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Deviance, Conformity, and Social Control in Canada, 6th Edition Test Bank

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Deviance, Conformity, and Social Control in Canada 6th Edition

Tami M. Bereska MacEwan University

Toronto

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc. Pearson Canada. All rights reserved. ISBN: 978-0-13-660384-9 This work is protected by Canadian copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching their courses and assessing student learning. Dissemination or sale of any part of this work (including on the Internet) will destroy the integrity of the work and is not permitted. The copyright holder grants permission to instructors who have adopted Deviance, Conformity, and Social Control in Canada, 6th edition, by Tami M. Bereska to post this material online only if the use of the website is restricted by access codes to students in the instructor’s class that is using the textbook and provided the reproduced material bears this copyright notice.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1

Determining Deviance

..................................................................................... 1-1

Chapter 2

Explaining Deviance: The Act

Chapter 3

Explaining Deviance: The Perception, Reaction, and Power

Chapter 4

Deviance 2.0: The Role of the Media

.............................................................. 4-1

Chapter 5

“Deviant” and “Normal” Sexuality

.................................................................. 5-1

Chapter 6

Youth “At Risk” and “As a Risk”

................................................................... 6-1

Chapter 7

Looking Deviant: Physical Appearance

Chapter 8

Mental Health and Illness

Chapter 9

What Do You Believe? Religion, Science, and Deviance

Chapter 10

The “Deviance Dance” Continues

......................................................................... 2-1 .......................... 3-1

........................................................... 7-1

................................................................................ 8-1 ............................... 9-1

................................................................. 10-1

Chapter 01: Determining Deviance 1. In philosophy, the objective side of the objective/subjective dichotomy proposes that objects exist only through human consciousness and perception. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 01-01 Reference: The Objective/Subjective Dichotomy Learning Objective: LO 1.1 Skill: C Answer: b. False 2. Deviance scholars located on the objective side of the objective/subjective dichotomy propose that there is a specific quality inherent in certain behaviours that necessarily makes those acts deviant. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 01-02 Reference: The Objective/Subjective Dichotomy Learning Objective: LO 1.1 Skill: F Answer: a. True 3. The fact that tennis star Serena Williams is idolized rather than condemned in Canadian society suggests that there are limitations to defining deviance on the basis of statistical rarity. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 01-03 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: A Answer: a. True 4. According to the definition of deviance that emphasizes harm, something is "deviant" only if it harms someone else rather than oneself. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 01-04 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: C Answer: b. False

5. One of the limitations of using harm as the defining characteristic of deviance is that perceptions of harm change over time. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 01-05 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: C Answer: a. True 6. In the early 20th century, social activist Emily Murphy claimed that cannabis use caused extreme violence, insanity, and death. When we evaluate her claims today, we can see one of the limitations of defining deviance on the basis of negative societal reaction. a. True b. False Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 01-06 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: A Answer: b. False 7. A century ago, feminists who campaigned for women’s right to vote were often accused of being a threat to “the family” as a social institution. When we consider these claims today, we can see one of the limitations of defining deviance on the basis of harm. a. True b. False Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 01-07 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: A Answer: a. True 8. Because most Canadians disapprove of racist acts, we can say that racism is "deviant", according to the definition of deviance that emphasizes negative societal reaction. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 01-08 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: A Answer: a. True

21. Applying postmodern theories, we would conclude that any notion of a dominant moral code by which we can determine "deviance" and "normality" is being eroded. a. True b. False Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 03-21 Reference: Postmodern Theories: Questioning All Knowledge Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Skill: C Answer: a. True 22. The one thing that different conflict theories have in common, is that they have all been criticized for failing to recognize that some level of consensus exists in society in terms of the laws and rules. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-22 Reference: Limitations of Critical Theorizing Learning Objective: LO 3.6 Skill: C Answer: a. True 23. The difference between Marxist conflict theories and pluralist conflict theories is that the former emphasizes economic inequality, while the latter emphasize multiple axes of inequality. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-23 Reference: Conflict Theories: Rules Serve the Interests of the Powerful Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Skill: C Answer: a. True 24. Historically studies of deviance included women, often recognizing the differences between male and female deviance. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-24 Reference: Feminist Theories: Deviance is Gendered Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Skill: F Answer: b. False

25. Affirmative postmodernism deconstructs knowledge, focusing on the local and specific examples in a society. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-25 Reference: Postmodern Theories: Questioning All Knowledge Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Skill: F Answer: a. True 26. The educational attainment of young offenders is negatively affected in some cultures, but not in others. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-26 Reference: Labelling Theories: Becoming an Outsider Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: F Answer: a. True 27. One of the major strengths of interpretive and critical theories is in uncovering the social construction of deviance that is often overlooked by positivist research. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 03-27 Reference: Nonpositivist Theorizing Learning Objective: LO 3.1 Skill: C Answer: a. True 28. An individual who has made the conscious decision to be open and public with their stigma is more likely to develop feelings of shame. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-28 Reference: Labelling Theories: Becoming an Outsider Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: C Answer: b. False

29. Avery is about to leave the house for a job interview, when they look in the mirror and think, “Is this what the employer will be looking for?” Which concept within the symbolic interactionism perspective applies to Avery’s experiences? A) significant others B) role-taking C) generalized other D) tagging E) reintegrative shaming Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-29 Reference: Symbolic Interactionism: Communication Creates Understanding Learning Objective: LO 3.1 Skill: A Answer: B) role-taking 30. From the perspective of symbolic interactionism, which of the following concepts arises from our ability to integrate the views of multiple people simultaneously? A) significant others B) role-taking C) reintegrative shaming D) tagging E) the generalized other Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 03-30 Reference: Symbolic Interactionism: Communication Creates Understanding Learning Objective: LO 3.1 Skill: C Answer: E) the generalized other 31. In what way are the assumptions of the symbolic interactionist perspective related to the study of deviance? A) By being on the receiving end of power and coercive tactics, we develop perceptions of society’s rules. B) Via rationalizing techniques, people who break the rules come up with excuses for their rule breaking. C) Because meanings of deviance vary among people based upon their own interactions and communications, the "deviance dance" emerges. D) The bourgeoisie imposes their social rules on the proletariat. E) Deviance emerges because of conflict between the norms of different cultures. Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 03-31 Reference: Symbolic Interactionism: Communication Creates Understanding Learning Objective: LO 3.1 Skill: C Answer: C) Because meanings of deviance vary among people based upon their own interactions and communications, the "deviance dance" emerges.

32. Which of the following theories would be the most likely to suggest that being caught at deviance increases the likelihood of future deviance? A) the theory of the deviant career B) labelling theory C) power-reflexive theory D) postmodern theory E) pluralist conflict theory Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-32 Reference: Labelling Theories: Becoming an Outsider Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: C Answer: B) labelling theory 33. Which of the following concepts can be applied to the process by which an individual is caught at deviance and then becomes excluded from mainstream social life? A) labelling B) tertiary deviance C) the deviant career D) panopticon E) affirmative postmodernism Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-33 Reference: Labelling Theories: Becoming an Outsider Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: C Answer: A) labelling 34. Michael is caught shoplifting. After being put on probation, he becomes an outsider at school. His old friends won't hang out with him anymore, and over time, he decides that if everyone thinks that he is a bad guy, then he might as well act like a bad guy. He starts skipping school, hanging out with a bad crowd, and doing drugs. Which of the following concepts describes the life he has developed? A) tertiary deviance B) primary deviance C) secondary deviance D) evolutionary deviance E) laddering deviance Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-34 Reference: Labelling Theories: Becoming an Outsider Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: A Answer: C) secondary deviance

9. An analysis of players in the 2018 FIFA World Cup found that players with tattoos received more playing time, but also faced more disciplinary action. a. True b. False Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 07-09 Reference: Characteristics of Body Modifiers: Risk and Motivation Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Skill: F Answer: a. True 10. Restaurant employees with multiple tattoos and with tattoos having “darker” designs (e.g., gothic) are more likely to engage in workplace deviance. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-10 Reference: Characteristics of Body Modifiers: Risk and Motivation Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Skill: F Answer: a. True 11. Research has found that people perceive police officers with tattoos as less competent, less trustworthy, and more threatening. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-11 Reference: The Self and Society: Understanding, Meaning, and Resistance Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Skill: F Answer: a. True 12. Some women use tattooing in the development of an established femininity, but others use it in the development of a resistant femininity. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 07-12 Reference: The Self and Society: Understanding, Meaning, and Resistance Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Skill: C Answer: a. True

13. From a subjectivist perspective, tattoos and piercings tell us about the characteristics of individuals with those body modifications, such as their psychological traits and their participation in other “deviant” activities. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 07-13 Reference: Characteristics of Body Modifiers: Risk and Motivation Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Skill: C Answer: b. False 14. Although anorexia is increasing among males, muscle dysmorphia is more common. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 07-14 Reference: The Ideal Body According to Science Learning Objective: LO 7.4 Skill: F Answer: a. True 15. Male university students are more likely than female students to have tattoos. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 07-15 Reference: Body Modification Learning Objective: LO 7.2 Skill: F Answer: b. False 16. Research finds that people perceive the ideal female body as thinner than average and the ideal male body as more muscular than average. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-16 Reference: The Ideal Body According to Social Standards Learning Objective: LO 7.5 Skill: F Answer: a. True

17. Retail and restaurant employees with tattoos are more likely to experience sexual harassment than those without tattoos. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-17 Reference: The Self and Society: Understanding, Meaning, and Resistance Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Skill: F Answer: a. True 18. The medical control of "too fat" is based on solely on health issues rather than appearance issues. a. True b. False Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 07-18 Reference: “Too Fat”: Commercialization, Societal Reaction, and Social Control Learning Objective: LO 7.5 Skill: C Answer: b. False 19. University students with four or more tattoos are more likely to engage in other risky behaviours, such as binge drinking. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-19 Reference: Characteristics of Body Modifiers: Risk and Motivation Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Skill: F Answer: a. True 20. Considerable "thinness" is required before someone is socially typed as "too thin", compared to the degree of "fatness" that is required before someone is socially typed as "too fat". a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 07-20 Reference: The Ideal Body According to Social Standards Learning Objective: LO 7.5 Skill: C Answer: a. True

21. Family members of people who are eventually diagnosed with anorexia perceived them as "too thin" when they became only slightly thinner than what medical standards would deem a healthy weight. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-21 Reference: “Too Thin”: Commercialization, Societal Reaction, and Social Control Learning Objective: LO 7.6 Skill: F Answer: b. False 22. Deciding where to place a tattoo on your body is an example of impression management and selecting one's front stage self. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-22 Reference: The Self and Society: Understanding, Meaning, and Resistance Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Skill: C Answer: a. True 23. "Ana" websites are a form of resistance to being labelled “too thin.” a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-23 Reference: Resisting a Label of “Too Thin” Learning Objective: LO 7.6 Skill: A Answer: a. True 24. In a survey of models participating in New York Fashion Week, more than half reported having been told to go on a diet at some point in their modelling careers, even though most were already underweight based on medical criteria. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-24 Reference: The Ideal Body According to Social Standards Learning Objective: LO 7.5 Skill: F Answer: a. True

82. Based on your own opinion as well as what you have learned in this course, what one instance of the social typing of deviance do you think is the most justified? What one instance of the social typing of deviance do you think is the most unjust? Explain your answers. Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 10-82 Reference: The Search for Standards Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Skill: A/C/F Answer: Answers will vary. 83. Contrast more objective and more subjective approaches to understanding deviance. Where do you fall along the objective-subjective continuum? Explain your answer, using specific examples as support. Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 10-83 Reference: The Objective-Subjective Continuum Learning Objective: LO 10.1 Skill: A/C/F Answer: Answers will vary. 84. Contemplate from your perspective, are there examples of deviance that are inherently 'evil or abnormal', thereby supporting a more objective view of deviance, or is there always an element of social construction in the labelling of deviance? Justify your answer. Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 10-84 Reference: The Objective-Subjective Continuum Learning Objective: LO 10.1 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary. 85. Discuss the fact that deviance can be positive. How is the existence of some deviance benefiting our society? If it is positive, why is it still considered deviant? Provide examples to support your position. Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-85 Reference: Chapter 10 - The “Deviance Dance” Continues Learning Objective: LO 10.1, LO 10.2, LO 10.3, LO 10.4, LO 10.5 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

86. During the COVID-19 pandemic, governments created new rules for people to live by (e.g., wearing masks in public places, prohibiting indoor dining at restaurants) and temporarily closed down many businesses. Most people responded by following these new rules. A vocal few acted against the rules, such as by holding anti-mask rallies, attacking store clerks who were refusing them service, and opening their restaurants for in-person dining. In this situation, where do you see “deviance” and how do you know it is deviance that you are witnessing? Where do you see social control? Where do you see the deviance dance? How might the concept of human rights be applied to the players in these events? Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 10-86 Reference: Chapter 10 - The “Deviance Dance” Continues Learning Objective: LO 10.1, LO 10.2, LO 10.3, LO 10.4, LO 10.5 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary. 87. Select one way that you have been socially typed as deviant and subjected to measures of social control. Then reflect on your experiences surrounding this process using the lens of the sociology of deviance. Which of the five different definitions of deviance do you think people were using when they deviantized you? What forms of social control have you, or others like you, been subjected to? Where do you see resistance and other forms of the deviance dance? Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 10-87 Reference: Chapter 10 - The “Deviance Dance” Continues Learning Objective: LO 10.1, LO 10.2, LO 10.3, LO 10.4, LO 10.5 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary. 88. Construct an argument outlining which moral entrepreneur(s) have the most influence over the social construction of deviance and normality in Canada today. Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 10-88 Reference: Social Typing, Social Control, and Powerful Groups Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Skill: A Answer: Answers will vary. 89. Make an argument to support the notion of redefining deviance through the standards set by human rights. How would this change who and what was labelled deviant? What challenges would this process face? Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 10-89 Reference: The Search for Standards Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.