) may not precipitate. However, similar sedimentary rocks that may form are those that have angular clasts (breccia).

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: 7.2 Detrital Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating 15 .

62) Fossils often provide valuable information about climatic conditions of the geologic past.

How else might a geologist infer ancient climatic conditions using sedimentary rocks? Provide examples. (Hint: Think in terms of the conditions necessary to form certain rocks and also features/structures found in sedimentary rocks.)

Answer: Coral are produced in warm, shallow clear seas. Arkose may signify a dry climate.

Mudcracks are produced in sediment that underwent wet and dry seasons.

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: 7.7 Sedimentary Rocks Represent Past Environments Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating 63) The study of depositional environments in sedimentary rocks is critical to understanding Earth's history. What features or characteristics of sedimentary rocks are unique to particular environments? What features are found in a variety of environments and are therefore less definitive for interpreting paleoenvironments?

Answer: Sedimentary facies are key to understanding Earth's geologic history. Combinations such as grain sorting, minerals, and sedimentary structures are unique to particular environments.

Sand, clay, and carbonate-rich muds combined with ripple marks indicate a shallow marine environment. However, if only one characteristic is used (e.g., well-sorted sands), then multiple paleoenvironments (e.g., sand dunes and beaches) may be inferred.

Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 7.7 Sedimentary Rocks Represent Past Environments Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

16 .

64) (a) What kind of sedimentary structure is pictured in the photograph below? (b) Explain how this kind of sedimentary structure forms.

Answer: (a) mud cracks (b) Mud shrinks and cracks as it dries (as in an evaporating mud puddle).

Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 7.7 Sedimentary Rocks Represent Past Environments Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

17 .

65) Match each image to the corresponding label: fault trap; anticline; stratigraphic (Pinch out) trap; salt dome

Answer: A–anticline B–fault trap C–salt dome D–stratigraphic (pinch out) trap Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 7.8 Resources from Sedimentary Rocks Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

18 .

Essentials of Geology, 13e (Lutgens/Tarbuck/Tasa) Chapter 8 Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks 1) Metamorphism typically occurs ________.

A) in near-surface environments B) at Earth's surface C) deep beneath Earth's surface D) only near faults Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 8.1 What Is Metamorphism?

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 2) The metamorphic grade refers to ________.

A) the degree to which the parent rock changes during metamorphism B) the composition of the parent rock C) the composition of the newly formed metamorphic rock D) whether the original rock was igneous or sedimentary Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 8.1 What Is Metamorphism?

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 3) Which of the following is not one of the agents of metamorphism?

A) pressure B) heat C) calcium-rich liquids D) chemically active liquids Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 8.2 What Drives Metamorphism?

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 4) During metamorphism, what is the major effect of chemically active fluids?

A) They increase the pressures in deeply buried, regional-metamorphic zones.

B) They aid in the movement of dissolved silicate constituents and facilitate growth of the mineral grains.

C) They prevent partial melting so solid rocks can undergo very high temperature regional metamorphism.

D) They facilitate the formation of schistosity and gneissic banding in hornfels and slates.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 8.2 What Drives Metamorphism?

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

1 .

5) Which of the following best describes the effect of heat as a metamorphic agent?

A) compaction of rocks leading to greater density B) flattening of mineral grains C) recrystallization of mineral grains D) changes in the chemical composition of the surrounding rock Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 8.2 What Drives Metamorphism?

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 6) The best clue for identifying the parent rock from which a metamorphic rock was derived is ________.

A) the temperature at which the metamorphism occurred B) the depth at which the metamorphism occurred C) the chemical composition of the metamorphic rock D) the grade of metamorphism Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 8.2 What Drives Metamorphism?

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 7) Which of the following statements concerning slate is NOT true?

A) It forms from shales and mudstones.

B) It has abundant, coarse-grained mica.

C) Rock cleavage is common.

D) Sedimentary features may be visible.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 8.3 Metamorphic Textures Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 8) ________ is a strong, parallel alignment of coarse mica flakes and/or of different mineral bands in a metamorphic rock.

A) Rock cleavage B) Foliation C) Stress streaking D) Marbleizing Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 8.3 Metamorphic Textures Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

2 .

9) Metamorphic rocks that contain large crystals embedded in a finer grained matrix have a ________ texture.

A) gneissic B) foliated C) slaty D) porphyroblastic Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 8.3 Metamorphic Textures Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 10) Which of the following is an example of a metamorphic rock with a nonfoliated texture?

A) gneiss B) schist C) marble D) slate Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 8.3 Metamorphic Textures Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 11) Which rock has the finest grain size?

A) slate B) gneiss C) schist D) phyllite Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 8.4 Common Metamorphic Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 12) What platy, parallel, mineral grains are the most visual aspect of foliated metamorphic rocks?

A) micas B) feldspars C) carbonates D) quartz Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 8.4 Common Metamorphic Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

3 .

13) What major change occurs during metamorphism of limestone to marble?

A) Calcite grains grow larger and increase in size.

B) Clays crystallize to micas, forming a highly foliated, mica-rich rock.

C) Limestone grains react to form quartz and feldspars.

D) Calcite grains are dissolved away leaving only marble crystals.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 8.4 Common Metamorphic Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 14) Which low-grade metamorphic rock, composed of extremely fine-sized mica and other mineral grains, typically exhibits well-developed rock cleavage?

A) schist B) hornfels C) quartzite D) slate Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 8.4 Common Metamorphic Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 15) ________ is typically formed by metamorphism of a sandstone.

A) Marble B) Slate C) Amphibolite D) Quartzite Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 8.4 Common Metamorphic Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 16) ________ forms from the metamorphism of limestone or dolostone.

A) Migmatite B) Amphibolite C) Marble D) Quartzite Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 8.4 Common Metamorphic Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

4 .

17) What foliated, metamorphic rock is texturally intermediate between slate and schist?

A) fault breccia B) phyllite C) quartzite D) gneiss Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 8.4 Common Metamorphic Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 18) ________ is characterized by the segregation of light- and dark-colored minerals into thin layers or bands.

A) Garnet hornfels B) Granitic gneiss C) Slate D) Quartzite Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 8.4 Common Metamorphic Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 19) Graphite is identified in a particular schist. Which one of the following conclusions is justified?

A) The rock also contains diamonds; both are crystalline forms of the element carbon.

B) The schist formed from a quartz-rich, sedimentary limestone.

C) The graphite lubricated shearing movements along a fault, causing a schist to form.

D) The pre-metamorphic rock was a shale or mudstone containing organic matter.

Answer: D Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 8.4 Common Metamorphic Rocks Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 20) Amphibolite is a foliated metamorphic rock composed principally of hornblende and plagioclase. It forms ________.

A) by contact metamorphism of sandstone along the contact with a granitic batholith B) by regional metamorphism of volcanic rocks such as basalt C) by gouging and crushing of limestone along a fault D) by the impact of an asteroid on interbedded sandstone and shale Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 8.4 Common Metamorphic Rocks Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

5 .

21) Which of the following lists the rocks in the order of increasing grain size and increasing grade of metamorphism?

A) phyllite, slate, schist B) schist, slate, phyllite C) slate, phyllite, schist D) slate, schist, phyllite Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 8.4 Common Metamorphic Rocks; 8.5 Metamorphic Environments Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 22) ________ is a nonfoliated rock formed by contact metamorphism of a shale or mudstone.

A) Schist B) Marble C) Gneiss D) Hornfels Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 8.4 Common Metamorphic Rocks; Figure 8.12 Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 23) Foliation in metamorphic rocks is mainly evident in the parallel alignment of certain mineral grains. What are they?

A) micas B) garnets C) feldspars D) quartz Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 8.4 Common Metamorphic Rocks; Figure 8.12 Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 24) Which metamorphic rock, widely used for monuments and buildings, would deteriorate significantly in contact with acid rain?

A) quartzite B) sandstone C) marble D) slate Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 8.4 Common Metamorphic Rocks; Figure 8.12 Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

6 .

25) Which of the following is not connected or involved with shock metamorphism?

A) asteroids B) pegmatites C) impactiles D) coesite Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 8.5 Metamorphic Environments Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 26) What term describes the zone of contact metamorphism surrounding an intrusive magma body?

A) aura B) auricle C) oracle D) aureole Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 8.5 Metamorphic Environments Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 27) Which of the following environments would exhibit sheared and mechanically fragmented rocks?

A) fault movements at shallow depths B) intense compression in a deep-seated, regional metamorphic zone C) heating of shales and mudstones near a pluton D) regional metamorphism of pyroclastic volcanic rocks Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 8.5 Metamorphic Environments Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 28) Which of the following best describes the conditions of contact metamorphism?

A) Pressures are very high, the rock is deeply buried, and temperatures are raised by the Earth's internal heat.

B) Pressures are fairly low, the rock is in the upper part of the crust, and heat is supplied from a nearby magma body.

C) Heat is generated by shearing and mechanical movements along faults.

D) Depths are fairly shallow, but temperatures and pressures are so high that the rocks begin to partially melt.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 8.5 Metamorphic Environments Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

7 .

29) What is the major source of heat for contact metamorphism?

A) deep burial and heat from the Earth's interior B) heat from grinding and shearing on faults C) heat from the spontaneous decomposition of micas and feldspars D) heat from a nearby magma body Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 8.5 Metamorphic Environments Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 30) In which setting would regional metamorphism be most likely?

A) at shallow depths below an oceanic ridge or rift zone B) at shallow depths along major transform faults in the continental crust C) at great depths in the crust where two continents are colliding D) at shallow depths beneath the seafloor where water pressures are immense Answer: C Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 8.5 Metamorphic Environments Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 31) Which of the following forms at the highest grade of regional metamorphism?

A) hornfels B) schist C) slate D) phyllite Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 8.5 Metamorphic Environments Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 32) Burial metamorphism would be most likely to occur in which of the following environments?

A) at a subduction zone B) after a meteorite impact C) at a mid-ocean ridge D) a subsiding basin Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 8.5 Metamorphic Environments Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

8 .

33) Mylonites tend to form ________.

A) at subduction zones B) along the mid-ocean ridge C) along fault zones D) during hydrothermal metamorphism Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 8.5 Metamorphic Environments Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 34) Which type of metamorphism occurs specifically in the heated zone around a pluton or other body of magma?

A) regional B) contact C) burial D) hydrothermal Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 8.5 Metamorphic Environments Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 35) ________ is thought to form by partial melting and in situ crystallization of the melted portion.

A) Magmatite B) Magnetite C) Migmatite D) Megatite Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 8.6 Metamorphic Zones Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 36) ________ can provide good indication of the metamorphic environment in which a rock formed.

A) Migmatites B) Index minerals C) Hydrothermal solutions D) Micas Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 8.6 Metamorphic Zones Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

9 .

Match the rock with the appropriate description.

A) schist B) marble C) hornfels D) gneiss 37) medium, coarse grained metamorphic rock in which platy minerals are dominant Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 8.4 Common Metamorphic Rocks Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 38) nonfoliated metamorphic rock consisting mostly of calcite Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 8.4 Common Metamorphic Rocks Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 39) coarse-grained, metamorphic rock with alternating bands of light and dark minerals Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 8.4 Common Metamorphic Rocks Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 40) forms by contact metamorphism of mudstones and shales Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 8.5 Metamorphic Environments Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing Answers: 37) A 38) B 39) D 40) C 41) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) pressure B) recrystallization C) time D) chemical fluids Answer: C Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 8.3 Metamorphic Textures Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

10 .

42) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) porphyroblastic B) slaty cleavage C) schistosity D) gneissic Answer: A Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 8.3 Metamorphic Textures Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 43) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) phyllite B) marble C) slate D) schist Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 8.4 Common Metamorphic Rocks Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing Critical thinking and discussion questions. Use complete sentences, correct spelling, and the information presented in chapter 8 to answer the question below.

44) Is it always possible to determine the original parent rock (called a protolith) prior to metamorphism? Why or why not? List three protoliths and give a possible metamorphic equivalent for each one.

Answer: No, it is not always possible to determine the original parent rock because some metamorphic rocks could have several potential parent rocks.

Shale → slate; Shale → gneiss; Granite → gneiss.

Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 8.2 What Drives Metamorphism?

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

11 .

45)

What type of stress (pressure) is illustrated in diagram A above?

A) confining pressure B) differential stress Answer: A Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 8.2 What Drives Metamorphism?

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

12 .

46)

What type of stress (pressure) is illustrated in diagram B above?

A) confining pressure B) differential stress Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 8.2 What Drives Metamorphism?

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

13 .

47) Carefully examine the photograph below of a metamorphic rock sample. The sample is shown as its actual size.

This rock is A) foliated B) non-foliated Answer: A Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 8.3 Metamorphic Textures Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

14 .

48) Carefully examine the photograph below of a metamorphic rock sample. The sample is shown as its actual size.

What is the name of this metamorphic rock?

A) schist B) mable C) hornfels D) gneiss Answer: D Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 8.3 Metamorphic Textures Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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49) Carefully examine the photograph below of a metamorphic rock sample. The sample is shown as its actual size.

This rock's texture resulted from pressure that was applied ________.

A) from top to bottom B) from side to side Answer: A Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 8.3 Metamorphic Textures Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 50) Is the texture of a metamorphic rock always indicative of the conditions (degree of metamorphism) under which it formed? (Hint: Think about the protolith and how it may influence the resulting metamorphic rock.)

Answer: The mineral composition of the parent rock in combination with the intensity of temperature and heat will determine the metamorphic rock. With increasing temperatures and pressures, the shale can be transformed into slate (low-grade) to gneiss (high-grade). However, with nonfoliated rocks, quartz becomes quartzite under moderate- to high-grade metamorphism.

Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 8.3 Metamorphic Textures Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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51) Briefly outline how regional metamorphism is related to plate boundaries. Are certain types of metamorphic rocks indicative of particular plate boundaries or tectonic settings? Give two or three examples of such rocks and indicate the tectonic environment they represent.

Answer: Regional metamorphism is typically associated with continental-continental convergent boundaries. Mylonites are connected to metamorphism at great depth in strike-slip faults or boundaries. Hydrothermal metamorphism occurs along divergent boundaries.

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: 8.5 Metamorphic Environments Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating

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52)

Match the rock names with the appropriate label. gneiss; phyllite; quartzite; slate; hornfels; marble; schist 18 .

Answer: A–slate B–phyllite C–schist D–gneiss E–marble F–quartzite G–hornfels Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 8.4 Common Metamorphic Rocks Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 53)

The metamorphic rock shown here is called ________.

A) gneiss B) marble C) hornfels D) migmatite Answer: D Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 8.6 Metamorphic Zones Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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Essentials of Geology, 13e (Lutgens/Tarbuck/Tasa) Chapter 9 Earthquakes and Earth's Interior 1) The elastic rebound theory for the origin of earthquakes was first proposed by ________ following the ________ earthquake.

A) Reid; 1906 San Francisco B) Giuseppe; 1925 Pizza Lake C) Richter; 1989 Loma Prieta D) Mohorovicic; 1964 Anchorage Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.1 What is an Earthquake?

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 2) Major earthquakes are often followed by somewhat smaller events known as ________.

A) aftershocks B) foreshocks C) tremors D) hyposhocks Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.1 What is an Earthquake?

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 3) The mechanism by which rocks store and eventually release energy in the form of an earthquake is termed ________.

A) elastic rebound B) seismic rebound C) fault displacement D) stress fracture Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.1 What is an Earthquake?

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 4) When an earthquake occurs, energy radiates in all directions from its source. The source is also referred to as the ________.

A) inertial point B) epicenter C) focus D) seismic zone Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.1 What is an Earthquake?

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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5) The position on Earth's surface directly above the earthquake source is called the ________.

A) epicenter B) inertial point C) focus D) seismic zone Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.1 What is an Earthquake?

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 6) The ________ earthquake was accompanied by extensive fire damage.

A) Anchorage, 1964 B) San Francisco, 1906 C) Mexico City, 1985 D) Yerevan, Armenia, 1988 Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.1 What is an Earthquake?

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 7) The ________ is the site of initial rupturing associated with an earthquake.

A) epicenter B) focus C) fault plane D) scarp Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.1 What is an Earthquake?

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 8) Most of Earth's strongest earthquakes tend to occur along ________.

A) transform plate boundaries B) divergent plate boundaries C) convergent plate boundaries D) the interiors of continents Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.1 What is an Earthquake?

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

2 .

9) Slow, gradual displacement along a fault is known as ________.

A) fault creep B) megathrusting C) foreshocks D) elastic rebound Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.1 What is an Earthquake?

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 10) Which one of the following statements is correct?

A) P waves travel through solids; S waves do not.

B) P and S waves travel through liquids, but P waves do not travel through solids.

C) S waves travel through solids and P waves travel through liquids.

D) P and S waves travel through liquids, but S waves do not travel through solids.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.2 Seismology: The Study of Earthquake Waves Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 11) ________ have the highest velocities.

A) Primary waves B) Secondary waves C) Surface waves D) Refracted S waves Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.2 Seismology: The Study of Earthquake Waves Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 12) On a typical seismogram, ________ will show the highest amplitudes.

A) P waves B) S waves C) surface waves D) body waves Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.2 Seismology: The Study of Earthquake Waves Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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13) The instrument that records earthquake events is termed a ________.

A) polygraph B) thermograph C) seismograph D) barograph Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.2 Seismology: The Study of Earthquake Waves Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 14) Overall, this type of seismic wave is the most destructive.

A) P wave B) S wave C) surface wave D) tsunami Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.2 Seismology: The Study of Earthquake Waves Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 15) The record of an earthquake obtained from a seismic instrument is a(n) ________.

A) seismograph B) seismogram C) time-travel graph D) epigraph Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.2 Seismology: The Study of Earthquake Waves Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 16) P waves ________.

A) propagate only in solids B) are faster than S waves and surface waves C) have higher amplitudes than do S waves D) produce the strongest ground shaking Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.2 Seismology: The Study of Earthquake Waves Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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17) The distance between a seismological recording station and the earthquake source is determined from the ________.

A) earthquake magnitude B) intensity of the earthquake C) length of the seismic record D) arrival times of P and S waves Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.3 Locating the Source of an Earthquake Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 18) How many seismic stations are required to accurately pinpoint the location of an earthquake's epicenter?

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 Answer: C Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 9.3 Locating the Source of an Earthquake Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 19) The ________ Magnitude is a measure of the total energy released. It does not directly measure the extent of building damage.

A) Gutenberg B) Reid C) Mercalli D) Moment Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.4 Determining the Size of Earthquakes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 20) ________ is the maximum possible damage designation on the Mercalli scale.

A) XII B) 12 C) X D) 10 Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.4 Determining the Size of Earthquakes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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21) The Mercalli Scale is a scale from ________.

A) 1 to 12 that rates the energy required for faulting to occur B) 1 to 10 that rates the energy released by an earthquake C) I to XII that rates the structural damage due to an earthquake D) I to X that rates the total energy released during the main quake and all aftershocks Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.4 Determining the Size of Earthquakes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 22) The Richter magnitude of an earthquake is determined from the ________.

A) duration of the earthquake B) intensity of the earthquake C) arrival time of P and S waves D) amplitude of the surface waves Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.4 Determining the Size of Earthquakes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 23) Approximately how much more energy is released in a 6.5 Moment Magnitude earthquake than in one with Mw of 5.5?

A) 3000 times B) 3 times C) 300 times D) 30 times Answer: D Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 9.4 Determining the Size of Earthquakes Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 24) Using the Richter scale, an earthquake of magnitude 7.5 releases about how much more energy than one of magnitude 5.5?

A) 10 B) 100 C) 1000 D) 10,000 Answer: C Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 9.4 Determining the Size of Earthquakes Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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25) Which one of the following best characterizes tsunamis?

A) They cause the land to ripple and oscillate.

B) They are faster than seismic surface waves.

C) They have relatively small amplitudes compared to their very long wavelengths.

D) They are easily seen at sea but are lost in the swell and breaking waves along a coast.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.5 Earthquake Destruction Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 26) Which one of the following is TRUE regarding tsunamis?

A) They travel as deep-water waves and tend to die out in shallow water.

B) Their wave heights decrease and wavelengths increase as they move into shallower water.

C) They are started by fault-induced, horizontal shifts in the seafloor that suddenly propel great masses of water in opposite directions.

D) They occur in the open ocean, wavelengths are many miles or kilometers and wave heights are only a few feet.

Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.5 Earthquake Destruction Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 27) The amount of destruction caused by earthquake vibrations is affected by ________.

A) design of structures B) intensity and duration of the vibrations C) nature of the surface material D) Design of structures, intensity and duration of the vibrations, and the nature of surface material all affect the amount of destruction caused by earthquake waves.

Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.5 Earthquake Destruction Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 28) ________ refers to the tendency for a foundation material to lose its internal cohesion and fail mechanically during earthquake shaking.

A) Slurrying B) Liquefaction C) Motion slip D) Seismoflowage Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.5 Earthquake Destruction Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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29) ________ is another name commonly used by scientists to denote seismic sea waves induced by earthquakes.

A) Tidal wave B) Tsunami C) Liquefaction D) Amplification Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.5 Earthquake Destruction Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 30) The zone of greatest seismic activity is called the ________.

A) mid-ocean ridge B) ring of earthquakes C) circum-Pacific belt D) circum-polar belt Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.6 Where Do Most Earthquakes Occur?

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 31) Which of the following statements about earthquakes in North America is accurate?

A) There has never been a damaging earthquake east of the Rockies.

B) Earthquakes only occur along the west coast.

C) There have been several damaging earthquakes that have occurred east of the Rockies.

D) No earthquakes occur in the Midwest United States.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.6 Where Do Most Earthquakes Occur?

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 32) Seismic gaps are ________.

A) areas of Earth where earthquakes are not known to occur B) zones storing strain that will be released during a future earthquake C) areas of Earth where seismographs are unable to function D) sections of fault that are never able to rupture Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.7 Can Earthquakes Be Predicted?

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

8 .

33) Short-range predictions would be more useful for ________.

A) deciding to evacuate a city B) developing building codes C) understanding the long-term earthquake risk in an area D) deciding where you might want to live Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.7 Can Earthquakes Be Predicted?

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 34) Most of our knowledge about Earth's interior comes from ________.

A) drill holes B) volcanic eruptions C) seismic waves D) examination of deep mine shafts Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.8 Earth's Interior Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 35) Which one of the following statements about the crust is NOT true?

A) It is the thinnest of the major subdivisions.

B) It is thickest where prominent mountains exist.

C) Oceanic crust is enriched in potassium, sodium, and silicon.

D) Continental rocks are compositionally different than oceanic rocks.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.8 Earth's Interior Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 36) The dense core of Earth is thought to consist predominantly of ________.

A) nickel B) lead C) iron D) copper Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.8 Earth's Interior Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

9 .

37) The lithosphere is defined as ________.

A) a rocky layer having a relatively uniform chemical composition B) a rigid layer of crustal and mantle material C) a rocky layer composed mainly of crustal rocks D) a plastic layer composed mainly of mantle material Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.8 Earth's Interior Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 38) The average composition of the oceanic crust is thought to approximate that of ________.

A) granite B) basalt C) peridotite D) iron Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.8 Earth's Interior Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 39) The average composition of the continental crust most closely approximates that of ________.

A) granite B) basalt C) peridotite D) iron Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.8 Earth's Interior Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 40) The asthenosphere is located ________.

A) within the crust B) in the upper mantle C) between the mantle and outer core D) within the outer core Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.8 Earth's Interior Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

10 .

41) Seismic waves travel ________ when rock is ________.

A) faster, stiffer B) faster, less stiff C) slower, stiffer D) slower, less stiff Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.8 Earth's Interior Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 42) What is thought to be the material state (liquid, solid, gas) and elemental composition of Earth's outer core?

A) solid iron B) liquid iron C) liquid nickel D) solid nickel Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.8 Earth's Interior Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 43) ________ is the layer of warm rock below the crust and uppermost mantle that readily deforms and flows plastically.

A) The lithosphere B) The inner mantle C) The outer core D) The asthenosphere Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.8 Earth's Interior Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 44) S waves cannot travel through ________.

A) the outer core B) the inner core C) the lithosphere D) the crust Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.8 Earth's Interior Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

11 .

45) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) focus B) seismograph C) epicenter D) fault Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.1 What is an Earthquake?

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 46) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) Modified Mercalli B) energy C) Moment Magnitude D) large earthquakes Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.4 Determining the Size of Earthquakes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 47) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) crust B) lithosphere C) core D) mantle Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.9 Earth's Layers Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

12 .

Critical thinking and discussion questions. Use complete sentences, correct spelling, and the information presented in chapter 9 to answer the questions below.

48) Label the focus and epicenter on the diagram below.

Answer: See Figure 9.1 in the Essentials of Geology, 13e textbook.

Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.1 What is an Earthquake?

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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49) Using the time-travel graph below, how long does it take a P wave to travel 2000 km?

A) 2 minutes B) 4 minutes C) 5 minutes D) 8 minutes Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 9.3 Locating the Source of an Earthquake Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

14 .

50) Would earthquakes of similar magnitudes in different regions of the Earth cause approximately the same levels of damage necessarily? In your explanation, consider both geologic and human-induced factors.

Answer: Beyond the magnitude, duration of the vibrations, the lithology, proximity to a populated area, and building materials/construction practices are some important factors that influence the amount of damage. Soft sediments generally amplify the vibrations more than solid bedrock. Water-logged sediments can undergo liquefaction. Tsunamis generally occur in the Pacific Ocean and not the Atlantic Ocean. Buildings constructed from unreinforced concrete and bricks are most likely to collapse than other types of buildings. Fire can cause a formidable amount of damage.

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: 9.5 Earthquake Destruction Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating 51) Since much of our knowledge of Earth's interior is inferred from the behavior of seismic waves and not actual samples, what are some of the assumptions that are made in order for our models to be correct? (Hint: Think of earth materials, physical and chemical parameters, etc.)

Answer: The seismograms only record vibrations from earthquakes, not nuclear bombs or other explosions (no noise). The behavior of the wave types does not change (speed, refraction angle, etc.) as they pass through different materials within the Earth.

Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 9.8 Earth's Interior Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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52)

Examine the seismogram shown here. Label the first P wave, first S wave, and surface waves.

Answer: A–First P wave B–First S wave C–Surface waves Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 9.2 Seismology: The Study of Earthquake Waves Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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Essentials of Geology, 13e (Lutgens/Tarbuck/Tasa) Chapter 10 Origin and Evolution of the Ocean Floor 1) In the 1870s, the ________ was involved in the first far-reaching, comprehensive study of Earth's oceans.

A) H.M.S. Moonbeam B) H.M.S. Bismarck C) H.M.S. Challenger D) H.M.S. Brit Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 10.1 An Emerging Picture of the Ocean Floor Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 2) Water depths and seafloor topography are now routinely determined by ________.

A) ship-mounted, optical-fiber satellite uplink systems B) computerized, satellite-mounted, parallel transponder systems C) ship-mounted echo sounders D) satellite-linked, laser reflector systems Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 10.1 An Emerging Picture of the Ocean Floor Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 3) An echo sounder operates by measuring the time required for a ________.

A) light beam to travel from a satellite at a known altitude to the sea bottom and back B) radar beam to travel from a harbor patrol boat to a fuzz-buster on a speeding yacht C) radar beam to travel from a ship to the seafloor and back D) sound pulse to travel from a ship to the seafloor and back Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 10.1 An Emerging Picture of the Ocean Floor Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 4) A(n) ________ measures the variation in sea-surface elevation, which mimics the shape of the seafloor.

A) bathymeter B) echo sounder C) sonographer D) satellite altimeter Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 10.1 An Emerging Picture of the Ocean Floor Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

1 .

5) Knowing that sound waves travel 1500 meters per second in water, calculate the water depth if the signal sent out by an echo sounder takes 4 seconds to strike bottom and return to the recorder.

A) 6000 m B) 12000 m C) 3000 m D) 750 m Answer: C Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 10.1 An Emerging Picture of the Ocean Floor Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 6) Geologically, ________ are actually submerged parts of the continents.

A) coastal guyots B) continental shelves C) continental trenches D) abyssal plains Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 10.2 Continental Margins Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 7) The ________ lies at the base of the continental slope.

A) offshore shelf B) off-slope reef C) continental rift D) continental rise Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 10.2 Continental Margins Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 8) Submarine canyons found on the continental slope and rise have been created ________.

A) by rivers during the ice age B) by faulting C) because of a plate plunging into the mantle D) none of these Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 10.2 Continental Margins Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

2 .

9) The gently sloping submerged surface extending from the shoreline toward the ocean is termed the ________.

A) continental shelf B) continental slope C) continental rise D) submarine canyon Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 10.2 Continental Margins Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 10) ________ is the oceanward edge of a continental shelf.

A) The deepest portion of a deep-ocean trench B) The top of the abyssal plain C) The base of the continental rise D) The top of the continental slope Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 10.2 Continental Margins Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 11) The continental rise is located ________.

A) at the top of a mid-ocean ridge B) at the top of the continental slope C) between an abyssal plain and continental slope D) at the seaward edge of a deep ocean trench Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 10.2 Continental Margins Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 12) Which of the following provides the best example of an active continental margin?

A) the east coast of North America B) the west coast of South America C) the east coast of South America D) the southern coast of Australia Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 10.2 Continental Margins Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

3 .

13) Deep-sea fans are found ________.

A) on the continental shelf B) on the continental slope C) on the continental rise D) near the mid-ocean ridge Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 10.2 Continental Margins Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 14) Which best describes how an accretionary wedge forms?

A) as a result of sediment moving from the continental shelf out across the continental slope during subduction B) as a result of sediment washing down off the mid-ocean ridge C) as a result of water flow down submarine canyons after large tectonic events D) as a result of the accumulation of sediment and oceanic crust being scraped off a descending oceanic plate during subduction Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 10.2 Continental Margins Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 15) Oceans cover approximately ________ of Earth's surface area?

A) 10% B) 90% C) 50% D) 70% Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 10.3 Features of Deep-Ocean Basins Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 16) Which of the following places these coral reefs in order from youngest to oldest?

A) fringing reef, barrier reef, atoll B) barrier reef, fringing reef, atoll C) atoll, barrier reef, fringing reef D) atoll, fringing reef, barrier reef Answer: A Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 10.3 Features of Deep-Ocean Basins Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

4 .

17) Which of the following is NOT true of deep ocean trenches?

A) They are long and narrow depressions.

B) They are sites where plates plunge back into the mantle.

C) They are geologically very stable.

D) They may act as sediment traps.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 10.3 Features of Deep-Ocean Basins Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 18) Seamounts ________.

A) are a special type of oceanic trench B) are volcanoes that form on the ocean floor C) form only in the Pacific Ocean basin D) are submarine canyons found near Australia Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 10.3 Features of Deep-Ocean Basins Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 19) ________ proposed a hypothesis (that later became a theory) on the creation of atolls.

A) Isaac Newton B) Charles Darwin C) James Hutton D) Charles Lyell Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 10.3 Features of Deep-Ocean Basins Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 20) A low lying, coral limestone island with a central lagoon is called a(n) ________.

A) guyot B) atoll C) plateau D) fringing reef Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 10.3 Features of Deep-Ocean Basins Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

5 .

21) The relatively featureless topography of abyssal plains is due to ________.

A) the fact that they occur along passive margins B) thick accumulations of sediment covering a rugged ocean floor C) the fact that the deep ocean floor is flat and featureless D) erosion from wave action Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 10.3 Features of Deep-Ocean Basins Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 22) A submerged, flat-toped seamount formed when a volcanic island sinks as it is carried away from the elevated ocean ridge or hot spot over which it formed is called a(n) ________.

A) guyot B) atoll C) plateau D) fringing reef Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 10.3 Features of Deep-Ocean Basins Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 23) ________ are NOT associated with a mid-ocean ridge.

A) Very thin ocean floor sediment layers B) Submarine basaltic lava eruptions C) Shallower depths than abyssal plains D) Deep ocean trenches Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 10.4 Anatomy of the Oceanic Ridge Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 24) Deep, down-faulted structures along the axis of some segments of oceanic ridge are called ________.

A) fault valleys B) ridge valleys C) axial valleys D) rift valleys Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 10.4 Anatomy of the Oceanic Ridge Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

6 .

25) Which of the following areas does NOT have a mid-ocean ridge?

A) the Atlantic Ocean B) the Indian Ocean C) the Pacific Ocean Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 10.4 Anatomy of the Oceanic Ridge Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 26) A slow-spreading ridge will generally have ________ compared to a faster spreading ridge.

A) more rugged topography B) less rugged topography C) no medial rift valley D) There are no real differences in ridge features due to spreading rates.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 10.5 Oceanic Ridges & Seafloor Spreading Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 27) ________ is (are) not part of an ophiolite complex.

A) Basaltic lavas and pillow lavas B) Residual, unmelted, crustal lithosphere C) Intrusive, coarse-grained gabbro D) Steeply inclined, basaltic dikes Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 10.6 The Nature of Oceanic Crust Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 28) "Black smokers" are associated with ________.

A) oceanic ridges B) metal-rich sulfide deposits C) hot water D) Black smokers are associated with all of these.

Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 10.6 The Nature of Oceanic Crust Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

7 .

29) Sheeted dikes are found ________.

A) in the lowest layer of the oceanic crust B) at the top of the layers of oceanic crust C) above pillow lavas in a section of oceanic crust D) in the middle, below pillow lavas, in a section of oceanic crust Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 10.6 The Nature of Oceanic Crust Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 30) Which type of metamorphism alters the basaltic rocks of the seafloor?

A) contact B) regional C) hydrothermal D) burial Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 10.6 The Nature of Oceanic Crust Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 31) Which one of the following is NOT connected in any way with submarine, hot spring vents?

A) sediment rich in metallic sulfides B) ecological communities living without photosynthesis C) thick turbidites on the continental rise D) black smokers on a mid-ocean ridge Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 10.7 Continental Rifting: The Birth of a New Ocean Basin Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 32) Where in the oceans are biological communities thriving without sunlight?

A) in shallow water, coral reefs B) in muds of deep-ocean trenches C) around seafloor, hot spring vents D) around fissure vents for flood basalts Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 10.7 Continental Rifting: The Birth of a New Ocean Basin Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

8 .

33) The ________ is an example of the earliest stage in the formation of a new ocean basin.

A) Atlantic Ocean B) East African Rift C) Indian Ocean D) Red Sea Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 10.7 Continental Rifting: The Birth of a New Ocean Basin Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 34) Young oceanic lithosphere typically experiences what type of subduction and at what angle?

A) Spontaneous Subduction; steep angle B) Spontaneous Subduction; shallow angle C) Forced Subduction: steep angle D) Forced Subduction; shallow angle Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 10.8 Destruction of Oceanic Lithosphere Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 35) The Mariana Trench provides an example of a location where ________ is occurring.

A) forced subduction B) spontaneous subduction C) continental rifting D) failed rifting Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 10.8 Destruction of Oceanic Lithosphere Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 36) Which best explains the demise of the Farallon Plate?

A) It was subducting faster than it was being generated.

B) It was being covered with sediment fast enough to bury it.

C) It was subsiding into the deep ocean next to a mid-ocean ridge.

D) The spreading center that was generating it lost its heat source.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 10.8 Destruction of Oceanic Lithosphere Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

9 .

37) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) continental slope B) continental rise C) active continental margin D) continental shelf Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 10.2 Continental Margins Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 38) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) trench B) submarine canyon C) abyssal plain D) seamount Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 10.3 Features of Deep-Ocean Basins Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 39) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) manganese nodules B) pillow basalts C) sheeted dikes D) gabbro Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 10.6 The Nature of Oceanic Crust Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 40) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) East African Rift B) continental rift C) rift valley D) Rio Grande Rift Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 10.7 Continental Rifting: The Birth of a New Ocean Basin Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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41) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) Farallon B) North America C) Pacific D) Mid-Atlantic Ridge Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 10.8 Destruction of Oceanic Lithosphere Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding Critical thinking and discussion questions. Use complete sentences, correct spelling, and the information presented in chapter 10 to answer the questions below.

42) Where are most of the current active continental margins located on Earth today? Why? What is the relation of the age of rocks on the ocean floor to the location of these active margins?

Answer: Active continental margins are associated with trenches. They are formed along convergent plate boundaries where an oceanic plate is being subducted under continental lithosphere. Examples: Mariana Trench, Puerto Rico Trench. The relation between ocean floor ages and the trench is not straightforward. It depends on the distance to the nearest divergent boundary. For instance, the divergent boundary on the western edge of the small Juan de Fuca plate is producing very young basalts that are then "quickly" subducted in the trench on its east side, near the coasts of Washington and Oregon.

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: 10.2 Continental Margins Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating 43) Briefly discuss the formation and structure of oceanic crust. What rock compositions are involved and how do these compositions change as a result of interaction with seawater?

Answer: Based on ophiolite complexes, the oceanic crust is made of four layers. Layer 1sediment; Layer 2-pillow basalts; Layer 3-sheeted dike complex; Layer 4-gabbro. Mafic magma is primarily generated through decompression at the ocean ridges. The resulting rocks (pillow basalts vs. basaltic dikes vs. gabbro) depend on how and where the magma solidifies (temperature, pressure, intrusive, extrusive). The fractured lava allows seawater to penetrate to depths of 2-3 km. As it circulates through the hot crust, it heats up and produces hydrothermal metamorphism. Simultaneously the elements/minerals dissolve into the hot seawater. As the buoyant hot seawater flows back through the ocean floor into the sea, the dissolved elements/minerals will precipitate into smokers.

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: 10.6 The Nature of Oceanic Crust Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating

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44) List several areas on Earth where continental rifting is occurring today. Eventually, what will happen to these areas as rifting continues? Finally, how is continental rifting similar to seafloor spreading and how is it different?

Answer: Examples: East Africa Rift, Rio Grande Rift (southwest United States), Baikal Rift (south-central Siberia), and Rhine Valley (northwest Europe). As rifting continues, the system will evolve into a young ocean basin (e.g., Red Sea), then into a mature ocean with passive continental margins (e.g., Atlantic Ocean), then one with active continental margins (e.g. Pacific Ocean), and finally into a continental-continental convergence zone (e.g., Himalaya Mountain region). Continental rifting is similar to seafloor spreading in that new magma is being produced from decompression and some of it erupts on the surface. It is different in that it has interconnected rift valleys that are underlain by continental lithosphere.

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: 10.7 Continental Rifting: The Birth of a New Ocean Basin Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating 45) On the figure below, label the continental shelf, continental slope, continental rise, and abyssal plain by matching the following terms to the appropriate letters: abyssal plain, continental slope, continental rise, continental shelf.

Answer: A—Abyssal plain B—Continental slope C—Continental shelf D—Continental rise Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 10.2 Continental Margins Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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46) Label the fringing coral reef, atoll, barrier reef, and lagoon on the figure below by matching the following terms to the appropriate letters: barrier reef, atoll, fringing coral reef, lagoon

Answer: A—fringing coral reef B—barrier reef C—lagoon D—atoll Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 10.3 Features of Deep-Ocean Basins Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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47) Look at this illustration of the structure of the oceanic crust. Match the following terms to the appropriate part of the figure: pillow lavas, mantle peridotite and related rocks, sheeted dike complex, gabbro, deep-sea sediment

Answer: A—deep-sea sediment B—pillow lavas C—sheeted dike complex D—gabbro E—mantle peridotite and related rocks Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 10.6 The Nature of Oceanic Crust Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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Essentials of Geology, 13e (Lutgens/Tarbuck/Tasa) Chapter 11 Crustal Deformation and Mountain Building 1) Rock deformation mostly occurs ________.

A) near the centers of plates B) near plate boundaries C) along the borders of continents D) in sedimentary strata Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.1 Crustal Deformation Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 2) The mountains and valleys of the Basin and Range Province of the western United States formed in response to ________.

A) strike-slip faulting and hanging wall block uplifts B) reverse faults and large displacement, thrust faulting C) tensional stresses and normal-fault movements D) normal faulting and horizontal compression Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.1 Crustal Deformation Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 3) Which of the following best defines strain?

A) compression of rocks when plates collide B) movement of one rock body past another C) changes in a rock's shape due to stress D) tension along divergent plate boundaries Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.1 Crustal Deformation Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 4) Folds form as a result of ________.

A) brittle deformation B) ductile deformation C) faulting D) isostasy Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.1 Crustal Deformation Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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5) The Black Hills of South Dakota are a good example of a(n) ________.

A) anticline B) syncline C) basin D) dome Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.2 Folds: Rock Structures Formed by Ductile Deformation Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 6) Large circular downwarped structures are called ________.

A) anticlines B) synclines C) basins D) domes Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.2 Folds: Rock Structures Formed by Ductile Deformation Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 7) Tensional forces normally cause which one of the following?

A) strike-slip faults B) reverse faults C) normal faults D) thrust faults Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.3 Faults and Joints: Rock Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 8) The boundary between the North American and Pacific plates is a ________.

A) dip-slip fault B) strike-slip fault C) thrust fault D) normal fault Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.3 Faults and Joints: Rock Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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9) A(n) ________ fault has little or no vertical movements of the two blocks.

A) stick slip B) oblique slip C) strike slip D) dip slip Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.3 Faults and Joints: Rock Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 10) If you are standing facing a strike-slip fault, and movement of the crustal block on the opposite side is to your right, it is called a(n) ________ strike-slip fault.

A) left-lateral B) right-lateral C) oblique D) reverse Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.3 Faults and Joints: Rock Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 11) In thrust faulting, ________.

A) grabens develop on the footwall block B) the crust is shortened and thickened C) horizontal, tensional stresses drive the deformation D) the hanging wall block slips downward along the thrust fault Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.3 Faults and Joints: Rock Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 12) A graben is characterized by ________.

A) a hanging wall block that has moved up between two reverse faults B) a footwall block that has moved up between two normal faults C) a hanging wall block that has moved down between two normal faults D) a footwall block that has moved down between two reverse faults Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.3 Faults and Joints: Rock Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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13) In a normal fault, ________.

A) the hanging wall block moves upward relative to the other block B) the footwall block moves downward relative to the other block C) the hanging wall block moves downward relative to the other block D) the blocks move horizontally along the direction of the fault surface Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.3 Faults and Joints: Rock Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 14) A transform fault is ________.

A) a strike-slip fault that forms the boundary between tectonic plates B) a dip-slip fault connecting an anticline with a syncline C) a reverse fault that steepens into a thrust fault D) the rift bounding faults on a mid-ocean ridge Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.3 Faults and Joints: Rock Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 15) A thrust fault is best described as ________.

A) a steeply inclined, oblique-slip fault B) a low-angle, reverse fault C) a vertical, normal fault D) a near vertical, strike-slip fault Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.3 Faults and Joints: Rock Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 16) A horst is ________.

A) an uplifted block bounded by two normal faults B) a downdropped block bounded by two reverse faults C) an uplifted block bounded by two reverse faults D) a downdropped block bounded by two normal faults Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.3 Faults and Joints: Rock Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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17) Which best describes the difference between a joint and a fault?

A) Joints extend deeper beneath the surface than faults.

B) Motion occurs along joints, but not faults.

C) Motion occurs along faults, but not joints.

D) Joints and faults are simply different names for the same structure.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.3 Faults and Joints: Rock Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 18) The ________ are a geologically old mountain range folded and deformed during the Paleozoic.

A) Cascades in the Northwestern United States B) Rockies in the Western United States C) Appalachians in the Eastern United States D) Alps in Europe Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.4 Mountain Building Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 19) The term ________ refers specifically to geologic mountain building.

A) orogneisses B) orogenesis C) orthogeny D) orthogonal Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.4 Mountain Building Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 20) A good example of a present-day, passive continental margin is the ________.

A) north flank of the East Pacific Rise B) west coast of South America C) east coast of the Japanese Islands D) east coast of North America Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.5 Subduction and Mountain Building Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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21) A(n) ________ is a thick accumulation of sediments and small, tectonic blocks formed of material scraped off a descending, lithospheric plate.

A) mass movement complex B) continental shelf, terrain complex C) accretionary-wedge complex D) subterranean-accumulation complex Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.5 Subduction and Mountain Building Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 22) Folded limestones that occur high in the Himalayas were originally deposited as sediments in a ________.

A) marine basin between India and Eurasia B) Cenozoic fault basin between Africa and Arabia C) deep ocean trench along the southern margin of India D) late Paleozoic syncline north of the Tibetan Plateau Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.6 Collisional Mountain Belts Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 23) Isostasy refers to ________.

A) the concept that rocks of the crust and upper mantle are floating in gravitational balance B) the process by which mountains are formed C) the accretion of crustal fragments during mountain building D) the process by which oceanic lithosphere descends into the mantle at a subduction zone Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.7 Vertical Motions of the Crust Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 24) Which one of the following is an example of an isostatic movement?

A) stream downcutting following a drop in sea level B) arching of strata at the center of a dome C) numerous aftershocks associated with deep-focus earthquakes D) uplift of areas recently covered by thick, continental ice sheets Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.7 Vertical Motions of the Crust Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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25) Fractures in rock that have not involved any slippage are called ________.

A) joints B) horsts C) grabens D) basins Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.3 Faults and Joints: Rock Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 26) In a reverse fault, the ________ block moves up relative to the ________ block.

A) footwall, hanging wall B) hanging wall, footwall C) left, right D) right, left Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.3 Faults and Joints: Rock Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 27) ________ faults form in response to horizontal, tensional stresses that stretch or elongate the rocks.

A) Reverse B) Thrust C) Strike-slip D) Normal Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.3 Faults and Joints: Rock Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 28) A ________ is an upraised block bounded by two reverse faults.

A) horst B) graben C) dome D) basin Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.3 Faults and Joints: Rock Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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29) Terrane accretion generally occurs along a ________ boundary between a continental plate and an oceanic plate.

A) divergent B) convergent C) transform D) passive Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.6 Collisional Mountain Belts Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 30) A circular to elliptical structure developed by downwarping of the central strata is a ________.

A) dome B) basin C) graben D) horst Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.2 Folds: Rock Structures Formed by Ductile Deformation Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 31) If you are standing on the hanging wall of a normal fault, looking across the fault plane, which way would the block opposite you appear to have moved?

A) up B) down C) laterally D) It's impossible to tell from the information given.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.3 Faults and Joints: Rock Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 32) Horsts and grabens are bounded by ________ faults.

A) reverse B) thrust C) strike-slip D) normal Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.3 Faults and Joints: Rock Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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33) In a thrust fault, the hanging wall moves ________ relative to the footwall, and the fault plane is oriented at a low angle.

A) up B) down C) laterally D) up or down Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.3 Faults and Joints: Rock Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 34) Fault-block mountains occur in regions dominated by ________ faulting.

A) reverse B) strike-slip C) normal D) thrust Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.3 Faults and Joints: Rock Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 35) The east coast of North America is a(n) ________ tectonic margin, characterized by an extensive platform of sediments and sedimentary rocks.

A) active B) passive C) divergent D) convergent Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.5 Subduction and Mountain Building Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 36) The Appalachian Mountains in North America were formed by a continent-continent collision in the Paleozoic, and are an example of a(n) ________-type orogeny.

A) Alpine B) Cordilleran C) Accretionary D) Andean Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.6 Collisional Mountain Belts Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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37) Crustal fragments that have been accreted, and have a geologic history distinct from those of the adjoining fragments are called ________.

A) arcs B) terranes C) batholiths D) sutures Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.6 Collisional Mountain Belts Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 38) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) elastic B) ductile C) brittle D) monocline Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.1 Crustal Deformation Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 39) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) dome B) fault C) anticline D) basin Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.2 Folds: Rock Structures Formed by Ductile Deformation Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 40) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) normal fault B) reverse fault C) thrust fault D) joint Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.3 Faults and Joints: Rock Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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41) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) accretionary wedge B) forearc basin C) volcanic arc D) terrane Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.6 Collisional Mountain Belts Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding Critical thinking and discussion questions. Use complete sentences, correct spelling, and the information presented in chapter 11 to answer the questions below.

42) A region is characterized by numerous anticlines and synclines. There are also several faults present that appear to have formed at the same time as the folding. Without looking at any details, what type of faults would you assume them to be? Why? Answer: Reverse and thrust faults. They result from compressional stresses and produce horizontal shortening of the crust.

Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 11.3 Faults and Joints: Rock Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 43) A fault is observed in a road cut, but there are no obvious rocks units to correlate on either side of the fault to determine relative movement. How else might you determine or even infer whether the hanging wall has moved up or down relative to the footwall? (Hint: Think of fossils, tectonic setting, etc.)

Answer: Differential weathering; fault scarps; fossil correlation Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 11.3 Faults and Joints: Rock Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 44) Describe the characteristics of regions dominated by fault-block mountains such as the Basin and Range. What is their relationship to plate tectonics and why don't they create large-scale areas of orogenesis like Andean-Type margins or continental collisions?

Answer: The crust in the Basin and Range has been elongated through tensional stress and dominated by normal faults that join at a basal detachment fault. Currently, it is not directly related to any tectonic boundary but results from the stress of long-distance plate boundaries stretching the area. In this environment, the relatively small mountain ranges are caused by tensional stress and not typical orogenic processes (compressional forces; convergent boundaries).

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: 11.4 Mountain Building Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating

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45) Study the figure below and match each letter to the correct feature: Overturned limb, Syncline, Anticline

Answer: A. Syncline B. Anticline C. Overturned limb Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.2 Folds: Rock Structures Formed by Ductile Deformation Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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46) Carefully study each illustration below to determine the type(s) of geologic structure(s) it contains. Match each one to the correct answers listed.

A. Reverse Fault B. Normal Fault C. Thrust Fault

Answer: (a) B (b) A (c) C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 11.3 Faults and Joints: Rock Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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Essentials of Geology, 13e (Lutgens/Tarbuck/Tasa) Chapter 12 Mass Movement On Slopes: The Work of Gravity 1) Which of the following locations was affected by mudflows triggered by an earthquake in 2011?

A) Nova Friburgo, Brazil B) Oslo, Norway C) Johannesburg, South Africa D) Santa Tecia, El Salvador Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 12.1 The Importance of Mass Movement Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 2) The downslope movement of rock, regolith, and soil is called ________.

A) weathering B) erosion C) mass movement D) liquefaction Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 12.1 The Importance of Mass Movement Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 3) Most rapid and spectacular mass movement events occur ________.

A) in relatively old, heavily eroded mountains B) along the banks of meandering streams C) in rugged, geologically young mountains D) along the flanks of extinct volcanoes Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 12.1 The Importance of Mass Movement Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 4) As an erosional process, how is mass movement unique from wind, water, and ice?

A) Mass wasting affects particles of all sizes whereas the others affect only smaller particles.

B) Mass wasting does not require a transporting medium.

C) Mass wasting affects much larger geographic areas than does wind, water, and ice.

D) All of the above make mass movement unique compared to wind, water, and ice.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 12.2 Controls and Triggers of Mass Movement Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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5) Which one of the following materials has the maximum, sustainable, slope angle, as determined by the angle of repose?

A) dry silt B) moist, sandy soil with a clay-rich matrix C) dry sand D) moist, clay-rich shale layers Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 12.2 Controls and Triggers of Mass Movement Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 6) Consider a weathered rock or soil particle lying on a slope. How will the gravitational force pulling the particle downward along the land surface vary with the inclination of the slope?

A) It will increase as the slope angle is lessened.

B) It will decrease as the slope angle is lessened.

C) It is not affected by the slope angle.

D) It will possibly increase or decrease as slope angle is lessened, depending upon other factors.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 12.2 Controls and Triggers of Mass Movement Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 7) How do the strength and cohesion of clay-rich regolith or soil change with the addition of water?

A) Water does not affect the cohesion but lowers the strength.

B) Water reduces the strength of clays but raises the cohesion of the soil.

C) Water increases the strength and cohesion.

D) Water lowers the strength and cohesion.

Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 12.2 Controls and Triggers of Mass Movement Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 8) Of the following, which one would most likely be triggered by an earthquake?

A) solifluction B) soil creep C) slump D) rock avalanche Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 12.2 Controls and Triggers of Mass Movement Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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9) All of the following are factors affecting mass movement EXCEPT for ________.

A) gravity B) water C) slope angle D) geologic age Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 12.2 Controls and Triggers of Mass Movement Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 10) Which of the following statements about mass movement is true?

A) All mass movement events have a discernible trigger.

B) Water plays no part in mass movement events.

C) Saturation with water increase friction among particles.

D) Some mass movements occur with no discernible trigger.

Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 12.2 Controls and Triggers of Mass Movement Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 11) Which statement best describes the way vegetation affects slope stability?

A) The weight of vegetation increases the chances of mass movement events on heavily vegetated slopes.

B) Vegetation protects against erosional effects of raindrop impact.

C) The root systems of vegetation help bind together soil and regolith.

D) Vegetation protects against erosion from raindrops and helps bind together soil and regolith.

Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 12.2 Controls and Triggers of Mass Movement Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 12) In which of the following areas would you expect landslides to be MOST common?

A) coastal California B) central Texas C) coastal Florida D) the Midwest of the United States Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 12.2 Controls and Triggers of Mass Movement Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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13) ________ involves movement on a zone of compressed air.

A) A slump B) A mudflow C) A rock avalanche D) Soil creep Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 12.3 Classification of Mass Movement Processes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 14) The most rapid type of mass movement is a ________.

A) slump B) lahar C) rock avalanche D) debris flow Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 12.3 Classification of Mass Movement Processes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 15) Which mass movement process has the slowest rate of movement?

A) slump B) rock avalanche C) solifluction D) creep Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 12.3 Classification of Mass Movement Processes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 16) Talus slopes are associated with what type of motion?

A) fall B) slide C) flow D) creep Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 12.3 Classification of Mass Movement Processes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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17) Which of the following is the fastest type of mass movement?

A) mudflow B) rock avalanche C) rotational slide D) slump Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 12.3 Classification of Mass Movement Processes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 18) Which type of movement involves a zone of weakness separating the moving material from the more stable underlying material?

A) fall B) slide C) flow D) slump Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 12.3 Classification of Mass Movement Processes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 19) Which of the following statements concerning mudflows is NOT true?

A) Mudflows may be caused by heavy rains or melting snow.

B) In hilly areas, mudflows move down the canyons and stream valleys.

C) Mudflows deposit talus slopes.

D) Mudflows can move and carry very large boulders and other coarse debris.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 12.4 Common Forms of Mass Movement: Rapid to Slow Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 20) Which type of mass movement involves a downward sliding mass of rock or unconsolidated material moving along a curved surface?

A) slump B) earthflow C) lahar D) debris slide Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 12.4 Common Forms of Mass Movement: Rapid to Slow Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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21) During wet weather or times when snow is melting, sometimes the downhill toe of a slump ________.

A) turns into a rock avalanche B) becomes an earthflow C) stops moving because water makes the clay sticky D) collapses and is deposited as talus at the base of the slope Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 12.4 Common Forms of Mass Movement: Rapid to Slow Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 22) ________ denotes the exposed, crescent-shaped rupture surface at the head of a slump.

A) Scoop B) Sole C) Toe D) Scarp Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 12.4 Common Forms of Mass Movement: Rapid to Slow Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 23) Which statement best describes slumping, a mass movement process?

A) A block or blocks of unconsolidated regolith slide downhill along a curved slip surface.

B) Blocks of hard bedrock rapidly slide downhill along fracture surfaces.

C) The soil and regolith move downhill very slowly.

D) A mass of soil or regolith becomes saturated with water and suddenly flows downhill to the base of the slope.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 12.4 Common Forms of Mass Movement: Rapid to Slow Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 24) Consider a steep highway cut made by removing slightly weathered to fresh, fractured, granite bedrock. Which of the following situations is most stable against rockslides?

A) one set of widely spaced, sub-horizontal fractures B) two sets of fractures, one inclined toward the road cut and the other away C) two sets of fractures, one widely spaced and sub-horizontal, the other inclined away from the highway cut D) one set of widely spaced fractures inclined towards the road cut Answer: A Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 12.4 Common Forms of Mass Movement: Rapid to Slow Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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25) Which of the following mass movements is most likely to occur in a geologic setting where the rock strata are inclined?

A) debris flow B) slump C) creep D) rockslide Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 12.4 Common Forms of Mass Movement: Rapid to Slow Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 26) Which of the following was a major factor leading to the Gros Ventre, Wyoming, slide?

A) Erosion by the river had undercut the slope-forming shale and exposed the underlying sandstone.

B) Soils and shallow bedrock were very wet and locally saturated.

C) A strong earthquake caused the unstable rock layers to move.

D) Dry weather caused the clay-rich strata to compact, allowing the overlying sandstone to slide into the valley.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 12.4 Common Forms of Mass Movement: Rapid to Slow Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 27) Lahars are associated with which of the following?

A) volcanoes B) earthquakes C) inclined bedding planes D) arid climates Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 12.4 Common Forms of Mass Movement: Rapid to Slow Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 28) Which of the following is true of earthflows?

A) They are rapidly moving flows containing a large amount of water.

B) They are composed of large blocks of rock rolling down a slope.

C) They are viscous and move at slower rates than debris flows.

D) They are confined to channels in semiarid regions.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 12.4 Common Forms of Mass Movement: Rapid to Slow Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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29) Which one of the following operates primarily in areas of permafrost?

A) rock avalanche B) solifluction C) soil creep D) mudflow Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 12.5 Very Slow Mass Movements Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 30) How do freezing, thawing, wetting, and drying contribute to soil creep?

A) The soil becomes much weaker when dry and frozen.

B) Gravity exerts a much stronger force when the soil is wet and thawed.

C) The soil expands and contracts, lifting particles and dropping them a slight distance downslope.

D) Eventually, these cause the soil and regolith to suddenly slide down the slope.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 12.5 Very Slow Mass Movements Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 31) All of the following are possible indicators that creep is occurring EXCEPT for ________.

A) tilted fences or power line poles B) an extremely thick soil profile C) curved tree trunks D) cracks in roads or sidewalks Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 12.5 Very Slow Mass Movements Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 32) A geologist wants to locate a horizontal coal bed on a soil-covered slope where soil creep is active. A distinctive sandstone bed underlies the coal bed. On the basis of weathered sandstone fragments in the soil, where is the coal bed?

A) just below the lowest piece of sandstone seen in the soil B) just above the highest piece of sandstone seen in the soil C) just below the highest piece of sandstone seen in the soil D) just above the lowest piece of sandstone seen in the soil Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 12.5 Very Slow Mass Movements Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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33) Why was the Alaskan pipeline built above ground and insulated?

A) to protect the pipeline against damage due to thawing ground and to keep the crude oil hot and fluid B) to keep the crude oil cool and highly fluid C) to protect against damage from herds of elk and deer D) to protect against damage from roots of large trees uprooted in windstorms Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 12.5 Very Slow Mass Movements Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 34) Water-saturated soil moving downslope at a rate of a few millimeters or centimeters per day or per year is known as________.

A) creep B) solifluction C) permafrost D) slumping Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 12.5 Very Slow Mass Movements Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 35) In which of the following locations would you most expect to encounter solifluction?

A) Northern Canada B) the Midwest United States C) Florida D) Washington State Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 12.5 Very Slow Mass Movements Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 36) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) slope angle B) water C) vegetation D) earthquake Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 12.2 Controls and Triggers of Mass Movement Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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37) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) debris flow B) lahar C) liquefaction D) earthflow Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 12.4 Common Forms of Mass Movement: Rapid to Slow Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 38) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) wind B) water C) mass movement D) ice Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 12.3 Classification of Mass Movement Processes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 39) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) solifluction B) fall C) slide D) flow Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 12.5 Very Slow Mass Movements Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 40) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) rockslide B) debris flow C) creep D) lahar Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 12.5 Very Slow Mass Movements Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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Critical thinking and discussion questions. Use complete sentences, correct spelling, and the information presented in chapter 12 to answer the questions below.

41) Although it was not discussed in Chapter 12, what are some preventive measures that can be done to reduce or lessen the impact of mass movement? (Hint: Think about the controls and triggers of mass movement.)

Answer: Do not oversteepen slopes or remove vegetation.

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: 12.2 Controls and Triggers of Mass Movement Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating 42) As a geologist working in a foreign country for the first time, you are asked to assess the potential for rapid mass movement in a particular region. In what aspects or characteristics (geologic, geographic, biologic, etc.) of the region do you need for your assessment? Also, how could you possibly determine if mass movement has been active in the recent geologic past (hundreds or thousands of years)?

Answer: In the region, is it mountainous, prone to earthquakes or have volcanic eruptions? Are there steep slopes or areas with no or little vegetation? How much snow or rainfall does it receive? Is the region affected by strong ocean wave action? To determine if mass movement has occurred in the recent geologic past, scars or scarps on slopes may be observed or older rockslide or debris flows may be detected.

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: 12.2 Controls and Triggers of Mass Movement Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating 43) Based on the examples and discussion in Chapter 12, what is the relationship of climate to mass movement? Also, are certain climates more susceptible to mass movement? Why? Answer: Mass wasting does not require water, wind, or glaciers to move material. However, the controls and triggers, such as excess water and no vegetation, may be influenced by the climate.

Regions with heavy rains and melting snow can trigger mass movement. An area with little or no vegetation (e.g., deserts) may be prone to mass movement.

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: 12.2 Controls and Triggers of Mass Movement Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating

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44) What process of mass movement is illustrated in the diagram below?

A) solifluction B) creep C) earthflow D) slide Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 12.5 Very Slow Mass Movements Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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45) Study this geologist's sketch. What are the are the three dots toward the right side of the image pointing to?

A) rockfalls B) talus slopes C) scarps D) faults Answer: C Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 12.4 Common Forms of Mass Movement: Rapid to Slow Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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46) Which type of mass movement is shown in this illustration?

A) creep B) rockfall C) rockslide D) debris flow Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 12.4 Common Forms of Mass Movement: Rapid to Slow Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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Essentials of Geology, 13e (Lutgens/Tarbuck/Tasa) Chapter 13 Running Water 1) Which one of the following statements is correct?

A) Sea level drops when water is stored in expanding ice sheets and continental glaciers.

B) Sea level drops when water is added to the oceans through increased rainfall and increased inflow from rivers.

C) Sea level drops when evaporation rates increase over the oceans and when this extra, atmospheric moisture falls on land as rain.

D) Sea level drops when water is released from ice sheets and continental glaciers.

Answer: A Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 13.1 Earth as a System: The Hydrologic Cycle Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 2) The ________ describes the movement of water through Earth's hydrosphere.

A) aqualytic cycle B) aquatic cycle C) precipitation cycle D) hydrologic cycle Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.1 Earth as a System: The Hydrologic Cycle Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 3) ________ are components of the hydrologic cycle that release water vapor directly to the atmosphere.

A) Runoff and infiltration B) Evaporation and transpiration C) Precipitation and runoff D) Discharge and transportation Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.1 Earth as a System: The Hydrologic Cycle Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 4) ________ is NOT part of the hydrologic cycle.

A) Water evaporating from a lake B) Water infiltrating into the soil and bedrock C) Calcium carbonate dissolving in soil water and groundwater D) Water moving into creeks and streams following a rainstorm Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.1 Earth as a System: The Hydrologic Cycle Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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5) The process by which liquid water changes into water vapor is called ________.

A) evaporation B) infiltration C) precipitation D) runoff Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.1 Earth as a System: The Hydrologic Cycle Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 6) The majority of freshwater on Earth is located where?

A) in the oceans B) in groundwater C) in glaciers and ice sheets D) in snow and ice Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.1 Earth as a System: The Hydrologic Cycle Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 7) Which component of the hydrologic cycle describes the recharge of water to the soil and groundwater systems?

A) evaporation B) infiltration C) precipitation D) runoff Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.1 Earth as a System: The Hydrologic Cycle Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 8) How does urbanization (paving, etc.) affect runoff and infiltration in a small, previously forested, drainage basin?

A) both decrease B) runoff decreases; infiltration increases C) both increase D) infiltration decreases; runoff increases Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.2 Running Water Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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9) Which one of the following best describes how urbanization affects small-stream watersheds?

A) Infiltration is reduced; lag time between storms and peak runoff is increased.

B) Infiltration increases slightly; lag time between storms and peak runoff decreases.

C) Infiltration decreases; lag time between storms and peak runoff is shortened.

D) Infiltration and lag time between storms and peak runoff increase.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 13.2 Running Water Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 10) Which is the correct term for water that flows in a channel, regardless of size?

A) river B) stream C) channel D) meander Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.2 Running Water Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 11) Which of the following is located in the headwaters region of a river system?

A) zone of sediment production B) zone of transportation C) zone of deposition D) zone of erosion Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.2 Running Water Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 12) A rectangular drainage patter in which tributary streams are nearly parallel to one another, and which forms in areas underlain by alternating bands of resistant and less-resistant rock, is called a ________ pattern.

A) dendritic B) radial C) rectangular D) trellis Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.2 Running Water Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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13) A drainage pattern that resembles the branching pattern of a deciduous tree is called ________.

A) dendritic B) radial C) rectangular D) trellis Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.2 Running Water Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 14) A drainage pattern comprised of streams that diverge from a central area like spokes is called ________.

A) dendritic B) radial C) rectangular D) trellis Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.2 Running Water Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 15) A drainage pattern that exhibits many right-angle bends and develops when bedrock is crisscrossed by a series of joints and/or faults is called ________.

A) dendritic B) radial C) rectangular D) trellis Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.2 Running Water Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 16) The slope of a stream channel, expressed as the vertical drop of a stream over a specified distance, is called the/a________.

A) water gap B) wetted perimeter C) gradient D) discharge Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.3 Streamflow Characteristics Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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17) When water moves in nearly straight-line paths parallel to the stream channel, in slow moving streams, this is called ________.

A) turbulent flow B) laminar flow C) straight-line flow D) parallel flow Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.3 Streamflow Characteristics Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 18) Which of the following factors affect a stream's flow velocity?

A) gradient B) cross-sectional shape C) channel size and roughness D) discharge E) Gradient, cross-sectional shape, channel size and roughness, and discharge all affect a stream's flow velocity.

Answer: E Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.3 Streamflow Characteristics Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 19) The volume of water flowing past a certain point in a given unit of time is called ________.

A) flow velocity B) discharge C) gradient D) wetted perimeter Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.3 Streamflow Characteristics Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 20) A cross-sectional view of a stream from its source area to its mouth is called its ________.

A) gradient B) wetted perimeter C) discharge D) longitudinal profile Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.3 Streamflow Characteristics Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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21) Moving from the headwaters to the mouth, in most streams, which of the following is true?

A) Discharge typically decreases.

B) Sediment size typically increases.

C) Flow velocity generally increases.

D) Channel slope generally increases.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.3 Streamflow Characteristics Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 22) Which one of the following does not apply to stream turbulence and average velocity?

A) channel shape; bed roughness B) laminar flow; dissolved load C) discharge; stream gradient D) stream gradient; channel roughness Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.3 Streamflow Characteristics Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 23) A stream begins at an elevation of 200 meters and flows a distance of 400 kilometers to the ocean? What is the average gradient?

A) 2m/km B) 2km/m C) 0.5m/km D) 0.5 km/in Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.3 Streamflow Characteristics Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 24) The ________ River has the largest discharge of any in the world.

A) Nile B) Mississippi C) Congo D) Amazon Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.3 Streamflow Characteristics Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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25) ________ comprise the suspended loads of most rivers and streams.

A) Dissolved ions and sand B) Dissolved salts C) Silt and clay-sized, detrital grains D) Sand and gravel that move during floods Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.4 The Work of Running Water Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 26) ________ describes the total sediment load transported by a stream.

A) Capacity B) Discharge C) Competence D) Hydro-load factor Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.4 The Work of Running Water Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 27) Which of the following is a measure of a stream's ability to transport particles based on size, rather than quantity?

A) Capacity B) Discharge C) Competence D) Hydro-load factor Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.4 The Work of Running Water Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 28) ________ generally constitutes the highest percentage of the annual sediment load moved by a stream.

A) Bed load B) Dissolved load C) Suspended load D) Saltation load Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.4 The Work of Running Water Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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29) ________ describes the particle transport mode in streams intermediate between suspension and rolling along the bottom.

A) Siltation B) Alluviation C) Impact leaping D) Saltation Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.4 The Work of Running Water Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 30) Smooth, rounded cobbles and pebbles are found in streams a result of ________.

A) abrasion B) quarrying C) corrosion D) saltation Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.4 The Work of Running Water Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 31) The removal of blocks from the bed of a stream channel is known as ________.

A) abrasion B) quarrying C) corrosion D) saltation Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.4 The Work of Running Water Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 32) The type and amount of material carried in suspension are controlled by flow velocity and ________.

A) discharge B) settling velocity C) channel roughness D) channel size Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.4 The Work of Running Water Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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33) ________ refers to sediments deposited from streams.

A) Bed load B) Suspended load C) Alluvium D) Fluvium Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.4 The Work of Running Water Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 34) Which type of channel is likely to develop a sequence of steps and pools?

A) a steep channel cut into bedrock B) a meandering channel in a relatively flat area C) an alluvial channel in a valley D) a braided channel flowing along a flat plain Answer: A Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 13.5 Stream Channels Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 35) Which of the following statements about meandering channels is true?

A) The outside of a meander is a zone of slow flowing water.

B) Point bars are deposited on the outsides of meanders.

C) Cut banks are located on the outside of meanders.

D) The inside of a meander is the area of fastest flow.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.5 Stream Channels Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 36) Which of the following channel types is likely to form at the end of a glacier?

A) braided channel B) bedrock channel C) meandering channel D) steps and pools Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.5 Stream Channels Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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37) Where is erosion concentrated along a meandering stream?

A) on the straight channel segments that connect the meander loops B) on the outer parts of the meander loops or bends C) at the unconsolidated point bars D) on the inner banks of the meander loops Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.5 Stream Channels Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 38) ________ is an abandoned, cutoff, meander loop.

A) A builtrail B) An oxbow C) A cowhock D) A gatorback Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.5 Stream Channels Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 39) Which of the following must result in a lower base level for rivers and streams?

A) Sea level falls; land subsides.

B) Sea level falls; land rises.

C) Sea level rises; land subsides.

D) Sea level rises; land rises.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.6 Shaping Stream Valleys Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 40) Which of the following features characterize wide streams and valleys?

A) natural levees; broad floodplains B) rapids; channel bed potholes C) waterfalls; entrenched meanders D) V-shaped valley cross-sections Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.6 Shaping Stream Valleys Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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41) Incised meanders are evidence for what sequence of geologic events?

A) Land uplift was followed by stream downcutting.

B) Lateral cutting by streams was followed by subsidence of the land.

C) A sea level rise was followed by stream downcutting.

D) Stream downcutting was followed by a rise in base level.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.6 Shaping Stream Valleys Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 42) ________ are characteristics of downcutting streams and a youthful stage of valley evolution.

A) Rapids and lots of whitewater B) Wide floodplains C) U-shaped, cross-valley profiles D) Meandering channels and natural levees Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.6 Shaping Stream Valleys Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 43) Many larger rivers in the Colorado Plateau region meander in deep, narrow canyons and have no floodplains. How could this happen?

A) Original, youthful streams continued to downcut as the land rose.

B) Original, old age streams downcut as the land gradually rose.

C) As sea level dropped, the original youthful streams matured into old-age streams.

D) As sea level rose, the original, old age streams were rejuvenated.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.6 Shaping Stream Valleys Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 44) Which one of the following statements correctly describes how stream terraces can form?

A) Base level drops; the stream aggrades its channel, and the former floodplain is left below the present elevation of the stream.

B) A temporary base level is eliminated; the stream downcuts upstream from the old temporary base level, and the former floodplain is left well above the present elevation of the stream.

C) Base level rises; the stream downcuts, and the old floodplain is left well above the elevation of the present-day channel.

D) A temporary base level is eliminated; the stream aggrades its channel upstream from the old temporary base level, and the former floodplain is left well above the present elevation of the stream.

Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 13.6 Shaping Stream Valleys Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 11 .

45) Which of the following best describes a graded stream?

A) It is actively downcutting its channel.

B) It is rapidly depositing material at its mouth.

C) It is basically in equilibrium, neither eroding nor depositing material.

D) It is rapidly eroding its banks.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.6 Shaping Stream Valleys Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 46) Which one of the following statements is TRUE concerning natural levees?

A) They are depositional features formed at times of low discharge.

B) They are mostly fine sand and silt that build up during floods.

C) They are erosional features left behind when meander cutoff occurs.

D) They form the high, steep banks of a downcutting stream.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.7 Depositional Landforms Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 47) At the head of a delta, the major channel splits into smaller channels that follow different paths to the sea. These smaller channels are known as ________.

A) endotributaries B) exotributaries C) distributaries D) cotributaries Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.7 Depositional Landforms Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 48) ________ in a delta are essentially cross strata inclined toward deeper water.

A) Backset beds B) Topset beds C) Foreset beds D) Bottomset beds Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.7 Depositional Landforms Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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49) Why is a bird-foot delta like that of the present-day Mississippi below New Orleans likely to change naturally toward one with the shape of an equilateral triangle like the upper-case, Greek letter delta (∆)?

A) Present-day distributaries have higher gradients than potential new ones.

B) Potential, new, major distributary channels have steeper gradients than existing channels.

C) Potential, new, distributary channels have higher gradients, causing downcutting of the existing channels.

D) Increased sediment loads since the mid-nineteenth century have caused the major distributaries to be filled with sand.

Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 13.7 Depositional Landforms Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 50) A tributary stream that has to flow for many kilometers before finding an opening where it enters the main river is called a ________.

A) natural levee B) back swamp C) distributary D) Yazoo tributary Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.7 Depositional Landforms Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 51) A natural, meandering, river channel is modified into a more or less straight and smooth, canal-like channel. Which of the following statements is correct?

A) The natural channel had a lower gradient and less friction than the modified channel.

B) The straight channel has a higher gradient and more friction than the natural channel.

C) The natural channel had a lower gradient and higher friction than the straight channel.

D) All of the above statements are true.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 13.8 Floods & Flood Control Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 52) A dam and reservoir are constructed on a graded river. What will happen?

A) deposition upstream from the dam; channel downcutting below B) channel downcutting upstream from the dam; deposition below C) deposition upstream and downstream from the dam D) channel downcutting upstream and downstream from the dam Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.8 Floods & Flood Control Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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53) Which of the following is the only correct response concerning the location and causes of the extraordinarily severe, 1993, flooding on the Mississippi River and tributaries?

A) lower basin; heavy rains in late spring and early summer B) upper basin; rapid melting of an unusually deep snow pack in early spring C) lower basin; very heavy, late summer rains associated with a severe hurricane D) upper basin; very heavy, sustained rainfall in the late spring and early summer Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.8 Floods & Flood Control Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 54) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) flow B) velocity C) capacity D) discharge Answer: C Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 13.4 The Work of Running Water Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 55) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) cut bank B) point bar C) oxbow lake D) waterfall Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.5 Stream Channels Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 56) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) artificial levees B) dams C) floodplains D) channelization Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.6 Shaping Stream Valleys Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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57) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) natural levees B) rapids C) backswamps D) Yazoo tributaries Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.6 Shaping Stream Valleys Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 58) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) abrasion B) pothole C) quarrying D) natural levee Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 13.7 Depositional Landforms Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding Critical thinking and discussion questions. Use complete sentences, correct spelling, and the information presented in chapter 13 to answer the questions below.

59) What generalizations can you make regarding the geology of a given area by examining stream drainage patterns on a topographic map? Give some examples. Also, are there limitations to such generalizations?

Answer: Drainage patterns can vary from one terrain to another and will depend on the lithology and/or structural patterns. Example: When the underlying material is uniform and resistant to erosion, a dendritic pattern occurs. The pattern is controlled by the direction of the slope of the land, not by the geology. Limitations exist when there is more than one type of geology and structural pattern and if there is a rapid change of geology/structural patterns over the terrain.

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: 13.2 Running Water Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating

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60) On the blanks provided beside each illustration, name the type of drainage pattern that is illustrated.

Answer: (a) dendritic (b) rectangular (c) radial (d) trellis Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 13.2 Running Water Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 61) Briefly compare those stream characteristics that decrease in a downstream direction with those that increase downstream. Also, indicate whether or not these changing stream characteristics tend to favor erosion or deposition of sediments.

Answer: The longitudinal profile displays a concave shape from the river's headwaters to its mouth. At the headwaters, the gradient is steeper and the channel is more rough, which both favor erosion, as compared to its mouth. At the mouth, there is typically an increase in discharge and channel size and favors more deposition, as compared to its headwaters.

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: 13.3 Streamflow Characteristics Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating

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62) A city located on a large river has a history of moderate flooding over its 150-year history.

However, the severity and magnitude of flooding has increased dramatically in the past 30 years.

Give some possible reasons, both natural and human-induced, as to why such increased flooding might occur. What flood control techniques may be used to reduce flood damage, and how may they contribute to other problems?

Answer: Dam failures and increasing amounts of impervious surfaces are two human-induced causes for increased flooding. One natural reason is ice jams in frozen rivers. Flash floods can have both natural and man-made causes. Artificial levees, channelization, flood-control dams, and nonstructural approaches may reduce flood damage. Channelization may increase stream channel erosion.

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: 13.8 Floods & Flood Control Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating

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63) Label a cut bank and the point bar on the diagram below.

Answer: See Figure 13.18 in the Essentials of Geology, 13e textbook.

Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 13.5 Stream Channels Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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Essentials of Geology, 13e (Lutgens/Tarbuck/Tasa) Chapter 14 Groundwater 1) After ice sheets and glaciers, ________ contain(s) the next highest percentage of Earth's freshwater.

A) the atmosphere B) lakes and rivers C) groundwater D) rocks and minerals Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.1 The Importance of Groundwater Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 2) ________ account(s) for the largest usage of groundwater in the United States.

A) Water for livestock and poultry B) Domestic and municipal supplies C) Industrial uses D) Agriculture and irrigation Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.1 The Importance of Groundwater Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 3) Which example best demonstrates groundwater's power as an erosional agent?

A) dissolution of limestone leading to sinkholes and caverns B) the Mississippi River Valley C) incised meanders D) waterfalls Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.1 The Importance of Groundwater Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 4) Which of the following is responsible for the most daily indoor per capita water use in an average single family home in America?

A) showers and baths B) clothes washers C) toilets D) leaks Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.1 The Importance of Groundwater Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

1 .

5) The unsaturated zone ________.

A) lies above the water table B) pore spaces are filled with water C) is a well-oxygenated, shallow aquifer D) lies below the capillary fringe zone Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.2 Groundwater & the Water Table Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 6) The water table is ________.

A) a boundary between unsaturated bedrock and an underground river B) a boundary between unsaturated bedrock below and saturated bedrock above C) an underground mass of partly saturated rock D) a boundary between saturated rock below and unsaturated rock above Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.2 Groundwater & the Water Table Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 7) A stream is said to be a losing stream when ________.

A) the channel bottom is above the local water table B) the local water table is above the channel bottom C) it is losing water to evaporation faster than it can be replenished D) there isn't enough precipitation to keep it full Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.2 Groundwater & the Water Table Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 8) ________ is another name for the zone of saturation.

A) Capillary fringe B) Unsaturated zone C) Vadose zone D) Phreatic zone Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.2 Groundwater & the Water Table Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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9) The near-surface zone that contains some of the water that soaks into the ground is called the ________.

A) phreatic zone B) vadose zone C) zone of soil moisture D) water table Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.2 Groundwater & the Water Table Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 10) What term describes a stream which receives water through the inflow of groundwater through the stream bed?

A) losing stream B) gaining stream C) vadose D) phreatic Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.2 Groundwater & the Water Table Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 11) ________ controls the ease (or difficulty) of groundwater transmission through a porous material.

A) Potability B) Portability C) Permeosity D) Permeability Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.3 Storage & Movement of Groundwater Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 12) ________ are characteristics found in all good aquifers.

A) High porosity and high permeability B) Low permeability and high potability C) High potability and high portability D) Low porosity and low permeability Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.3 Storage & Movement of Groundwater Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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13) ________ is the volume of voids or open space in a rock or unconsolidated material.

A) Permeability B) Space yield C) Porosity D) Saturation index Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.3 Storage & Movement of Groundwater Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 14) An aquifer is ________.

A) the porous and permeable, saturated cone of depression in an aquitard B) a layer or stratum in which groundwater flows downward to the water table C) a saturated, porous, and permeable layer or stratum D) an unsaturated, influent-flow bed or stratum below a spring Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.3 Storage & Movement of Groundwater Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 15) Water-saturated muds have low ________ but can have greater ________ than wellcemented sandstone.

A) permeability, porosity B) porosity, permeability Answer: A Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 14.3 Storage & Movement of Groundwater Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 16) Highly impermeable layers such as compacted clay or shale are known as ________.

A) aquifers B) aquitards C) discharge areas D) recharge areas Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.3 Storage & Movement of Groundwater Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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17) What term denotes the percentage of open space or voids in a material?

A) porosity B) permeability C) saturation D) permeosity Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.3 Storage & Movement of Groundwater Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 18) The water table slope is known as the ________.

A) hydraulic conductivity B) hydraulic gradient C) capillary fringe D) cone of depression Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.3 Storage & Movement of Groundwater Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 19) Darcy's law allows for the calculation of ________.

A) hydraulic gradient B) discharge C) hydraulic conductivity D) flow rate Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.3 Storage & Movement of Groundwater Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 20) ________ is a coefficient that takes into account the viscosity of the fluid and the permeability of the aquifer.

A) Hydraulic gradient B) Discharge C) Hydraulic conductivity D) Flow rate Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.3 Storage & Movement of Groundwater Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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21) What force pushes groundwater from pore to pore below the water table?

A) integrated saturation impulse B) permeability steepness C) pressure gradient or hydraulic gradient D) seepage affluence actor Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.3 Storage & Movement of Groundwater Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 22) A perched water table develops when ________.

A) a horizontal aquitard above the regional water table lies below an aquifer B) an aquifer above the regional water table is overlain by a horizontal aquitard C) an aquifer below the regional water table is underlain by a horizontal aquitard D) an aquitard below the regional water table lies above a horizontal aquifer Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.4 Wells & Artesian Systems Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 23) What is the relationship between drawdown and the cone of depression associated with a pumping well?

A) The drawdown is the diameter of the cone of depression measured at the elevation of the original water table.

B) The drawdown is the percentage of available water in the aquifer that has already been used.

C) Drawdown is the distance between the original water table and the water level in the well.

D) There is no relationship between drawdown and the cone of depression.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.4 Wells & Artesian Systems Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 24) Excessive groundwater withdrawals can cause ________.

A) the water table drops or declines in elevation B) an influent stream becomes an effluent stream C) expansion of the dewatered aquifer D) porosity in the aquifer increases as the water is removed Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.4 Wells & Artesian Systems Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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25) Which one of the following concerning artesian wells is NOT true?

A) The well penetrates an aquifer overlain by an aquitard.

B) The well penetrates an aquifer underlain by an impermeable bed.

C) The aquifer is generally inclined, and it is saturated to an elevation above the point where the well penetrates the aquifer.

D) When the well penetrates the aquifer, the water rises to the bottom of the aquitard above the aquifer.

Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.4 Wells & Artesian Systems Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 26) An artesian well is one in which ________.

A) the water is warm, fairly saline, and recharged by an affluent stream B) pressurized groundwater rises from a deep, unsaturated aquifer C) water rises above the top of the aquifer without any pumping D) the well is horizontal and the water table is perched Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.4 Wells & Artesian Systems Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 27) Which one of the following statements is TRUE for an artesian aquifer?

A) The water table in the recharge area is at a higher elevation than the top of the aquifer in the subsurface.

B) Upward flow from a permeable aquitard is prevented by a confining aquifer.

C) The pressure at any point in the aquifer is considerably less than the weight of the water column between the point and the top of the aquifer.

D) In deep, stream-cut valleys, many springs are fed from artesian aquifers.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.4 Wells & Artesian Systems Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 28) Lowering of the water table around a pumping well results in a ________.

A) cone of infiltration B) cone of depression C) cone of pressure D) hydraulic depression Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.4 Wells & Artesian Systems Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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29) What term describes a groundwater system in which water in a well rises above the top of the aquifer without use of a pump?

A) perched B) confined C) artesian D) rising Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.4 Wells & Artesian Systems Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 30) The hot spring deposits at Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, are travertine.

What rock probably lies somewhere beneath the hot springs?

A) shale B) rhyolite C) limestone D) quartzite Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.5 Springs, Geysers, & Geothermal Energy Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 31) Where are the most extensive geothermal features in the world?

A) Yosemite National Park, United States B) Geysers Artesian Park, Japan C) Iceland's Groundwater Preserve D) Yellowstone National Park, United States Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.5 Springs, Geysers, & Geothermal Energy Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 32) Which of the following best describes how geysers erupt?

A) Water suddenly boils in disconnected voids and cracks above the water table, causing the aquifer to explosively fragment.

B) Water slowly boils in a network of vertical cracks above the water table, sending up a plume of steam and hot water.

C) Water below the water table slowly boils in a vertical crack or natural conduit, causing a plume of condensed water vapor to rise above the vent.

D) With a slight reduction in pressure, water in a saturated, natural conduit suddenly boils, sending a plume of steam and hot water into the air above the vent.

Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.5 Springs, Geysers, & Geothermal Energy Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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33) ________ occur where the water table intersects Earth's surface and natural outflow of groundwater occurs.

A) Springs B) Hot springs C) Geysers D) Artesian wells Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.5 Springs, Geysers, & Geothermal Energy Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 34) A hydrothermal vent that periodically or occasionally erupts a column of steam and hot water is called a ________.

A) hot spring B) spring C) travertine D) geyser Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.5 Springs, Geysers, & Geothermal Energy Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 35) Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning unconfined aquifers in urbanized coastal areas?

A) Wells drilled below sea level will produce only saline water.

B) The water table must be 40 feet above sea level to keep the salty water in the aquifer below sea level.

C) Any salty water in the aquifer will rise if the water table is lowered by pumping.

D) Pumping freshwater from one, large capacity well is much less likely to cause salty water to rise in the aquifer than pumping from several, widely spaced, smaller capacity wells.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.6 Environmental Problems Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 36) Which of the following geologic materials would have the highest groundwater velocities and be least effective in removing unwanted pollutants from the water?

A) unconsolidated medium-grained sand; sand grains are coated with clay minerals B) sandstone; well-cemented with a few, widely spaced vertical fractures C) lakebeds; unconsolidated very fine-grained sand and silt D) limestone; numerous solution channels and fractures widened by dissolution Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.6 Environmental Problems Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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37) ________ would have the largest capacity to naturally remove sewage pollutants.

A) Fractured granite B) Well-sorted, coarse gravel C) Slightly clayey sand D) Limestone with solution channels and caverns Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.6 Environmental Problems Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 38) A network of recharge wells can help correct the problem of ________.

A) saltwater intrusion B) subsidence C) contamination by sewage D) evaporation Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.6 Environmental Problems Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 39) The term karst topography was first used in ________.

A) the Republic of Slovenia, a province of the former Yugoslavia B) Eastern Canada in areas of fractured igneous and metamorphic rocks C) India near the southern foothills of the Himalayan Mountains D) Australia for the extremely dry interior area near Ayres Rock and Alice Springs Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.7 The Geologic Work of Groundwater Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 40) Which one of the following is NOT a speleothem?

A) geyserite B) dripstone C) stalactite D) stalagmite Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.7 The Geologic Work of Groundwater Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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41) Which one of the following concerning stalactites and stalagmites is NOT true?

A) Stalactites are deposited from water dripping from the ceiling of an aerated cavern.

B) Both are composed of calcium carbonate.

C) Both are forms of dripstone; stalactites hang from the ceiling, stalagmites grow upward from the cavern floor.

D) Stalagmites form on the floors of caves below the water table.

Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.7 The Geologic Work of Groundwater Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 42) A ________ is the icicle-like speleothem that grows down from the roof of a cavern.

A) stalandite B) stalactite C) stalagmite D) slagdite Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.7 The Geologic Work of Groundwater Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 43) Which of the following can logically be concluded by speleothems/dripstone hanging from a cave roof?

A) The cave roof was below the water table when the speleothems formed.

B) The cave floor was above the water table and the roof was below the water table when the speleothems formed.

C) The cave roof was above the water table when the speleothems formed.

D) The cave roof was below the water table sometime after the speleothems had formed.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 14.7 The Geologic Work of Groundwater Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 44) Which common, rock-forming mineral or mineral group is most readily dissolved by groundwater?

A) calcite B) quartz C) feldspars D) clay minerals Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.7 The Geologic Work of Groundwater Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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45) ________ are specific features of karst topography.

A) Streams flowing into depressions and continuing underground B) Perched water table springs on hillsides C) Numerous artesian wells in a given area D) Perennial, influent streams fed by large springs Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.7 The Geologic Work of Groundwater Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 46) Depositional features created by dripping of water over great spans of time are called ________.

A) caverns B) karst C) dripstone D) dropstone Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.7 The Geologic Work of Groundwater Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 47) Which of the following areas is underlain by karst topography?

A) Kentucky B) Michigan C) California D) New York State Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.7 The Geologic Work of Groundwater Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 48) Karst development occurs more rapidly in ________ climates.

A) arid B) arctic C) temperate D) tropical Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.7 The Geologic Work of Groundwater Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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49) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) aquifer B) zone of soil moisture C) capillary fringe D) unsaturated zone Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.2 Groundwater & the Water Table Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 50) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) porosity B) permeability C) aquitard D) aquifer Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.3 Storage & Movement of Groundwater Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 51) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) stalagmite B) dripstone C) sinkhole D) stalactite Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.7 The Geologic Work of Groundwater Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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Critical thinking and discussion questions. Use complete sentences, correct spelling, and the information presented in chapter 14 to answer the questions below.

52) On the blanks provided beside each cross section below, describe what type of stream is represented. Arrows indicate direction of groundwater flow.

Answer: (a) gaining stream (b) losing stream Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.2 Groundwater & the Water Table Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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53) When examining the geology of a region for potential aquifers, what characteristics or factors would you consider? Also, what areas (based on natural and human) factors would you avoid?

Answer: Porosity and permeability of the strata are two very important characteristics to consider. The size and number of aquifers and aquitards are other factors. Areas to avoid may be those regions susceptible to saltwater intrusion without adequate pumping controls and communities that have septic tanks.

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: 14.3 Storage & Movement of Groundwater Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating 54) What is the name of the localized lowering of the water table shown in the diagram below?

Answer: cone of depression Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.4 Wells & Artesian Systems Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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55) "The drinking water in our town is always cold, clear, and pure because it comes from an artesian well." Briefly discuss the geologic validity of this statement. Although this idea wasn't specifically discussed in chapter 14, give a possible reason or two as to why such statements are often made.

Answer: Artesian applies to any situation in which groundwater under pressure rises above the level of the aquifer and does not refer to the temperature, purity or clarity of the water. The groundwater may be cooler because of the ground temperatures. Unlike streams where water can be muddied during rainstorms, groundwater is often clear. However, the common misconception is that if the water is clear; therefore, it must be pure. Clear water may still be contaminated with seawater or septic tanks.

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: 14.4 Wells & Artesian Systems Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating 56) How would you recognize areas of karst topography on a topographic map without knowing the local bedrock geology? Also, what features of karst topography on a topographic map might be misinterpreted as some other geologic feature?

Answer: Evidence of karst topography: sinkholes, sinking streams, springs, solution valleys, tower karst. Some sinkholes may be mistaken as ponds when they become plugged with clay and debris.

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: 14.7 The Geologic Work of Groundwater Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating

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57) What type of topography is illustrated in the diagram below?

Answer: karst topography Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 14.7 The Geologic Work of Groundwater Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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Essentials of Geology, 13e (Lutgens/Tarbuck/Tasa) Chapter 15 Glaciers and Glaciations 1) What percent of Earth's land surface is currently covered by glaciers?

A) 5% B) 10% C) 15% D) 20% Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.1 Glaciers: A Part of Two Basic Cycles Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 2) Where is the world's largest ice sheet located today?

A) Greenland B) Russia, Siberia C) Iceland D) Antarctica Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.1 Glaciers: A Part of Two Basic Cycles Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 3) Where is the world's second largest continental ice sheet?

A) Iceland B) Greenland C) Antarctica D) Siberian Russia Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.1 Glaciers: A Part of Two Basic Cycles Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 4) Where are the only present-day continental ice sheets?

A) Greenland and Iceland B) Iceland and Antarctica C) Greenland and Antarctica D) Antarctica and Northern Canada Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.1 Glaciers: A Part of Two Basic Cycles; Figure 15.2 Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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5) ________ are found on a much larger scale than ________.

A) Alpine glaciers, valley glaciers B) Ice sheets, valley glaciers C) Valley glaciers, alpine glaciers D) Valley glaciers, ice sheets Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.1 Glaciers: A Part of Two Basic Cycles; Figure 15.2 Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 6) The ice covering the Arctic Ocean is ________.

A) a valley glacier B) an ice sheet C) sea ice D) an iceberg Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.1 Glaciers: A Part of Two Basic Cycles; Figure 15.2 Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 7) Large, relatively flat masses of ice extending seaward from the coast are known as ________.

A) ice shelves B) valley glaciers C) sea ice D) ice caps Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.1 Glaciers: A Part of Two Basic Cycles; Figure 15.2 Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 8) ________ is one of the two major flow mechanisms in a glacier.

A) Basal slip B) Crevassal slip C) Frost heaving D) Morainal sliding Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.2 Formation & Movement of Glacial Ice Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

2 .

9) Which process occurs where a glacier enters the sea?

A) kaming B) calving C) surging D) drowning Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.2 Formation & Movement of Glacial Ice Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 10) How do icebergs in the North Atlantic Ocean originate?

A) by calving of large piedmont glaciers in Greenland B) as large masses of sea ice that float northward from Antarctica C) as masses of sea ice that float southward from the Arctic Ocean D) as calved blocks of glacial ice that float northward from Antarctica Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.2 Formation & Movement of Glacial Ice Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 11) ________ is the best explanation for a glacial surge.

A) The climate cools suddenly and a retreating glacier begins to advance B) Heavy snowfalls resulting in avalanches in the zone of accumulation C) Melting at the base of the glacier resulting in increased rates of basal slip D) Crevasses opening suddenly near the snout of a glacier Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.2 Formation & Movement of Glacial Ice Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 12) The bottom or downward tip of a crevasse marks the ________.

A) boundary between parts of the glacier moving by basal sliding and crevassal slip B) boundary between the basal sliding and external flowage zones C) bottom of the basal sliding zone D) top of the internal deformation and flowage zone Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.2 Formation & Movement of Glacial Ice Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

3 .

13) Which one of the following applies to a valley glacier that lengthens (extends its terminus downslope) over a period of many years?

A) Wastage exceeds accumulation.

B) Accumulation exceeds wastage.

C) Accumulation and wastage are about equal.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.2 Formation & Movement of Glacial Ice Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 14) Which is the only continent without glaciers?

A) Africa B) Australia C) South America D) Europe Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.2 Formation & Movement of Glacial Ice Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 15) Granular, recrystallized snow that is part of the process of glacier formation is known as ________.

A) outwash B) firn C) tarn D) cirque Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.2 Formation & Movement of Glacial Ice Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 16) The uppermost 50 meters of a glacier is referred to as the ________.

A) zone of fracture B) zone of accumulation C) zone of wastage D) zone of calving Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.2 Formation & Movement of Glacial Ice Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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17) Which of the following best describes what would happen if the glacial budget is out of balance, with ablation exceeding accumulation?

A) The glacier will advance.

B) The glacier will retreat.

C) The glacier will remain stationary.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.2 Formation & Movement of Glacial Ice Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 18) The downstream end or snout of a glacier advances over periods of time during which ________ exceeds ________.

A) ablation, accumulation B) accumulation, ablation Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.2 Formation & Movement of Glacial Ice Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 19) About ________ percent or less of an iceberg protrudes above the waterline.

A) 2 B) 5 C) 10 D) 20 Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.2 Formation & Movement of Glacial Ice Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 20) Unusually rapid, forward movements of glaciers are called ________.

A) calving B) surges C) ablation D) firns Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.2 Formation & Movement of Glacial Ice Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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21) Which best describes plastic flow?

A) An entire ice mass slips along the ground.

B) Ice layers slide over one another and remain intact.

C) Jerky motion causes large fractures to form.

D) Large accumulations of snowfall are compressed into glacial ice.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.2 Formation & Movement of Glacial Ice Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 22) What term describes open fissures in the brittle, surface ice of a glacier?

A) crevasse B) cavern C) chasm D) firn Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.2 Formation & Movement of Glacial Ice Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 23) Abrasion and plucking generally involve what part of a glacier?

A) the internal, flowage zone B) the snout zone C) the surface, brittle zone D) the basal, sliding zone Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.3 Glacial Erosion Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 24) A ________ is an erosional feature specifically produced by alpine glaciation.

A) lateral moraine B) drumlin C) crevasse spur D) U-shaped valley Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.3 Glacial Erosion Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

6 .

25) A(n) ________ is likely to host a waterfall or steep rapids today.

A) outwash plain B) hanging valley C) striated drumlin D) horn peak Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.3 Glacial Erosion Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 26) A fiord is ________.

A) a stream valley, deepened by glacial erosion, that floods as sea level rises B) a glacier-cut valley that is dammed by an end moraine and a large lake is formed C) a glacier-cut valley which sinks below sea level due to glacial rebound after the ice melts D) a large, kettle-pocked moraine left as an island when sea level rises following melting of the ice Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.3 Glacial Erosion Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 27) ________ are erosional features produced by valley/alpine glaciers.

A) Moraines B) Cirques C) Eskers D) Drumlins Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.3 Glacial Erosion Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 28) Which of the following glacial features would typically be found in close proximity to each other?

A) cirque and terminal moraine B) outwash plain and horn C) hanging valley and waterfall D) drumlin and fiord Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.3 Glacial Erosion; Figure 15.14 Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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29) Which of the following is often associated with a cirque basin in high, mountainous terrain?

A) loon lake B) kettle pond C) tarn lake D) arête pond Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.3 Glacial Erosion Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 30) The process by which a glacier lifts blocks of rock and incorporates them into the ice is called ________.

A) picking B) plucking C) abrasion D) striating Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.3 Glacial Erosion Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 31) Which of the following erosional features provides clues to the direction of ice flow?

A) abrasion B) rock flour C) moraines D) striations Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.3 Glacial Erosion Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 32) ________ are glacier-cut valleys that flooded as sea level rose in post-glacial times.

A) Cirques B) Tarns C) Fiords D) Hanging valleys Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.3 Glacial Erosion Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

8 .

33) A ________ represents an erosional feature formed in what was an important accumulation zone for snow and ice at the upstream head of a glacier.

A) cirque B) tarn C) firn D) horn Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.3 Glacial Erosion Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 34) Sinuous, knife-edged ridges called ________ are sculpted by valley glaciers.

A) arêtes B) tarns C) horns D) cirques Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.3 Glacial Erosion Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 35) Waterfalls are most likely to form in which of the following settings?

A) cirques B) tarns C) hanging valleys D) crevasses Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.3 Glacial Erosion Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 36) Valleys deeply eroded by alpine glaciers have what characteristic, cross-valley profile?

A) V-shaped B) U-shaped C) uneven and jagged D) none of the above Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.3 Glacial Erosion Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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37) ________ is an irregular, usually thin till layer laid down by a retreating glacier.

A) Terminal moraine B) Outwash blanket C) Kame sheet D) Ground moraine Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.4 Glacial Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 38) ________ are both deposited by meltwater streams.

A) Terminal moraines and cirques B) Outwash plains and valley trains C) Valley moraines and ice sheet trains D) Recessional kettles and erratics Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.4 Glacial Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 39) All of the following descriptions apply to stratified drift (not glacial till) EXCEPT for ________.

A) unsorted mixtures of many particle sizes B) deposits of sand and gravel C) deposits are often layered and well-sorted D) deposited by glacial meltwater streams Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.4 Glacial Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 40) A(n) ________ represents a former meltwater channel or tunnel in glacial ice that was filled with sand and gravel.

A) esker B) Yazoo ridge C) valley plain D) kettle Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.4 Glacial Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

10 .

41) Which type of glacial drift is deposited by glacial meltwater?

A) stratified drift B) till C) unsorted sediment D) basaltic flows Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.4 Glacial Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 42) Where are the largest kettles located?

A) Minnesota B) Massachusetts C) Iowa D) Michigan Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.4 Glacial Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 43) Which of the following best describes the term glacial drift?

A) floating of icebergs southward from the North Polar Seas B) slow, plastic flow movement in the brittle zone of a glacier C) the sedimentary materials outwash and till D) the slow, southward advance of the continental ice sheets over Canada and North America during the Pleistocene Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.4 Glacial Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 44) Which one of the following statements concerning glacial deposits is NOT true?

A) Till is deposited directly from the ice; outwash is deposited by meltwater streams.

B) Glacial erratics are blocks of rock that are too large for the glacier to move.

C) Tills are poorly sorted and the fragments are mostly angular.

D) Outwash is mainly stratified sand and gravel.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.4 Glacial Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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45) What type of moraine is formed by the merging of two lateral moraines at a junction of two valley glaciers?

A) medial B) recessional C) ground D) kettle Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.4 Glacial Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 46) A ________ forms when stagnant, glacial ice melts after being buried by drift.

A) tarn B) kettle C) drumlin D) pluvial delta Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.4 Glacial Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 47) A(n) ________ would logically be situated next to a large end moraine or terminal moraine.

A) cirque B) fiord C) pluvial lake D) outwash plain Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.4 Glacial Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 48) A(n) ________ is a depositional feature composed of till and only associated with continental glaciation, not with alpine glaciers.

A) cirque B) moraine C) drumlin D) outwash deposit Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.4 Glacial Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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49) A drumlin is a ________.

A) smooth, tapering ridge of till; formed and shaped beneath a continental ice sheet B) bowl-shaped depression eroded largely by frost action and glacial plucking C) till mound of outwash deposited by meltwater streams at the snout of a glacier D) smooth, striated, bedrock ridge shaped and polished by a glacier Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.4 Glacial Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 50) A(n) ________ would be similar in appearance to a sinkhole of a karst area.

A) moraine B) esker C) cirque D) kettle Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.4 Glacial Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 51) ________ are deposited by meltwater streams; they are composed of stratified sand and gravel.

A) Eskers B) Kettles C) Moraines D) Drumlins Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.4 Glacial Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 52) Which best describes the difference between an end moraine and a ground moraine?

A) End moraines are formed when the glacier is retreating, and ground moraines form while it is stationary.

B) End moraines form when two valley glaciers coalesce to form a single ice stream, and ground moraines form from melting ice along the sides of valleys.

C) Ground moraines form while the glacier is retreating, and end moraines form while it is stationary.

D) End moraines form along the sides of valleys, while ground moraines form at the terminus of a glacier.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.4 Glacial Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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53) ________ are smoothly tapered, elongated hills of till shaped by an overriding, continental ice sheet.

A) Kames B) Eskers C) Moraines D) Drumlins Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.4 Glacial Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 54) A(n) ________ is a closed depression formed by melting of an ice block buried in a moraine or outwash plain.

A) tarn B) drumlin C) kettle D) esker Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.4 Glacial Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 55) A(n) ________ is a narrow, winding ridge composed of outwash deposited in a tunnel or channel cut into stagnant, glacial ice.

A) tarn B) drumlin C) kettle D) esker Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.4 Glacial Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 56) ________ was a very large, pluvial lake in Utah during the Pleistocene Epoch.

A) Lake Caspian B) Lake Aral C) Lake Mead D) Lake Bonneville Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.5 Other Effects of Ice Age Glaciers Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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57) Which one of the following prominent landforms, located from the Wasatch Range, Utah, westward to the Sierra Nevada, California, formed during the Pleistocene glacial episodes?

A) terminal moraines of continental ice sheets that moved south from Canada B) old shorelines of large, pluvial lakes C) erosional features produced by continental glaciation D) subaerial deltas submerged by the post-glacial rise in sea level Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.5 Other Effects of Ice Age Glaciers Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 58) In areas that were major centers of ice accumulation, the land has been slowly ________ over the last several thousand years.

A) eroding B) rising C) subsiding D) flooding Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.5 Other Effects of Ice Age Glaciers Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 59) Pluvial lakes formed as a result of ________.

A) melting ice blocks B) glacial erosion C) hotter, drier climate D) cooler, wetter climate Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.5 Other Effects of Ice Age Glaciers Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 60) The largest lake to form in North America during the Ice Age was ________.

A) Lake Caspian B) Lake Agassiz C) Lake Mead D) Lake Bonneville Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.5 Other Effects of Ice Age Glaciers Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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61) During the Last Glacial Maximum, sea level was about ________.

A) 100 meters higher than it is today B) 100 meters lower than it is today C) 1000 meters higher than it is today D) 1000 meters lower than it is today Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.5 Other Effects of Ice Age Glaciers Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 62) ________ form when meltwater is trapped behind an ice dam during glacier or ice sheet retreat.

A) Pluvial lakes B) Pro-glacial lakes C) Pre-glacial Lakes D) Inland seas Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.5 Other Effects of Ice Age Glaciers Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 63) The ________ was the most recent glacial episode in North America.

A) Dakotan B) Kansan C) Indianan D) Wisconsinan Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.6 The Ice Age Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 64) ________ is the name for a sedimentary rock formed when glacial till becomes lithified.

A) Rock flour B) Glacierite C) Tillite D) Lithite Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.6 The Ice Age Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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65) ________ first developed the theory that small variations in the Earth-Sun distance were responsible for short-term, climatic oscillations (1000 to 100,000 years).

A) H. Goering B) H. Marcee C) G. Zukhov D) M. Milankovitch Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.6 The Ice Age Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 66) Alternating glacial and interglacial periods cannot be attributed to ________ because of the time scale on which they occur.

A) variations in Earth's orbit B) movement of Earth's tectonic plates Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.6 The Ice Age Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 67) During the Ice Age, about ________ of Earth's land area was covered in ice.

A) 10% B) 20% C) 30% D) 50% Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.6 The Ice Age Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 68) The Ice Age began between ________.

A) 2 and 3 million years ago B) 4 and 5 million years ago C) 15 and 20 million years ago D) 30 and 35 million years ago Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.6 The Ice Age Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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69) The wobbling motion of a spinning object is known as ________.

A) eccentricity B) precession C) obliquity D) swaying Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.6 The Ice Age Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding Match the feature with the appropriate formation mechanism.

A) deposition B) erosion 70) cirque Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.3 Glacial Erosion Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 71) horn Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.3 Glacial Erosion Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 72) moraine Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.4 Glacial Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 73) erratic Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.4 Glacial Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 74) drumlin Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.4 Glacial Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 75) esker Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.4 Glacial Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding Answers: 70) B 71) B 72) A 73) A 74) A 75) A 18 .

76) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) calving B) zone of accumulation C) melting D) zone of wastage Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.2 Formation & Movement of Glacial Ice Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 77) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) cirque B) arête C) horn D) moraine Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.3 Glacial Erosion Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 78) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) cirque B) moraine C) till D) drumlin Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.3 Glacial Erosion Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding Critical thinking and discussion questions. Use complete sentences, correct spelling, and the information presented in chapter 15 to answer the questions below.

79) Would most features of alpine glaciation be preserved in the geologic record? Why or why not? What about continental glaciation?

Answer: Alpine glaciations accentuate the irregularities of the landscape by creating steeper canyon walls and producing other dramatic landforms. Even though continental ice sheets subdue any landforms by overriding and eroding the entire area, depositional features, such as glacial drift and moraines, may be preserved. All of these landscape features may be preserved provided that they are not excessively modified through weathering or stream activity.

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: 15.1 Glaciers: A Part of Two Basic Cycles Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating 19 .

80) Label the zones of ice movement on the glacier in the diagram below.

Answer: See Figure 15.6 in the Essentials of Geology, 13e textbook.

Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.2 Formation & Movement of Glacial Ice Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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81) Label the zone of accumulation and the zone of wastage on the diagram below.

Answer: See Figure 15.9 in the Essentials of Geology, 13e textbook.

Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.2 Formation & Movement of Glacial Ice Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 82) On the blanks provided below, fill in the name of the labeled features that formed as a product of alpine glaciation.

Answer: (a) hanging valley (b) arête (c) horn (d) tarn (e) paternoster lake (f) cirques Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 15.3 Glacial Erosion Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 21 .

Essentials of Geology, 13e (Lutgens/Tarbuck/Tasa) Chapter 16 Deserts and Wind 1) Which one of the following is a low-latitude desert characterized by high atmospheric pressures and descending air masses (not rain shadow deserts)?

A) Sahara Desert, Northern Africa B) Atacama Desert in Chile, South America C) Gobi Desert, China and Mongolia D) desert valleys of the Great Basin, United States Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.1 Distribution & Causes of Dry Lands Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 2) Rainshadow deserts are common in ________.

A) vast, dry, steppe lands like the Great Plains B) North Central Africa C) the dry valleys of Eastern California and Nevada D) Europe north of the Alps Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.1 Distribution & Causes of Dry Lands Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 3) Which one of the following is the one best measure of the wetness or dryness of a region?

A) total annual precipitation B) mean annual temperature C) difference between annual precipitation and evaporation potential D) percentage of precipitation that falls during the summer months Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.1 Distribution & Causes of Dry Lands Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 4) Most dry lands lie between ________ degrees north and south of the equator.

A) 40 and 50 B) 20 and 30 C) 5 and 10 D) 0 and 5 Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.1 Distribution & Causes of Dry Lands Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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5) Which of the following best describes the climatic factors that cause low latitude deserts like the Sahara in Africa?

A) Cool, dry air aloft is descending; surface winds are blowing toward the equator.

B) Warm, humid air aloft is descending; surface winds blow away from the equator.

C) Warm, humid air is rising; surface winds are calm.

D) Cool, dry air at the surface is rising, causing winds to blow away from the equator.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.1 Distribution & Causes of Dry Lands Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 6) Desert and steppe lands cover about what percentage of Earth's land area?

A) 10% B) 66% C) 30% D) 3% Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.1 Distribution & Causes of Dry Lands Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 7) A ________ is a semiarid, transitional region.

A) desert B) steppe C) subtropical high D) rainshadow desert Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.1 Distribution & Causes of Dry Lands Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 8) Which one of the following concerning desert lands is FALSE? A) Less than 30 percent is covered with dunes and drifting sand.

B) Wind erosion and deposition are important processes.

C) Running water has little effect on shaping the landscape.

D) Most desert areas are characterized by descending wind patterns.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.2 Geologic Processes in Arid Climates Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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9) All of the following statements concerning dry lands are true EXCEPT ________.

A) precipitation totals are low; dew points are lower in the summer than winter B) evaporation potential exceeds actual precipitation C) storms are infrequent and rainfall amounts are highly variable D) wind is the dominant agent of erosion and sediment transport Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.2 Geologic Processes in Arid Climates Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 10) Which one of the following statements is TRUE? A) Desert landscapes are monotonous, relatively flat areas covered to various depths with sand.

B) Deserts and dry lands are concentrated in areas of ascending air masses and relatively low atmospheric pressures.

C) Despite infrequent rainfalls, erosional and depositional features of running water are important in desert landscapes.

D) Rainshadow deserts occur on the windward side of a mountain when air masses are forced to rise upwards.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.2 Geologic Processes in Arid Climates Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 11) Intermittent streams are also called ________.

A) washes B) arroyos C) wadis D) These are all names for intermittent streams.

Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.2 Geologic Processes in Arid Climates Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 12) ________ does the most erosional work in deserts.

A) Wind B) Water C) Tectonic activity D) Gravity Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.2 Geologic Processes in Arid Climates Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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13) When a permanent stream enters a desert area, what happens to its discharge?

A) It increases.

B) It decreases.

C) It is unchanged, because it is a permanent stream.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.2 Geologic Processes in Arid Climates Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 14) Which of the following characteristics would suggest recent, fault uplift of a desert mountain range?

A) flat, upland surfaces, steep slopes and small alluvial fans B) extensive pediments and bajadas and small, deep playas C) inselbergs, extensive pediments and flat valley floors D) steep playas with extensive, bedrock alluvial fans and numerous sand dunes Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.3 Basin & Range: The Evolution of a Desert Landscape Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 15) Inselbergs are ________.

A) insulated icebergs floating in a hot spring B) blowouts cut from bedrock in mountainous areas C) lithified rock formed by cementation of wind-deposited, dune sands D) bedrock hills in a highly eroded desert landscape Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.3 Basin & Range: The Evolution of a Desert Landscape Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 16) What mature, desert landscape feature consists of coalesced alluvial fans?

A) balda B) bajada C) bahia D) baja Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.3 Basin & Range: The Evolution of a Desert Landscape Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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17) Which of the following is TRUE about playa lakes?

A) They are temporary features.

B) They are large, permanent features.

C) Their sediment is coarse with large boulders.

D) They form along the ridges of fault-block mountains.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.3 Basin & Range: The Evolution of a Desert Landscape Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 18) An intermittent lake on the floor of a desert valley is called a(n) ________.

A) bajada B) inselberg C) playa D) alluvial lake Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.3 Basin & Range: The Evolution of a Desert Landscape Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 19) Which of the following statements about inselbergs is TRUE? A) They are found during the early stages of landscape evolution in the Basin and Range region.

B) They are towering mountain peaks formed from tectonic activity.

C) They are small depressions between rows of fault-block mountains.

D) They represent late stages in the evolution of the Basin and Range landscape.

Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.3 Basin & Range: The Evolution of a Desert Landscape Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 20) What is meant by "interior drainage" in a desert region?

A) Precipitation infiltrates directly into the ground, and streams never form.

B) Streams do not flow out of the desert, and never reach the ocean.

C) Only one large stream flows through the desert, capturing all drainage from the region.

D) All of the water available for streams in a desert region come from the groundwater system.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.3 Basin & Range: The Evolution of a Desert Landscape Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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21) ________ refers to the "bouncing" mode of sand transport in a windstorm or stream.

A) Saltation B) Ventifaction C) Siltation D) Deflation Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.4 Wind Erosion Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 22) How are sand grains transported by the wind?

A) high in the moving air column as suspended load B) by saltation in the first few meters above the land surface C) by deflation of abraded desert pavement D) by being picked up in swirling dust clouds and carried to distant blowouts Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.4 Wind Erosion Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 23) Which one of the following will effectively limit further deflation in a given area?

A) sea level B) desert pavement C) a hanging valley D) the repose level Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.4 Wind Erosion Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 24) A ________ is formed by abrasion of rocks by windblown sand.

A) playa B) ventifact C) pediment D) desert pavement Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.4 Wind Erosion Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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25) Which one of the following would probably NOT affect the size and depth of a blowout?

A) a rise in sea level B) the near surface water table C) type and density of vegetation D) areas of desert pavement Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.4 Wind Erosion Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 26) How is desert pavement formed?

A) Deflation removes the coarse fragments leaving behind a layer of loess.

B) Alluvial fans are eroded to form inselbergs with rocky surfaces.

C) Groundwater in an alluvial fan evaporates, leaving behind a surface layer of hard-baked mud.

D) Runoff and deflation carry off the silt and clay, leaving coarser particles behind.

Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.4 Wind Erosion Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 27) In regions where deserts are expanding, ________ is said to be occurring.

A) aridification B) desertification C) deflation D) Saharafication Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.4 Wind Erosion Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 28) Broad, shallow depressions excavated by deflation are called ________.

A) yardangs B) ventifacts C) blowouts D) flats Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.4 Wind Erosion Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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29) Yardangs are formed ________.

A) as a result of being carried by desert streams, which polishes their sides B) by abrasion from blowing sand C) as they are polished while traveling across the desert floor as bed load D) as a result of deflation Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.4 Wind Erosion Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 30) Which one of the following is determined by the angle of repose for dry sand?

A) longitudinal dune gradient angle B) slope of an alluvial fan C) a vertical cut bank in loess D) inclination angle of a dune slip face Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.5 Wind Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 31) Deposition of glacial rock flour from blowing winds is responsible for ________.

A) deflation ventifacts B) blowout pavement C) star steppes D) loess deposits Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.5 Wind Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 32) Loess deposits in the United States are generally found ________.

A) along the coasts B) in the Midwestern states and Eastern Washington State C) in the Southeastern states D) only along California's coastline Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.5 Wind Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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33) A ________ is a crescent-shaped dune whose tips point downwind.

A) parabarcal B) transverse C) barchan D) star Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.5 Wind Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 34) ________ dunes result from persistent, onshore winds in certain coastal areas.

A) Diabolic B) Barchanoid C) Parabolic D) Staroid Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.5 Wind Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 35) ________ dunes are long, high, sand dunes parallel with the prevailing wind direction.

A) Transducinal dunes B) Longitudinal C) Latitudinal D) Transversal Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.5 Wind Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 36) Which one of the following statements about sand dunes is correct?

A) A dune migrates in the direction of inclination of the slip face.

B) The more gently sloping surface is the leeward slope of the dune.

C) Sand is blown up the slip face and rolls down the more gently sloping flank of the dune.

D) In a sand dune, the more gently inclined strata lie parallel to the slip face.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.5 Wind Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

9 .

37) Assume that the central slip face of a barchan dune slopes downhill toward the east. What is the direction of the prevailing wind?

A) east to west B) north to south C) south to north D) west to east Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.5 Wind Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 38) The thickest and most extensive loess deposits on earth occur in ________.

A) the United States.

B) Canada C) Europe D) China Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.5 Wind Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 39) The sloping layers of sand deposited on the slip face of a dune are preserved as ________.

A) transverse beds B) parabolic beds C) cross-beds D) layered beds Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.5 Wind Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 40) You come upon an outcropping of sandstone while working in the field in Southern Utah.

You notice cross-beds. Which of the following would you be able to determine about this deposit, just from looking at it?

A) the direction of the wind at the time it was deposited B) the complete mineral composition of the sandstone C) the tectonic history of the deposit D) the origin of the sand in the deposit Answer: A Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 16.5 Wind Deposits Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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41) ________ dunes form where wind directions are variable.

A) Longitudinal B) Parabolic C) Transverse D) Star Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.5 Wind Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

11 .

Match the sand dune with the appropriate description.

A) star B) longitudinal C) parabolic D) barchan E) barchanoid F) transverse 42) complexly shaped dunes formed in response to different, seasonal, wind directions Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.5 Wind Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 43) linear sand ridges at right angles to the prevailing wind direction, where sand is plentiful and vegetation is sparse or absent Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.5 Wind Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 44) linear sand ridges parallel to the prevailing wind direction, where sand supplies are moderate Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.5 Wind Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 45) multiple, connected, crescent-shaped coastal dunes with the tips pointing toward the beach Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.5 Wind Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 46) sand ridges at right angles to prevailing winds with crescent-shaped slip faces pointing downwind, resembling a series of barchans that have been positioned side by side Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.5 Wind Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 47) single, crescent-shaped dune with the tips pointing downwind Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.5 Wind Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding Answers: 42) A 43) F 44) B 45) C 46) E 47) D

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48) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) arroyo B) wadi C) inselberg D) nullah Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.2 Geologic Processes in Arid Climates Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 49) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) ventifact B) alluvial fan C) playa D) bajada Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.3 Basin & Range: The Evolution of a Desert Landscape Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 50) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) sand dune B) deflation C) ventifact D) desert pavement Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.4 Wind Erosion Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 51) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) barchan dune B) star dune C) barchanoid dune D) parabolic dune Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.5 Wind Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

13 .

Critical thinking and discussion questions. Use complete sentences, correct spelling, and the information presented in chapter 16 to answer the questions below.

52) Wind is included along with gravity, water, and ice as an agent of erosion. In many national parks and other areas of natural beauty, statements are often made that credit wind as having sculpted the landscape. Briefly discuss the importance of wind as an agent of erosion and explain why such statements are probably geologically inaccurate.

Answer: A current of air can transport sand, which may create features such as ventifacts and yardangs. However, the saltating sand does not travel more than 1 meter above the surface. Even though wind erosion is more significant in dry areas than in others, it is still not the most important agent of erosion. Water has the largest influence in shaping landscapes in dry regions, even if they are punctuated events (e.g., ephemeral streams, flash floods).

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: 16.2 Geologic Processes in Arid Climates Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating 53) On the blank spaces provided, write the name of the type of dunes shown in the illustration with the corresponding letter.

Answer: (a) barchan dunes (b) transverse dunes (c) barchanoid dunes (d) longitudinal dunes (e) parabolic dunes (f) star dunes Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 16.5 Wind Deposits Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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Essentials of Geology, 13e (Lutgens/Tarbuck/Tasa) Chapter 17 Shorelines 1) The height, length, and period of a wave depend upon ________.

A) the length of time the wind has blown B) the wind speed C) the fetch D) the length of time the wind has blown, the wind speed, and the fetch Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.1 The Shoreline & Ocean Waves Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 2) Fetch is ________.

A) a method of shoreline erosion control B) the distance between the trough of a wave and the still water level C) the circular pattern made by water particles when a wave passes D) none of these Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.1 The Shoreline & Ocean Waves Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 3) Waves begin to "feel bottom" when the depth of water is ________.

A) equal to one-half the wavelength B) equal to the wavelength C) twice as great as the wavelength D) three times as great as the wavelength Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.1 The Shoreline & Ocean Waves Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 4) The horizontal distance between successive crests (or troughs) is called the ________.

A) period B) fetch C) wavelength D) interface Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.1 The Shoreline & Ocean Waves Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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5) At what depth of water would waves "feel bottom" if their wavelength is 10 feet?

A) 1 foot B) 2.5 feet C) 5 feet D) 20 feet Answer: C Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 17.1 The Shoreline & Ocean Waves Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 6) Which of the following statements is true about waves?

A) Waves "feel bottom" at a depth of 1/3 their wavelength.

B) The wave shape moves through the water, while individual water particles move in a circle.

C) The wave period is the length between two successive wave crests.

D) The distance the wind has blown across open water is called the interface.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.1 The Shoreline & Ocean Waves Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 7) Water flowing back down the beach after a wave has broken is known as ________.

A) surf B) swash C) backwash D) outwash Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.1 The Shoreline & Ocean Waves Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 8) One result of wave refraction is that wave energy is concentrated ________.

A) on headlands projecting into the water B) in the recessed areas between headlands C) in estuaries D) none of the above Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.2 Beaches & Shoreline Processes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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9) When waves reach shallow water, they are often bent and tend to become parallel to the shore.

This process is termed ________.

A) oscillation B) refraction C) translation D) reflection Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.2 Beaches & Shoreline Processes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 10) The movement of water within the surf zone that parallels the shore is termed ________.

A) tidal current B) salinity current C) beach drift D) longshore current Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.2 Beaches & Shoreline Processes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 11) The zigzag movement of sand grains along a beach is ________.

A) caused by obliquely breaking waves B) called beach drift C) caused by obliquely breaking waves and called beach drift D) none of the above Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.2 Beaches & Shoreline Processes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 12) The movement of sand parallel to the shore ________.

A) is created by waves approaching at an oblique angle B) may create spits C) is achieved by longshore currents D) is created by waves approaching at an oblique angle, may create spits, and is achieved by longshore currents Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.2 Beaches & Shoreline Processes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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13) Longshore sand transport and longshore currents depend on waves impinging ________ to a shoreline.

A) parallel B) perpendicular C) obliquely Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.2 Beaches & Shoreline Processes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 14) Currents within the surf zone that flow parallel to the shore are known as ________ currents.

A) sideshore B) offshore C) backwash D) longshore Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.2 Beaches & Shoreline Processes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 15) Concentrated movements of water that flow opposite the direction of breaking waves are called ________.

A) longshore currents B) offshore currents C) rip currents D) tidal currents Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.2 Beaches & Shoreline Processes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 16) Which one of the following is a landform created by wave erosion?

A) spit B) estuary C) tombolo D) sea arch Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.3 Shoreline Features Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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17) Erosional retreat of a(n) ________ leads to enlargement and extension of a wave-cut platform in the inland direction.

A) wave-cut tombolo B) wave-cut cliff C) wave-cut barrier beach D) offshore, wave-cut, breakwater bar Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.3 Shoreline Features Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 18) A sand ridge connecting an island to the mainland or to another island is a ________.

A) jetty B) tombolo C) breakwater D) sea stack Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.3 Shoreline Features Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 19) A flat, bench-like surface cut in rock along a coast is a ________.

A) sea stack B) tombolo C) wave-cut platform D) spit Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.3 Shoreline Features Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 20) An isolated remnant of wave erosion is a ________.

A) spit B) jetty C) groin D) sea stack Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.3 Shoreline Features Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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21) A ________ is an isolated remnant of bedrock standing above a wave-cut platform.

A) sea spit B) sea rampart C) sea span D) sea stack Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.3 Shoreline Features Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 22) A sandbar that completely crosses a bay, sealing it off from the open ocean is a ________.

A) sea stack B) tombolo C) coastal barrier D) none of these Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.3 Shoreline Features Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 23) A ridge of sand projecting into a bay and often having a hooked end is a ________.

A) spit B) jetty C) groin D) sea stack Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.3 Shoreline Features Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 24) Low ridges of land, parallel to the coast, along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, are known as ________.

A) tombolos B) spits C) barrier islands D) barrier bars Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.3 Shoreline Features Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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25) A ________ is the remnant of a sea arch.

A) sea stack B) seacliff C) marine terrace D) sea spit Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.3 Shoreline Features Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 26) Which of the following shoreline features forms only in tectonically active areas?

A) wave-cut platform B) marine terrace C) barrier island D) baymouth bar Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.3 Shoreline Features Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 27) When caves on opposite sides of a headland unite, a(n) ________ results.

A) tombolo B) marine terrace C) sea stack D) sea arch Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.3 Shoreline Features Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 28) If an initially irregular coastline remains relatively stable, it will become ________ over time.

A) more irregular B) uplifted C) submerged D) straighter and more regular Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.3 Shoreline Features Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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29) The presence of which one of the following would indicate that the land had been uplifted or that sea level had fallen?

A) an estuary B) a sea stack C) elevated marine terrace D) a tombolo Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.6 Contrasting America's Coasts Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 30) Chesapeake Bay and Delaware Bay are ________.

A) associated with a submergent coast B) former river valleys that were flooded by a rise in sea level C) excellent examples of large estuaries D) all of the above Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.6 Contrasting America's Coasts Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 31) Large estuaries are more common on a(n) ________ coastline.

A) submergent B) emergent C) stable D) retreating Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.6 Contrasting America's Coasts Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 32) Elevated wave-cut platforms in Southern California are evidence that this coastal area is ________.

A) submergent B) emergent C) stable D) retreating Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.6 Contrasting America's Coasts Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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33) A hurricane causes the most damage in the coastal zone because of ________.

A) the hurricane's width B) population density C) storm surge D) heavy rain Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.5 Hurricanes: The Ultimate Coastal Hazard Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 34) A poleward-moving ocean current is ________.

A) warm B) cold C) warm only in the Northern Hemisphere D) warm only in the Southern Hemisphere Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.5 Hurricanes: The Ultimate Coastal Hazard Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 35) The majority of Atlantic hurricanes occur ________.

A) between October and December B) between July and October C) between May and December D) between December and June Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.5 Hurricanes: The Ultimate Coastal Hazard Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 36) Hurricanes are said to have a steep pressure gradient, and as you move toward the center of the storm, ________.

A) pressure slowly drops B) pressure rapidly drops C) pressure slowly rises D) pressure rapidly rises Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.5 Hurricanes: The Ultimate Coastal Hazard Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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37) Which of the following is true of the eye of a hurricane?

A) It is the area where the most destructive winds occur.

B) It is generally located at one edge of the hurricane spiral.

C) It is the coolest part of the storm.

D) It is the warmest part of the storm.

Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.5 Hurricanes: The Ultimate Coastal Hazard Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 38) Once a hurricane makes landfall, it ________.

A) rapidly picks up speed B) becomes more intense C) loses energy and is usually downgraded D) dissipates almost immediately Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.5 Hurricanes: The Ultimate Coastal Hazard Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 39) A tropical storm becomes a hurricane when its sustained wind speeds exceed ________.

A) 50 mph B) 74 mph C) 100 mph D) 120 mph Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.5 Hurricanes: The Ultimate Coastal Hazard Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 40) Which one of the following structures is built to protect boats from large breaking waves?

A) jetty B) groin C) breakwater D) seawall Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.6 Stabilizing the Shore Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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41) Which of the following is designed to prevent or retard shoreline erosion?

A) groin B) beach nourishment C) seawall D) all of these Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.6 Stabilizing the Shore Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 42) A barrier built at a right angle to the beach for the purpose of trapping sand that is moving parallel to the shore is called a ________.

A) groin B) jetty C) breakwater D) seawall Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.6 Stabilizing the Shore Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 43) Which of the following is an alternative to hard stabilization?

A) breakwaters B) seawalls C) beach nourishment D) groins Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.6 Stabilizing the Shore Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 44) Hard stabilization approaches often result in ________.

A) stable beaches all along the coastline B) increased frequency of storms C) larger storm surges D) the interruption of the natural flow of sand in coastal currents Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.6 Stabilizing the Shore Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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45) Which of the following is a tidal current?

A) spring tide B) flood tide C) ebb tide D) both flood and ebb tide Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.7 Tides Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 46) The daily tidal range is GREATEST during ________ tide.

A) spring B) ebb C) neap D) none of these Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.7 Tides Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 47) The daily tidal range is LEAST during ________ tide.

A) spring B) ebb C) neap D) none of these Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.7 Tides Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 48) Which of the following has the greatest effect on the tides?

A) the Sun B) the Moon C) fetch D) bathymetry Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.7 Tides Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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49) The _______ occurs as the tide falls.

A) flood current B) ebb current C) spring current D) neap current Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.7 Tides Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 50) ________ occur at about the time of the first quarter and third quarter phases of the Moon.

A) Spring tides B) Flood tides C) Ebb tides D) Neap tides Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.7 Tides Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding Match the tide with the appropriate description.

A) neap tides B) spring tides 51) Sun, Moon, and Earth form a right triangle in space Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.7 Tides Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 52) lowest high tides and highest low tides of the month Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.7 Tides Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 53) highest high tides and lowest low tides of the month Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.7 Tides Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 54) Sun, Moon, and Earth lie on a straight line in space Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.7 Tides Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding Answers: 51) A 52) A 53) B 54) B 13 .

55) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) wave height B) wave period C) wave refraction D) fetch Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.1 The Shoreline & Ocean Waves Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 56) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) sea stack B) bar C) tombolo D) barrier island Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.3 Shoreline Features Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 57) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) breakwater B) groin C) seawall D) beach nourishment Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.6 Stabilizing the Shore Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 58) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) spring tide B) flood currents C) neap tide D) tidal flat Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.7 Tides Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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Critical thinking and discussion questions. Use complete sentences, correct spelling, and the information presented in chapter 17 to answer the questions below.

59) Label the basic parts of a wave on the diagram below.

Answer: See Figure 17.3 in the Essentials of Geology, 13e textbook.

Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.1 The Shoreline & Ocean Waves Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 60) Briefly discuss the movement of sand on a beach environment. Include those factors, both natural and human-induced, that affect sand movement.

Answer: Sand is deposited and eroded in a beach environment in a cycle, typically dependent on the seasons. The majority of sand deposition occurs during the summer when there is light-wave activity. During powerful winter storms, the strong wave activity will accelerate beach erosion.

Natural factors that affect sand movement include ocean wave impact and pressure, abrasion, longshore transport and rip currents. Human-induced factors that influence sand movement include jetties, groins, seawalls, and artificial beach nourishment programs.

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: 17.2 Beaches & Shoreline Processes Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating

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61) What type of current is illustrated in the diagram below?

A) ebb current B) flood current C) longshore current D) offshore current Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 17.2 Beaches & Shoreline Processes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 62) Shorelines are temporary geologic and topographic features. Explain this statement.

Answer: A shoreline continually undergoes modification, annually and over geologic time.

Seasonally, the beach is being nourished (deposition; summer) and starved (erosion; winter).

Over geologic time, the shape of the beach is decided by tectonic conditions, lithology, and sediment supplies.

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: 17.2 Beaches & Shoreline Processes Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating

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63) Match the features on the illustration below with the correct answer for each one.

(1) tombolo

(2) wave-cut cliff

(3) spit

(4) sea stack

Answer: A. (3) spit B. (2) wave-cut cliff C. (1) tombolo D. (4) sea stack Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 17.3 Shoreline Features Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 64) A variety of techniques and efforts are used to stabilize shorelines throughout the world. Are all of these efforts only temporary measures or are any of them permanent? Also, does urbanization and development of coastal areas always contribute to shoreline erosion? Explain.

Answer: All of the techniques (jetties, groins, breakwater, seawalls, artificial beach nourishment) are only temporary measures. Many of the hard stabilization structures interrupt the natural sand flow in coastal currents and will degrade or destroy adjacent beaches. Artificial beach nourishment is only temporary, as the same processes that removed the sand in the first place will remove the replacement sand as well.

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: 17.6 Stabilizing the Shore Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating

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Essentials of Geology, 13e (Lutgens/Tarbuck/Tasa) Chapter 18 Geologic Time 1) An unconformity is a buried ________.

A) fault or fracture with older rocks above and younger rocks below B) surface of erosion separating younger strata above from older strata below C) fault or fracture with younger strata above and older strata below D) surface of erosion with older strata above and younger strata below Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.1 Creating a Time Scale: Relative Dating Principles Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 2) Which of the following best characterizes an angular unconformity?

A) Tilted strata lie below the unconformity, and bedding in younger strata above is parallel to the unconformity.

B) Horizontal lava flows lie below the unconformity, and horizontal, sedimentary strata lie above.

C) It is the discordant boundary between older strata and an intrusive body of granite.

D) Tilted strata lie below the unconformity with loose, unconsolidated soil above.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.1 Creating a Time Scale: Relative Dating Principles Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 3) Visualize five horizontal sedimentary strata exposed in a cliff or canyon wall identified by consecutive numbers, 1 being the lowest bed and 5 being the highest. Which of the following statements concerning the strata are TRUE? A) Bed 5 is the oldest.

B) Beds l and 3 are older than bed 4.

C) Bed 4 is older than bed 2.

D) Bed 3 is older than beds 2 and 4.

Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 18.1 Creating a Time Scale: Relative Dating Principles Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 4) Which of the following geologic observations would not bear directly on working out the sequence of geologic events in an area?

A) inclusions of sandstone in a granite pluton B) a well-exposed dike of basalt in sandstone C) the feldspar and quartz contents of a granite D) an unconformity between a granite and sandstone Answer: C Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 18.1 Creating a Time Scale: Relative Dating Principles Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 1 .

5) By applying the law of superposition, ________ dates can be determined.

A) conventional B) radiometric C) relative D) both relative and radiometric Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.1 Creating a Time Scale: Relative Dating Principles Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 6) ________ is an erosional contact between tilted, older strata below and horizontal, younger strata above.

A) Inverse bedding B) An angular unconformity C) A disconformity D) Cross cutting Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.1 Creating a Time Scale: Relative Dating Principles Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 7) Who made the first clear statement of the law of superposition? When?

A) John Wesley Powell, nineteenth century B) William Smith, eighteenth century C) John Stuart Priestly, nineteenth century D) Nicolaus Steno, seventeenth century Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.1 Creating a Time Scale: Relative Dating Principles Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 8) Sandstone strata and a mass of granite are observed to be in contact. Which of the following statements is correct geologically?

A) The sandstone is younger if the granite contains sandstone inclusions.

B) The sandstone is younger if it shows evidence of contact metamorphism.

C) The granite is older if the sandstone contains pebbles of the granite.

D) The granite is older if it contains inclusions of sandstone.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 18.1 Creating a Time Scale: Relative Dating Principles Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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9) Assume that you have just examined several flat-lying sedimentary layers. After much study you determine that there is a considerable span of time for which no sedimentary rock layer exists at this site. You have just discovered a(n) ________.

A) angular unconformity B) series of conformable strata C) disconformity D) example of cross-cutting relationships Answer: C Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 18.1 Creating a Time Scale: Relative Dating Principles Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 10) What fundamental concept states that in a horizontal sequence of conformable sedimentary strata, each higher bed is younger than the bed below it?

A) law of original correlation B) theory of correlative deposition C) law of superposition D) theory of superstition Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.1 Creating a Time Scale: Relative Dating Principles; Figure 18.2 Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 11) You come upon a series of folded sedimentary strata in the field. Which principle can you use to determine that they must have been disturbed after their deposition?

A) principle of original horizontality B) principle of lateral continuity C) principle of superposition D) principle of inclusions Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.1 Creating a Time Scale: Relative Dating Principles; Figure 18.2 Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 12) When younger sedimentary strata overlie an eroded surface of older metamorphic or intrusive igneous rocks, this is called a(n) ________.

A) disconformity B) nonconformity C) angular unconformity D) pseudo-conformity Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.1 Creating a Time Scale: Relative Dating Principles; Figure 18.2 Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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13) What term denotes blocks of older rock enclosed in a body of younger igneous rock?

A) inclusions B) disclusions C) particles D) strata Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.1 Creating a Time Scale: Relative Dating Principles; Figure 18.2 Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 14) The general term ________ denotes a buried, erosional surface where rock layers are missing.

A) inclusion B) unconformity C) xenolith D) disconformity Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.1 Creating a Time Scale: Relative Dating Principles; Figure 18.2 Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 15) A worm would stand a poor chance of being fossilized because ________.

A) worms have been rare during the geologic past B) worms have no hard parts C) worms contain no carbon-14 D) all of these Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.2 Fossils: Evidence of Past Life Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 16) The scientific study of fossils is called ________.

A) archaeology B) entomology C) paleontology D) mineralogy Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.2 Fossils: Evidence of Past Life Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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17) When mineral-rich groundwater permeates porous tissue, such as bone or wood, this is called ________.

A) permineralization B) mineralization C) pseudomineralization D) petrification Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.2 Fossils: Evidence of Past Life Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 18) What type of fossilization is best at preserving delicate animal forms?

A) permineralization B) molds C) carbonization D) casts Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.2 Fossils: Evidence of Past Life Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 19) Which of the following is an example of a trace fossil?

A) mosquito preserved in amber B) preserved mold of a shell C) animal tracks in sedimentary rock D) petrified wood Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.2 Fossils: Evidence of Past Life Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 20) ________ are fossil dung and stomach contents.

A) Coprolites B) Gastroliths C) Molds D) Coproliths Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.2 Fossils: Evidence of Past Life Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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21) Which of the following refers to the investigative process by which geologists identify and match sedimentary strata and other rocks of the same ages in different areas?

A) super matching B) correlation C) strata indexing D) cross-access dating Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.3 Correlation of Rock Layers Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 22) The ________ is the idea or concept that ancient life forms succeeded each other in a definite, evolutionary pattern and that the contained assemblage of fossils can determine geologic ages of strata.

A) principle of cross correlation B) law of fossil regression C) law of correlative indexing D) principle of faunal succession Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.3 Correlation of Rock Layers Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 23) Which of the following is an essential characteristic of an index fossil?

A) The organism lived only in specific environments such as beaches or estuaries.

B) The organism only lived for a short period of geologic time.

C) The fossil ages can be determined through radiocarbon dating methods.

D) The fossils occur in deep-water marine sediments, but the organism actually lived in the sunlit, surface layer of the ocean.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.3 Correlation of Rock Layers Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 24) Fossils can be used to determine all of the following, EXCEPT: A) whether or not a region was previously covered by an ancient sea.

B) the former temperature of ocean water.

C) the tectonic history of a region.

D) the location of a former shoreline.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.3 Correlation of Rock Layers Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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25) Which of the following is not a very long-lived, radioactive isotope?

A) U-238 B) K-40 C) Rb-87 D) C-14 Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.4 Numerical Dating with Nuclear Decay Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 26) How many half-lives have elapsed since the material was 100% parent atoms?

A) less than l B) more than 3 C) between l and 2 D) between 2 and 3 Answer: C Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 18.4 Numerical Dating with Nuclear Decay Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 27) The half-life of carbon-14 is about 6000 years. Assume that a sample of charcoal formed by burning of living wood 15,000 years ago. How much of the original carbon-14 would remain today?

A) more than 50% B) between 12.5% and 25% C) between 25% and 50% D) between 33% and 50% Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 18.4 Numerical Dating with Nuclear Decay Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 28) Which of the following describes radioactive decay by beta particle emission?

A) The atomic number of the daughter isotope is one more than the parent; the mass numbers are the same.

B) The mass number of the daughter isotope is one more than the parent, and both isotopes have the same atomic number.

C) The daughter isotope has an atomic number two less than the parent and a mass number four less.

D) The daughter isotope has an atomic number one less than the parent and a mass number two less.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.4 Numerical Dating with Nuclear Decay Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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29) When a radioactive isotope decays by electron capture, the electron ________.

A) combines with a neutron in the nucleus, raising the mass number of the daughter isotope by one B) combines with a proton in the nucleus; the atomic number of the daughter is one less than the parent C) makes the parent isotope into an ion with a charge of negative one D) makes the daughter isotope into an ion with a charge of positive one Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.4 Numerical Dating with Nuclear Decay Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 30) When a(n) ________ is emitted, the mass number of the isotope is reduced.

A) beta particle B) alpha particle C) neutron D) proton Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.4 Numerical Dating with Nuclear Decay Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 31) Which of the following is TRUE of the decay of U-238?

A) The end product is Th-230.

B) It decays directly to Pb-206.

C) Many different isotopes are produced as a result of its decay.

D) U-238 has an extremely short half-life.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.4 Numerical Dating with Nuclear Decay Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 32) Which of the following methods would be best for dating events from the historic past, or recent geologic history?

A) radiocarbon dating B) Potassium-40 dating C) Uranium-238 dating D) Rubidium-87 dating Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.4 Numerical Dating with Nuclear Decay Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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33) Which of the following is the stable daughter product of Uranium-235?

A) Lead-206 B) Lead-208 C) Argon-40 D) Lead-207 Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.4 Numerical Dating with Nuclear Decay Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 34) What are the mass and charge of an alpha particle?

A) 4, +2 B) 3, -1 C) 4, -2 D) 2, +4 Answer: A Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 18.4 Numerical Dating with Nuclear Decay Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 35) For a radioactive isotope like Uranium-235, what does the 235 indicate?

A) atomic number B) atomic mass C) charge D) half-life Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.4 Numerical Dating with Nuclear Decay Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 36) Isotopes of what element are the stable, end products of both uranium decay series?

A) Argon B) Potassium C) Thorium D) Lead Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.4 Numerical Dating with Nuclear Decay Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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37) If the ratio of radioactive parent to stable daughter isotope is 1:3, how many half-lives have elapsed?

A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 5 Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 18.4 Numerical Dating with Nuclear Decay Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 38) What is the inert gas, daughter product of the radioactive isotope, K-40?

A) helium B) hydrogen C) argon D) chlorine Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.4 Numerical Dating with Nuclear Decay Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 39) For a radiometric date to be useful, which of the following is true?

A) The rock to be dated must be younger than 20,000 years old.

B) The rock to be dated must be at least 16,000 years old.

C) The rock to be dated must contain Uranium-235.

D) All minerals in the rock to be dated must have formed at about the same time.

Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.5 Determining Numerical Dates for Sedimentary Strata Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 40) How do geologists usually assign numerical dates to sedimentary layers?

A) by using radiocarbon dating on minerals found in the rock B) by using U-235 dating C) by relating them to datable igneous masses D) It is not possible to assign numerical dates to sedimentary rocks.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.5 Determining Numerical Dates for Sedimentary Strata Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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41) Consider the names of the eras in the geologic time scale. What is meant by "zoic"?

A) life; living things B) rocks; lithified strata C) time; recording of events D) places; geographic references Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.6 The Geologic Time Scale Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 42) The time period of "ancient life" is the ________ era.

A) Cenozoic B) Paleozoic C) Mesozoic D) Phanerozoic Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.6 The Geologic Time Scale Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 43) About 88 percent of geologic time is represented by the time span called the ________.

A) Paleozoic B) Precambrian C) Mesozoic D) Phanerozoic Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.6 The Geologic Time Scale Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 44) What is the age of the Earth accepted by most scientists today?

A) 6.4 billion years B) 4.5 million years C) 4.5 billion years D) 6.4 million years Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.6 The Geologic Time Scale Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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45) Assume that man's recorded history can be stretched back to 4600 years before the present.

This is approximately what fraction of geologic time?

A) one ten-thousandth B) one millionth C) one billionth D) one hundred-thousandth Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 18.6 The Geologic Time Scale Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 46) Which of the following denotes the divisions of the geologic time scale in correct order of decreasing lengths of time beginning with the longest time interval and ending with the shortest?

A) eon, era, epoch, period B) era, period, epoch, eon C) eon, epoch, period, era D) eon, era, period, epoch Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.6 The Geologic Time Scale Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 47) When did the first abundant fossil evidence appear?

A) during the Precambrian B) during the beginning of the Cambrian C) during the Ordovician D) during the Devonian Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.6 The Geologic Time Scale Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 48) All geologic time prior to the beginning of the Paleozoic era is termed the ________.

A) Precambrian B) Phanerozoic C) Mesozoic D) Archean Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.6 The Geologic Time Scale Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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49) We now live in the ________ era.

A) Mesozoic B) Neoproterozoic C) Cenozoic D) Paleozoic Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.6 The Geologic Time Scale Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 50) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) superposition B) radiocarbon C) original horizontality D) inclusions Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.1 Creating a Time Scale: Relative Dating Principles Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 51) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) electron capture B) alpha emission C) delta capture D) beta emission Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.4 Numerical Dating with Nuclear Decay Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 52) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) Paleozoic B) Mesozoic C) Phanerozoic D) Cenozoic Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.6 The Geologic Time Scale Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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53) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) Uranium-238 B) Rubidium-87 C) Carbon-14 D) Potassium-40 Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 18.4 Numerical Dating with Nuclear Decay Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding Critical thinking and discussion questions. Use complete sentences, correct spelling, and the information presented in chapter 18 to answer the questions below.

54) In a given area where you have little knowledge of the local geology (rocks types, fossils, etc.), what type of unconformity would be the most difficult to recognize in an exposed sequence of rocks? Why? Answer: A disconformity, a period for which there is no rock record, would be the most difficult. Basically, the layers on both sides of a disconformity are essentially parallel and the disconformity would be a challenge to detect.

Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 18.1 Creating a Time Scale: Relative Dating Principles Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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55) Examine the illustration below (a cross section through the Earth as you might observe on the wall of a quarry or a road cut). Give two reasons why the granite must be older than the sedimentary layers.

Answer: The sedimentary layers are deposited on top of the granite (principle of superposition).

Also, inclusions of the granite in the sedimentary layer indicate that the granite is older using the principle of inclusions.

Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 18.1 Creating a Time Scale: Relative Dating Principles Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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56) On the blank provided beside each geologic cross section below, write the name of the specific type of unconformity that is labeled with an arrow. The v-pattern indicates igneous rocks. All other patterns are different types of sedimentary rocks.

Answer: (a) nonconformity (b) disconformity (c) angular unconformity Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 18.1 Creating a Time Scale: Relative Dating Principles Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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57) Examine the geologic cross section below.

(a) Which feature is the youngest? (b) Which feature is the oldest?

Answer: (a) h (b) t Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 18.1 Creating a Time Scale: Relative Dating Principles Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 58) Compare and contrast relative age dating with radiometric age dating. What is a limitation (if any) of each?

Answer: Relative age dating can place rocks and the events that they represent in proper sequence. However, this method does not give a numerical date (specific ages or time ranges).

Radiometric age dating allows the accurate determination of numerical dates for rocks that represent important events. This method is limited to closed systems (unless corrections are applied).

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: n/a Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating 59) You are asked to interpret the geologic history of a county in California where the geology is quite complex. Aside from visiting various sites in the county for observing geologic sites firsthand, you are permitted to request five different pieces of information or data to aid in your interpretation. List the five that you would choose and explain why each is important for your study.

Answer: List: Radiometric age dates of rocks and fossils (age), tectonics (type of rocks, faults) and locations of igneous intrusions (relative age dating; cross-cutting relationships), xenoliths/inclusions (relative age dating), unconformities (relative age dating), inclusions (relative age dating), index fossils (correlation), and fossil assemblages (correlation, age).

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: n/a Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating 17 .

60) In the chart of radioactive decay shown below: (a) how many half-lives have elapsed by time? (b) how many half-lives have elapsed by time?

Answer: (a) two (b) three Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 18.4 Numerical Dating with Nuclear Decay Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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Essentials of Geology, 13e (Lutgens/Tarbuck/Tasa) Chapter 19 Earth's Evolution through Geologic Time 1) This least understood eon of Earth's history has not been subdivided into epochs.

A) Precambrian B) Paleozoic C) Mesozoic D) Cenozoic Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.1 Is Earth Unique?

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 2) Which one of the following represents the greatest expanse of geological time?

A) Mesozoic B) Cenozoic C) Precambrian D) Paleozoic Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.1 Is Earth Unique?

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 3) ________ Eon accounts for ~90% of the geologic time scale.

A) Phanerozoic B) Precambrian C) Paleozoic D) Proterozoic Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.1 Is Earth Unique?

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 4) Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics that makes Earth unique among the planets in the solar system?

A) its location B) its size C) its history of formation D) plate tectonics Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.1 Is Earth Unique?

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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5) If Earth were considerably larger, ________.

A) it would likely have no appreciable atmosphere B) plate tectonics would not operate C) it would likely have retained a thick, hostile atmosphere D) it would not have a magnetic field Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.1 Is Earth Unique?

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 6) If Earth were much smaller, ________.

A) it would likely have no appreciable atmosphere B) plate tectonics would not operate C) it would likely have retained a thick, hostile atmosphere D) it would not have a magnetic field Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.1 Is Earth Unique?

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 7) Earth's molten metallic outer core is responsible for the ________ that protects the surface from lethal cosmic rays.

A) atmosphere B) ozone layer C) motion of tectonic plates D) magnetic field Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.1 Is Earth Unique?

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 8) By the ________ period, large tropical swamps extended across North America, eventually becoming the vast coal deposits of today.

A) Cambrian B) Silurian C) Pennsylvanian D) Devonian E) Triassic Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.1 Is Earth Unique?

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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9) The age of Earth is about ________.

A) 2 billion years B) 4.5 million years C) 16 million years D) 4.5 billion years E) 195 million years Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.2 Birth of a Planet Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 10) The ________ means "the sun in the making."

A) solar disk B) presun C) nebular sun D) sol E) protosun Answer: E Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.2 Birth of a Planet Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 11) As the solar system began forming, the first materials to condense into small particles were ________ and helium.

A) oxygen B) silicon C) hydrogen D) carbon Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.2 Birth of a Planet Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 12) ________ means "planets in the making."

A) Jovian B) Asteroids C) Planetesimals D) Protoplanets E) none of the above Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.2 Birth of a Planet Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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13) The bodies of our solar system began forming about ________ years ago from an enormous cloud of minute rocky fragments and gases.

A) 2 billion B) 5 million C) 5 billion D) 10 million Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.2 Birth of a Planet Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 14) Due to differentiation, the lighter, gaseous materials escaped Earth's interior and ________.

A) became the primitive atmosphere B) became the water of the oceans C) were lost to outer space D) formed the hard shell of Earth's crust Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.2 Birth of a Planet Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 15) As gasses contracted to form the first stars, heating triggered the process of ________ in their interiors.

A) nuclear fission B) nuclear fusion Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.2 Birth of a Planet Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 16) A ________ is a cataclysmic event in which exploding stars produce all the elements heavier than iron.

A) protoplasm B) planetesimal C) supernova D) protonova Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.2 Birth of a Planet Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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17) Which of the following places the events related to the formation of early Earth in the correct order?

A) solar nebula begins to contract, formation of our galaxy, chemical differentiation produces Earth's layered structure B) formation of our galaxy, chemical differentiation produces Earth's layered structure, solar nebula begins to contract C) formation of our galaxy, solar nebula begins to contract, chemical differentiation produces Earth's layered structure D) chemical differentiation produces Earth's layered structure, solar nebula begins to contract, formation of our galaxy Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.2 Birth of a Planet Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 18) As they formed, due to their high temperatures and comparatively weak gravitational fields, which planets were unable to retain appreciable amounts of hydrogen, helium, and ammonia?

A) Jupiter and Neptune B) Mercury and Earth C) Uranus and Pluto D) Jupiter and Uranus E) Neptune and Uranus Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.2 Birth of a Planet Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 19) Which of the following gases was not part of Earth's original atmosphere?

A) water vapor B) carbon dioxide C) nitrogen D) oxygen Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.3 Origin and Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 20) The major source of free oxygen in the atmosphere is from ________.

A) molten rock B) water C) green plants D) silicate minerals E) glaciers Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.3 Origin and Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 5 .

21) The Precambrian rock record indicates that much of Earth's first free oxygen combined with ________ dissolved in water.

A) potassium B) silicon C) iron D) carbon Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.3 Origin and Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 22) The process in which plants use light energy to synthesize food sugars from carbon dioxide is called ________.

A) photosynthesis B) hydration C) oxidation D) fusion E) none of the above Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.3 Origin and Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 23) Earth's primitive atmosphere evolved from gases ________.

A) produced by radioactive decay B) escaping from water C) from the sun D) expelled from within Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.3 Origin and Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 24) The waste gas released by plants as they synthesize food sugars from carbon dioxide and water is ________.

A) oxygen B) methane C) nitrogen D) carbon dioxide E) none of the above Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.3 Origin and Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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25) Most of Earth's iron ore occurs in middle ________ rocks.

A) Precambrian B) Paleozoic C) Mesozoic D) Cenozoic Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.3 Origin and Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 26) The earliest oxygen in Earth's atmosphere came from photosynthesis by ________.

A) green, leafy land plants B) cyanobacteria C) seaweed in Earth's early oceans D) cyanoviruses Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.3 Origin and Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 27) Water in Earth's early oceans came from ________.

A) rainfall after Earth cooled sufficiently to allow for condensation B) Earth's interior, rising up through fissures in the crust C) dissolution of limestone which released the necessary elements to form water D) photosynthesis by plants on land Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.3 Origin and Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 28) What were the three gases that made up Earth's original atmosphere?

A) hydrogen, helium, oxygen B) carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen C) water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen D) water vapor, carbon dioxide, oxygen Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.3 Origin and Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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29) Extensive deposits of ________ are found worldwide in Precambrian rocks.

A) gold B) iron ore C) limestone D) dolomite Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.3 Origin and Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 30) During the process of photosynthesis, plants release the gas ________.

A) oxygen B) carbon dioxide C) water vapor D) nitrogen Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.3 Origin and Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 31) Tiny marine organisms, such as foraminifera, have an effect on the atmosphere because they "lock up" ________ so that it cannot reenter the atmosphere easily.

A) nitrogen B) methane C) oxygen D) carbon dioxide Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.3 Origin and Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 32) At the present time, each continent contains large "core areas" of Precambrian rocks referred to as ________.

A) rifts B) plates C) blocks D) shields Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.4 Precambrian History: The Formation of Earth's Continents Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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33) Most ________ rocks are devoid of fossils, which hinders correlation of rocks.

A) Precambrian B) Paleozoic C) Mesozoic D) Cenozoic E) Mesozoic and Cenozoic Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.4 Precambrian History: The Formation of Earth's Continents Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 34) The "ancient age" time period is the ________ Eon. A) Cenozoic B) Cambrian C) Permian D) none of the above Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.4 Precambrian History: The Formation of Earth's Continents Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 35) Due to a virtual absence of land plants and certain animals, fossil fuels are notably absent in ________ rocks.

A) Precambrian B) Paleozoic C) Mesozoic D) Cenozoic E) Paleozoic and Mesozoic Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.4 Precambrian History: The Formation of Earth's Continents Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 36) The Precambrian is divided into the ________ eon and the Proterozoic eon.

A) Hadean B) Archean C) Archaic D) Cambrian Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.4 Precambrian History: The Formation of Earth's Continents Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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37) Earth's first crust was probably ________ in composition.

A) mafic B) ultramafic C) felsic D) intermediate Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.4 Precambrian History: The Formation of Earth's Continents Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 38) The most recent supercontinent was called ________.

A) Rodinia B) Gondwana C) Laurasia D) Pangaea Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.4 Precambrian History: The Formation of Earth's Continents Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 39) The supercontinent cycle had a profound impact on ________.

A) global climates B) sea level C) the evolution of the continents D) all of the above Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.4 Precambrian History: The Formation of Earth's Continents Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 40) During the Cenozoic, plate interactions gave rise to many events of mountain building, volcanism, and earthquakes in ________ North America.

A) Western B) Central C) Eastern D) Southern E) Northern Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.5 Geologic History of the Phanerozoic: The Formation of Earth's Modern Continents Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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41) During the late Paleozoic, the present-day North America, Europe, Western Asia, Siberia, and perhaps China formed the northern continent of ________.

A) Gondwanaland B) Laurasia C) Greenland D) Africa Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.5 Geologic History of the Phanerozoic: The Formation of Earth's Modern Continents Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 42) The most economically important resource in Cenozoic strata of the Gulf Coast is ________.

A) petroleum B) carbon C) coal D) fresh water E) iron Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.5 Geologic History of the Phanerozoic: The Formation of Earth's Modern Continents Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 43) The supercontinent of Pangaea began to break up during the ________ era.

A) Precambrian B) Paleozoic C) Mesozoic D) Cenozoic Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.5 Geologic History of the Phanerozoic: The Formation of Earth's Modern Continents Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 44) During the ________ era, the westward-moving North American plate began to override the Pacific plate, eventually causing the tectonic activity that formed the mountains of western North America.

A) Precambrian B) Paleozoic C) Mesozoic D) Cenozoic Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.5 Geologic History of the Phanerozoic: The Formation of Earth's Modern Continents Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 11 .

45) During the early Paleozoic era, the current continents of South America, Africa, Australia, Antarctica, India, and perhaps China comprised the vast southern continent of ________.

A) Europe B) Laurasia C) Gondwanaland D) Antindia E) Pangaea Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.5 Geologic History of the Phanerozoic: The Formation of Earth's Modern Continents Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 46) By the close of the Paleozoic, all the continents had fused into the single super continent of ________.

A) Laurasia B) Pangaea C) Appalachia D) Gondwanaland E) Europa Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.5 Geologic History of the Phanerozoic: The Formation of Earth's Modern Continents Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 47) The beginning of the Phanerozoic marks an important event in animal evolution—the appearance of organisms with ________.

A) wings B) cells C) hard parts D) feathers Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.5 Geologic History of the Phanerozoic: The Formation of Earth's Modern Continents; 19.7 Paleozoic era: Life Explodes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

12 .

48) The beginning of the ________ era is marked by the appearance of the first life forms with hard parts.

A) Precambrian B) Paleozoic C) Mesozoic D) Cenozoic Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.5 Geologic History of the Phanerozoic: The Formation of Earth's Modern Continents Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 49) Which of the following modern day landmasses was NOT part of the supercontinent Gondwana?

A) South America B) North America C) Australia D) India Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.4 Precambrian History: The Formation of Earth's Continents Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 50) A major event of the ________ era was the final breakup of the supercontinent called Pangaea.

A) Paleozoic B) Mesozoic C) Cenozoic Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.4 Precambrian History: The Formation of Earth's Continents Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 51) The mountain building event that formed Appalachians occurred during the ________ era.

A) Paleozoic B) Mesozoic C) Cenozoic D) Cambrian Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.4 Precambrian History: The Formation of Earth's Continents Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

13 .

52) During the ________ era, a great wedge of sediments from the eroding Rockies created the Great Plains.

A) Paleozoic B) Mesozoic C) Cenozoic Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.4 Precambrian History: The Formation of Earth's Continents Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 53) The fault-block mountains of Nevada and Mexico formed during the ________ era.

A) Paleozoic B) Mesozoic C) Cenozoic Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.4 Precambrian History: The Formation of Earth's Continents Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 54) The rock formations of the ________ era are more widespread and less disturbed than those of any other time.

A) Paleozoic B) Mesozoic C) Cenozoic Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.4 Precambrian History: The Formation of Earth's Continents Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 55) The ________ era began with much of the world's continents above sea level.

A) Paleozoic B) Mesozoic C) Cenozoic Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.4 Precambrian History: The Formation of Earth's Continents Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 56) Most Cretaceous age coal in the present United States is found ________.

A) in the Gulf Coast area B) in the Western states C) in the Eastern states D) in the Southern states Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.4 Precambrian History: The Formation of Earth's Continents Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 14 .

57) The cells of these primitive organisms lack organized nuclei and they reproduce asexually.

A) trilobites B) eukaryotes C) prokaryotes D) brachiopods Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.6 Earth's First Life Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 58) Which type of bacteria thrives in environments that lack free oxygen?

A) aerobic B) placental C) anaerobic D) foraminifera E) photosynthetic Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.6 Earth's First Life Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 59) The most common Precambrian fossils are ________, layered mounds of calcium carbonate.

A) prokaryotes B) chert C) trilobites D) stromatolites Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.6 Earth's First Life Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 60) The development of ________, organisms that reproduce sexually and have cells that contain nuclei, may have increased dramatically the rate of evolutionary change.

A) trilobites B) eukaryotes C) prokaryotes D) brachiopods Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.6 Earth's First Life Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

15 .

61) Many of the most ancient fossils are found in a hard, dense, chemical rock called ________.

A) limestone B) dolostone C) chert D) amber Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.6 Earth's First Life Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 62) Stromatolites are thought to have been produced by ________.

A) cyanobacteria B) trilobites C) eukaryotes D) plants Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.6 Earth's First Life Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 63) Which of the following correctly describes a difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A) In eukaryotes, the DNA is not segregated from the rest of the cell in a nucleus.

B) Prokaryotes are more complex than eukaryotes.

C) Prokaryotes appeared after eukaryotes, and include complex multicellular organisms.

D) Eukaryotes have a nucleus, while prokaryotes do not.

Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.6 Earth's First Life Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 64) The ________ period was a time of major extinctions, including 75 percent of amphibian families.

A) Jurassic B) Mississippian C) Permian D) Pennsylvanian E) Devonian Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.7 Paleozoic era: Life Explodes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

16 .

65) The ________ period is sometimes called the "golden age of trilobites."

A) Cambrian B) Silurian C) Pennsylvanian D) Devonian E) Triassic Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.7 Paleozoic era: Life Explodes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 66) Abundant fossil evidence did not appear in the geologic record until about ________.

A) 5 billion years ago B) 6 million years ago C) 550 million years ago D) 300 million years ago E) 3 billion years ago Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.7 Paleozoic era: Life Explodes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 67) Which period is known as the "age of fishes"?

A) Jurassic B) Mississippian C) Permian D) Pennsylvanian E) Devonian Answer: E Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.7 Paleozoic era: Life Explodes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 68) ________, from which squid and octopus are descended, first appeared in the Ordovician period.

A) Trilobites B) Cephalopods C) Lobe-finned fish D) Reptiles Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.7 Paleozoic era: Life Explodes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

17 .

69) The first true terrestrial vertebrates were the ________.

A) mammals B) reptiles C) lobe-finned fish D) trilobites Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.7 Paleozoic era: Life Explodes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 70) The close of the Permian period was marked by ________.

A) a large meteor colliding with Earth B) a huge expansion in biodiversity C) the appearance of dinosaurs D) a mass extinction Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.7 Paleozoic era: Life Explodes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 71) Which period is characterized by the first forests with large trees?

A) Silurian B) Devonian C) Mississippian D) Permian Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.7 Paleozoic era: Life Explodes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 72) Vertebrates moved to land during the ________.

A) Silurian B) Devonian C) Mississippian D) Permian Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.7 Paleozoic era: Life Explodes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

18 .

73) The perfection of ________ was most the important factor that allowed reptiles to quickly become the dominant land animals of the Mesozoic era.

A) lungs B) camouflage C) waterproof skin D) the shelled egg Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.7 Paleozoic era: Life Explodes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 74) The late ________ era extinction was the greatest of at least five mass extinctions to occur over the past 600 million years.

A) Paleozoic B) Mesozoic C) Cenozoic Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.7 Paleozoic era: Life Explodes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 75) By the late ________ period, true air-breathing amphibians with fish-like heads and tails had evolved.

A) Devonian B) Pennsylvanian C) Permian D) Mississippian Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.7 Paleozoic era: Life Explodes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 76) The ________ period was the "golden age of trilobites."

A) Cambrian B) Ordovician C) Silurian D) Devonian Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.7 Paleozoic era: Life Explodes Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

19 .

77) In which era were dinosaurs common?

A) Pleistocene B) Cenozoic C) Cretaceous D) Mesozoic Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.8 Mesozoic era: Dinosaurs Dominant Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 78) One group of reptiles, exemplified by the fossil Archaeopteryx, led to the evolution of ________.

A) dinosaurs B) mammals C) cephalopods D) birds E) horses Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.8 Mesozoic era: Dinosaurs Dominant Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 79) Gymnosperms were the dominant ________ of the Mesozoic.

A) reptiles B) algae C) trees D) mammals Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.8 Mesozoic era: Dinosaurs Dominant Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 80) During the Mesozoic, some reptiles returned to the sea, including ________.

A) Archaeopteryx B) Plesiosaurs C) Apatosaurus D) Ultrasaurus Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.8 Mesozoic era: Dinosaurs Dominant Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

20 .

81) The term "K-T boundary" refers to ________.

A) the great extinction that took place at the end of the Mesozoic era B) the boundary between land and sea that some reptiles crossed to return to the sea during the Mesozoic C) the boundary between the area where gymnosperms flourished, and the area where they were unable to grow D) the border of the Chicxulub crater Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.8 Mesozoic era: Dinosaurs Dominant Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 82) Mammals became the dominant land animals during the ________ era.

A) Pleistocene B) Cenozoic C) Cretaceous D) Mesozoic E) Paleozoic Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.9 Cenozoic era: Mammals Diversify Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 83) Following the reptilian extinctions at the close of the Mesozoic, two groups of mammals, the marsupials and ________, diversified.

A) eukaryotes B) cephalopods C) trilobites D) placentals E) stromatolites Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.9 Cenozoic era: Mammals Diversify Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 84) The ________ era is known as the "age of flowering plants."

A) Precambrian B) Cenozoic C) Devonian D) Silurian Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.9 Cenozoic era: Mammals Diversify Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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85) ________ (flowering plants) came to dominate most terrestrial environments during the Cenozoic.

A) Gymnosperms B) Angiosperms C) Radiosperms D) Allosperms Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.9 Cenozoic era: Mammals Diversify Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 86) Modern human evolution takes place during the ________ period of the Cenozoic era.

A) Paleogene B) Neogene C) Quaternary Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.9 Cenozoic era: Mammals Diversify Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 87) A wave of late ________ extinctions rapidly eliminated many large mammals.

A) Miocene B) Pliocene C) Pleistocene D) Holocene Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.9 Cenozoic era: Mammals Diversify Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 88) Most of the evidence related to human evolution has been found in ________.

A) Northern North America B) East Africa C) West Africa D) Central Asia Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 19.9 Cenozoic era: Mammals Diversify Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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89) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) Cambrian B) Mississippian C) Jurassic D) Devonian Answer: C Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 19.1 Is Earth Unique?

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 90) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) Cretaceous B) Jurassic C) Oligocene D) Triassic Answer: C Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 19.1 Is Earth Unique?

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 91) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) ammonia B) carbon dioxide C) methane D) water Answer: D Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 19.3 Origin and Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 92) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) trilobites B) brachiopods C) fish D) dinosaurs Answer: D Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 19.7 Paleozoic era: Life Explodes Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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93) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) placental B) eukaryote C) marsupial D) mammal Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 19.9 Cenozoic era: Mammals Diversify Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing Critical thinking and discussion questions. Use complete sentences, correct spelling, and the information presented in chapter 19 to answer the questions below.

94) Briefly discuss the origin of Earth's atmosphere and oceans. Are the two related to one another? Also, has the atmosphere remained constant over time or has it changed? And if so then how has it changed?

Answer: A young hot Earth had a primitive atmosphere that contained methane, ammonia, carbon dioxide, and water vapor and was enhanced by outgassing. As Earth cooled, water vapor condensed and created oceans. Oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere only by the evolution of photosynthesizing bacteria. Aerobic life forms evolved to take advantage of the free oxygen.

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: 19.3 Origin and Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating 95) Why is it so difficult to interpret the geology of the Precambrian? How are these difficulties or limitations different in the younger eras of the Phanerozoic Eon? Finally, are there unique rocks or events in the Precambrian that are not present in younger rocks?

Answer: Most Precambrian rocks lack fossils, which hinder rock correlations. Additionally, the rocks are often metamorphosed and deformed, extensively eroded, and overlain by younger strata. The Phanerozoic Eon strata have fossils that allow geologic events to be correlated. Often organisms can be associated with a specific environment so the fossil record provides valuable information for interpreting ancient environments and climates. Unique events that cannot be preserved in younger rocks are the creation of banded iron formations, the Great Oxygenation Event, and Earth's first continents.

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: 19.4 Precambrian History: The Formation of Earth's Continents Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating

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96) Compare and contrast the patterns of life in the Paleozoic era to the Mesozoic era. What are the major differences between these two eras? Are there similarities or similar trends?

Answer: Two general trends in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic Eras are the evolution from relatively simple to more complex life forms and the diversification of life to fill ecological niches. In the Paleozoic, the first invertebrates, vertebrates, and vascular plants evolved. Life also moved from the ocean to land with amphibians, reptiles, and gymnosperms. In the Mesozoic, the first dinosaurs, birds, mammals, and angiosperms made an appearance.

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: 19.7 Paleozoic era: Life Explodes Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating

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Essentials of Geology, 13e (Lutgens/Tarbuck/Tasa) Chapter 20 Global Climate Change 1) Modern climate change is dominated by ________.

A) glacier melting B) orbital fluctuations of Earth C) human influences that exceed the bounds of natural variability D) emissions from volcanoes Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.1 Climate and Geology Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 2) Climate is a description of the ________.

A) state of the atmosphere at a given time and place B) aggregate weather conditions, "average weather" C) central component of the complex, connected global environmental system on which all life depends D) exchange of energy and moisture Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.1 Climate and Geology Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 3) The climate system consists of the ________.

A) hydrosphere and atmosphere B) geosphere and cryosphere C) biosphere D) all of the above Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.1 Climate and Geology Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 4) The portion of Earth's surface where water is in solid form is called the ________.

A) hydrosphere B) glaciosphere C) cryosphere D) permasphere Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.1 Climate and Geology Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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5) Proxy data for detecting climate change comes from ________.

A) seafloor sediments B) tropical deforestation C) sunspots D) volcanic rocks Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.2 Detecting Climate Change Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 6) The main goal of paleoclimatology is to understand the climate of the past in order to ________.

A) assess the current and potential future climate in the context of natural climate variability B) discover the changes in climate through geologic time and correlate it with gas composition changes in the atmosphere C) positively identify why some species died out and others remain on Earth D) all of the above Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.2 Detecting Climate Change Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 7) Oxygen isotope analysis is the measurement of two isotopes of oxygen (18O and 16O). The lighter isotope, 16O, ________.

A) evaporates more readily from the oceans B) is more prevalent in precipitation C) is more prevalent in glaciers D) evaporates more readily from the oceans, is more prevalent in precipitation, and is more prevalent in glaciers Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.2 Detecting Climate Change Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 8) Seafloor sediments are very important in discovering paleoclimate because they ________.

A) contain the remains of organisms whose numbers and types vary with changing climate B) contain meteorites that show when the climate had a drastic fluctuation C) show a record of temperature in the oceans, which can then be correlated to the temperature of the atmosphere D) are not relevant to paleoclimate.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.2 Detecting Climate Change Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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9) Oxygen isotopes (18O and 16O) are used to determine ________.

A) past salinity B) past temperatures C) past sunlight exposure D) past density of ocean water Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.2 Detecting Climate Change Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 10) The________ isotopes in the hard skeletons of corals are an important paleothermometer.

A) carbon B) nitrogen C) oxygen D) calcium Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.2 Detecting Climate Change Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 11) Which of the following is an example of a proxy data source that can be used by paleoclimatologists?

A) ice cores B) seafloor sediment C) tree rings D) Ice cores, seafloor sediment, and tree rings are all sources of proxy data.

Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.2 Detecting Climate Change Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 12) Which of the following provides data on changing air temperatures?

A) tree rings B) seafloor sediment C) ice cores D) fossil pollen Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.2 Detecting Climate Change Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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13) Clean, dry air is composed almost entirely of ________.

A) nitrogen B) oxygen C) carbon dioxide D) nitrogen and oxygen E) oxygen and carbon dioxide Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.3 Some Atmospheric Basics Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 14) Earth's atmosphere is divided vertically into four layers on the basis of temperature. The layers, in order from bottom to top, are ________.

A) troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere B) stratosphere, troposphere, mesosphere, thermosphere C) thermosphere, mesosphere, stratosphere, troposphere D) mesosphere, thermosphere, stratosphere, troposphere Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.3 Some Atmospheric Basics Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 15) What are the solid and liquid particles suspended within the atmosphere called?

A) water vapor B) aerosols C) trace gases D) ozone Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.3 Some Atmospheric Basics Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 16) Ozone, another important component of the atmosphere is concentrated in the ________.

A) thermosphere B) mesosphere C) troposphere D) stratosphere Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.3 Some Atmospheric Basics Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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17) One half of the atmosphere lies below an altitude of ________.

A) 16 kilometers B) 100 kilometers C) 5.6 kilometers D) 3.7 kilometers Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.3 Some Atmospheric Basics Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 18) Ozone is a major component in a noxious mixture of gases and particles called ________.

A) aerosols B) trace gases C) photochemical smog D) water vapor E) chlorofluorocarbons Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.3 Some Atmospheric Basics Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 19) The temperature decrease in the ________ is called the environmental lapse rate.

A) troposphere B) stratosphere C) mesosphere D) thermosphere Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.3 Some Atmospheric Basics Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 20) The coldest atmospheric temperatures are found ________.

A) in the stratosphere B) at the tropopause C) at the mesopause D) at the top of the thermosphere Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.3 Some Atmospheric Basics Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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21) Solar radiation is reflected back to space from ________.

A) land-sea surface B) clouds C) atmosphere D) snow and ice E) The land-sea surface, clouds, the atmosphere, and snow and ice all reflect solar radiation back to space.

Answer: E Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.4 Heating the Atmosphere Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 22) What percent of the solar energy reaching the top of the atmosphere passes through the atmosphere and is absorbed at Earth's surface?

A) 20 percent B) 30 percent C) 40 percent D) 50 percent Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.4 Heating the Atmosphere Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 23) The hotter the radiating body, ________.

A) the longer the wavelength of maximum radiation B) the shorter the wavelength of maximum radiation C) The wavelength of maximum radiation does not change.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.4 Heating the Atmosphere Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 24) Hotter objects radiate ________ total energy per unit area than do colder objects.

A) more B) less C) the same amount of Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.4 Heating the Atmosphere Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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25) The reflectivity of surfaces is called ________.

A) radiation B) emission C) albedo D) shine Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.4 Heating the Atmosphere Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 26) How much incoming solar radiation is absorbed by clouds and certain atmospheric gasses?

A) 10% B) 20% C) 30% D) 50% Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.4 Heating the Atmosphere Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 27) Which of the following has the longest wavelength?

A) x-rays B) visible light C) ultraviolet radiation D) infrared Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.4 Heating the Atmosphere Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 28) Variations in the angle that Earth's axis makes with the plane of it's orbit is called ________.

A) eccentricity B) precession C) obliquity D) axis precession Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.5 Natural Causes of Climate Change Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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29) The natural cause(s) of climate change is(are) ________.

A) variability in Earth's orbit B) movement of lithospheric plates farther/closer to the equator C) volcanic activity D) variability in Earth's orbit and volcanic activity E) Variability in Earth's orbit, movement of lithospheric plates, and volcanic activity, are all natural causes of climate change.

Answer: E Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.5 Natural Causes of Climate Change Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 30) Volcanic clouds that remain in the stratosphere for a year or more are composed largely of ________.

A) dust B) carbonic acid C) sulfuric acid D) water vapor Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.5 Natural Causes of Climate Change Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 31) The best-known features on the surface of the Sun are dark blemishes called ________.

A) sunspots B) flares C) aerosols D) rays Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.5 Natural Causes of Climate Change Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 32) In 1883, ________ erupted and emitted great quantities of sulfur dioxide gas that cooled the global mean temperature.

A) Mt. St. Helens B) Mt. Pinatubo C) Krakatoa D) El Chichón Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.5 Natural Causes of Climate Change Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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33) The trace gas(es) that is(are) most important are ________.

A) methane B) nitrous oxide C) chlorofluorocarbons D) methane and nitrous oxide E) all of the above Answer: E Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.6 Human Impact on Global Climate Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 34) Global warming since the mid-1970s has been about ________.

A) 0.8°C B) 0.4°C C) 0.6°C D) 1.0°C Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.6 Human Impact on Global Climate Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 35) The 2013 IPCC report states that if there is a doubling of preindustrial level of carbon dioxide there will be a "likely temperature increase" in the range of ________.

A) 1.5 to 2.5°C B) 2 to 4.5°C C) less than 1.5°C D) greater than 4.5°C Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.6 Human Impact on Global Climate Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 36) The use of coal and other fuels is the most prominent means by which humans add ________ to the atmosphere.

A) oxygen B) water C) nitrogen D) carbon dioxide Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.6 Human Impact on Global Climate Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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37) ________ is(are) produced by anaerobic bacteria.

A) Carbon dioxide B) Methane C) Nitrous oxide D) Aerosols Answer: B Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.6 Human Impact on Global Climate Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 38) Gases are called ________ gases because their concentrations are so much smaller than that of carbon dioxide.

A) minor B) negligible C) lesser D) trace Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.6 Human Impact on Global Climate Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 39) ________ is(are) 20 times more effective than carbon dioxide at absorbing infrared radiation emitted by Earth.

A) Oxygen B) Nitrous oxide C) Methane D) CFCs Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.6 Human Impact on Global Climate Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 40) The two main sources of human-generated aerosols are ________ and ________.

A) combustion of fossil fuels, burning vegetation B) combustion of fossil fuels, raising livestock C) burning vegetation, raising livestock D) combustion of fossil fuels, strip mining Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.6 Human Impact on Global Climate Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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41) Types of climate-feedback mechanisms consist of ________.

A) positive feedback mechanisms B) negative feedback mechanisms C) neutral feedback mechanisms D) both positive and negative feedback mechanisms Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.7 Climate-Feedback Mechanisms Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 42) Feedback mechanisms that produce results that are just the opposite of the initial change are called ________.

A) negative feedback mechanisms B) positive feedback mechanisms C) neutral feedback mechanisms Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.7 Climate-Feedback Mechanisms Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 43) All of the following are possible consequence of global warming, EXCEPT: A) lowering of sea level.

B) decrease in permafrost.

C) increasing ocean acidity.

D) reduction in sea ice.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.8 Some Consequences of Global Warming Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 44) According to IPCC predictions, which of the following is most likely to occur as a result of global warming?

A) accelerated loss of glaciers B) intense tropical cyclone activity will increase C) collapse of Greenland ice sheet D) decline in extent of permafrost Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.8 Some Consequences of Global Warming Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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45) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) geosphere B) troposphere C) biosphere D) hydrosphere Answer: B Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 20.1 Climate and Geology Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 46) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) nitrogen B) oxygen C) carbonic acid D) argon Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.3 Some Atmospheric Basics Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 47) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) thermosphere B) mesosphere C) troposphere D) meteorsphere Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.3 Some Atmospheric Basics Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 48) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) solar variability B) volcanic activity C) plate movement D) deforestation Answer: D Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 20.5 Natural Causes of Climate Change Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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49) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) eccentricity B) precession C) ubiquity D) obliquity Answer: C Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.5 Natural Causes of Climate Change Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 50) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) fire B) overgrazing of lands C) ground cover alteration D) drought Answer: D Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 20.6 Human Impact on Global Climate Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 51) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) methane B) CFCs C) nitrous oxide D) oxygen Answer: D Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.6 Human Impact on Global Climate Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding 52) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) solar power B) coal C) natural gas D) petroleum Answer: A Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 20.6 Human Impact on Global Climate Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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53) Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

A) paleoclimatology B) sea-level rise C) increasing ocean acidity D) arctic changes Answer: A Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 20.8 Some Consequences of Global Warming Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing Critical thinking and discussion questions. Use complete sentences, correct spelling, and the information presented in chapter 20 to answer the questions below.

54) Earth's atmosphere is divided vertically into four layers on the basis of temperature. What are the layers in order from closest to Earth to farthest, and how do they differ?

Answer: The four layers are troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere, from sea level to the highest layer. The troposphere has most of the gases and is where climate change is occurring. The stratosphere is where ozone has accumulated, and the mesosphere and thermosphere have very thin atmospheres and are different because the mesosphere is colder than the thermosphere.

Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 20.3 Some Atmospheric Basics Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 55) Discuss the various fates of incoming solar energy when penetrating Earth's atmosphere. Is it absorbed or reflected, or both?

Answer: Solar radiation can be absorbed, can generate wind and waves, can be used for photosynthesis, or can be reflected from clouds and sea ice/glaciers.

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: 20.4 Heating the Atmosphere Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating 56) Explain why the atmosphere is heated mostly by radiation from the Earth's surface rather than by direct solar radiation.

Answer: The solar radiation is absorbed by Earth's surface and these rays are re-radiated back as longer wavelength, lower frequency rays which bounce around in our atmosphere and cause heating to occur.

Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 20.4 Heating the Atmosphere Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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57) Discuss the three major volcanic events covered in the chapter and how the affected climate change. Also, analyze the Cretaceous period climate and how it was related to volcanic activity.

Answer: Most recently, Mt. Pinatubo caused global temperatures to decrease by 0.5 degree Celsius, with the Mt. Tambora and Krakatoa eruptions causing much greater decreases. The Cretaceous was a warm period in part due to increased volcanic activity.

Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 20.5 Natural Causes of Climate Change Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing 58) What scenarios is this graph describing? How does the orange line compare to the other colored lines on the graph?

Answer: This graph describes the different modeling results from climate models, with the yellow being the lowest projected increase and the green being the highest. The orange lines illustrate what would happen if the CO2 concentrations were held constant at the values for the year 2000.

Diff: 2 Chapter Subhead: 20.6 Human Impact on Global Climate Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

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59) What are some of the human impacts on global climate change? What are the possible consequences of global warming? Discuss the projected changes and estimated probability of certain global warming effects occurring.

Answer: Adding excessive amounts of carbon gases such as CO2 and CH4 may be influencing climate. Consequences include more storms, shifts in vegetation, organic matter decomposition, sea level rise, melting of glaciers, and acidification of seawater. The most likely scenario is that climate will become hotter and dryer in some locations and colder and wetter in other locations, with a 2-4.5°C rise in global temperature.

Diff: 3 Chapter Subhead: 20.6 Human Impact on Global Climate Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating 60) What are the significant differences between global warming by greenhouse gases and aerosol cooling?

Answer: Aerosols cause the sun's rays to be reflected back into space, so less of the solar radiation is trapped in our troposphere. This causes a cooling effect.

Diff: 1 Chapter Subhead: 20.8 Some Consequences of Global Warming Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

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