Deviance, Conformity, and Social Control in Canada, 6th Edition Test Bank

Deviance, Conformity, and Social Control in Canada, 6th Edition Test Bank

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Deviance, Conformity, and Social Control in Canada 6th Edition

Tami M. Bereska MacEwan University

Toronto

Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc. Pearson Canada. All rights reserved.

ISBN: 978-0-13-660384-9 This work is protected by Canadian copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching their courses and assessing student learning. Dissemination or sale of any part of this work (including on the Internet) will destroy the integrity of the work and is not permitted. The copyright holder grants permission to instructors who have adopted Deviance, Conformity, and Social Control in Canada, 6th edition, by Tami M. Bereska to post this material online only if the use of the website is restricted by access codes to students in the instructor’s class that is using the textbook and provided the reproduced material bears this copyright notice.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1

Determining Deviance

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Chapter 2

Explaining Deviance: The Act

Chapter 3

Explaining Deviance: The Perception, Reaction, and Power

Chapter 4

Deviance 2.0: The Role of the Media

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Chapter 5

“Deviant” and “Normal” Sexuality

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Chapter 6

Youth “At Risk” and “As a Risk”

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Chapter 7

Looking Deviant: Physical Appearance

Chapter 8

Mental Health and Illness

Chapter 9

What Do You Believe? Religion, Science, and Deviance

Chapter 10

The “Deviance Dance” Continues

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................................................................................ 8-1 ............................... 9-1

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Chapter 01: Determining Deviance 1. In philosophy, the objective side of the objective/subjective dichotomy proposes that objects exist only through human consciousness and perception. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 01-01 Reference: The Objective/Subjective Dichotomy Learning Objective: LO 1.1 Skill: C Answer: b. False 2. Deviance scholars located on the objective side of the objective/subjective dichotomy propose that there is a specific quality inherent in certain behaviours that necessarily makes those acts deviant. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 01-02 Reference: The Objective/Subjective Dichotomy Learning Objective: LO 1.1 Skill: F Answer: a. True 3. The fact that tennis star Serena Williams is idolized rather than condemned in Canadian society suggests that there are limitations to defining deviance on the basis of statistical rarity. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 01-03 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: A Answer: a. True 4. According to the definition of deviance that emphasizes harm, something is "deviant" only if it harms someone else rather than oneself. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 01-04 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: C Answer: b. False

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5. One of the limitations of using harm as the defining characteristic of deviance is that perceptions of harm change over time. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 01-05 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: C Answer: a. True 6. In the early 20th century, social activist Emily Murphy claimed that cannabis use caused extreme violence, insanity, and death. When we evaluate her claims today, we can see one of the limitations of defining deviance on the basis of negative societal reaction. a. True b. False Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 01-06 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: A Answer: b. False 7. A century ago, feminists who campaigned for women’s right to vote were often accused of being a threat to “the family” as a social institution. When we consider these claims today, we can see one of the limitations of defining deviance on the basis of harm. a. True b. False Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 01-07 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: A Answer: a. True 8. Because most Canadians disapprove of racist acts, we can say that racism is "deviant", according to the definition of deviance that emphasizes negative societal reaction. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 01-08 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: A Answer: a. True

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9. Political parties use a combination of incentives and punishment to create party unity when it is time for elected officials to cast votes. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 01-09 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: F Answer: a. True 10. One of the limitations of defining deviance on the basis of a negative societal reaction is that there are usually varying reactions to the same act, wherein different groups of people in society have different opinions on the same issue. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 01-10 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: C Answer: a. True 11. A question that some people raise about defining deviance on the basis of societal reaction is whether some people's reactions (e.g., the Prime Minister's) count more than other people's reactions (e.g., a homeless person's). a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 01-11 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: F Answer: a. True 12. The belief that governments are corrupt and politicians only care about themselves reflects the conflict view of law creation. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 01-12 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: A Answer: a. True

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13. According to subjective definitions of deviance, the presence of specific observable characteristics tells us whether someone is deviant. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 01-13 Reference: Subjectivism: Deviance as a Label Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Skill: C Answer: b. False 14. Many contemporary definitions of deviance combine both objective and subjective elements. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 01-14 Reference: The Objective-Subjective Continuum Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Skill: F Answer: a. True 15. Deviance specialists who focus on the more subjective aspects of deviance analyze the perceptions of and reactions to deviant acts, rather than the deviant acts themselves. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 01-15 Reference: Studying Social Processes: The “Deviance Dance” and Power Relations Learning Objective: LO 1.5 Skill: C Answer: a. True 16. The "deviance dance" is of particular interest to deviance specialists who lean toward the subjective end of the objective-subjective continuum. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 01-16 Reference: Studying Social Processes: The “Deviance Dance” and Power Relations Learning Objective: LO 1.5 Skill: C Answer: a. True

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17. According to the textbook author, the greatest degree of understanding of deviance comes from combining both more objective and more subjective approaches. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 01-17 Reference: Studying Acts and Social Processes Learning Objective: LO 1.5 Skill: F Answer: a. True 18. In the mid-20th century, the civil rights movement worked to end segregation in Canada and the United States. From the perspective of deviance specialists, participants in the civil rights movement were moral entrepreneurs. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 01-18 Reference: Studying Social Processes: The “Deviance Dance” and Power Relations Learning Objective: LO 1.5 Skill: A Answer: a. True 19. The alcohol industry itself has the power to influence government alcohol policies. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 01-19 Reference: Studying Social Processes: The “Deviance Dance” and Power Relations Learning Objective: LO 1.5 Skill: F Answer: a. True 20. Deviance specialists who focus on the more objective aspects of deviance shine a spotlight on the deviant acts themselves. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 01-20 Reference: Studying the Act: Why People Behave the Way They Do Learning Objective: LO 1.5 Skill: C Answer: a. True

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21. Modern objectivist deviance research is more likely to recognize cultural relativism in society norms compared to the earlier absolute objectivist research. a. True b. False Difficulty: Challenging Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 QuestionID: 01-21 Skill: C Answer: a. True 22. The World Health Organization’s Global Strategy to Reduce the Harmful Use of Alcohol is an example of the interactional level of social construction. a. True b. False Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 01-22 Reference: Subjectivity and the “Social Construction” of Deviance Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Skill: A Answer: b. False 23. Dressing in conservative clothing when going to visit your grandparents would be an example of retroactive social control. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 01-23 Reference: Studying Acts and Social Processes Learning Objective: LO 1.6 Skill: A Answer: b. False 24. The second step in the social typing process is evaluation. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 01-24 Reference: Studying Acts and Social Processes Learning Objective: LO 1.6 Skill: F Answer: a. True

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25. Art can be a form of resistance to the social typing process. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 01-25 Reference: Studying Acts and Social Processes Learning Objective: LO 1.6 Skill: F Answer: a. True 26. The __________/__________ dichotomy has traditionally served as the foundation for discussing definitions of deviance.

A) objective/subjective B) singular/pluralistic C) dissensus/consensus D) social typing/constructionist E) statistical/normative Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 01-26 Reference: The Objective/Subjective Dichotomy Learning Objective: LO 1.1 Skill: C Answer: A) objective/subjective 27. Which of the following groups of people would be considered "deviant", based on the concept of statistical rarity?

A) people who engage in acts of heroism B) students in Grade 12 who drink alcohol C) adolescents who are physically inactive D) Canadians who speak English E) people who adhere to expectations for behaviour Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 01-27 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: C Answer: A) people who engage in acts of heroism

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28. According to which definition of deviance would the handful of people who belong to the ultrarich social class be considered deviant?

A) harm B) negative societal reaction C) statistical rarity D) normative violation E) social contract hypothesis Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 01-28 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: A/F Answer: C) statistical rarity 29. Which of the following examples reflects the limitations of using statistical rarity as the defining characteristic of deviance?

A) Hockey star Connor McDavid is idolized in Canadian society.

B) Members of white nationalist groups are deviantized in society today.

C) People with green hair are deviantized in Canada today.

D) Canadians who speak English are considered “normal”.

E) Wearing pants is considered “normal”.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 01-29 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: A Answer: A) Hockey start Connor McDavid is idolized in Canadian society.

30. What are the limitations of definitions of deviance that emphasize statistical rarity?

A) Some statistically rare characteristics are considered "deviant" in society.

B) Some statistically rare characteristics are considered "normal" in society.

C) There is too much consensus and too little debate about the precise meaning of "rare."

D) The law (e.g., as seen in the Criminal Code) reflects power and vested interests rather than normative consensus.

E) Some people’s reactions have more of an impact in society than other people’s reactions.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 01-30 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: C Answer: B) Some statistically rare characteristics are considered “normal” in society.

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31. Which of the following behaviours or characteristics would be considered "deviant", based on the concept of harm?

A) smoking B) acts of heroism C) abiding by the law D) uncommon characteristics, such as having red hair E) any action that most people in society would disapprove of Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 01-31 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: A Answer: A) smoking 32. In the 1960s, early gay rights activists were sometimes accused of being a threat to “the family” as a social institution. What does this tell us about using harm as a way of defining deviance?

A) It can be difficult to distinguish between early gay rights activists and contemporary LGBTQ2IA+ activists.

B) Definitions of harm are consensual.

C) Early gay rights activists had good intentions but did little to impact society in either positive or negative ways.

D) Definitions of harm are relatively stable over time.

E) It can be difficult to distinguish between harming society and merely changing society.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 01-32 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: A Answer: E) It can be difficult to distinguish between harming society and merely changing society.

33. What was the primary argument made by Emily Murphy in support of the criminalization of cannabis possession in the 1920s?

A) normative violation B) statistical rarity C) negative societal reaction D) harm E) violation of the social contract Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 01-33 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: C Answer: D) harm

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34. What are the limitations of defining deviance on the basis of harm?

A) Perceptions of harm can be subjective.

B) Perceptions of harm rarely change over time.

C) Behavioural expectations are frequently characterized by power and vested interests.

D) Common behaviours are sometimes perceived as "deviant" in society.

E) The reactions of some groups of people in society often carry more weight than do the reactions of other groups.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 01-34 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: C Answer: A) Perceptions of harm can be subjective.

35. What is one of the primary arguments made by people in favour of the legalization of drugs?

A) Drug prohibition has caused more harm than is caused by the drugs themselves.

B) Drug use is harmless, as long as people use them in moderation.

C) The concept of “addiction” is fictional.

D) Most Canadians use drugs that are currently prohibited by law.

E) Government controls over individual behaviours violate people’s constitutional rights.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 01-35 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: F Answer: A) Drug prohibition has caused more harm than is caused by the drugs themselves.

36. Imagine the following hypothetical news headline: "Surveys reveal that most Canadians distrust people who drive blue cars." Based on this report, we can say that driving a blue car is "deviant", according to which definition of deviance?

A) normative violation B) negative societal reaction C) statistical rarity D) the social contract hypothesis E) harm Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 01-36 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: A Answer: B) negative societal reaction

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37. For many decades, research frequently found that most Canadians approved of the decriminalization of cannabis, yet cannabis possession remained illegal until 2018. This fact points to the limitations of defining deviance on the basis of A) normative violation.

B) statistical rarity.

C) social harm.

D) negative societal reaction.

E) the social contract hypothesis.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 01-37 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: A Answer: D) negative societal reaction.

38. Which of the following is a limitation of defining deviance on the basis of a negative societal reaction?

A) It can be difficult to determine which behaviours are more common or less common in society.

B) Perceptions of harm are subjective.

C) Some people’s reactions are more likely than other people’s reactions to have an impact on society’s institutions.

D) In practice, the law is characterized by consensus.

E) Dominant moral codes emerge from unchanging forces (e.g., the laws of nature).

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 01-38 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: F Answer: C) Some people’s reactions are more likely than other people’s reactions to have an impact on society’s institutions.

39. What do deviance specialists who are located on the objective side of the objective/subjective dichotomy believe is the defining characteristic of deviance?

A) They agree that the relevant characteristic is normative violation.

B) They agree that the relevant characteristic is a negative societal reaction.

C) They agree that the relevant characteristic is harm.

D) They agree that the relevant characteristic is statistical rarity.

E) They agree that a specific characteristic defines deviance, but they disagree as to what that specific characteristic is.

Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 01-39 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: F Answer: E) They agree that a specific characteristic defines deviance, but they disagree as to what that specific characteristic is.

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40. What view of normative violation is held by more recent objectivists?

A) The "contextual" view.

B) The "constructionist" view.

C) The view that emphasizes universal laws based on the word of God. D) The view that emphasizes the culturally- and historically specific nature of norms.

E) The view that emphasizes universal norms based on the laws of nature.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 01-40 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: F Answer: D) The view that emphasizes the culturally- and historically specific nature of norms.

41. Which of the following statements supports the "absolutist" view of normative violation?

A) Premarital sex is "deviant" in Saudi Arabia, but "normal" in Canada.

B) All cultures prohibit incest between parent and child, therefore incest is "deviant."

C) Taking a human life is "deviant," unless it is in self-defence.

D) Using cannabis was more "deviant" in the 1920s than it is today.

E) Same-sex marriage was legal throughout Canada at a time when it was not legal in all American states.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 01-41 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: A Answer: B) All cultures prohibit incest between parent and child, therefore incest is "deviant."

42. If you violate a folkway, other people will probably think you are A) immoral.

B) evil.

C) criminal.

D) odd.

E) heroic.

Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 01-42 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: C Answer: D) odd.

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43. Over the years, many health agencies, physicians, civil rights groups, and even coalitions of police officers lobbied the federal government to decriminalize or legalize cannabis use.

Eventually, cannabis use was legalized in Canada. Which view of criminal law is reflected by this process?

A) contractual B) normative C) consensual D) conflict E) interactionist Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 01-43 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: A Answer: E) interactionist 44. Which view of law claims that society's powerful define the criminal law on behalf of interest groups in society?

A) interactionist B) conflict C) normative D) consensual E) social power Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 01-44 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: C Answer: A) interactionist 45. Which view of law claims that criminal laws are created by the powerful to serve their own interests?

A) consensual B) interactionist C) power reflexive D) postmodern E) conflict Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 01-45 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: C Answer: E) conflict

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46. According to subjective definitions of deviance, what is the foundation for determining which behaviours are “deviant” and which are “normal?”

A) high-consensus norms B) low-consensus norms C) dominant moral codes D) social contracts E) criminal laws Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 01-46 Reference: Subjectivism: Deviance as a Label Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Skill: C Answer: C) dominant moral codes 47. Which of the following approaches to social constructionism claims that there is no essential reality to the social world outside of people’s experience of it?

A) strict B) soft C) contextual D) fundamentalist E) ontological Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 01-47 Reference: Subjectivity and the “Social Construction” of Deviance Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Skill: C Answer: A) strict 48. Deviance is constructed at five different levels. At which level would the academic integrity policy at your university be located?

A) interactionist level B) institutional level C) global level D) sociocultural level E) individual level Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 01-48 Reference: Subjectivity and the “Social Construction” of Deviance Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Skill: A Answer: B) institutional level

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49. Which of the following concepts is located at the extreme "objective" end of the objectivesubjective continuum?

A) concept of contextual constructionism B) concept of an absolutist view of norms C) concept of low-consensus deviance D) concept of radical constructionism E) concept of social power Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 01-49 Reference: The Objective-Subjective Continuum Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Skill: C Answer: B) concept of an absolutist view of norms 50. What topics are more likely to be studied by researchers who lean toward the "objective" end of the objective-subjective continuum?

A) changing perceptions of masturbation B) low-consensus forms of deviance C) debates over how to best address systemic racism D) the factors that contribute to binge drinking among university students E) the ways that powerful groups influence government to change laws Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 01-50 Reference: Studying the Act: Why People Behave the Way They Do Learning Objective: LO 1.5 Skill: A Answer: D) the factors that contribute to binge drinking among university students 51. Why does the textbook author suggest that contemporary analyses of deviance reflect objective and subjective as falling along a continuum rather than as a dichotomy?

A) Many contemporary definitions of deviance are strictly either “objective” or “subjective.”

B) Over time, "objective" researchers have become more reluctant to integrate subjectivism into their analyses.

C) Over time, "subjective" researchers have become more reluctant to integrate more objectivism into their analyses.

D) The processes by which something is socially constructed as "deviant" frequently includes references to objectivist concepts (e.g., statistical rarity; harm).

E) A continuum better clarifies the distinction between criminology and the study of deviance.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 01-51 Reference: The Objective-Subjective Continuum Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Skill: C Answer: D) The processes by which something is socially constructed as “deviant” frequently includes references to objectivist concepts (e.g., statistical rarity; harm).

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52. Which of the following groups of moral entrepreneurs has the most overt power in modern state systems?

A) religious institutions B) scientists C) commercial enterprise D) politicians E) educational institutions Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 01-52 Reference: Studying Social Processes: The “Deviance Dance” and Power Relations Learning Objective: LO 1.5 Skill: F Answer: D) politicians 53. In present day Canadian society there are moral entrepreneurs who exert influence and power in the development and enforcement of society's moral codes. Which one seems to be particularly influential, in that it acts as both a tool used by other moral entrepreneurs and as a moral entrepreneur itself?

A) educational institutions B) religious institutions C) scientists D) media E) commercial enterprise Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 01-53 Reference: Studying Social Processes: The “Deviance Dance” and Power Relations Learning Objective: LO 1.5 Skill: C Answer: D) media 54. Which component of the social typing process involves placing an individual into a specific category because of an observed or presumed characteristic?

A) evaluation B) stigmatization C) description D) prescription E) discrimination Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 01-54 Reference: Studying Acts and Social Processes Learning Objective: LO 1.6 Skill: C Answer: C) description

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55. You sit next to a classmate on the first day of classes, look at their physical appearance, and immediately think “Hipster.” Which part of the social typing process have you just engaged in?

A) evaluation B) stigmatization C) description D) prescription E) formal regulation Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 01-55 Reference: Studying Acts and Social Processes Learning Objective: LO 1.6 Skill: A Answer: C) description 56. Miriam arrives at school with a new haircut. As Miriam walks down the hall, they hear people laughing and making comments about their hair. What type of regulation or social control has occurred?

A) retroactive B) formal C) preventative D) self-control E) peripheral Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 01-56 Reference: Studying Acts and Social Processes Learning Objective: LO 1.6 Skill: A Answer: A) retroactive 57. You assume that vegans are argumentative and hard to please. Which step in the social typing process is characterized by your assumption?

A) evaluation B) prescription C) description D) formal regulation E) discrimination Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 01-57 Reference: Studying Acts and Social Processes Learning Objective: LO 1.6 Skill: A Answer: A) evaluation

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58. Galileo's claim that the sun did not go around the earth would be an example of which type of harm, according to the objectivist definition of deviance?

A) physical harm B) emotional harm C) social harm D) ontological harm E) psychological harm Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 01-58 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: A/C Answer: D) ontological harm 59. According to which view of norms is it proposed that there are specific norms that are universal and inherently right or wrong.

A) absolutist B) relativist C) subjectivist D) contextual E) constructionist Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 01-59 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: C Answer: A) absolutist 60. Which view of law is likely held by a sociologist studying the Canadian criminal code who finds that longer sentences are given to people of lower class for the same crime?

A) consensual B) conflict C) interactionist D) phenomenological E) relativist Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 01-60 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: A Answer: B) conflict

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61. If one was studying the social construction of deviance and was reviewing the social impact of the laws surrounding the age of consent for sex, they would be looking at which level of social construction?

A) individual B) interactional C) institutional D) sociocultural E) macro Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 01-61 Reference: Subjectivity and the “Social Construction” of Deviance Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Skill: A Answer: C) institutional 62. Picking someone last to join an athletic team because they are perceived as unathletic is an example of which part of the social typing process?

A) description B) triangulation C) evaluation D) assumption E) prescription Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 01-62 Reference: Studying Acts and Social Processes Learning Objective: LO 1.6 Skill: A Answer: E) prescription 63. What is the first step in the social typing process?

A) evaluation B) assumption C) description D) triangulation E) prescription Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 01-63 Reference: Studying Acts and Social Processes Learning Objective: LO 1.6 Skill: A Answer: C) description

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64. Joseph is walking down the street and sees a man sitting down with a sign asking for money.

He assumes that the man is likely homeless, determines that he is likely trying to buy drugs and moves to the other side of the street to avoid him. What does this entire encounter represent?

A) studying deviance by looking at harm B) the deviance dance C) the social typing process D) the objective-subjective continuum E) the global level of social construction Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 01-64 Reference: Studying Acts and Social Processes Learning Objective: LO 1.6 Skill: A Answer: C) the social typing process 65. Joanna is generally a good person. However, when she is hanging out with her friends, she makes fun of other girls actively because her friends expect her to. This is an example of: A) societal reaction B) conformity C) description D) statistical rarity E) objective analysis Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 01-65 Reference: Subjectivity and the “Social Construction” of Deviance Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Skill: A Answer: B) conformity 66. Which of the following statements about resistance to the social typing process is accurate?

A) Resistance occurs at the micro level, but not the macro level.

B) Art can be a form of resistance.

C) Resistance is undertaken by groups, but not individuals.

D) Resistance occurs at the macro level, but not the micro level.

E) Resistance is mythical and does not actually affect any change in society.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 01-66 Reference: Studying Acts and Social Processes Learning Objective: LO 1.6 Skill: C Answer: B) Art can be a form of resistance.

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67. Upon first starting university, we observe our classmates to learn how to act properly in a university setting. This would be a part of which level of social construction?

A) individual B) interactional C) institutional D) socio-cultural E) global Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 01-67 Reference: Subjectivity and the “Social Construction” of Deviance Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Skill: C Answer: B) interactional 68. Contrast high-consensus deviance and low-consensus deviance as outlined by Thio. Identify a type of behaviour that would apply to each of these concepts.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 01-68 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

69. Describe how the conception of norms has changed over time for more "objective" deviance specialists.

Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 01-69 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

70. Explain the multilevel process of social construction as it applies to development of deviant behaviours.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 01-70 Reference: Subjectivity and the “Social Construction” of Deviance Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

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71. Describe what moral entrepreneurs are. Provide one historical and one contemporary example of moral entrepreneurs, clearly illustrating how these are examples of moral entrepreneurs.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 01-71 Reference: Studying Social Processes: The “Deviance Dance” and Power Relations Learning Objective: LO 1.5 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

72. Outline three ways that the social typing process can be resisted and give an example of each.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 01-72 Reference: Studying Acts and Social Processes Learning Objective: LO 1.6 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

73. List (in the correct order), describe, and give an example of the three steps in the social typing process.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 01-73 Reference: Studying Acts and Social Processes Learning Objective: LO 1.6 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

74. Considering the issue of youth crime, provide an example of each of the following forms of social control: (a) retroactive, formal control; (b) preventative, informal control; and (c) retroactive self-control.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 01-74 Reference: Studying Acts and Social Processes Learning Objective: LO 1.6 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

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75. Compare the three main 'views of the law' identified in your text when discussing norms.

Choosing one, create a possible social issue that they would study and what their position might be on that issue.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 01-75 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

76. Identify an example of a deviant behaviour or characteristic that is now considered deviant but was once socially acceptable. Describe 2-3 possible social changes that may have contributed to this shift in normative definition.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 01-76 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: A Answer: Answers will vary.

77. The public school’s curriculum today often includes health classes that warn of the dangers of smoking and drugs. Perhaps you recall such classes in your own educational history. Use a sociological lens to reflect on those experiences. Who were the moral entrepreneurs involved?

What objectivist qualities did they draw upon in their arguments? Where do you see the process of social construction at play? In your view, what made these classes effective or ineffective in influencing youth behaviour?

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 01-77 Reference: Studying Acts and Social Processes Learning Objective: LO 1.5 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

78. List the five powerful groups that influence the creation of dominant moral codes in society.

For each of those groups, explain how their power enables them to influence the social construction of deviance, and provide an example.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 01-78 Reference: Studying Social Processes: The “Deviance Dance” and Power Relations Learning Objective: LO 1.5 Skill: A/C/F Answer: Answers will vary.

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79. Explain what the objective-subjective dichotomy is and describe the basic assumptions of each side of this dichotomy. How is the objective-subjective dichotomy different from the objective-subjective continuum, and why does the textbook author suggest that the latter may be a more accurate representation than the former?

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 01-79 Reference: The Objective-Subjective Continuum Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Skill: C/F Answer: Answers will vary.

80. Describe the four different "objective" definitions of deviance and give one example of each.

For each of those definitions, list one limitation and provide one example of that limitation.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 01-80 Reference: Objectivism: Deviance as an Act Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

81. The text addresses four different "objective" definition of deviance, as well as one "subjective" definition. Select the ONE definition that you think best applies to why people who refused to wear masks during the COVID-19 pandemic were socially typed as deviant and made subject to social control. Be sure to provide that definition and explain why, in this particular instance, you think it is the best one.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 01-81 Reference: The Objective/Subjective Dichotomy Learning Objective: LO 1.2, LO 1.3 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

82. Elected officials are, presumably, proxies for societal reaction; we expect that they will represent their constituents’ views in government debates and votes. However, political parties often use a combination of incentives and punishment to motivate Members of Parliament (or Legislative Assembly) to vote in a unified way based on political ideology. Using at least three concepts from Chapter 1, describe how someone from the more subjective end of the objectivesubjective continuum might explain this discrepancy.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 01-82 Reference: Subjectivism: Deviance as a Label Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

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83. During the COVID-19 pandemic, health authorities noted that many cases of the illness were among younger people and made special mention of the unacceptable behaviours of those under the age of 30. Apply the following course material to young people within this context: (a) the three steps in the social typing process; (b) the forms of social control that are evident (e.g., formal/informal, etc.); and (c) the ways in which you see power being exercised.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 01-83 Reference: Studying Social Processes: The “Deviance Dance” and Power Relations; Studying Acts and Social Processes Learning Objective: LO 1.5, LO 1.6 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

84. Describe a moral crusade that you have witnessed in your life. Outline the moral entrepreneurs involved, the process of how the problem was brought into the public, the discourse that came out of this and the ultimate social control that was proposed as a result. Weave your class content into your example throughout your analysis.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 01-84 Reference: Studying Social Processes: The “Deviance Dance” and Power Relations; Studying Acts and Social Processes Learning Objective: LO 1.5, LO 1.6 Skill: A Answer: Answers will vary.

85. One of the primary goals of social movements is to create change through awareness and education for the subculture involved. Do you believe informal or formal social controls are easier to change? Why? What are the challenges to trying to change social control? Answer this by using a specific example of a campaign that has attempted to bring social change.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 01-85 Reference: Studying Acts and Social Processes Learning Objective: LO 1.6 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

86. The textbook notes that what constitutes “resistance” for some people may not be recognized as such by others. What does that statement mean and what are some examples?

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 01-86 Reference: Studying Acts and Social Processes Learning Objective: LO 1.6 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

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87. Deviance and normality are socially constructed at five different levels. Via this process, we learn that in Canadian society, committing crimes is “deviant” and abiding by the law is “normal”.

First, explain how this moral code is socially constructed, by outlining the five levels of social construction and providing a relevant example of each level. Second, using examples, explain how power enables this moral code to attain a position of dominance in society. Third, identify an example of the deviance dance in relation to this topic.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 01-87 Reference: Subjectivity and the “Social Construction” of Deviance; Studying Social Processes: The “Deviance Dance” and Power Relations Learning Objective: LO 1.3, LO 1.5 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

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Chapter 02: Explaining Deviance: The Act 1. Social theories of crime largely replaced biological theories of crime by the mid-20th century. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 02-01 Reference: Theorizing Deviance Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Skill: F Answer: a. True 2. In the social sciences multiple theories exist simultaneously. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 02-02 Reference: Theorizing Deviance Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Skill: F Answer: a. True 3. Deviance specialists who lean toward the more "objective" side of the objective-subjective continuum find critical theories to be the most useful in their analyses. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-03 Reference: Theorizing Deviance Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Skill: C Answer: b. False 4. Positivist theorists attempt to understand deviant acts by looking to cause and effect relationships. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-04 Reference: Why Do People Become Deviant?

Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Skill: C Answer: a. True

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5. According to Emile Durkheim, a certain level of deviance is always dysfunctional for society. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 02-05 Reference: Durkheim’s Anomie Theory: The Problem of Too Much Social Change Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Skill: F Answer: b. False 6. According to Robert Merton’s anomie and strain theories, a person who gives up on postsecondary studies altogether after receiving rejection letters from multiple universities, is using the mode of adaptation known as innovation. a. True b. False Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 02-06 Reference: Merton’s Anomie and Strain Theories: The (North) American Dream Gone Awry Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Skill: A Answer: b. False 7. According to Agnew's general strain theory, strain must be accompanied by negative emotions in order for deviance to emerge. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-07 Reference: General Strain Theory: The Effect of Negative Emotions Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Skill: C Answer: a. True 8. According to Agnew's general strain theory, in a racialized society the social structure creates strain and influences coping strategies for members of racialized groups. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-08 Reference: General Strain Theory: The Effect of Negative Emotions Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Skill: F Answer: a. True

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9. In an empirical test of Cohen’s status frustration theory, research found that university students of lower socioeconomic status are more likely to use drugs when compared to students who are part of the middle-class. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-09 Reference: Status Frustration Theory: The Middle-Class Classroom Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Skill: F Answer: a. True 10. One of the weaknesses of Merton's anomie and strain theories, differential association theory, and social bonds theory is that they all traditionally identify deviance and criminality as lowerclass phenomena. a. True b. False Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 02-10 Reference: Limitations of Functionalist Theories of Deviance; Limitations of Learning Theories; Limitations of Control Theories Learning Objective: LO 2.3, LO 2.4, LO 2.5 Skill: C Answer: b. False 11. According to research on strain in law enforcement, “street justice” is an example of the “rebellion” mode of adaptation proposed in Merton’s anomie and strain theories. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-11 Reference: Merton’s Anomie and Strain Theories: The (North) American Dream Gone Awry Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Skill: A/C Answer: a. True 12. One of the primary goals for positivist deviance research is to predict harmful behaviour and ultimately prevent it from happening. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-12 Reference: Theorizing Deviance Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Skill: C Answer: a. True

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13. According to Sutherland's differential association theory, we learn techniques and motives within small, intimate groups. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-13 Reference: Differential Association Theory: Learning from Friends and Family Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Skill: C Answer: a. True 14. According to social learning theory, all behaviour is learned via the same processes. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 02-14 Reference: Social Learning Theory: Rewards, Punishments, and Imitation Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Skill: F Answer: a. True 15. When members of the Christian Domestic Discipline community claim that husbands who spank their wives do it for the “glory of God,” they are using the technique of neutralization known as appealing to higher loyalties. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-15 Reference: Neutralization Theory: Rationalizing Deviance Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Skill: C Answer: a. True 16. Social learning theory has been criticized for conflating pre-act techniques of neutralization with post-act techniques of justification. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-16 Reference: Limitations of Learning Theories Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Skill: F Answer: b. False

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17. The general theory of crime is also known as self-control theory. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 02-17 Reference: Self-Control Theory: We Restrain Ourselves Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Skill: F Answer: a. True 18. Control theorists claim that deviant behaviour is inherently unattractive, so strong motives for deviance must be learned before deviant behaviour will occur. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-18 Reference: Control Theories: What Restrains Most of Us From Deviance?

Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Skill: C Answer: b. False 19. The concept of self-control is central to the explanation of deviance found in Hirschi's social bonds theory. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 02-19 Reference: Social Bonds Theory: Social Bonds Restrain Us Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Skill: C Answer: b. False 20. According to the self-control theory, levels of self-control are relatively stable throughout life. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-20 Reference: Self-Control Theory: We Restrain Ourselves Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Skill: C Answer: a. True

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21. In an empirical test of social bonds theory, Koeppel and Chism (2018) find that people who are sexual minorities have weaker social bonds due to minority stress. a. True b. False Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 02-21 Reference: Social Bonds Theory: Social Bonds Restrain Us Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Skill: F Answer: a. True 22. According to social bonds theory, the amount of time we spend in conventional activities represents the bond of involvement. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-22 Reference: Social Bonds Theory: Social Bonds Restrain Us Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Skill: C Answer: b. True 23. Research on social learning theory is inconsistent when it comes to which aspects of social learning are most significant—definitions, differential association, differential reinforcement, or imitation. a. True b. False Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 02-23 Reference: Social Learning Theory: Rewards, Punishments, and Imitation Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Skill: A Answer: b. True 24. Positivist theories are fundamentally interested in explaining why people act in particular ways. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 02-24 Reference: Theorizing Deviance Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Skill: C Answer: a. True

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25. Schools that teach students to read, write, and do arithmetic reflect latent functions of the education system. a. True b. False Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 02-25 Reference: Functionalist Theories: The Social Structure Creates Deviance Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Skill: A Answer: b. False 26. Parsons and Smelser argue that letting off steam through minor acts of deviance is the gateway to more extreme versions of deviance. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 02-26 Reference: Durkheim’s Anomie Theory: The Problem of Too Much Social Change Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Skill: F Answer: b. False 27. Social learning theory highlights imitation as one of the sources of deviance. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 02-27 Reference: Social Learning Theory: Rewards, Punishments, and Imitation Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Skill: C Answer: a. True 28. Which types of theories would be most useful to scholars who lean toward the subjective end of the objective-subjective continuum?

A) Theories that identify family-related variables that contribute to youth crime.

B) Theories that outline the environmental causes of deviance in childhood.

C) Theories that explore the ways that societal perceptions of smoking have evolved over time.

D) Theories that highlight the psychological attributes of convicted criminals.

E) Theories that explain why substance use varies based on socioeconomic status.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-28 Reference: Theorizing Deviance Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Skill: A/C Answer: C) Theories that explore the ways that societal perceptions of smoking have evolved over time.

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29. Which approach to theory-building is based on explaining why people act in deviant ways?

A) positivist B) interpretive C) Marxist D) critical E) postmodern Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-29 Reference: Theorizing Deviance; Why Do People Become Deviant?

Learning Objective: LO 2.1, LO 2.2 Skill: C Answer: A) positivist 30. Which approach to theory-building is inevitably coupled with measures of social control?

A) positivist B) interpretive C) Marxist D) critical E) postmodern Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 02-30 Reference: Why Do People Become Deviant?

Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Skill: C Answer: A) positivist 31. Which of the following are positivist theories of deviance?

A) postmodern theories B) critical theories C) functionalist theories D) labelling theories E) power-reflexive theories Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 02-31 Reference: Why Do People Become Deviant?

Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Skill: F Answer: C) functionalist theories

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32. What is the functionalist perspective of society's rules?

A) Rules are made to be broken.

B) Society's rules reproduce patriarchy.

C) Society's rules are determined by powerful groups in society.

D) There is general consensus about what society's rules should be.

E) There is conflict over what society's rules should be.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-32 Reference: Functionalist Theories: The Social Structure Creates Deviance Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Skill: C Answer: D) There is general consensus about what society's rules should be.

33. Which of the following theories would claim that traditional gender roles, wherein women perform expressive tasks and men perform instrumental tasks, ensure that the family division of labour is done efficiently?

A) functionalist theories B) learning theories C) social control theories D) power-reflexive theories E) feminist theories Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 02-33 Reference: Functionalist Theories: The Social Structure Creates Deviance Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Skill: A Answer: A) functionalist theories 34. According to functionalist theorists, after people "let off steam" through minor acts of deviance, various processes motivate them to return to their acceptable roles in society. Which process would include public service announcements describing the harms of drinking too much alcohol?

A) socialization B) profit C) persuasion D) coercion E) internalization Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-34 Reference: Durkheim’s Anomie Theory: The Problem of Too Much Social Change Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Skill: A Answer: C) persuasion

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35. Which function of deviance is served by candlelight vigils following acts of mass violence?

A) helping society determine its moral boundaries B) reducing societal tensions by "letting off steam" C) increasing social solidarity D) testing society's boundaries E) preventing harm Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-35 Reference: Durkheim’s Anomie Theory: The Problem of Too Much Social Change Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Skill: A Answer: C) increasing social solidarity 36. According to Su et al.’s (2019) empirical test of Émile Durkheim’s ideas, why is there growing civil unrest in China today?

A) It is because of enhanced social cohesion under capitalism.

B) It is because of greater moral regulation under capitalism.

C) It is because of more freedom of travel across borders under capitalism.

D) It is because of anomic disorder created by rapid market-oriented reforms.

E) It is because of the need to reduce societal tensions by "letting off steam".

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 02-36 Reference: Durkheim’s Anomie Theory: The Problem of Too Much Social Change Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Skill: A Answer: D) It is because of anomic disorder created by rapid market-oriented reforms.

37. According to Durkheim's functionalist theory, in what type of society is deviance the most likely to exceed functional levels?

A) society characterized by mechanical solidarity B) society characterized by rapid social change C) society where a small group of people have most of the social power D) society where social bonds become too tight E) society characterized by multiple dimensions of inequality Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-37 Reference: Durkheim’s Anomie Theory: The Problem of Too Much Social Change Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Skill: C Answer: B) society characterized by rapid social change

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38. According to Merton's strain theory, what causes deviance?

A) a gap between institutionalized goals and illegitimate means of achieving those goals B) the structure of society C) the availability of illegitimate opportunities D) the breakdown of social bonds due to rapid social change E) the need to reduce societal tensions by "letting off steam" Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 02-38 Reference: Merton’s Anomie and Strain Theories: The (North) American Dream Gone Awry Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Skill: C Answer: B) the structure of society 39. Which of Merton’s modes of adaptation are participants in the #ClimateStrike movement using when they argue that society must change so that the protection of the environment is prioritized over economic progress?

A) conformity B) rebellion C) ritualism D) retreatism E) innovation Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-39 Reference: Merton’s Anomie and Strain Theories: The (North) American Dream Gone Awry Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Skill: A Answer: B) rebellion 40. How does Cloward and Ohlin's differential opportunity theory compare to Merton's strain theory?

A) Strain theory proposes that there are structural differences in access to legitimate opportunities, but differential opportunity theory does not.

B) Strain theory and differential opportunity theory both propose that there are structural differences in access to legitimate opportunities.

C) Strain theory proposes that there are structural differences in access to illegitimate opportunities, but differential opportunity theory does not.

D) Strain theory and differential opportunity theory both propose that there are structural differences in access to illegitimate opportunities.

E) Differential opportunity theory proposes that there are structural differences in access to legitimate opportunities, but strain theory does not.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 02-40 Reference: Merton’s Anomie and Strain Theories: The (North) American Dream Gone Awry; Differential Opportunity Theory: Access to the Illegitimate World Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Skill: C Answer: B) Strain theory and differential opportunity theory both propose that there are structural differences in access to legitimate opportunities.

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41. Alex lives in a neighbourhood where there is an organized group of people involved in selling illegal weapons to rival gangs. Seeing an opportunity to make some money, Alex joins this group of weapons dealers. According to Cloward and Ohlin's differential opportunity theory, what type of group has Alex joined?

A) a conflict gang B) a retreatist gang C) a criminal gang D) a criminal collectivity E) a conflict collectivity Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-41 Reference: Differential Opportunity Theory: Access to the Illegitimate World Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Skill: A Answer: C) a criminal gang 42. Which of the following theories best explains why young people who become depressed because of constant bullying are more likely to engage in acts of deviance?

A) differential opportunity theory B) general strain theory C) self-control theory D) social learning theory E) Merton's anomie and strain theories Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 02-42 Reference: General Strain Theory: The Effect of Negative Emotions Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Skill: A Answer: B) general strain theory 43. According to general strain theory, what type of coping strategy addresses the source of strain?

A) emotional coping strategy B) defensive coping strategy C) cognitive coping strategy D) behavioural coping strategy E) retreatist coping strategy Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-43 Reference: General Strain Theory: The Effect of Negative Emotions Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Skill: C Answer: D) behavioural coping strategy

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44. When does status frustration emerge?

A) when lower-class boys are unable to live up to the middle-class measuring rod in schools B) when upper-class boys are unable to live up to the high expectations their parents have of them C) when there is a gap between institutionalized goals and the legitimate means of achieving those goals D) when lower-class boys who get high grades in school become outcasts among their lower-class peers E) when members of the upper-class feel they must turn to corporate crime in order to achieve the goals of the corporation Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-44 Reference: Status Frustration Theory: The Middle-Class Classroom Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Skill: C Answer: A) when lower-class boys are unable to live up to the middle-class measuring rod in schools 45. What criticisms have been directed at functionalist theories?

A) they are teleological B) they lack empirical support C) they have a bias that supports social change D) they have a matricentric bias E) they tend to identify crime as an upper-class phenomenon Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-45 Reference: Limitations of Functionalist Theories of Deviance Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Skill: F Answer: A) they are teleological 46. Which of the following theories have been criticized for identifying deviance and criminality as lower-class phenomena?

A) Merton's anomie and strain theories B) differential association theory C) social bonds theory D) social learning theory E) self-control theory Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-46 Reference: Limitations of Functionalist Theories of Deviance Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Skill: F Answer: A) Merton's anomie and strain theories

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47. Which theories are criticized for being tautological?

A) learning theories B) control theories C) labelling theories D) functionalist theories E) power-reflexive theories Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 02-47 Reference: Limitations of Functionalist Theories of Deviance Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Skill: C Answer: D) functionalist theories 48.Students will only plagiarize a term paper if they have learned how to do so, as well as reasons why they should do so. According to differential association theory, what are the two components of this learning process?

A) denial of responsibility and denial of injury B) involvement and commitment C) reaction formation and mutual conversion D) innovation and retreatism E) techniques and motives Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-48 Reference: Differential Association Theory: Learning from Friends and Family Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Skill: A Answer: E) techniques and motives 49. Which of the following statements is a component of Sutherland's differential association theory?

A) Television, music, and movies have a substantial impact on the learning of deviance.

B) Large groups have more of an influence on the learning of deviance than small groups do.

C) The more important a particular group is to the individual, the greater the influence that group will have on the learning of deviance.

D) The skills needed for deviance are learned within groups, but the motives for deviance arise from personality factors.

E) Shorter periods of interaction have more of an influence on the learning of deviance than long periods of interaction do.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 02-49 Reference: Differential Association Theory: Learning from Friends and Family Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Skill: C Answer: C) The more important a particular group is to the individual, the greater the influence that group will have on the learning of deviance.

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50. In Sutherland's differential association theory, which concept refers to the idea that groups we interact with early in life have more of an influence on the learning of deviance than groups we interact with later in life?

A) duration B) priority C) intensity D) frequency E) primacy Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 02-50 Reference: Differential Association Theory: Learning from Friends and Family Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Skill: C Answer: B) priority 51. A woman who works as an exotic dancer claims that she does it to put a roof over her children's heads and food on their table. According to neutralization theory, which technique of neutralization is she using?

A) condemning the condemners B) denial of the victim C) denial of injury D) denial of responsibility E) appealing to higher loyalties Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-51 Reference: Neutralization Theory: Rationalizing Deviance Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Skill: A Answer: E) appealing to higher loyalties 52. After getting caught drag racing with his friends down main street, Matt says, "But there is nothing else to do in a small town!" According to neutralization theory, which technique of neutralization is Matt using?

A) denial of injury B) denial of responsibility C) condemnation of the condemners D) denial of the victim E) appealing to higher loyalties Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-52 Reference: Neutralization Theory: Rationalizing Deviance Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Skill: A Answer: B) denial of responsibility

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53. According to Leasure (2017), which technique of neutralization is a retail bank employee using when they use deceptive sales techniques but claim it is the customers’ fault because “they should read what they’re signing?”

A) denial of injury B) denial of responsibility C) condemnation of the condemners D) denial of the victim E) appealing to higher loyalties Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 02-53 Reference: Neutralization Theory: Rationalizing Deviance Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Skill: A Answer: D) denial of the victim 54. Which of the following theories proposes that deviant acts arise from definitions, differential association, differential reinforcement, and imitation?

A) social learning theory B) social bonds theory C) neutralization theory D) general strain theory E) general theory of crime Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 02-54 Reference: Social Learning Theory: Rewards, Punishments, and Imitation Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Skill: C Answer: A) social learning theory 55. As a child, when you achieved high grades on your report card, your parents might have ordered pizza for dinner because they knew you loved pizza. As a teen, when you came home after curfew, they might have taken away your phone for one week. Which theory best explains your parents’ actions?

A) social bonds theory B) general theory of crime C) general strain theory D) social learning theory E) neutralization theory Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-55 Reference: Social Learning Theory: Rewards, Punishments, and Imitation Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Skill: A Answer: D) social learning theory

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56. Even though some of Kai’s peers drink alcohol and use cannabis, Kai abstains because he thinks substance use is wrong. According to social bonds theory, which social bond does this refer to?

A) belief B) involvement C) commitment D) attachment E) self-control Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 02-56 Reference: Social Bonds Theory: Social Bonds Restrain Us Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Skill: A Answer: A) belief 57. Which of the following theories is a control theory?

A) differential opportunity theory B) differential association theory C) social bonds theory D) general strain theory E) neutralization theory Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 02-57 Reference: Social Bonds Theory: Social Bonds Restrain Us Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Skill: F Answer: C) social bonds theory 58. According to social bonds theory, some people abstain from deviance because they do not want to risk losing everything they have worked for. Which social bond does this refer to?

A) B) C) D) E)

involvement commitment attachment self-control belief

Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 02-58 Reference: Social Bonds Theory: Social Bonds Restrain Us Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Skill: C Answer: B) commitment.

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59. Which of the following statements reflects Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime?

A) Level of self-control varies significantly during a person's lifetime.

B) Low levels of self-control are the result of participation in deviant peer subcultures.

C) People with low levels of self-control are more likely to adhere to authority, and therefore follow society's rules.

D) Low levels of self-control are primarily the result of ineffective parenting.

E) Low levels of self-control are associated with violent crime, but high levels of self-control are associated with white-collar crime.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-59 Reference: Self-Control Theory: We Restrain Ourselves Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Skill: C Answer: D) Low levels of self-control are primarily the result of ineffective parenting.

60. According to the general theory of crime, what factor restrains most of us from committing deviant acts?

A) belief B) self-control C) involvement D) commitment E) attachment Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 02-60 Reference: Self-Control Theory: We Restrain Ourselves Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Skill: C Answer: B) self-control 61. Which category of theories proposes that deviance is inherently attractive?

A) learning theories B) functionalist theories C) control theories D) labelling theories E) conflict theories Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-61 Reference: Self-Control Theory: We Restrain Ourselves Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Skill: C Answer: C) control theories

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62. Which of the following statements accurately reflects Durkheim’s anomie theory?

A) Deviance is always dysfunctional.

B) Deviance emerges when social bonds become too rigid.

C) Deviance arises from the gap between institutionalized goals and legitimate means.

D) Deviance arises from strain, negative emotions, and specific coping strategies.

E) In some instances, deviance can be functional.

Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 02-62 Reference: Durkheim’s Anomie Theory: The Problem of Too Much Social Change Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Skill: C Answer: E) In some instances, deviance can be functional.

63. What is the general theory of crime also known as?

A) social bonds theory B) general strain theory C) neutralization theory D) self-control theory E) differential opportunity theory Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 02-63 Reference: Self-Control Theory: We Restrain Ourselves Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Skill: F Answer: D) self-control theory 64. Jasmine plays on one of the university’s athletic teams. Some of her teammates have been known to purchase essays online from term paper mills, even though it violates the university’s academic integrity policy. Jasmine writes her own term papers, because she does not want to risk getting kicked off the team or losing her scholarship. According to social bonds theory, which social bond is reflected in Jasmine’s choices?

A) belief B) self-control C) commitment D) involvement E) attachment Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 02-64 Reference: Social Bonds Theory: Social Bonds Restrain Us Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Skill: A Answer: C) commitment

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65. Zhang is in a rock band. They have been working for years to be 'discovered' and it just doesn't seem to be happening. Zhang’s band decides to give up the dream of making it big and instead play cover songs at weddings, because at least that allows them stay in music. If you were going to apply Merton's anomie and strain theories to Zhang’s current life, what mode of adaptation is reflected?

A) conformity B) innovation C) ritualism D) retreatism E) rebellion Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 02-65 Reference: Merton’s Anomie and Strain Theories: The (North) American Dream Gone Awry Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Skill: A Answer: C) ritualism 66. In an interview a professional hitman was asked how he was able to live with what he had done. He argued that they were all bad people and that they had done worse things to more people. What technique of neutralization is being used?

A) denial of responsibility B) denial of injury C) denial of the victim D) condemnation of the condemners E) appealing to higher loyalty Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 02-66 Reference: Neutralization Theory: Rationalizing Deviance Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Skill: A Answer: C) denial of the victim 67. In her home, Jun has a sticker chart set up to know exactly which chores she is supposed to do. Each time she completes her work, she earns a sticker. Every time she forgets to do her chores, her parents put an X on the chart. Once she has ten stickers, she is allowed to have a friend over. This conditioning supports the ideas of which theory?

A) differential association theory B) social learning theory C) general strain theory D) status frustration theory E) general theory of crime Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-67 Reference: Social Learning Theory: Rewards, Punishments, and Imitation Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Skill: A Answer: B) social learning theory

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68. In his general strain theory, Agnew proposes that strain can arise for three different reasons.

What are they?

A) unequal opportunities, status frustration, and retreatism B) unable to achieve goals, valued stimuli are presented, and techniques of neutralization C) unable to achieve goals, valued stimuli are removed, and negative stimuli are presented D) innovation, status frustration, and the middle-class measuring rod E) unequal opportunities, status frustration, and techniques of neutralization Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-68 Reference: General Strain Theory: The Effect of Negative Emotions Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Skill: C Answer: C) unable to achieve goals, valued stimuli are removed, and negative stimuli are presented 69. Identify what positivist theories focus their analytical attention on and provide an example.

Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 02-69 Reference: Theorizing Deviance; Why Do People Become Deviant?

Learning Objective: LO 2.1, LO 2.2 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

70. List, describe, and give an example of each of the five modes of adaptation proposed in Merton’s anomie and strain theories.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-70 Reference: Merton’s Anomie and Strain Theories: The (North) American Dream Gone Awry Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

71. List, describe, and give an example of the four ways that deviance can be functional for society, according to Durkheim’s anomie theory.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-71 Reference: Durkheim’s Anomie Theory: The Problem of Too Much Social Change Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

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72. List, describe, and give an example of the three types of coping strategies outline in general strain theory.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-72 Reference: General Strain Theory: The Effect of Negative Emotions Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

73. According to social learning theory, what are the four sources of all behaviour and how can this lead to deviance?

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-73 Reference: Social Learning Theory: Rewards, Punishments, and Imitation Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

74. Differentiate between the behavioural and the psychological measurements of self-control.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 02-74 Reference: Self-Control Theory: We Restrain Ourselves Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

75. Outline the three forms of critique that have been directed at functionalist theories of deviance.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-75 Reference: Limitations of Functionalist Theories of Deviance Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

76. Contrast mechanical solidarity with organic solidarity and explain why dysfunctional levels of deviance emerge.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-76 Reference: Durkheim’s Anomie Theory: The Problem of Too Much Social Change Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

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77. Choose a behaviour, attitude or characteristic that is often promoted and reinforced as deviant through media. Use social learning theory to explain how a person learns deviance through this message.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 02-77 Reference: Social Learning Theory: Rewards, Punishments, and Imitation Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Skill: A Answer: Answers will vary.

78. Use social bonds theory to explain why, presumably, you were studying for your exam last night instead of hanging out at the bar with friends.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 02-78 Reference: Social Bonds Theory: Social Bonds Restrain Us Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

79. Identify the ONE positivist theory that you think best explains criminal behaviour. Explain why you believe it to be the “best” theory to explain this type of behaviour, using examples.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 02-79 Reference: Chapter 2 - Explaining Deviance: The Act Learning Objective: LO 2.1, LO 2.2, LO 2.3, LO 2.4, LO 2.5 Skill: A/C/F Answer: Answers will vary.

80. Consider the example of cannabis use. Compare and contrast the types of explanations of this behaviour that might emerge from social learning theory and neutralization theory.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 02-80 Reference: Neutralization Theory: Rationalizing Deviance; Social Learning Theory: Rewards, Punishments, and Imitation Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

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81. Select the ONE positivist theory that you think best explains underage drinking. Use that theory to explain underage drinking and clarify the reason why you think, in this particular instance, this is the best theory.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 02-81 Reference: Chapter 2 - Explaining Deviance: The Act Learning Objective: LO 2.1, LO 2.2, LO 2.3, LO 2.4, LO 2.5 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

82. Identify the ONE positivist theory that you think best explains non-criminal forms of deviance.

Explain why you believe it is the “best” theory to explain this form of deviance, using examples.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 02-82 Reference: Chapter 2 - Explaining Deviance: The Act Learning Objective: LO 2.1, LO 2.2, LO 2.3, LO 2.4, LO 2.5 Skill: A/C/F Answer: Answers will vary.

83. Do you agree with Durkheim's theory that a certain level of deviance is actually functional for society? Justify your position by first summarizing the theory and then supporting your argument with examples or references to other theories.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 02-83 Reference: Durkheim’s Anomie Theory: The Problem of Too Much Social Change Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

84. Briefly describe Agnew's General Strain Theory. After highlighting the main points, propose a way that you would use this theory to influence social policy. How would you improve social experience with this application of this theory?

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 02-84 Reference: General Strain Theory: The Effect of Negative Emotions Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

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85. The role of social media today is prolific, and it has added a new dimension to social experience. Using any positivist theories, design a research question that you would examine if you were conducting research. Indicate how the theory relates to your question.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 02-85 Reference: Chapter 2 - Explaining Deviance: The Act Learning Objective: LO 2.1, LO 2.2, LO 2.3, LO 2.4, LO 2.5 Skill: A Answer: Answers will vary.

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Chapter 03: Explaining Deviance: The Perception, Reaction, and Power 1. According to symbolic interactionists, the process of role-taking enables us to determine meaning by trying to understand the world from other people's points of view. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 03-01 Reference: Symbolic Interactionism: Communication Creates Understanding Learning Objective: LO 3.1 Skill: C Answer: a. True 2. Interpretive approaches to theorizing focus on how people develop understandings of other people, themselves, and the world around them. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 03-02 Reference: Nonpositivist Theorizing Learning Objective: LO 3.1 Skill: C Answer: a. True 3. According to labelling theories, deviance is a label attached to some people, but that label has little impact on their subsequent actions. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 03-03 Reference: Labelling Theories: Becoming an Outsider Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: C Answer: b. False 4. According to Edwin Lemert’s version of labelling theory, those little acts of rule-breaking that we all engage in are called tertiary deviance. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-04 Reference: Labelling Theories: Becoming an Outsider Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: C Answer: b. False

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5. Although labelling theories suggest a person's identity changes as a result of being labeled, the notion of the dramatization of evil maintains that identity remains stable. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-05 Reference: Labelling Theories: Becoming an Outsider Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: C Answer: b. False 6. According to Becker (1963), a deviant label assumes the level of master status, which contributes to the individual's exclusion from the conforming world. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 03-06 Reference: Labelling Theories: Becoming an Outsider Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: C Answer: a. True 7. According to Goffman's (1959) notion of dramaturgy, impression management occurs with the front-stage self rather than the back-stage self. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 03-07 Reference: Labelling Theories: Becoming an Outsider Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: C Answer: a. True 8. When the mothers of school shooters become outsiders in their own communities because of their children’s actions, they are being subjected to a courtesy stigma. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-08 Reference: Labelling Theories: Becoming an Outsider Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: A/C Answer: a. True

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9. According to Powell-Williams’s (2018) research with individuals who participate in both the hearing and culturally Deaf worlds, a performance that manages stigma in front of one audience may be the cause of stigmatization in front of another audience. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-09 Reference: Labelling Theories: Becoming an Outsider Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: C Answer: a. True 10. The concept of the deviant career refers to those people who make their living through deviance (e.g., by selling stolen cars). a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-10 Reference: Labelling Theories: Becoming an Outsider Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: C Answer: b. False 11. The model of the deviant career applies to both individuals who leave those careers and individuals who stay in those deviant careers. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-11 Reference: Labelling Theories: Becoming an Outsider Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: C Answer: a. True 12. Interpretive theories are criticized for being teleological and tautological. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-12 Reference: Limitations of Interpretive Theorizing Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Skill: C Answer: b. False

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13. Critical theories have an emancipatory interest. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-13 Reference: Critical Theorizing: Power Relations and Social Justice Learning Objective: LO 3.4 Skill: F Answer: a. True 14. As a result of false consciousness, society's masses believe that they have more freedom than they actually do. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 03-14 Reference: Conflict Theories: Rules Serve the Interests of the Powerful Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Skill: C Answer: a. True 15. Power-reflexive theories suggest that all claims to knowledge are embedded within relations of power. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-15 Reference: Power-Reflexive Theories: Knowledge is Power Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Skill: C Answer: a. True 16. The matrix of domination refers to structured inequalities that intersect to form overlapping systems of oppression, based on gender, race, and other characteristics. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-16 Reference: Feminist Theories: Deviance is Gendered Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Skill: C Answer: a. True

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17. According to Foucault (1995), a panoptical society prevents resistance. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 03-17 Reference: Power-Reflexive Theories: Knowledge is Power Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Skill: C Answer: b. False 18. According to Foucault (1995), public restrooms as sites of surveillance. a. True b. False Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 03-18 Reference: Power-Reflexive Theories: Knowledge is Power Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Skill: F Answer: a. True 19. Although there is some disagreement about what postmodern theory actually is, diverse postmodern theories are all broadly based on the notion of rejection. a. True b. False Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 03-19 Reference: Postmodern Theories: Questioning All Knowledge Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Skill: C Answer: a. True 20. Postmodern theories suggest that "truth" exists, despite the massive social changes that have occurred since the Second World War. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-20 Reference: Postmodern Theories: Questioning All Knowledge Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Skill: C Answer: b. False

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21. Applying postmodern theories, we would conclude that any notion of a dominant moral code by which we can determine "deviance" and "normality" is being eroded. a. True b. False Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 03-21 Reference: Postmodern Theories: Questioning All Knowledge Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Skill: C Answer: a. True 22. The one thing that different conflict theories have in common, is that they have all been criticized for failing to recognize that some level of consensus exists in society in terms of the laws and rules. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-22 Reference: Limitations of Critical Theorizing Learning Objective: LO 3.6 Skill: C Answer: a. True 23. The difference between Marxist conflict theories and pluralist conflict theories is that the former emphasizes economic inequality, while the latter emphasize multiple axes of inequality. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-23 Reference: Conflict Theories: Rules Serve the Interests of the Powerful Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Skill: C Answer: a. True 24. Historically studies of deviance included women, often recognizing the differences between male and female deviance. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-24 Reference: Feminist Theories: Deviance is Gendered Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Skill: F Answer: b. False

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25. Affirmative postmodernism deconstructs knowledge, focusing on the local and specific examples in a society. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-25 Reference: Postmodern Theories: Questioning All Knowledge Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Skill: F Answer: a. True 26. The educational attainment of young offenders is negatively affected in some cultures, but not in others. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-26 Reference: Labelling Theories: Becoming an Outsider Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: F Answer: a. True 27. One of the major strengths of interpretive and critical theories is in uncovering the social construction of deviance that is often overlooked by positivist research. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 03-27 Reference: Nonpositivist Theorizing Learning Objective: LO 3.1 Skill: C Answer: a. True 28. An individual who has made the conscious decision to be open and public with their stigma is more likely to develop feelings of shame. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-28 Reference: Labelling Theories: Becoming an Outsider Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: C Answer: b. False

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29. Avery is about to leave the house for a job interview, when they look in the mirror and think, “Is this what the employer will be looking for?” Which concept within the symbolic interactionism perspective applies to Avery’s experiences?

A) significant others B) role-taking C) generalized other D) tagging E) reintegrative shaming Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-29 Reference: Symbolic Interactionism: Communication Creates Understanding Learning Objective: LO 3.1 Skill: A Answer: B) role-taking 30. From the perspective of symbolic interactionism, which of the following concepts arises from our ability to integrate the views of multiple people simultaneously?

A) significant others B) role-taking C) reintegrative shaming D) tagging E) the generalized other Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 03-30 Reference: Symbolic Interactionism: Communication Creates Understanding Learning Objective: LO 3.1 Skill: C Answer: E) the generalized other 31. In what way are the assumptions of the symbolic interactionist perspective related to the study of deviance?

A) By being on the receiving end of power and coercive tactics, we develop perceptions of society’s rules.

B) Via rationalizing techniques, people who break the rules come up with excuses for their rule breaking.

C) Because meanings of deviance vary among people based upon their own interactions and communications, the "deviance dance" emerges.

D) The bourgeoisie imposes their social rules on the proletariat.

E) Deviance emerges because of conflict between the norms of different cultures.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 03-31 Reference: Symbolic Interactionism: Communication Creates Understanding Learning Objective: LO 3.1 Skill: C Answer: C) Because meanings of deviance vary among people based upon their own interactions and communications, the "deviance dance" emerges.

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32. Which of the following theories would be the most likely to suggest that being caught at deviance increases the likelihood of future deviance?

A) the theory of the deviant career B) labelling theory C) power-reflexive theory D) postmodern theory E) pluralist conflict theory Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-32 Reference: Labelling Theories: Becoming an Outsider Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: C Answer: B) labelling theory 33. Which of the following concepts can be applied to the process by which an individual is caught at deviance and then becomes excluded from mainstream social life?

A) labelling B) tertiary deviance C) the deviant career D) panopticon E) affirmative postmodernism Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-33 Reference: Labelling Theories: Becoming an Outsider Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: C Answer: A) labelling 34. Michael is caught shoplifting. After being put on probation, he becomes an outsider at school.

His old friends won't hang out with him anymore, and over time, he decides that if everyone thinks that he is a bad guy, then he might as well act like a bad guy. He starts skipping school, hanging out with a bad crowd, and doing drugs. Which of the following concepts describes the life he has developed?

A) tertiary deviance B) primary deviance C) secondary deviance D) evolutionary deviance E) laddering deviance Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-34 Reference: Labelling Theories: Becoming an Outsider Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: A Answer: C) secondary deviance

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35. In Canada, same-sex couples joined together to fight against the "deviant" label that has been attached to them and campaigned for the right to legal marriage. What type of deviance are groups like this one engaging in?

A) tertiary deviance B) primary deviance C) secondary deviance D) evolutionary deviance E) processual deviance Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-35 Reference: Labelling Theories: Becoming an Outsider Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: A Answer: A) tertiary deviance 36. Tannenbaum (1938) suggests that although we initially identify a particular act as "deviant", over time we come to identify the entire person as "deviant". Which concept refers to the end result of this process?

A) primary deviance B) tagging C) dramatization of evil D) the circularity of deviance E) tertiary deviance Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-36 Reference: Labelling Theories: Becoming an Outsider Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: C Answer: C) dramatization of evil 37. Which of the following concepts does Tannenbaum (1938) say precedes the dramatization of evil?

A) primary deviance B) secondary deviance C) tertiary deviance D) tagging E) dramaturgy Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 03-37 Reference: Labelling Theories: Becoming an Outsider Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: C Answer: D) tagging

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38. Which concept refers to a dominant characteristic by which others identify you, and treat you accordingly?

A) master status B) secondary status C) primary deviance D) prescriptive status E) normative status Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 03-38 Reference: Labelling Theories: Becoming an Outsider Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: C Answer: A) master status 39. According to Becker (1963), what happens once a deviant label assumes the level of master status?

A) rejection from the legitimate world and the illegitimate world B) rejection from the legitimate world and acceptance into the illegitimate world C) acceptance into the legitimate world and rejection from the illegitimate world D) acceptance into the legitimate world and the illegitimate world E) acceptance in the legitimate world, followed by tertiary deviance Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-39 Reference: Labelling Theories: Becoming an Outsider Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: C Answer: B) rejection from the legitimate world and acceptance into the illegitimate world 40. Although Batul does not use drugs himself, a few of his friends do. Because of that, many of his coworkers avoid him. What form of stigma is Batul experiencing?

A) physical stigma B) deferred stigma C) courtesy stigma D) reactive stigma E) moral stigma Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 03-40 Reference: Labelling Theories: Becoming an Outsider Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: A Answer: C) courtesy stigma

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41. Using Goffman's (1959) notion of dramaturgy, in which of the following instances will impression management be particularly difficult?

A) Jinan has been assigned the role of "genius" by others.

B) Jim has been assigned the role of "delinquent" by others.

C) Erika has been assigned the role of "dancer" by others.

D) Roz has been assigned the role of "corporate executive" by others.

E) Goffman's work indicates that impression management is equally difficult with any type of role.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 03-41 Reference: Labelling Theories: Becoming an Outsider Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: A Answer: B) Jim has been assigned the role of "delinquent" by others.

42. Once Amaya’s classmates discover she uses cannabis every day, they start to think of her as a “stoner” and no longer think of her as “the shy student in the back row.” What role has the “stoner” label assumed in Amaya’s life?

A) back-stage status B) master status C) reintegrative status D) contingency status E) affirmative status Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 03-42 Reference: Labelling Theories: Becoming an Outsider Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: A Answer: B) master status 43. Sandi has been smoking cannabis for a few months. One day, the thought suddenly occurs to her that she is now one of those "potheads" that she used to make fun of. Within the model of the deviant career, what moment has Sandi just encountered?

A) a crisis moment B) a career contingency C) a time-lag contingency D) a directive norm.

E) a prescriptive norm Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 03-43 Reference: Labelling Theories: Becoming an Outsider Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: A Answer: B) a career contingency

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44. What is the primary criticism of interpretive theories as a whole?

A) They fail to address the social structure.

B) They focus most of their attention on adolescents.

C) They advocate for social change, removing the objectivity that is necessary in academia.

D) They are teleological.

E) They have a conservative bias.

Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 03-44 Reference: Limitations of Interpretive Theorizing Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Skill: C Answer: A) They fail to address the social structure.

45. Of the following theories, which one is based on a critical approach to theorizing?

A) conflict theories B) labelling theories C) the theory of the deviant career D) neutralization theory E) social bonds theory Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 03-45 Reference: Critical Theorizing: Power Relationships and Social Justice Learning Objective: LO 3.4 Skill: F Answer: A) conflict theories 46. Which of the following theories is based upon an emancipatory foundation?

A) conflict theories B) dramaturgical theories C) control theories D) strain theories E) labelling theories Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-46 Reference: Critical Theorizing: Power Relationships and Social Justice Learning Objective: LO 3.4 Skill: C Answer: A) conflict theories

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47. What are the shared assumptions among conflict theories?

A) Social rules emerge out of consensus.

B) Members of powerful groups are less likely to break the "rules" of society.

C) Members of powerless groups are less likely to break the "rules" of society.

D) All claims to knowledge are socially embedded.

E) Women are an oppressed group in society.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 03-47 Reference: Conflict Theories: Rules Serve the Interests of the Powerful Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Skill: C Answer: B) Members of powerful groups are less likely to break the "rules" of society.

48. According to Karl Marx, which groups control the means of production?

A) the proletariat B) the bourgeoisie C) the powerless D) the lumpen proletariat E) the classless Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 03-48 Reference: Conflict Theories: Rules Serve the Interests of the Powerful Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Skill: C Answer: B) the bourgeoisie 49. What are the assumptions of instrumental Marxists?

A) Members of the bourgeoisie may be subject to a deviant label.

B) A deviant label is used to control the proletariat.

C) Social rules are created by the powerful to protect the capitalist economic system, rather than to protect individual capitalists.

D) Social rules are created by the proletariat.

E) Social rules emerge out of consensus.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-49 Reference: Conflict Theories: Rules Serve the Interests of the Powerful Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Skill: C Answer: B) A deviant label is used to control the proletariat.

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50. Which of the following concepts describes a situation wherein society's masses perceive themselves as having more freedom than they actually do?

A) authority B) false consciousness C) ideology D) post-panoptical society E) hegemony Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-50 Reference: Conflict Theories: Rules Serve the Interests of the Powerful Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Skill: C Answer: B) false consciousness 51. Which concept refers to the intertwining of a particular worldview with institutionalized power?

A) hegemony B) false consciousness C) ideology D) labelling E) stigmatization Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-51 Reference: Conflict Theories: Rules Serve the Interests of the Powerful Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Skill: C Answer: A) hegemony 52. Which of the following theories can be best applied to analyses of public restrooms as sites of surveillance?

A) symbolic interactionism B) the theory of the deviant career C) structural Marxist theories D) power-reflexive theories E) control theories Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 03-52 Reference: Power-Reflexive Theories: Knowledge is Power Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Skill: A Answer: D) power-reflexive theories

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53. Which of the following theories best explains why you carefully prepare for your Zoom meeting by applying your makeup in a precise way, moving your laptop closer to a window, and following other advice you found online for how to look better in video chats?

A) group conflict theory B) culture conflict theory C) power-reflexive theory D) postmodern theory E) the theory of false consciousness Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 03-53 Reference: Power-Reflexive Theories: Knowledge is Power Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Skill: A Answer: C) power-reflexive theory 54. Which of the following statements reflects an assumption that all feminist theories share?

A) The existence of prostitution illustrates the sexual oppression of women within patriarchy.

B) The criteria for female deviance may differ from the criteria for male deviance in society.

C) Men sexually-oppress women.

D) Fragile masculinity is pervasive in society.

E) Prostitution is a career choice, like any other career choice.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-54 Reference: Feminist Theories: Deviance is Gendered Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Skill: C Answer: B) The criteria for female deviance may differ from the criteria for male deviance in society.

55. Which of the following concepts represents the macro level of intersectionality?

A) tagging B) role-taking C) career contingency D) back-stage self E) matrix of domination Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-55 Reference: Feminist Theories: Deviance is Gendered Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Skill: C Answer: E) matrix of domination

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56. What changes have occurred in advanced capitalist societies since the end of the Second World War, according to postmodern theorists?

A) Politics has become a commercial activity.

B) Products have replaced symbols and culture as the centre of the economy.

C) People have become citizens rather than consumers.

D) There has been the "growth of the individual."

E) People have become more politically active.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 03-56 Reference: Postmodern Theories: Questioning All Knowledge Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Skill: C Answer: A) Politics has become a commercial activity.

57. Which type of postmodernism postulates that only chaos and meaninglessness exist?

A) deconstructive B) skeptical C) critical D) environmental E) affirmative Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 03-57 Reference: Postmodern Theories: Questioning All Knowledge Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Skill: C Answer: B) skeptical 58. Which concept refers to people being nothing more than the style or image being pursued?

A) growth of the individual B) end of the individual C) capitalist machine D) iron cage E) discourse of personhood Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-58 Reference: Postmodern Theories: Questioning All Knowledge Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Skill: C Answer: B) end of the individual

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59. Which of the following theories would logically lead to the conclusion that any dominant moral code, by which we can determine "deviance" and "normality", is gradually being eroded in advanced capitalist societies?

A) symbolic interactionism B) labelling theories C) conflict theories D) postmodern theories E) power-reflexive theories Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-59 Reference: Postmodern Theories: Questioning All Knowledge Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Skill: C Answer: D) postmodern theories 60. In contrast to positivist theories, Interpretive and critical theories have little interest in: A) perceptions of deviance B) deviant acts themselves C) reactions to deviance D) the influence of power in perceptions and reactions.

E) social processes.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-60 Reference: Nonpositivist Theorizing Learning Objective: LO 3.1 Skill: C Answer: B) deviant acts themselves 61. Amy joins an online website that promotes self-empowerment and control through embracing anorexia. This website advocates that Amy should reject the label of deviance and call for the right to be in control of her own body. This website is engaging in which type of deviance?

A) primary deviance B) secondary deviance C) tertiary deviance D) skeptical deviance E) affirmative deviance Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 03-61 Reference: Labelling Theories: Becoming an Outsider Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: C Answer: C) tertiary deviance

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62. When Tav was growing up, he felt that people saw him as a good person and a hard worker.

As an adult, Tav sees himself in that same way. Which of the following concepts used within the symbolic interactionist perspective explains the process by which Tav’s self-perception emerged?

A) career contingency B) significant others C) the generalized other D) looking glass self E) affirmative othering Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-62 Reference: Symbolic Interactionism: Communication Creates Understanding Learning Objective: LO 3.1 Skill: C Answer: D) looking glass self 63. What criticisms have been directed at conflict theories?

A) They are teleological.

B) They fail to recognize the consensus that exists regarding many of the laws and rules in society.

C) They are too closely tied to empirical analyses.

D) They are tautological.

E) They have an androcentric bias.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 03-63 Reference: Limitations of Critical Theorizing Learning Objective: LO 3.6 Skill: F Answer: B) They fail to recognize the consensus that exists regarding many of the laws and rules in society.

64. Which theory is most likely to be used in analyses of the phases that small-scale cannabis growers go through in learning the skills and norms associated with that practice?

A) Edwin Lemert’s version of labelling theory B) structural Marxist theory C) Erving Goffman’s theory of courtesy stigma D) the theory of the deviant career E) the dramaturgical approach Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-64 Reference: The Deviant Career: Progressing Through Deviance Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: C Answer: D) the theory of the deviant career

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65. Based on Marxist conflict theory, what label would be applied to Jeff Bezos, the founder and owner of Amazon?

A) proletariat B) end of the individual C) bourgeoisie D) hegemony E) false consciousness Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-65 Reference: Conflict Theories: Rules Serve the Interests of the Powerful Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Skill: C Answer: C) bourgeoisie 66. Differentiate between instrumental Marxists and structural Marxists.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-66 Reference: Conflict Theories: Rules Serve the Interests of the Powerful Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

67. Explain what the end of the individual means and describe the context within which it has arisen.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-67 Reference: Postmodern Theories: Questioning All Knowledge Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

68. Explain why deviance specialists that lean toward the more subjective end of the objectivesubjective continuum find interpretive theories and critical theories to be the most useful in their analyses.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-68 Reference: Nonpositivist Theorizing Learning Objective: LO 3.1 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

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69. Explain how feminist theories can be applied to the study of deviance and normality and provide an example.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-69 Reference: Feminist Theories: Deviance is Gendered Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

70. Explain what a panoptical society is and provide three examples that illustrate Canada as a panoptical society.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 03-70 Reference: Power-Reflexive Theory: Knowledge is Power Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

71. Compare and contrast Tannenbaum's and Lemert's versions of labelling theory.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 03-71 Reference: Labelling Theories: Becoming an Outsider Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

72. Differentiate between significant others and the generalized other.

Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 03-72 Reference: Symbolic Interactionism: Communication Creates Understanding Learning Objective: LO 3.1 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

73. In labelling theory, Lemert distinguishes between primary deviance and secondary deviance.

How does the process of getting caught lead from primary deviance to secondary deviance?

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-73 Reference: Labelling Theories: Becoming an Outsider Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

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74. Drawing upon Powell-Williams’s (2018) research on participants in both the hearing and culturally Deaf worlds, explain how a performance that manages stigma in front of one audience may be the cause of stigmatization in front of another audience.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 03-74 Reference: Labelling Theories: Becoming an Outsider Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: A/C/F Answer: Answers will vary.

75. Consider Goffman's (1959) notion of dramaturgy. Describe its basic assumptions and distinguish between the front stage and the back stage. Apply those assumptions and concepts to one aspect of your own life.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-75 Reference: Labelling Theories: Becoming an Outsider Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

76. List the three core assumptions regarding analyses of deviance that all conflict theories share.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 03-76 Reference: Conflict Theories: Rules Serve the Interests of the Powerful Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

77. Apply the following assumptions of symbolic interactionism to your own life: (a) role-taking; (b) looking glass self; (c) significant others; and (d) generalized other. Explain how each of these concepts has played a role in your own understandings of "deviance" and "normality".

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 03-77 Reference: Symbolic Interactionism: Communication Creates Understanding Learning Objective: LO 3.1 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

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78. Explain how ideology, hegemony, and false consciousness are related, drawing upon an example of your own choosing.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 03-78 Reference: Conflict Theories: Rules Serve the Interests of the Powerful Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

79. During the COVID-19 pandemic, media stories reported increases in cheating and plagiarism among university students, arising from the shift to online learning. First, compare the aspects of this phenomenon that would be focused on by interpretive theories and critical theories. Then select the ONE interpretive or critical theory that you think would best enhance our understanding of this phenomenon.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 03-79 Reference: Chapter 3 - Explaining Deviance: The Perception, Reaction, and Power Learning Objective: LO 3.1, LO 3.2, LO 3.3, LO 3.4, LO 3.5, LO 3.6 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

80. Thinking critically about who has power in our society, choose who you feel has the most power in influencing the social construction of deviance in Canada. Explain how their power enables them to influence the social construction of deviance and provide examples to support your argument.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 03-80 Reference: Conflict Theories: Rules Serve the Interests of the Powerful; Power-Reflexive Theories: Knowledge is Power; Feminist Theories: Deviance is Gendered; Postmodern Theories: Questioning All Knowledge Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

81. Describe what intersectionality is and identify its micro-level and macro-level components.

Then explain how intersectionality is reflected in the work of Indigenous feminists.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 03-81 Reference: Feminist Theories: Deviance is Gendered Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

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82. The topic of access to public restrooms has been prominent in the media, in particular for transgender communities. After describing Foucault's observations on the use of public restrooms for surveillance, discuss the discourse on this issue. What are the elements of power and which values influence this social issue?

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 03-82 Reference: Power-Reflexive Theories: Knowledge is Power Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

83. Recent federal reports identify right-wing extremist groups (e.g., alt-right, white nationalist) as significant threats to Canadian security. On several occasions, these groups have disrupted antiracism protests with their own counter-protests. First, compare which aspects of this phenomenon interpretive theories and critical theories would focus on. Then select the ONE interpretive or critical theory that you think would best enhance our understanding of this phenomenon.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 03-83 Reference: Chapter 3 - Explaining Deviance: The Perception, Reaction, and Power Learning Objective: LO 3.1, LO 3.2, LO 3.3, LO 3.4, LO 3.5, LO 3.6 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

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Chapter 04: Deviance 2.0: The Role of the Media 1. Media are any vehicles used to transfer information in acts of communication. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 04-01 Reference: Introduction to Chapter 4 Learning Objective: LO 4.1 Skill: C Answer: a. True 2. Print newspapers, radio, websites, smartphone apps, and handwritten letters are all forms of media. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 04-02 Reference: Introduction to Chapter 4 Learning Objective: LO 4.1 Skill: C Answer: a. True 3. Sociologists will study media because it is a part of our everyday lives. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 04-03 Reference: Why Media Matters Learning Objective: LO 4.2 Skill: F Answer: a. True 4. In the 2018 study of media use, the number one form of media used by Canadians in terms of hours per week, was television. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-04 Reference: Patterns of Media Use Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Skill: F Answer: a. True

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5. Canadians ages 55 and older watch less television than young adults ages 18 to 24. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 04-05 Reference: Patterns of Media Use Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Skill: F Answer: b. False 6. According to the 2018 study of media use, Canadians ages 55 and older spend only two hours per week using the internet. a. True b. False Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 04-06 Reference: Patterns of Media Use Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Skill: F Answer: b. False 7. Research conducted with university students in China found that those who consumed electronic media stories about intimate partner violence were more likely to view it as a social problem than those who consumed print media stories about the issue. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-07 Reference: The Impact of Media on Individuals and Society Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Skill: F Answer: b. False 8. Administrative research in media studies analyzes social control and power structures in relation to the media. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 04-08 Reference: Studying the Media Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: F Answer: b. False

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9. Critical research holds society, rather than individuals, at the centre of its research focus. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 04-09 Reference: Studying the Media Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: F Answer: a. True 10. Research finds that advertising affects children and adolescents, but has little impact on adults. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-10 Reference: Media and Individuals: Administrative Research Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: F Answer: b. False 11. The impact of advertisements and product placement has become the most researched topic in media studies. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-11 Reference: Media and Individuals: Administrative Research Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: F Answer: b. False 12. Bandura's research on the effect of observing adults playing aggressively with a doll found that children's behaviours are influenced by watching violent and aggressive acts. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 04-12 Reference: Media and Individuals: Administrative Research Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: F Answer: a. True

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13. Violent media have more of an impact on some individuals than on others. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-13 Reference: Media and Individuals: Administrative Research Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: F Answer: a. True 14. According to critical researchers, the media does impact the individual, but it doesn't often spread its influence into the construction of norms, values and beliefs in society. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-14 Reference: Media and Society: Critical Research Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: F Answer: b. False 15. Framing is the overall way that a phenomenon is depicted in media. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 04-15 Reference: Media and Society: Critical Research Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: C Answer: a. True 16. An animated series that exaggerates characters’ accents reflects the theme of racializing the body in Cui and Worrell’s (2019) research on the portrayal of Chinese people and characters in media. a. True b. False Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 04-16 Reference: Media and Society: Critical Research Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: A Answer: a. True

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17. Johnson’s (2020) analysis of news stories about opioid-related overdose deaths finds that Indigenous victims tend to be portrayed as “innocent and virtuous” while young white victims are portrayed as part of a problematic community. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-17 Reference: Media and Society: Critical Research Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: F Answer: b. False 18. Media framing of Indigenous Peoples and members of racialized groups is intertwined with hegemony. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-18 Reference: Media and Society: Critical Research Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: C Answer: a. True 19. Phishing refers to sending targets fraudulent email messages or phone calls to convince them to reveal sensitive information like passwords. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 04-19 Reference: Using Media for Deviance Learning Objective: LO 4.5 Skill: C Answer: a. True 20. Digital piracy has become less common in recent years due to low-cost streaming services like Netflix. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-20 Reference: Using Media for Deviance Learning Objective: LO 4.5 Skill: F Answer: a. True

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21. The fact that media companies are continuously merging or buying one another is an issue of concentration. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 04-21 Reference: Media and Society: Critical Research Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: C Answer: b. False 22. A handful of corporations hold the majority of media power globally. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 04-22 Reference: Media and Society: Critical Research Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: F Answer: a. True 23. Social media is an important tool used in resistance by marginalized groups, like Indigenous Peoples and people of colour. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-23 Reference: The Media and the Deviance Dance Learning Objective: LO 4.5 Skill: F Answer: a. True 24. According to 2018 research on media use in Canada, what type of media did Canadians spend the most amount of time using?

A) radio B) internet C) magazines D) television E) newspapers Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-24 Reference: Patterns of Media Use Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Skill: F Answer: D) television

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25. Which term refers to any vehicle used to transmit information in acts of communication?

A) simulmedia B) microdeviations C) media D) conglomerates E) conversations Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 04-25 Reference: Introduction to Chapter 4 Learning Objective: LO 4.1 Skill: C Answer: C) media 26. How do Saavedra & de Oliveira (2019) label mothers who commit infanticide because of poverty, mental illness, singlehood, or youth?

A) bad mothers B) fallen women C) fragile mothers D) absolute mothers E) microdeviating women Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-26 Reference: The Impact of Media on Individuals and Society Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Skill: C Answer: C) fragile mothers 27. A research study is attempting to understand whether alcohol commercials with party-like atmospheres have an impact of underage drinking. Which approach to media research is being used?

A) micro-level analysis B) social constructionist research C) subjective analysis D) administrative research E) critical research Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 04-27 Reference: Studying the Media Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: A Answer: D) administrative research

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28. Jenner often listens to music while reading textbooks. Which concept in reflected in Jenner’s behaviour?

A) media correspondence B) relational media C) simulmedia D) multimediating E) mediated distraction Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 04-28 Reference: Patterns of Media Use Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Skill: C Answer: C) simulmedia 29. Why is advertising effective?

A) because it is everywhere B) because it is impossible to avoid C) because it is able to change attitudes D) because it is believable E) because it is expected Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-29 Reference: Media and Individuals: Administrative Research Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: F Answer: C) because it is able to change attitudes 30. Some research finds that people who play violent video games regularly tend to have higher levels of aggression in everyday life. What type of analysis is reflected in this research?

A) an experimental analysis B) a correlational analysis C) an affective analysis D) a critical analysis E) a descriptive analysis Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 04-30 Reference: Media and Individuals: Administrative Research Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: C Answer: B) a correlational analysis

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31. When Ayez watched his first horror movie, he jumped and hid his eyes. Dozens of horror movies later, very few movie scenes make him jump anymore. What process has occurred?

A) mean world syndrome B) desensitization C) catharsis D) stigmatization E) resistance Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 04-31 Reference: Media and Individuals: Administrative Research Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: A/C Answer: B) desensitization 32. What type of research question is most likely posed by someone conducting research in media studies using a critical lens?

A) Does playing violent video games lead to aggressive behaviour?

B) Do references to violence in hip hop lyrics desensitize listeners?

C) In what ways is media framing of Indigenous Peoples linked to hegemony?

D) Do alcohol advertisements featuring attractive models have a greater impact on consumer behaviour?

E) Does media violence cause mean world syndrome?

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 04-32 Reference: Media and Society: Critical Research Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: A Answer: C) In what ways is media framing of Indigenous Peoples linked to hegemony?

33. In Cui and Worrell’s (2019) research on the framing of Chinese people and characters in media, which frame is reflected in portrayals of Chinese people as martial arts experts, but not as anchors on the national television news?

A) microdeviation B) racializing the body C) being a social threat D) acceptable minorities E) absence or inauthentic presence Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-33 Reference: Media and Society: Critical Research Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: C Answer: E) absence or inauthentic presence

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34. In Cui and Worrell’s (2019) research on the framing of Chinese people and characters in media, which frame is reflected in news stories about the perceived overrepresentation of Asian students in Canadian universities?

A) racializing the body B) absence or inauthentic presence C) microdeviantion D) being a social threat E) acceptable minorities Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-34 Reference: Media and Society: Critical Research Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: C Answer: D) being a social threat 35. Which concept refers to the overall way an issue is depicted in media?

A) framing B) simulmedia C) phishing D) adornment E) media bias Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-35 Reference: Media and Society: Critical Research Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: C Answer: A) framing 36. In 2019, Disney purchased media company 21st Century Fox. What concept is best applied to this event?

A) contractuality B) convergence C) connectivity D) construction E) concentration Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 04-36 Reference: Media and Society: Critical Research Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: A Answer: B) convergence

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37. Which concept refers to the fact that five media corporations own the majority of media influence globally?

A) convergence B) conglomerate C) concentration D) continuation E) construction Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 04-37 Reference: Media and Society: Critical Research Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: C Answer: C) concentration 38. In Canada, what is the largest telecommunications company?

A) Rogers Communications B) Telus Communications C) Bell Canada Enterprises D) Shaw Communications E) Quebecor Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-38 Reference: Media and Society: Critical Research Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: F Answer: C) Bell Canada Enterprises 39. Why is media concentration, convergence, and conglomeration problematic?

A) Because conglomerates have so many subsidiary companies, they do not focus enough on profit.

B) Because of concentration in ownership, we have access to more media than ever before yet may be exposed to a narrower range of ideas than ever before.

C) Because of convergence, a corporation’s primary driver for business decisions is making high quality products.

D) Because of conglomeration, media present all sides of social issues, which forces audiences to make up their own minds.

E) Because of concentration, the value of democracy is overly emphasized.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 04-39 Reference: Media and Society: Critical Research Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: C Answer: B) Because of concentration in ownership, we have access to more media than ever before yet may be exposed to narrower range of ideas than ever before.

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40. Who is more likely to be on the receiving end of phishing attempts?

A) people who spend less time online B) people over the age of 65 C) women D) people who spend more time online E) men Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-40 Reference: Using Media for Deviance Learning Objective: LO 4.5 Skill: F Answer: D) people who spend more time online 41. Which concept refers to relatively minor deviant acts of varying criminality that occur with great frequency online?

A) microdeviations B) hacking C) the Dark Net D) macrodeviations E) hacktivism Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 04-41 Reference: Using Media for Deviance Learning Objective: LO 4.5 Skill: C Answer: A) microdeviations 42. Based on research conducted by the Interactive Advertising Bureau of Canada, how did time spent using media compare in 2001 and 2018, when considered simulmedia?

A) Media use increased dramatically with the invention of the smart phone in 2001.

B) Media use remained relatively stable over that period of time.

C) Media use decreased significantly when cable became less common.

D) Media use increased initially but has slowly been decreasing since 2013.

E) The use of television has decreased but more people are reading on digital devices.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-42 Reference: Patterns of Media Use Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Skill: F Answer: B) Media use remained relatively stable over that period of time.

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43. Which concept refers to people using more than one form of media at a time?

A) multi-tasking B) simultaneous media acquisition (SMA) C) simulmedia D) digital native inattention E) the over-stimulation of media Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 04-43 Reference: Patterns of Media Use Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Skill: C Answer: C) simulmedia 44. Zehra was born in 2009. She spends a lot of time watching YouTube videos and Netflix. She rarely considers looking for information in a book because she can google on any device. Zehra does not remember a time without access to the internet. What label is applied to people Zehra’s age?

A) millennial B) cyber-youth C) digital pirate D) digital native E) cyber native Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-44 Reference: Patterns of Media Use Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Skill: A Answer: D) digital native 45. Students of a local elementary school are pushing to have certain video games banned. They claim that children who play these games arrive at school violent, aggressive and impulsive. What type of research done in media studies is reflected in their arguments?

A) correlational research B) causational analysis C) critical analysis D) framing research E) affective research Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 04-45 Reference: Media and Individuals: Administrative Research Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: A Answer: A) correlational research

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46. According to Stuart Hall (2013), which of the following is especially important for racialized youth because it influences their identity formation?

A) the amount of time spent watching television B) the affective intent of commercials C) the way media frames social groups D) the number of times violence occurs E) the fact that youth are more easily manipulated Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 04-46 Reference: Media and Society: Critical Research Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: C Answer: C) the way media frames social groups 47. Chang and Bushman (2019) had children play versions of the video game Minecraft containing varying amounts and forms of violence. How were their levels of aggression affected, as reflected in their actions handling a (disabled) handgun?

A) Children handled the gun in similar ways, regardless of the version of Minecraft they had played.

B) Children who played a version of Minecraft containing sword violence spent more time handling the gun compared to those who played a version containing gun violence.

C) Children who played a version of Minecraft containing no violence spent more time handling the gun compared to those who played a version with violence.

D) Children who played a version of Minecraft containing gun violence spent less time handling the gun compared to those who played a version with sword violence.

E) Children who played a version of Minecraft with any type of violence spent more time handling the gun compared to those who played a version with no violence.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 04-47 Reference: Media and Individuals: Administrative Research Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: F Answer: E) Children who played a version of Minecraft with any type of violence spent more time handling the gun compared to those who played a version with no violence.

48. In 2020, the US government accused China of trying to hack COVID-19 vaccine research and American military weapons development plans. Which concept is best applied to these alleged acts?

A) digital piracy B) cyberespionage C) simulmedia D) framing E) deep phishing Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 04-48 Reference: Using the Media for Deviance Learning Objective: LO 4.5 Skill: A/C Answer: B) cyberespionage

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49. People learn about the events of the world from media. People who review several sources to compare stories would be considered media literate. Given the fact that Canada has one of the most consolidated media systems in the world, what impact does this have on our ability to be media literate?

A) Canadians can be media literate by comparing print news to social media.

B) Canadians must compare a variety of news channels in order to get accurate facts, thereby maintaining a critical media lens.

C) Canadians are forced to rely on American news for truth because it is now impossible to be media literate within Canada media sources.

D) Canadian people should choose one source that is reliable and read it consistently, thereby improving their media literacy.

E) Canadians are being given the news by a concentrated group of people controlling more media products, making media literacy a challenge.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 04-49 Reference: Media and Society: Critical Research Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: A Answer: E) Canadians are being given the news by a concentrated group of people controlling more media products, making media literacy a challenge.

50. Which concept refers to any vehicle used to transmit information in acts of communication?

A) media B) simulmedia C) legacy media D) new media E) pre-media Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 04-50 Reference: Introduction to Chapter 4 Learning Objective: LO 4.1 Skill: C Answer: A) media

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51. Which approach to media research is of greater use to more objectivist deviance scholars?

A) critical research B) interpretive research C) public research D) administrative research E) private research Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-51 Reference: Studying the Media Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: C Answer: D) administrative research 52. Which approach to media research is of greater use to more subjectivist deviance scholars?

A) private research B) critical research C) positivist research D) public research E) administrative research Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-52 Reference: Studying the Media Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: C Answer: B) critical research 53. In which country is the most money spent on advertising each year?

A) Russia B) Canada C) United States D) China E) France Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-53 Reference: Media and Individuals: Administrative Research Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: F Answer: C) United States

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54. Which concept refers to the practice of inserting brand name products into movies, television shows, or streaming series?

A) brand-building B) microplacement C) audience-building D) product placement E) brand recognition Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 04-54 Reference: Media and Individuals: Administrative Research Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: C Answer: D) product placement 55. Which of the following statements about the relationship between exposure to media violence and real-world aggression is accurate?

A) The effects of media violence are greater for individuals who have lower pre-existing levels of aggression.

B) The effects of media violence are greater for individuals who have experienced less violence in the real world.

C) Desensitization reduces physiological reactions to media violence (e.g., blood pressure), but not emotional reactions to media violence (e.g., anxiety).

D) Desensitization reduces emotional reactions to media violence (e.g., anxiety), but not physiological reactions to violence (e.g., blood pressure).

E) The effects of media violence are greater for individuals who have higher pre-existing levels of aggression.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 04-55 Reference: Media and Individuals: Administrative Research Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: F Answer: E) The effects of media violence are greater for individuals who have higher pre-existing levels of aggression.

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56. Which of the following concepts refers to the process by which repeated exposure to media violence lessens people’s reactions and makes them more tolerant of violence?

A) priming B) desensitization C) catharsis D) mean world syndrome E) stigmatization Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 04-56 Reference: Media and Individuals: Administrative Research Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: C Answer: B) desensitization 57. Which of the following statements about the deviantizing of media is accurate?

A) Adult forms of media are more likely to be deviantized than youth forms of media.

B) Forms of media were deviantized in the past but are no longer deviantized today.

C) Under the Nazi regime in Germany, swing music was deviantized because authorities believed it would stimulate the “sexual energies” of youth.

D) Forms of media did not begin to be deviantized until the 1990s.

E) Jazz music was deviantized in the 1920s.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 04-57 Reference: Deviantizing the Media Learning Objective: LO 4.5 Skill: F Answer: E) Jazz music was deviantized in the 1920s.

58. Which of the following is an example of microdeviations?

A) cyberespionage B) identity theft C) hacking someone’s bank account D) digital piracy E) selling illegal weapons on the Dark Net Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-58 Reference: Using Media for Deviance Learning Objective: LO 4.5 Skill: A Answer: D) digital piracy

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59. Based on research conducted in 2014, what proportion of Canadian youth in grade 11 had their own smartphones?

A) 100% B) 80% C) 60% D) 40% E) 20% Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-59 Reference: Patterns of Media Use Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Skill: F Answer: B) 80% 60. Which approach to media research is reflected in the quotation, “Whoever controls the media controls the mind?”

A) critical research B) interpretive research C) public research D) administrative research E) private research Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-60 Reference: Studying the Media Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: F Answer: D) administrative research 61. Which approach to media research is reflected in the quotation, “Whoever controls the media, the images, controls the culture?”

A) private research B) critical research C) positivist research D) public research E) administrative research Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-61 Reference: Studying the Media Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: F Answer: B) critical research

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62. Some scholars propose that, in the 21st century, the media is the most important source of learning and understanding the world. Explain whether you agree or disagree and why.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-62 Reference: Chapter 4 - Deviance 2.0: The Role of the Media Learning Objective: LO 4.1, LO 4.2, LO 4.3, LO 4.4, LO 4.5 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

63. Compare the differences between administrative and critical research in studies of media.

Provide an example of each.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-63 Reference: Studying the Media Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

64. Outline what correlational and experimental research attempt to answer when researching media violence. Provide an example of each.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-64 Reference: Media and Individuals: Administrative Research Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: A/C/F Answer: Answers will vary.

65. Analyze the impact of a 'frame' that depicts a marginalized group in a particular manner in the media. Outline the various ways that this group is displayed and the overall social impact of this framing.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 04-65 Reference: Media and Society: Critical Research Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

66. Compare and contrast patterns of media use among older and younger adults.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-66 Reference: Patterns of Media Use Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Skill: F Answer: Answers will vary.

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67. List and describe the frames used in media portrayals of Chinese people and characters, based on research by Cui and Worrell (2019). Then explain the consequences of such framing.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-67 Reference: Media and Society: Critical Research Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: A/F Answer: Answers will vary.

68. Adopting a critical approach, discuss how the media is involved in the construction of deviance by selecting an example and describing how individuals are influenced by the media in our perceptions of normal/deviant.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-68 Reference: Media and Society: Critical Research Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

69. Discuss how media can be used both as a tool for crime and creating deviance, as well as a tool that is able to promote change and resistance to deviant labels. Which one do you feel is more powerful?

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 04-69 Reference: The Media-Deviance Nexus Learning Objective: LO 4.5 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

70. Both administrative and critical media research reveal that the media is “powerful.” Compare and contrast the nature of the media’s power according to each approach. Then explain how you would use each one to understand the impact of media portrayals of sexuality in our society.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 04-70 Reference: Studying the Media Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

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71. Explore the involvement that the media has in the social construction of deviance in our society. Identify an image or idea that is pervasive in our media and analyze how the media is able to influence social perceptions of that deviant person or behaviour.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 04-71 Reference: Media and Society: Critical Research Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: C Answer: Answers may vary.

72. Describe how digital piracy has changed over time. What do you think the future trends in digital piracy will be in the short and long term?

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-72 Reference: Using Media for Deviance Learning Objective: LO 4.5 Skill: A/F Answer: Answers will vary.

73. Outline the five types of relationships that exist at the media-deviance nexus and provide an example of each.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-73 Reference: The Media-Deviance Nexus Learning Objective: LO 4.5 Skill: A/C/F Answer: Answers will vary.

74. Identify the two reasons that youth media are often deviantized and subjected to measures of social control and provide an example of each.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-74 Reference: Deviantizing the Media Learning Objective: LO 4.5 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

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75. “OnlyFans” is an online subscription service where anyone can create an account to upload photos or video clips and charge fees to viewers (i.e., to their “subscribers”). Although creators include fitness experts, musicians, and chefs, during the COVID-19 pandemic it became known primarily for its sexually explicit content. Of the five types of relationships that exist at the mediadeviance nexus, apply TWO to online services like OnlyFans.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 04-75 Reference: The Media-Deviance Nexus Learning Objective: LO 4.5 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

76. Explain what hashtag activism is and provide two examples of it. In your examples, be sure to identify the social phenomena that are being targeted by those acts of hashtag activism.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 04-76 Reference: The Media and the Deviance Dance Learning Objective: LO 4.5 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

77. Drawing upon specific examples, discuss the ways in which social media is especially important to groups that are marginalized and oppressed in society.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 04-77 Reference: The Media and the Deviance Dance Learning Objective: LO 4.5 Skill: A/C/F Answer: Answers will vary.

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Chapter 05: “Deviant” and “Normal” Sexuality 1. The term gender refers to biological characteristics, such as having XX or XY chromosomes. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 05-01 Reference: What is Deviant Sexuality?; The Cultural and Historical Construction of Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.1, LO 5.2 Skill: C Answer: b. False 2. Scientific research shows us that sex, gender, and sexuality are better understood as spectrums rather than as binaries. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-02 Reference: What is Deviant Sexuality?; The Cultural and Historical Construction of Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.1, LO 5.2 Skill: C Answer: a. True 3. Elite discourses of sexuality emerge from locations of power in society. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 05-03 Reference: What is Deviant Sexuality?; The Cultural and Historical Construction of Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.1, LO 5.2 Skill: C Answer: a. True 4. Many Indigenous cultures traditionally recognized diverse forms of sex, gender, and sexuality. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-04 Reference: Indigenous Cultures: Colonizing Sex, Gender, and Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.1 Skill: F Answer: a. True

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5. In many Indigenous cultures, individuals who lived outside of colonial binaries of sex, gender, and sexuality were often given specialized roles in society. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-05 Reference: Indigenous Cultures: Colonizing Sex, Gender, and Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.1 Skill: F Answer: a. True 6. During the early years of European colonization in Canada, the Hudson's Bay Company encouraged sexual unions between white men and Indigenous women. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-06 Reference: Indigenous Cultures: Colonizing Sex, Gender, and Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.1 Skill: F Answer: a. True 7. Relationships between white men and Indigenous women were viewed by colonial authorities as more acceptable once agriculture replaced the fur trade as the dominant economic activity in Canada. a. True b. False Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 05-07 Reference: Indigenous Cultures: Colonizing Sex, Gender, and Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.1 Skill: F Answer: b. False 8. During the 17th century, the dominant meaning of sexuality in North America was intimacy within marriage. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 05-08 Reference: North America: The Evolution of Meanings of Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.2 Skill: C Answer: b. False

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9. During the era when the dominant meaning of sexuality was reproduction within marriage, women were more likely to be treated as sexual "deviants" than men were. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-09 Reference: North America: The Evolution of Meanings of Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.2 Skill: F Answer: a. True 10. The social control of sexual deviance in the 17th and 18th centuries was consistent across genders, races, and classes. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 05-10 Reference: North America: The Evolution of Meanings of Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.2 Skill: F Answer: b. False 11. Throughout the 19th century, the culture industry both contributed to the growth of the "sex industry" (e.g., pornography) and was a tool used to socially control sexual deviance. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-11 Reference: North America: The Evolution of Meanings of Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.2 Skill: C Answer: a. True 12. The social purity movement directed its efforts primarily at the middle classes, while the sex hygiene movement directed its efforts primarily at the lower classes. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-12 Reference: North America: The Evolution of Meanings of Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.2 Skill: F Answer: b. False

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13. All male immigrants to Canada in the 19th century were seen as a threat to white women. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-13 Reference: North America: The Evolution of Meanings of Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.2 Skill: F Answer: b. False 14. In the 19th century, women’s role in regulating sexuality increased through their efforts to reduce pregnancy rates. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-14 Reference: North America: The Evolution of Meanings of Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.2 Skill: F Answer: a. True 15. In the early 20th century, stereotyped beliefs about the sexuality of Black men and Chinese men were part of Emily Murphy's rationale for trying to restrict immigration to Canada. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-15 Reference: North America: The Evolution of Meanings of Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.2 Skill: F Answer: a. True 16. Research with youth finds that they view consent as existing on a spectrum rather than as a binary. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-16 Reference: Consent Learning Objective: LO 5.3 Skill: C Answer: a. True

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17. During the 1880s, Canadian law finally defined "sexual assault" as a crime even within marriage. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 05-17 Reference: Consent Learning Objective: LO 5.3 Skill: F Answer: b. False 18. In some countries, homosexuality continues to be a crime punishable by death. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 05-18 Reference: Nature of the Sexual Partner Learning Objective: LO 5.3 Skill: F Answer: a. True 19. As long as you and your partner are in agreement, the sexual acts that you engage in are perceived by others as "normal". a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-19 Reference: Criteria for Determining Sexual Deviance Today Learning Objective: LO 5.3 Skill: C Answer: b. False 20. Exotic dancers and club owners/managers have fundamentally different interests. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-20 Reference: Exotic Dancing Learning Objective: LO 5.4 Skill: F Answer: a. True

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21. Among female exotic dancers, the boundaries of what they will and will not do with customers become less flexible over time, as the dancers become disenchanted with the industry. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-21 Reference: Exotic Dancing Learning Objective: LO 5.4 Skill: F Answer: b. False 22. Interviews with female exotic dancers reveal that they use "counterfeit intimacy" to create regular customers who keep coming back. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 05-22 Reference: Exotic Dancing Learning Objective: LO 5.4 Skill: C Answer: a. True 23. Today, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that obscenity should be defined by harm rather than by the community standards test. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-23 Reference: Pornography Learning Objective: LO 5.4 Skill: F Answer: a. True 24. Although some research on the relationship between youth and pornography are contradictory, one consistent theme in research results is that pornography use is associated with more permissive sexual attitudes overall. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-24 Reference: Pornography Learning Objective: LO 5.4 Skill: C Answer: a. True

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25. In research conducted with people ages 15 to 29, Lim and colleagues (2017) found that 100 percent of males had used pornography at some time in their lives. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-25 Reference: Pornography Learning Objective: LO 5.4 Skill: F Answer: a. True 26. Social processes have little influence over the definition of normal and deviant sexuality. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 05-26 Reference: What is Deviant Sexuality?; The Cultural and Historical Construction of Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.1, LO 5.2 Skill: F Answer: b. False 27. It is seen in various cultures that perceptions of deviance surrounding sexuality are influenced by the cultural definitions of how many genders and sexes there are. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-27 Reference: What is Deviant Sexuality?; The Cultural and Historical Construction of Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.1; LO 5.2 Skill: C Answer: a. True 28. There has been relatively little change in the definition of normal vs. deviant sexuality in North America, despite the huge social changes that have happened. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-28 Reference: North America: The Evolution of Meanings of Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.2 Skill: C Answer: b. False

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29. Up until the 1980s, the Canadian federal government attempted to purge homosexuals from the public service on the belief that they were psychologically more vulnerable to communist influence. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 05-29 Reference: Nature of the Sexual Partner Learning Objective: LO 5.3 Skill: F Answer: a. True 30. Controlling the gender and sexuality of Indigenous Peoples was central to settler colonialism. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 05-30 Reference: Indigenous Cultures: Colonizing Sex, Gender, and Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.1 Skill: F Answer: a. True 31. Hate crimes based on sexual orientation are less likely to be violent in nature than hate crimes based on race or religion. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-31 Reference: Nature of the Sexual Partner Learning Objective: LO 5.3 Skill: C Answer: b. False 32. Which of the following terms refers to certain biological characteristics of individuals, such as having XY chromosomes and a penis?

A) sex B) positivism C) gender D) neuropsychology E) sexuality Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 05-32 Reference: What is Deviant Sexuality?; The Cultural and Historical Construction of Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.1, LO 5.2 Skill: C Answer: A) sex

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33. In what way was sexuality perceived in many Indigenous cultures?

A) as purely physical B) as physical and intellectual, but not emotional or spiritual C) as purely spiritual D) as physical, intellectual, emotional, and spiritual E) as physical and spiritual, but not emotional or intellectual Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 05-33 Reference: Indigenous Cultures: Colonizing Sex, Gender, and Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.1 Skill: F Answer: D) as physical, intellectual, emotional, and spiritual 34. Which of the following statements about the sexual cultures of Indigenous Peoples is accurate?

A) At the time of contact with early explorers and traders, there was considerable consistency across Indigenous communities in the dominant moral codes governing sexuality.

B) Conflict between the sexual cultures of Indigenous Peoples and white settlers declined as agriculture replaced the fur trade as the dominant economic activity in Canada.

C) During the gold rush, 8 in 10 Indigenous women in British Columbia lived with non-Indigenous men.

D) The term “Two-Spirited” (or “Two-Spirit”) is contested in some Indigenous communities today.

E) Indigenous men were more likely than Indigenous women to be targeted with social control efforts governing sexuality.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 05-34 Reference: Indigenous Cultures: Colonizing Sex, Gender, and Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.1 Skill: C/F Answer: D) The term “Two-Spirited” (or “Two-Spirit”) is contested in some Indigenous communities today.

35. What was the foundation for the sexual culture of ancient Athens?

A) religion B) power C) heterosexuality D) the marital relationship E) religion and the marital relationship Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-35 Reference: The Cultural and Historical Construction of Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.1, LO 5.2 Skill: C Answer: B) power

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36. Which of the following sexual activities was considered "deviant" in ancient Athens?

A) aristocratic males engaging in sexual activities with their wives B) aristocratic adult males engaging in sexual activities with aristocratic adolescent males C) aristocratic males engaging in sexual activities with slaves D) aristocratic males engaging in sexual activities with "foreigners" E) aristocratic adult males engaging in sexual activities with other aristocratic adult males Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-36 Reference: The Cultural and Historical Construction of Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.1, LO 5.2 Skill: F Answer: B) aristocratic adult males engaging in sexual activities with other aristocratic adult males 37. What was the foundation for the sexual culture of white settlers in early colonialism?

A) the principle of equality B) the value of personal fulfillment C) the principle of pleasure D) interpretations of scientific doctrine E) interpretations of religious doctrine Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-37 Reference: The Cultural and Historical Construction of Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.1, LO 5.2 Skill: F Answer: E) interpretations of religious doctrine 38. Which of the following statements describes perceptions of sexual relationships between Indigenous women and white traders or settlers following the colonization of Canada?

A) Such relationships were considered unacceptable during the early years of colonization, but gradually became more accepted over time.

B) Métis women were initially perceived as more "acceptable" as wives for white men, but over time Indigenous women came to be seen as more "acceptable" as wives.

C) Such relationships were considered acceptable during the early years of colonization, but gradually came to be defined as unacceptable.

D) Such relationships were rare among early European settlers of Canada.

E) Such relationships were considered more acceptable following the development of agriculture than they were during the fur trade.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 05-38 Reference: Indigenous Cultures: Colonizing Sex, Gender, and Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.1 Skill: F Answer: C) Such relationships were considered acceptable during the early years of colonization, but gradually came to be defined as unacceptable.

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39. The dominant meaning of sexuality has changed in North America from the 17th century to the 21st century. Which of the following lists consists of the correct chronological order of these changes in meaning?

A) reproduction within marriage; personal fulfillment; intimacy within marriage B) intimacy within marriage; personal fulfillment; reproduction within marriage C) intimacy within marriage; reproduction within marriage; personal fulfillment D) reproduction within marriage; intimacy within marriage; personal fulfillment E) personal fulfillment; reproduction within marriage; intimacy within marriage Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-39 Reference: North America: The Evolution of Meanings of Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.2 Skill: C Answer: D) reproduction within marriage; intimacy within marriage; personal fulfillment 40. Which of the following characteristics was part of the sexual culture of the 17th century in Canada?

A) The practice of Black slavery was closely intertwined with the control of sexuality.

B) The social purity movement emerged.

C) The sex industry showed considerable growth.

D) Self-control was the dominant theme in scientific contributions to sexual culture.

E) Sex was associated with emotional intimacy within marriage.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 05-40 Reference: North America: The Evolution of Meanings of Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.2 Skill: C Answer: A) The practice of Black slavery was closely intertwined with the control of sexuality.

41. In what ways was the sexuality of Black people in Canada controlled within the dominant sexual culture of the 17th and 18th centuries?

A) Slave owners controlled which slaves were permitted to form intimate relationships with whom.

B) Female slaves were valued for their physical and emotional strength.

C) Male slaves were selected as "studs" to impregnate female slaves based on their intelligence.

D) Laws allowed free Blacks to marry outside their race.

E) The children born from slave pairings were considered the property of their mothers.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-41 Reference: North America: The Evolution of Meanings of Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.2 Skill: F Answer: A) Slave owners controlled which slaves were permitted to form intimate relationships with whom.

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42. How was the social control of sexual deviance during the 17th century embedded within social hierarchies?

A) Men were more likely to be punished for sexual deviance than women were.

B) Women were more likely to be physically punished for sexual deviance, while men were more likely to be given fines.

C) Greater scorn was directed at white men who had sexual relationships with Black women, than was directed at white women who had sexual relationships with Black men.

D) Upper-class men were less likely to go to trial for rape than lower-class men were, but upper-class men who did go to trial were usually given harsher sentences than lower-class men were.

E) Upper-class men were more likely to go to trial for rape than lower-class men were, but upperclass men who did go to trial were usually given more lenient sentences than lower-class men were.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 05-42 Reference: North America: The Evolution of Meanings of Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.2 Skill: F Answer: B) Women were more likely to be physically punished for sexual deviance, while men were more likely to be given fines.

43. During the late 18th century and early 19th century, what social changes occurred that affected the dominant sexual culture of the time?

A) Religious shifts transferred the responsibility for salvation from the individual to the Church fathers.

B) The doctrine of the "pursuit of happiness" was phased out of American, British, and Canadian discourse.

C) The number of economically based arranged marriages increased.

D) Urbanization and the growth of wage labour contributed to more anonymous lives distanced from extended family and community surveillance.

E) Racial hierarches became less important.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 05-43 Reference: North America: The Evolution of Meanings of Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.2 Skill: F Answer: D) Urbanization and the growth of wage labour contributed to more anonymous lives distanced from extended family and community surveillance.

44. During the 19th century, whose roles in the social control of deviant sexuality increased?

A) women; the Church; the State B) the State; the Church; the community C) the medical profession; the Church; the community D) women; the medical profession; the culture industry E) the community, the State; social reformers Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 05-44 Reference: North America: The Evolution of Meanings of Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.2 Skill: C Answer: D) women; the medical profession; the culture industry

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45. A man is told by the doctor to reduce the frequency of sexual activity in his marriage, in order to avoid illness. What era is this man most likely living in?

A) the Colonial era B) the era of the early fur trade (i.e., 16th and 17th centuries) C) the 19th century D) the late 20th century E) ancient Athens Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-45 Reference: North America: The Evolution of Meanings of Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.2 Skill: A Answer: C) the 19th century 46. At which of the following social groups were the efforts of the social purity or sex hygiene movements primarily directed?

A) middle classes B) lower classes C) immigrants D) upper classes E) people of colour Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-46 Reference: North America: The Evolution of Meanings of Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.2 Skill: C Answer: B) lower classes 47. According to D'Emilio and Freedman (2012), what was the dominant meaning of sexuality by the early 20th century?

A) reproduction within marriage B) intimacy within marriage C) personal fulfillment within marriage D) personal fulfillment, regardless of marriage E) economic exchange within marriage Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-47 Reference: North America: The Evolution of Meanings of Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.2 Skill: C Answer: D) personal fulfillment, regardless of marriage

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48. In date rape trials, which of the following criteria for determining "deviant" sexuality is emphasized?

A) consent B) nature of the sexual partner C) nature of the sexual act D) setting E) frequency Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 05-48 Reference: Consent Learning Objective: LO 5.3 Skill: A Answer: A) consent 49. What proportion of police-reported hate crimes in Canada is based upon sexual orientation?

A) 3% B) 10% C) 25% D) 48% E) 72% Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-49 Reference: Nature of the Sexual Partner Learning Objective: LO 5.3 Skill: F Answer: B) 10% 50. Which of the following accurately lists, in order, the top three motivations for police-reported hate crimes in Canada?

A) (1) race/ethnicity; (2) religion; (3) sexual orientation B) (1) religion; (2) race/ethnicity; (3) sexual orientation C) (1) sexual orientation; (2) religion; (3) race/ethnicity D) (1) sexual orientation; (2) race/ethnicity; (3) religion E) (1) race/ethnicity; (2) sexual orientation; (3) religion Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-50 Reference: Nature of the Sexual Partner Learning Objective: LO 5.3 Skill: F Answer: A) (1) race/ethnicity; (2) religion; (3) sexual orientation

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51. Whittington (2019) conducted research on perceptions of sexual “consent” among those ages 13-to-25 years. Which form of consent did participants view as more ambiguous and embedded in details of the situation?

A) active consent B) non-confrontational consent C) passive denial D) active denial E) passive consent Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-51 Reference: Consent Learning Objective: LO 5.3 Skill: C Answer: E) passive consent 52. Whittington (2019) conducted research on perceptions of sexual “consent” among those ages 13-to-25 years. Which form of consent is characterized by an explicit “no”?

A) rape B) active consent C) non-consensual sex D) passive consent E) active denial Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-52 Reference: Consent Learning Objective: LO 5.3 Skill: A Answer: C) non-consensual sex 53. At which level of power in the exotic dancing industry do we find the competing interests of dancers versus the club owners or managers?

A) individual level B) global level C) discursive level D) organizational level E) institutional level Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-53 Reference: Exotic Dancing Learning Objective: LO 5.4 Skill: C Answer: D) organizational level

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54. Working as an exotic dancer, Alex tries to interact with as many customers as possible during a shift. Which aspect of the McDonaldization of society is reflected in this action?

A) efficiency B) calculability C) predictability D) product specification E) control Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-54 Reference: Exotic Dancing Learning Objective: LO 5.4 Skill: A Answer: A) efficiency 55. Which criterion used to determine “deviant” sexuality today is reflected in the label “kinky”?

A) consent B) setting C) frequency D) nature of the sexual act E) power Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 05-55 Reference: Nature of the Sexual Act Learning Objective: LO 5.3 Skill: A Answer: D) nature of the sexual act 56. According to which type of definition would it be possible for a children's toy catalogue to be considered "pornography"?

A) genre definitions B) labelling definitions C) functional definitions D) legal definitions E) both functional and genre definitions Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 05-56 Reference: Pornography Learning Objective: LO 5.4 Skill: A Answer: C) functional definitions

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57. Within which type of definition of pornography was the “community standards test” applied by the courts?

A) genre definitions B) labelling definitions C) functional definitions D) mens rea definitions E) discursive definitions Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-57 Reference: Pornography Learning Objective: LO 5.4 Skill: C Answer: B) labelling definitions 58. What proportion of those ages 16-to-20 years have sent a “sext” to someone?

A) 2% B) 24% C) 41% D) 73% E) 96% Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 05-58 Reference: Pornography Learning Objective: LO 5.4 Skill: F Answer: C) 41% 59. Although research on young people’s use of pornography can be contradictory, what is one of the themes that is consistently found today?

A) The use of pornography is associated with less permissive sexual attitudes.

B) The use of pornography is associated with more egalitarian gender role attitudes.

C) The use of pornography is associated with a decreased likelihood of engaging in casual sex.

D) The use of pornography is associated with more traditional gender role attitudes.

E) The use of pornography is associated with a decreased likelihood of being sexually active.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 05-59 Reference: Pornography Learning Objective: LO 5.4 Skill: F Answer: D) The use of pornography is associated with more traditional gender role attitudes.

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60. What is the crime defined by the sexual touching of a body of someone under the age of 16?

A) sexual assault B) sexual interference C) invitation to sexual touching D) sexual exploitation E) bestiality in the presence of a child Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-60 Reference: Consent Learning Objective: LO 5.3 Skill: C Answer: B) sexual interference 61. Which sexual act was decriminalized after Pierre Trudeau announced that "There's no place for the state in the bedrooms of the nation"?

A) sex between minors B) homosexuality C) rape in a marital relationship D) consenting sex between an adult over the age of 18 and a minor under the age of 18 but over the age of 14 E) adulterous affairs Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-61 Reference: Nature of the Sexual Partner Learning Objective: LO 5.3 Skill: F Answer: B) homosexuality 62. Through the continued efforts of LGBTQ2IA+ communities, in 1996 sexual orientation was added to which important Act? A) Canada Labour Code B) Income Tax Act C) Human Rights Act D) Family Rights E) Canadian Health Act Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-62 Reference: Nature of the Sexual Partner Learning Objective: LO 5.3 Skill: F Answer: C) Human Rights Act

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63. Which of the following is an example of someone who did not give consent for sexual activity according to the laws of the time?

A) A Black woman who had sex with a white man in the 18th century.

B) A fourteen-year-old girl with her fifteen-year-old boyfriend today.

C) A married woman who was forced to have sex by her husband in the 1970s.

D) A man who was forced to have sex by a partner in the 1990s.

E) A 20-year-old student who has a sexual relationship with their university professor.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 05-63 Reference: Consent Learning Objective: LO 5.3 Skill: C Answer: D) A man who was forced to have sex by a partner in the 1990s.

64. Taryk and his partner like to engage in role play in their sexual relationship. They both have a rule that their activities are private because they fear social reaction. Which criterion are they worried that people would apply?

A) consent B) nature of the sexual partner C) setting D) nature of the sexual act E) number of partners Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-64 Reference: Nature of the Sexual Act Learning Objective: LO 5.3 Skill: A Answer: D) nature of the sexual act 65. Which was the first public discourse governing the social control of prostitution to emerge in Canadian society?

A) workers’ rights B) public health C) victimization D) empowerment E) morality Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-65 Reference: Prostitution Learning Objective: LO 5.4 Skill: C Answer: E) morality

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66. What is the label applied to young peasant women in China who migrate from rural to urban areas to become factory workers, but who then turn to prostitution?

A) working girls B) country girls C) assembly-line girls D) nighttime girls E) tempting girls Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-66 Reference: Prostitution Learning Objective: LO 5.4 Skill: C Answer: E) tempting girls 67. Give two examples of how characteristics of a sexual culture may be intertwined with hierarchies of gender, race, or class.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-67 Reference: The Cultural and Historical Construction of Sexuality; Sexuality and the “Deviance Dance” Learning Objective: LO 5.1, LO 5.2, LO 5.4 Skill: A Answer: Answers will vary.

68. Explain the ways that the following agents controlled sexual deviance during the 17th century: (a) the family; (b) the community; and (c) the Christian Church.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-68 Reference: The Cultural and Historical Construction of Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.2 Skill: C/F Answer: Answers will vary.

69. Explain how controlling Indigenous Peoples’ understandings of gender and sexuality were central to settler colonialism.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-69 Reference: Indigenous Cultures: Colonizing Sex, Gender, and Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.1 Skill: C/F Answer: Answers will vary.

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70. List the three dominant meanings of sexuality that have existed in Canadian history (in the correct chronological order) and for each era, provide an example of how the sexual culture of the time was intertwined with structures of power and inequality.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 05-70 Reference: North America: The Evolution of Meanings of Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.2 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

71. Describe the three different definitions of pornography addressed in the chapter and give an example that illustrates each of the definitions.

Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 05-71 Reference: Pornography Learning Objective: LO 5.4 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

72. Describe ways that people who are LGBTQ2IA+ continue to be stigmatized in Canadian society today, providing examples.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-72 Reference: Nature of the Sexual Partner Learning Objective: LO 5.3 Skill: A/C/F Answer: Answers will vary.

73. Explain how becoming a prostitute is a bounded rational choice for young peasant women in China who leave factory work to become prostitutes.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 05-73 Reference: Prostitution Learning Objective: LO 5.4 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

74. Discuss the social factors that influenced the changing discourses of prostitution. Try to predict what direction this might take in future discourse.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 05-74 Reference: Prostitution Learning Objective: LO 5.4 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

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75. Consider the concept of the "deviance dance", that is debate, negotiation, and resistance surrounding the social typing process. Based on the material contained in this chapter, describe three different ways in which the "deviance dance" is evident in the realm of sexuality, either past or present.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-75 Reference: Chapter 5 - “Deviant” and “Normal” Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.1, LO 5.2, LO 5.3, LO 5.4 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

76. Address the various ways that power is intertwined with the social typing of sexual deviance, using examples.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-76 Reference: Chapter 5 - “Deviant” and “Normal” Sexuality Learning Objective: LO 5.1, LO 5.2, LO 5.3, LO 5.4 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

77. To what extent are exotic dancers subjected to the power of others? To what extent are they agents of their own power?

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-77 Reference: Exotic Dancing Learning Objective: LO 5.4 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

78. Describe how working as an exotic dancer affects the self-esteem of men who dance for women (MDW) compared to women who dance for men (WDM).

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 05-78 Reference: Exotic Dancing Learning Objective: LO 5.4 Skill: C/F Answer: Answers will vary.

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79. Analyze and discuss the following statement from your textbook: "although each of us individually might perceive particular sexual acts as "kinky," the ideology of privacy limits contemporary social controls on sexual behaviours, particularly at a formal level". Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Please defend your position using course material.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 05-79 Reference: Nature of the Sexual Act Learning Objective: LO 5.3 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

80. Some scholars argue that the harms of prostitution disproportionately affect women who are members of marginalized social groups, while other scholars are critical of framing Indigenous and racialized sex workers as necessarily being victims of exploitation. Where do you situate yourself in this debate and why?

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 05-80 Reference: Prostitution Learning Objective: LO 5.4 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

81. There is considerable debate over the implementation and impact of Bill C-36: The Protection of Communities and Exploited Persons. Outline the various positions that you can see in the discourse and outline what you believe might happen in society with this shift in social control.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 05-81 Reference: Prostitution Learning Objective: LO 5.4 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

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Chapter 06: Youth “At Risk” and “As a Risk” 1. Although the label “youth” has been applied since ancient times, to whom it has been applied has varied. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 06-01 Reference: Introduction to Chapter 6 Learning Objective: LO 6.1 Skill: F Answer: a. True 2. The threats posed by “at risk” youth are faced primarily by themselves. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 06-02 Reference: Youth “at Risk”: Substance Use Learning Objective: LO 6.1 Skill: C Answer: a. True 3. Young people who are victimized by cyberbullying are less likely to engage in deviant acts. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-03 Reference: Youth “at Risk”: Substance Use Learning Objective: LO 6.1 Skill: C Answer: b. False 4. Public concerns about youth crime are significantly different today than they were 100 years ago. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-04 Reference: Youth Crime Learning Objective: LO 6.3 Skill: F Answer: b. False

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5. Youth crime rates were lower in 2018 than in the mid-1970s. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-05 Reference: Youth Crime Learning Objective: LO 6.3 Skill: F Answer: a. True 6. Youth ages 12-17 are the most overrepresented age group in the criminal justice system. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-06 Reference: Youth Crime Learning Objective: LO 6.3 Skill: F Answer: b. False 7. The most current youth justice legislation in Canada is primarily based on child welfare principles. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-07 Reference: Controlling Youth Gangs and Youth Crime Learning Objective: LO 6.5 Skill: C Answer: b. False 8. Scholars suggest there is a moral panic about university students today, wherein students are perceived as being of lower quality than in the past and as “grade-grubbers.” a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-08 Reference: Youth Crime Learning Objective: LO 6.3 Skill: A Answer: a. True

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9. According to Jankowski's (1991) ethnographic research on gangs, some youth join gangs as a way to continue a longstanding tradition in their communities. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-09 Reference: Gang-Involved Youth Learning Objective: LO 6.4 Skill: C Answer: a. True 10. The media today deracializes the gang problem by actively avoiding any references to race or ethnicity. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-10 Reference: Gang-Involved Youth Learning Objective: LO 6.4 Skill: C Answer: b. False 11. The Comprehensive Gang Model has been criticized for focusing solely on intervention, failing to recognize the importance of prevention. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-11 Reference: Controlling Youth Crime and Youth Gangs Learning Objective: LO 6.5 Skill: F Answer: b. False 12. The most commonly used substance among youth in grades 7 to 12 is e-cigarettes. a. True b. False Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 06-12 Reference: Tobacco and e-Cigarette Use Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Skill: F Answer: b. False

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13. Cyberbullying is a form of strain that tends to impact high school students who are already marginalized at school in other ways (e.g., because of race, learning disabilities, gender identity, etc.). a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 06-13 Reference: Youth “at Risk”: Substance Use Learning Objective: LO 6.1 Skill: F Answer: a. True 14. Between 2010 and 2018, images of smoking in youth-rated movies declined. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 06-14 Reference: Tobacco and e-Cigarette Use Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Skill: F Answer: b. False 15. In the first year following cannabis legalization in Canada, cannabis use declined among youth ages 15 to 17. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-15 Reference: Drug Use Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Skill: F Answer: a. True 16. Binge drinking among university students is more prevalent for members of student groups, such as athletic teams. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-16 Reference: Alcohol Use Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Skill: F Answer: a. True

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17. Anticipatory drinking refers to consuming alcohol to the point of intoxication prior to going out to a bar in order to save money. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-17 Reference: Alcohol Use Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Skill: C Answer: a. True 18. Research conducted in the mid-20th century found that the most important thing to high school girls was sports. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 06-18 Reference: The Generation Gap: The Past Learning Objective: LO 6.6 Skill: F Answer: b. False 19. Research conducted in the mid-20th century found that the most important thing to high school boys was sports. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 06-19 Reference: The Generation Gap: The Past Learning Objective: LO 6.6 Skill: F Answer: a. True 20. After more than 30 years of conducting surveys of Canadian teenagers, Bibby’s (2009) survey found that more teens indicated that family life was "very important" to them than ever before. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-20 Reference: The Generation Gap: The Present Learning Objective: LO 6.6 Skill: F Answer: a. True

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21. Surveys reveal that most Canadian teenagers say that their mothers and fathers have a high level of influence in their lives. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-21 Reference: The Generation Gap: The Present Learning Objective: LO 6.6 Skill: F Answer: a. True 22. During adolescence, there are increases in conflicts with parents. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-22 Reference: The Generation Gap: The Present Learning Objective: LO 6.6 Skill: F Answer: a. True 23. Inadequate funding for school resources is associated with gang-involvement among youth. a. True b. False Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 06-23 Reference: Gang-Involved Youth Learning Objective: LO 6.4 Skill: F Answer: a. True 24. Taryk had recently joined a gang, because he knew they hosted the best parties in the neighbourhood. According to Jankowski, Robert is joining the gang because of commitment to the community. a. True b. False Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 06-24 Reference: Gang-Involved Youth Learning Objective: LO 6.4 Skill: A/C Answer: b. False

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25. Some scholars suggest that youth crime is the product of failing to matter. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 06-25 Reference: Youth Crime Learning Objective: LO 6.3 Skill: C Answer: a. True 26. Although having criminally active friends is the single greatest predictor of criminality among youth, it is a superficial relationship in that the quality of parent-child relationships is a more important underlying factor. a. True b. False Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 06-26 Reference: Youth Crime Learning Objective: LO 6.3 Skill: F Answer: a. True 27. In Hollywood’s earliest decades, 75 percent of the biggest stars had contracts promoting cigarette brands. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-27 Reference: Tobacco and e-Cigarette Use Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Skill: F Answer: a. True 28. University programs to help individual students who have an alcohol dependency are the most effective means of reducing the harms caused by binge drinking. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-28 Reference: Alcohol Use Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Skill: F Answer: b. False

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29. Which of the following is the clearest example of “at risk” youth?

A) gang members B) substance abusers C) young offenders D) street youth E) violent youth Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-29 Reference: Youth “At Risk”: Substance Use Learning Objective: LO 6.1 Skill: C Answer: B) substance abusers 30. In what way do media images of youth crime and the prevalence or patterns of youth crime compare?

A) Youth crime rates are higher than what is implied in media portrayals.

B) Media portrayals focus on property crimes, while youth are actually more likely to commit violent crimes.

C) Media portrayals focus on male offenders, while females are actually more likely to commit crimes.

D) Crime rates are lowest among the 18-24-year-old age group, but that is the age group highlighted in most media portrayals.

E) Youth crime rates are lower than what is implied in media portrayals.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 06-30 Reference: Youth Crime Learning Objective: LO 6.3 Skill: F Answer: E) Youth crime rates are lower than what is implied in media portrayals.

31. In what way have the prevalence and patterns of youth crime changed since 1998?

A) Youth crime rates have declined, but crime severity has increased.

B) Youth crime rates and crime severity have both decreased.

C) Youth ages 12 to 17 have become the most overrepresented age group in the criminal justice system.

D) The severity of youth crime has increased, but youth crime rates have declined.

E) Adults ages 30 to 35 have become the most overrepresented age group in the criminal justice system.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 06-31 Reference: Youth Crime Learning Objective: LO 6.3 Skill: F Answer: B) Youth crime rates and crime severity have both decreased.

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32. What is the crime most frequently committed by youth?

A) level 1 assault B) theft over $5000 C) mischief D) break and enter E) theft under $5000 Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-32 Reference: Youth Crime Learning Objective: LO 6.3 Skill: F Answer: A) level 1 assault 33. Which of the following is one of the elements of a moral panic?

A) stability B) proportionality C) lessened concern D) hostility directed at the offending group E) disagreement regarding the level of perceived threat Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-33 Reference: Youth Crime Learning Objective: LO 6.3 Skill: C Answer: D) hostility directed at the offending group 34. Which aspect of family life is most important in preventing youth criminality?

A) family income B) family structure (i.e., two-parent versus one-parent household) C) quality of the parent-child relationship D) parents’ level of education E) neighbourhood in which the family lives Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-34 Reference: Youth Crime Learning Objective: LO 6.3 Skill: F Answer: C) quality of the parent-child relationship

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35. Which theory of youth crime emphasizes deviant techniques and motives learned from peers?

A) differential opportunity theory B) Merton’s anomie and strain theory C) differential association theory D) self-control theory E) social learning theory Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-35 Reference: Youth Crime Learning Objective: LO 6.3 Skill: C Answer: C) differential association theory 36. Which of the variables associated with youth criminality is “superficial,” in that other, more important variables underlie it?

A) degree of closeness to one’s parents B) feelings of belonging at school C) feelings of safety at school D) degree of closeness to peers at school E) criminally active peers Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 06-36 Reference: Youth Crime Learning Objective: LO 6.3 Skill: F Answer: E) criminally active peers 37. Which element of a moral panic is characterized by the sudden appearance and then disappearance of attention to the phenomenon in question?

A) disproportionality B) volatility C) consensus D) hostility E) heightened concern Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-37 Reference: Youth Crime Learning Objective: LO 6.3 Skill: C Answer: B) volatility

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38. Which of the following is a community indicator associated with gang-involvement?

A) low aspirations B) high population turnover C) lax parental controls D) low expectations for students E) substance abuse Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 06-38 Reference: Gang-Involved Youth Learning Objective: LO 6.4 Skill: F Answer: B) high population turnover 39. The belief that gangs emerge in socially-and-economically disadvantaged communities is the underlying belief of which theory?

A) conflict theory B) strain theory C) status frustration theory D) differential association theory E) social bonds theory Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-39 Reference: Gang-Involved Youth Learning Objective: LO 6.4 Skill: C Answer: B) strain theory 40. Which of the following research topics reflects an interpretive theoretical approach?

A) The family-related variables associated with gang involvement.

B) The structures of power that give rise to gangs in impoverished neighbourhoods.

C) Gang membership as a meaningful activity based on understandings of self and the larger social environment.

D) The school-related variables associated with gang involvement.

E) The personality traits of youth in gangs compared to those who are not in gangs.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-40 Reference: Gang-Involved Youth Learning Objective: LO 6.4 Skill: C Answer: C) Gang membership as a meaningful activity based on understandings of self and the larger social environment.

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41. According to Jankowski's (1991) ethnographic research, the desire to make money indicates which motivation for joining a gang?

A) commitment to the community B) physical protection C) recreation D) material incentives E) a place of refuge and camouflage Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-41 Reference: Gang-Involved Youth Learning Objective: LO 6.4 Skill: C Answer: D) material incentives 42. Taryk says, "I joined the gang to have someone to watch my back when I walk down the street.

I've made a few enemies in my time, you know." Using Jankowski's (1991) ethnographic research, which motivation for joining a gang is Taryk referring to?

A) physical protection B) a place of refuge and camouflage C) material incentives D) recreation E) a time to resist Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-42 Reference: Gang-Involved Youth Learning Objective: LO 6.4 Skill: A Answer: A) physical protection 43. According to Lewis (2017), which concept explains why some youth consider negative attention to be better than no attention at all?

A) failing to matter B) strain C) dramaturgy D) neutralization E) a place of refuge and camouflage Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-43 Reference: Youth Crime Learning Objective: LO 6.3 Skill: C Answer: A) failing to matter

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44. Which concept applies to news stories about gangs that include references to racial or ethnic groups?

A) stigmatize B) factualize C) normalize D) racialize E) deviantize Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 06-44 Reference: Gang-Involved Youth Learning Objective: LO 6.4 Skill: C Answer: D) racialize 45. Which of the following is a preventative form of social control targeting youth crime and gang involvement?

A) programs that offer free tattoo removal for ex-gang members B) holding gang members accountable within the justice system C) educational upgrading for members of gangs D) job training for members of gangs E) school programs that teach children anger management Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 06-45 Reference: Controlling Youth Gangs and Youth Crime Learning Objective: LO 6.5 Skill: A/C Answer: E) school programs that teach children anger management 46. Which of the following is a retroactive form of social control targeting youth crime and gang involvement?

A) school programs that teach preschoolers basic life skills B) programs that offer free tattoo removal C) identifying youth who may be "at risk" and providing them with special programs D) integrating gang awareness programs in schools E) programs that teach children anger management Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 06-46 Reference: Controlling Youth Gangs and Youth Crime Learning Objective: LO 6.5 Skill: C Answer: B) programs that offer free tattoo removal

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47. Which piece of youth crime legislation is governed by the concept of parens patriae?

A) Young Offenders Act B) Youth Criminal Justice Act C) Juvenile Delinquents Act D) Youth Justice Renewal Initiative E) Juvenile Restorative Justice Act Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-47 Reference: Controlling Youth Gangs and Youth Crime Learning Objective: LO 6.5 Skill: C Answer: C) Juvenile Delinquents Act 48. Which piece of youth crime legislation is based more on child welfare principles than justice principles?

A) Young Offenders Act B) Juvenile Delinquents Act C) Youth Criminal Justice Act D) Youth Justice Renewal Initiative E) Juvenile Restorative Justice Act Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-48 Reference: Controlling Youth Gangs and Youth Crime Learning Objective: LO 6.5 Skill: C Answer: B) Juvenile Delinquents Act 49. According to the Ontario Student Drug Use Survey, what are the three most commonly used substances, in order, by youth in grades 7 through 12?

A) (1) alcohol; (2) cannabis; (3) tobacco B) (1) alcohol; (2) e-cigarettes; (3) cannabis C) (1) e-cigarettes; (2) alcohol; (3) tobacco D) (1) cannabis; (2) alcohol; (3) e-cigarettes E) (1) tobacco; (2) alcohol; (3) opioid pain relievers Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-49 Reference: Youth “At Risk”: Substance Use Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Skill: F Answer: B) (1) alcohol; (2) e-cigarettes; (3) cannabis

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50. Which of the following statements about images of smoking in movies is accurate?

A) Smoking images in youth-rated movies increased between 2010 and 2018.

B) Smoking images in movies have less of an effect on youth than does tobacco advertising.

C) The movie industry prohibits images of smoking, alcohol, or drugs in youth-rated movies.

D) Smoking images in youth-rated movies declined between 2010 and 2018.

E) The more images of smoking in movies that youth are exposed to, the more negative their attitudes toward smoking become.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 06-50 Reference: Tobacco and e-Cigarette Use Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Skill: F Answer: A) Smoking images in youth-rated movies increased between 2010 and 2018.

51. What proportion of Canadian youth in grade 12 have ever tried e-cigarettes (i.e., vaping)?

A) 2% B) 11% C) 25% D) 47% E) 79% Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-51 Reference: Tobacco and e-Cigarette Use Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Skill: F Answer: D) 47% 52. Raj considers vaping to be a fun hobby. He spends time creating his own special custom blends of flavours and watches YouTube videos for tricks to perform while exhaling the vapour.

What label would Tokel and Pedersen (2019) apply to Raj, as an e-cigarette user?

A) substitute B) vape artist C) street performer D) barista E) cloud chaser Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-52 Reference: Tobacco and e-Cigarette Use Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Skill: A/C Answer: E) cloud chaser

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53. What trend emerged with university binge drinking, beginning in the 1990s?

A) The proportion of binge drinkers increased.

B) The proportion of abstainers decreased.

C) The proportion of "frequent" binge drinkers decreased.

D) Binge drinking increasingly moved off campus.

E) Alcohol use became less polarized (i.e., there were fewer binge drinkers and fewer abstainers) Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-53 Reference: Alcohol Use Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Skill: F Answer: D) Binge drinking increasingly moved off campus.

54. What has research found in studying binge drinking among university students?

A) Binge drinking rarely stops following university graduation.

B) Binge drinking is associated with alcoholism in later life.

C) "Dry" campuses are the most effective means of controlling binge drinking.

D) Experts suggest that the same efforts used to control problem drinking in society at large should be used to control binge drinking among university students.

E) Binge drinking is a product of the university environment.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 06-54 Reference: Alcohol Use Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Skill: F Answer: E) Binge drinking is a product of the university environment.

55. During which era was adolescence described as characterized by sturm und drang?

A) Ancient Greece B) turn of the 20th century C) 1950s D) 1970s E) 1990s Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-55 Reference: The Generation Gap: The Past Learning Objective: LO 6.6 Skill: C Answer: B) turn of the 20th century

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56. What did Berger say about teenage interests, when disputing the notion of the generation gap?

A) Their interests are set in motion by adults.

B) Their interests are also present in the adult world.

C) Their interests are set in motion by adults and, also, present in the adult world.

D) Their interests are a temporary aspect of the developmental task of achieving an independent identity.

E) Their interests are characteristic of the sturm und drang of adolescence.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-56 Reference: The Generation Gap: The Past Learning Objective: LO 6.6 Skill: C Answer: C) Their interests are set in motion by adults and, also, present in the adult world.

57. Nadia is a 15-year-old having a disagreement with their mother. Based on research on parentteen conflict, what are Nadia and their mother the least likely to be arguing about?

A) keeping their room clean B) developing better table manners C) their hair colour or style D) whether or not to pursue postsecondary education after graduating E) picking on their younger sibling Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-57 Reference: The Generation Gap: The Present Learning Objective: LO 6.6 Skill: A Answer: D) whether or not to pursue postsecondary education after graduating 58. Which of the following statements about adults, adolescents, and the generation gap is accurate?

A) The lives of adults and adolescents are more similar than they are different, and the "generation gap" will likely decrease in the future.

B) Adolescents today spend more time in the company of adults than adolescents of the 1960s did, so the "generation gap" will likely decrease in the future.

C) Adolescents spend too much time in the company of adults, which creates premature entry into "adulthood."

D) The growing amount of time adolescents and adults spend apart creates a foundation for a growth in the "generation gap" in the future.

E) The "generation gap" was at its peak in the 1930s.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 06-58 Reference: The Generation Gap: The Question of the Future Learning Objective: LO 6.6 Skill: C Answer: D) The growing amount of time adolescents and adults spend apart creates a foundation for a growth in the "generation gap" in the future.

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59. What proportion of youth today smoke tobacco cigarettes daily or occasionally?

A) 3% B) 17% C) 34% D) 61% E) 88% Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-59 Reference: Tobacco and e-Cigarette Use Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Skill: F Answer: A) 3% 60. Among which age group is cannabis use the highest in Canada?

A) ages 11 to 14 B) ages 15 to 19 C) ages 20 to 24 D) ages 25 to 69 E) ages 16 and over Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-60 Reference: Drug Use Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Skill: F Answer: C) ages 20 to 24 61. Which of the following statements about cannabis use in the year following its legalization is accurate?

A) Cannabis use increased among all age groups 15-years-old and older.

B) Cannabis use declined among adults ages 25 and over.

C) Cannabis use declined among those ages 15 to 17.

D) Cannabis use increased among those ages 18 to 24.

E) Cannabis use increased among those ages 15 to 17.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-61 Reference: Drug Use Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Skill: F Answer: C) Cannabis use declined among those ages 15 to 17.

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62. Which of the following concepts refers to a pattern whereby the growing efforts to help “problem” drinkers on university campuses has not reduced the harms caused by alcohol consumption among university students?

A) pleasure/danger binary B) population paradox C) failing to matter D) population prevention E) prevention paradox Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-62 Reference: Alcohol Use Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Skill: C Answer: E) prevention paradox 63. A youth living in the area of Jane and Finch in Toronto, an area known as having a high crime rate and high population turnover, is more likely to join a gang because of which set of factors?

A) family indicators B) personal indicators C) community indicators D) school indicators E) individual indicators Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-63 Reference: Gang-Involved Youth Learning Objective: LO 6.4 Skill: A Answer: C) community indicators 64. What approach do experts say will be most effective in reducing binge drinking among university students?

A) a paradoxical approach B) a psychoanalytic approach C) a “dry campus” approach D) a population prevention approach E) a moralistic approach Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-64 Reference: Alcohol Use Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Skill: F Answer: D) a population prevention approach

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65. What proportion of high-school students have engaged in high-risk drinking?

A) less than 1% B) 9% C) 23% D) 40% E) 71% Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-65 Reference: Alcohol Use Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Skill: F Answer: D) 40% 66. Each year Halloween comes around and urban legends spread about poisoned or dangerous candy that is being passed out. The fact that this legend reappears just before Halloween and disappears shortly after would represent which element of a moral panic?

A) heightened concern B) hostility toward the offending group C) consensus of a real threat D) volatility E) disproportionality Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 06-66 Reference: Youth Crime Learning Objective: LO 6.3 Skill: A Answer: D) volatility 67. What did research in the mid-20th century find were the interests that were “most important” to high school students?

A) sports and music B) school and family C) popularity and sports D) popularity and school E) music and movies Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-67 Reference: The Generation Gap: The Past Learning Objective: LO 6.6 Skill: F Answer: C) popularity and sports

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68. Hamza has joined a gang. Which of the following is unlikely to be a factor that influenced his gang involvement?

A) low parental education level B) a lack of cultural resources C) inadequate funding in his high school for sports teams and equipment D) a stable community where neighbours look out for one another E) lax controls from parents or schools Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-68 Reference: Gang-Involved Youth Learning Objective: LO 6.4 Skill: C Answer: D) a stable community where neighbours look out for one another 69. What proportion of Indigenous youth say they have experienced or observed cyberbullying?

A) 3% B) 14% C) 39% D) 68% E) 82% Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-69 Reference: Youth “At Risk”: Substance Use Learning Objective: LO 6.1 Skill: F Answer: E) 82% 70. Which legislation would have charged a nine-year-old as an adult if it were determined that they knew the difference between right and wrong?

A) Juvenile Delinquents Act B) Youth Offenders Act C) Social Control of Youth Act D) Youth Criminal Justice Act E) Juvenile Restorative Justice Act Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-70 Reference: Controlling Youth Gangs and Youth Crime Learning Objective: LO 6.5 Skill: F Answer: A) Juvenile Delinquents Act

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71. Discuss the similarities and differences between the concepts of youth “at risk” and youth “as a risk,” providing examples of each.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-71 Reference: Youth “At Risk”: Substance Use; Youth “As a Risk”: Youth Crime and Gangs; Youth “As a Risk”: Aren’t All Youth Deviant?

Learning Objective: LO 6.1, LO 6.3, LO 6.6 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

72. List and describe the five elements of a moral panic.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-72 Reference: Youth Crime Learning Objective: LO 6.3 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

73. Explain how failing to matter affects youth criminality.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-73 Reference: Youth Crime Learning Objective: LO 6.3 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

74. Outline the four ways that the media frames girls’ violence.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-74 Reference: Youth Crime Learning Objective: LO 6.3 Skill: C/F Answer: Answers will vary.

75. Discuss the problem of the prevention paradox and explain how that problem may be overcome.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-75 Reference: Alcohol Use Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Skill: C/F Answer: Answers will vary.

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76. List four of the motivations for drinking among university students (Wamboldt, et al., 2019).

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-76 Reference: Alcohol Use Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Skill: F Answer: Answers will vary.

77. Identify the "most important" interests of high school boys and girls, based on research in the mid-20th century. Then explain how these interests (a) are set in motion by the adult world, and (b) have their equivalents in the adult world.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-77 Reference: The Generation Gap: The Past; The Generation Gap: The Present Learning Objective: LO 6.6 Skill: F Answer: Answers will vary.

78. There were 4 categories of factors that influence gang involvement mentioned in the text.

Describe 2 of them and how they impact youth and gang membership.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-78 Reference: Gang-Involved Youth Learning Objective: LO 6.4 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

79. Contrast the prevalence and patterns of tobacco cigarette use and e-cigarette use among youth today.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 06-79 Reference: Tobacco and e-Cigarette Use Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Skill: F Answer: Answers will vary.

80. Describe the various ways that the “gang problem” is constructed in our society. What impact does this construction have on public perceptions of youth gangs?

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 06-80 Reference: Gang-Involved Youth Learning Objective: LO 6.4 Skill: C/F Answer: Answers will vary.

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81. Contrast cloud chasers and substitutes among e-cigarette users.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-81 Reference: Tobacco and e-Cigarette Use Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

82. Identify the event that led to the popularization of the term moral panic. Outline the five elements of a moral panic and apply them to a contemporary situation (other than youth crime or gangs).

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 06-82 Reference: Youth Crime Learning Objective: LO 6.3 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

83. Explain the ways in which the adult world is responsible for “deviant” youth. In your answer, refer to youth crime or gangs, substance use, and the nature of adolescence itself.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 06-83 Reference: Chapter 6 - Youth “At Risk” and “As a Risk” Learning Objective: LO 6.1, LO 6.2, LO 6.3, LO 6.4, LO 6.5, LO 6.6 Skill: A/C/F Answer: Answers will vary.

84. Explain why various commercial industries have been criticized for their roles in youth substance use.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 06-84 Reference: Youth “At Risk”: Youth Substance Use Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Skill: A/F Answer: Answers will vary.

85. Describe the social control of youth alcohol use at a formal level. Be sure to address the social control of overall alcohol use among youth, as well as the social control of university binge drinking in particular.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-85 Reference: Alcohol Use Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Skill: C/F Answer: Answers will vary.

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86. Jankowski (1991) suggests various reasons for joining a gang. Identify and describe each of the reasons. Provide an example of behaviour for each reason.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-86 Reference: Gang-Involved Youth Learning Objective: LO 6.4 Skill: A/C/F Answer: Answers will vary.

87. Are teenagers fundamentally different than adults? Using the theories and research identified in this chapter, argue your position on whether teenagers are a legitimate and characteristically unique subculture or is a social construction born from fear and misunderstanding.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 06-87 Reference: Youth “As a Risk”: Aren’t All Youth Deviant?

Learning Objective: LO 6.6 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

88. Based on the information analyzing the reasons behind gang involvement, the construction of the gang problem, the construction of youth and the various laws that sanction youth behaviours, how can we as a society attempt to reduce the factors surrounding the deviance associated with youth gangs?

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 06-88 Reference: Youth “As a Risk”: Youth Crime and Gangs Learning Objective: LO 6.3, LO 6.4, LO 6.5 Skill: C/F Answer: Answers will vary.

89. Imagine that at a social gathering, you overhear someone complaining about “young people today.” Based on what you have learned about youth substance use, youth crime and ganginvolvement, and the nature of adolescence itself, how would you respond?

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 06-89 Reference: Chapter 6 - Youth “At Risk” and “As a Risk” Learning Objective: LO 6.1. LO 6.2, LO 6.3, LO 6.4, LO 6.5, LO 6.6 Skill: A/C/F Answer: Answers will vary.

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Chapter 07: Looking Deviant: Physical Appearance 1. One of the reasons why physical appearance is important to us is because people judge us on that basis. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 07-01 Reference: Introduction to Chapter 7 Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Skill: F Answer: a. True 2. School dress codes have been criticized for unfairly targeting female, Indigenous, and racialized students. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 07-02 Reference: Voluntary and Involuntary Physical Appearance Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Skill: F Answer: a. True 3. Male job candidates who have acne are perceived by potential employers as being less competent. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-03 Reference: Introduction to Chapter 7 Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Skill: F Answer: a. True 4. Trying out a new hair colour is an example of an extending body project. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-04 Reference: Voluntary and Involuntary Physical Appearance Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Skill: A Answer: b. False

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5. Physical appearance is an auxiliary status that has master traits associated with it. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-05 Reference: Voluntary and Involuntary Physical Appearance Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Skill: C Answer: b. False 6. Body modifications, such as tattoos and body piercings, are less common in university students than among those not in university. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 07-06 Reference: Body Modification Learning Objective: LO 7.2 Skill: F Answer: b. False 7. More than three-quarters of people with tattoos obtained their first one prior to the age of 29. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 07-07 Reference: Body Modification Learning Objective: LO 7.2 Skill: F Answer: a. True 8. The “First Tattoo Revolution” emerged in the era of European exploration and colonization. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-08 Reference: Body Modification Learning Objective: LO 7.2 Skill: F Answer: a. True

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9. An analysis of players in the 2018 FIFA World Cup found that players with tattoos received more playing time, but also faced more disciplinary action. a. True b. False Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 07-09 Reference: Characteristics of Body Modifiers: Risk and Motivation Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Skill: F Answer: a. True 10. Restaurant employees with multiple tattoos and with tattoos having “darker” designs (e.g., gothic) are more likely to engage in workplace deviance. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-10 Reference: Characteristics of Body Modifiers: Risk and Motivation Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Skill: F Answer: a. True 11. Research has found that people perceive police officers with tattoos as less competent, less trustworthy, and more threatening. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-11 Reference: The Self and Society: Understanding, Meaning, and Resistance Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Skill: F Answer: a. True 12. Some women use tattooing in the development of an established femininity, but others use it in the development of a resistant femininity. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 07-12 Reference: The Self and Society: Understanding, Meaning, and Resistance Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Skill: C Answer: a. True

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13. From a subjectivist perspective, tattoos and piercings tell us about the characteristics of individuals with those body modifications, such as their psychological traits and their participation in other “deviant” activities. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 07-13 Reference: Characteristics of Body Modifiers: Risk and Motivation Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Skill: C Answer: b. False 14. Although anorexia is increasing among males, muscle dysmorphia is more common. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 07-14 Reference: The Ideal Body According to Science Learning Objective: LO 7.4 Skill: F Answer: a. True 15. Male university students are more likely than female students to have tattoos. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 07-15 Reference: Body Modification Learning Objective: LO 7.2 Skill: F Answer: b. False 16. Research finds that people perceive the ideal female body as thinner than average and the ideal male body as more muscular than average. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-16 Reference: The Ideal Body According to Social Standards Learning Objective: LO 7.5 Skill: F Answer: a. True

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17. Retail and restaurant employees with tattoos are more likely to experience sexual harassment than those without tattoos. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-17 Reference: The Self and Society: Understanding, Meaning, and Resistance Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Skill: F Answer: a. True 18. The medical control of "too fat" is based on solely on health issues rather than appearance issues. a. True b. False Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 07-18 Reference: “Too Fat”: Commercialization, Societal Reaction, and Social Control Learning Objective: LO 7.5 Skill: C Answer: b. False 19. University students with four or more tattoos are more likely to engage in other risky behaviours, such as binge drinking. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-19 Reference: Characteristics of Body Modifiers: Risk and Motivation Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Skill: F Answer: a. True 20. Considerable "thinness" is required before someone is socially typed as "too thin", compared to the degree of "fatness" that is required before someone is socially typed as "too fat". a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 07-20 Reference: The Ideal Body According to Social Standards Learning Objective: LO 7.5 Skill: C Answer: a. True

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21. Family members of people who are eventually diagnosed with anorexia perceived them as "too thin" when they became only slightly thinner than what medical standards would deem a healthy weight. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-21 Reference: “Too Thin”: Commercialization, Societal Reaction, and Social Control Learning Objective: LO 7.6 Skill: F Answer: b. False 22. Deciding where to place a tattoo on your body is an example of impression management and selecting one's front stage self. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-22 Reference: The Self and Society: Understanding, Meaning, and Resistance Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Skill: C Answer: a. True 23. "Ana" websites are a form of resistance to being labelled “too thin.” a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-23 Reference: Resisting a Label of “Too Thin” Learning Objective: LO 7.6 Skill: A Answer: a. True 24. In a survey of models participating in New York Fashion Week, more than half reported having been told to go on a diet at some point in their modelling careers, even though most were already underweight based on medical criteria. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-24 Reference: The Ideal Body According to Social Standards Learning Objective: LO 7.5 Skill: F Answer: a. True

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25. From an objectivist view, body art does not just tell us something about the individual, but also larger social structures and processes. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-25 Reference: The Self and Society: Understanding, Meaning, and Resistance Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Skill: C Answer: b. False 26. Experimental research finds that overweight job applicants are less likely to be hired than those of an ideal weight, even with equivalent qualifications. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-26 Reference: “Too Fat”: Commercialization, Societal Reaction, and Social Control Learning Objective: LO 7.5 Skill: F Answer: a. True 27. A woman asks for a large tattoo of a series of vines along her rib cage and wrapping around her back. The tattoo artist takes time to inform her that this location has a stigma attached to it.

What is the woman engaging in when she says she is aware of the stigma but wants to challenge those perceptions?

A) rejection of social appropriateness B) secondary deviance C) resistance D) inciting a moral panic E) self-fulfilling prophesy Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 07-27 Reference: The Self and Society: Understanding, Meaning, and Resistance Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Skill: A Answer: C) resistance

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28. In Nazi Germany, people with visible physical disabilities were targets for genocidal efforts, in part, because they were perceived as a drain on society. What does this exemplify?

A) the roles played by master statuses and auxiliary traits in the social typing process B) the social typing of voluntary aspects of physical appearance C) positivist social control theories (e.g., Hirschi) D) strain theories (e.g., Merton) E) reintegrative shaming Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 07-28 Reference: Voluntary and Involuntary Physical Appearance Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Skill: A Answer: A) the roles played by master statuses and auxiliary traits in the social typing process 29. Saanvi has decided to obtain a tattoo. What type of body project is she undertaking?

A) camouflaging B) extending C) adapting D) redesigning E) enhancing Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-29 Reference: Voluntary and Involuntary Physical Appearance Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Skill: A Answer: D) redesigning 30. Ren puts on eyeliner to accentuate his eyes. What type of body project is he undertaking?

A) redesigning B) extending C) camouflaging D) adapting E) enhancing Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-30 Reference: Voluntary and Involuntary Physical Appearance Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Skill: A Answer: C) camouflaging

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31. What era has been labelled the tattoo renaissance?

A) The Victorian era when wealthy European travellers to exotic locations would obtain tattoos as souvenirs.

B) The era of European exploration and colonization when explorers encountered new cultures and peoples.

C) The 1950s, when tattoos came to symbolize working-class masculinity.

D) The 1970s, when countercultural youth used tattoos to express their social and political ideologies.

E) The 21st century when tattoos became more common among university students.

Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 07-31 Reference: Body Modification Learning Objective: LO 7.2 Skill: F Answer: D) The 1970s, when countercultural youth used tattoos to express their social and political ideologies.

32. Which of the following statements about body modification is accurate?

A) Male university students are more likely than female university students to have tattoos.

B) Tattoos came to symbolize working-class culture at the turn of the 20th century.

C) Most people with tattoos today obtained their first one prior to age 29.

D) The first known human tattoo dates back to 1652.

E) Male university students are less likely to have tattoos than males who are not in university.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-32 Reference: Body Modification Learning Objective: LO 7.2 Skill: F Answer: C) Most people with tattoos today obtained their first one prior to age 29.

33. In which of the following groups are tattoos associated with other “deviant” behaviours?

A) people with two to three tattoos B) middle-class adults C) police officers D) people with memorial tattoos E) restaurant employees with “darker” tattoo designs (e.g., gothic, tribal) Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-33 Reference: Characteristics of Body Modifiers: Risk and Motivation Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Skill: F Answer: E) restaurant employees with “darker” tattoo designs (e.g., gothic, tribal)

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34. How are police officers with tattoos perceived?

A) as more relatable B) as less competent C) as more trustworthy D) as less threatening E) as more understanding of people’s troubles Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-34 Reference: The Self and Society: Understanding, Meaning, and Resistance Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Skill: F Answer: B) as less competent 35. Which academic approach studies body modification as telling the story of people’s lives?

A) the dramaturgical approach B) the “deviant career” approach C) the conflict approach D) the narrative approach E) the labelling approach Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 07-35 Reference: The Self and Society: Understanding, Meaning, and Resistance Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Skill: F Answer: D) the narrative approach 36. Which of the following statements about the perceptions of women with tattoos is accurate?

A) Jurors were more likely to render a “not guilty” verdict in a hypothetical sexual assault case when the female victim had a feminine tattoo (e.g., a flower) than a masculine tattoo (e.g., script).

B) Women with tattoos are viewed as being more likely to have sex on a first date.

C) Jurors were more likely to render a “guilty” verdict in a hypothetical sexual assault case when the female victim had a tattoo than when she did not have a tattoo.

D) Women with tattoos are perceived as being more competent and assertive as workers.

E) Women with tattoos are less likely to be sexually harassed in the workplace compared to women without tattoos.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-36 Reference: The Self and Society: Understanding, Meaning, and Resistance Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Skill: F Answer: B) Women with tattoos are viewed as being more likely to have sex on a first date.

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37. For which group of workers is having a tattoo most likely to be an obstacle to employment?

A) correctional workers B) people who work with at-risk youth C) kitchen staff in a restaurant D) entry-level hotel managers E) artists Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-37 Reference: The Self and Society: Understanding, Meaning, and Resistance Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Skill: F Answer: D) entry-level hotel managers 38. For what was Real Housewives of Atlanta star Nene Leakes criticized when she wore a button blanket as a fashion statement?

A) for extending B) for cultural appropriation C) for image modification D) for cultural immersion E) for resisting cultural hegemony Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-38 Reference: Voluntary and Involuntary Physical Appearance Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Skill: C Answer: B) for cultural appropriation 39. When we come across a person who appears dirty or unkempt, we judge them based on their outward appearance, however our true reaction is to the underlying presumption that this person is homeless and therefore a drain on society. Which concept best applies to our reaction?

A) auxiliary traits B) secondary status C) voluntary appearance D) body modification E) master status Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 07-39 Reference: Voluntary and Involuntary Physical Appearance Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Skill: A Answer: A) auxiliary traits

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40. What is the basis for scientific definitions of the "ideal" body weight?

A) statistical rarity B) harm C) normative violation D) negative societal reaction E) scientific normativity Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-40 Reference: The Ideal Body According to Science Learning Objective: LO 7.4 Skill: C Answer: B) harm 41. How is a person with a BMI of 18.2 categorized, according to the World Health Organization?

A) overweight B) obese C) underweight D) acceptable E) anorexic Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-41 Reference: The Ideal Body According to Science Learning Objective: LO 7.4 Skill: F Answer: C) underweight.

42. What is the basis for the social standards that identify certain body weights as “too fat?”

A) health risks B) physical appearance C) statistical rarity D) attention-seeking E) hypermasculinity Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-42 Reference: The Ideal Body According to Social Standards Learning Objective: LO 7.5 Skill: C Answer: B) physical appearance

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43. How does the "ideal" female body compare to the "ideal" male body, based on social standards?

A) The "ideal" male body is thinner than the "ideal" female body.

B) A wider range of body sizes is seen as acceptable for women than for men.

C) The “ideal” female body is thinner than the “ideal” male body.

D) The thin "ideal" for women is more common in preindustrial societies where food is scarce.

E) Body size is more likely to be used as an evaluative criterion for men than for women.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-43 Reference: The Ideal Body According to Social Standards Learning Objective: LO 7.5 Skill: C Answer: C) The “ideal” female body is thinner than the “ideal” male body.

44. Which of the following statements about "ideal" bodies and body image is accurate?

A) The ideal male body is perceived as less muscular than the average man in society.

B) After watching scenes from a weight-loss reality show (e.g., The Biggest Loser), adolescents are more accepting of a wider range of body types.

C) After watching scenes from the TV series Friends, adolescent females are more confident in their own bodies.

D) The ideal female body is perceived as thinner than the average woman in society.

E) Negative attitudes toward people who are obese are uncommon among health professionals.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 07-44 Reference: “Too Fat”: Commercialization, Societal Reaction, and Social Control Learning Objective: LO 7.5 Skill: F Answer: D) The ideal female body is perceived as thinner than the average woman in society.

45. What has research with non-competitive, future competitive, and competitive bodybuilders found?

A) Non-competitive and future competitive bodybuilders had high levels of body dissatisfaction, but competitive body builders had low levels of body dissatisfaction.

B) Only 5% of competitive bodybuilders used doping substances.

C) They did not recognize the health risks associated with doping substances.

D) Competitive and future competitive bodybuilders had high levels of body dissatisfaction, but noncompetitive bodybuilders had low levels of body dissatisfaction.

E) All had high levels of body dissatisfaction.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 07-45 Reference: The Ideal Body According to Science Learning Objective: LO 7.4 Skill: F Answer: E) All had high levels of body dissatisfaction.

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46. What proportion of females experience anorexia nervosa?

A) 1 to 3% B) 11 to 15% C) 25 to 30% D) 45 to 50% E) 64 to 71% Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-46 Reference: The Ideal Body According to Science Learning Objective: LO 7.4 Skill: C Answer: A) 1 to 3% 47. Body ideals represented in media dictate gender-specific actions for women’s and men’s bodies. According to Tylka and Calogero (2011), what concept applies to this phenomenon?

A) body ideals as “agency” B) body ideals as “functions” C) body ideals as “resistance” D) body ideals as “fictions” E) body ideals as “fashions” Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-47 Reference: The Ideal Body According to Social Standards Learning Objective: LO 7.5 Skill: C Answer: B) body ideals as “functions” 48. In research by Mills et al. (2017), what happened to participants’ perceptions of the “ideal” body when researchers manipulated information about the size of the “average” women’s and men’s bodies in society today?

A) As the size of the “average” female body increased, participants’ perceptions of the ideal female body became thinner.

B) As the size of the “average” male body became more muscular, participants’ perceptions of the ideal male body became less muscular.

C) Participant’s perceptions of the ideal female body remained stable across all conditions.

D) Participant’s perceptions of the ideal male body remained stable across all conditions.

E) As the size of the “average” female body became thinner, so did participants’ perceptions of the ideal female body.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 07-48 Reference: The Ideal Body According to Social Standards Learning Objective: LO 7.5 Skill: F Answer: E) As the size of the “average” female body became thinner, so did participants’ perceptions of the ideal female body.

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49. How have male body ideals presented in media changed over the past half century?

A) They have become more muscular.

B) They have become closer to the size of the “average” men’s body in society.

C) They have remained unchanged.

D) They have become less muscular.

E) A wider range of body sizes are portrayed as “ideal” today compared to the past.

Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 07-49 Reference: The Ideal Body According to Social Standards Learning Objective: LO 7.5 Skill: F Answer: A) They have become more muscular.

50. Which of the following statements about scientific standards of the ideal body is accurate?

A) Globally, the proportion of people who are overweight is higher than it is in Canada.

B) Globally, people who are underweight are concentrated in higher income countries, where the body ideals portrayed in media are unrealistic.

C) A lower proportion of Canadian adults and children are overweight today compared to 1978.

D) Globally, the proportion of people who are underweight is lower than it is in Canada.

E) A larger proportion of Canadian adults and children are overweight today compared to 1978.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-50 Reference: The Ideal Body According to Science Learning Objective: LO 7.4 Skill: F Answer: E) A larger proportion of Canadian adults and children are overweight today compared to 1978.

51. In which cultures is body dissatisfaction higher?

A) in cultures with cooler climates B) in consumerist cultures C) in cultures with proportionately more women than men D) in cultures where many people engage in outdoor physical activities like hiking and biking E) in cultures with proportionately more men than women Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-51 Reference: “Too Fat”: Commercialization, Societal Reaction, and Social Control Learning Objective: LO 7.5 Skill: F Answer: B) in consumerist cultures

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52. Which of the following is a formal measure of social control that is directed at people who are “too fat?”

A) refusing to sit next to an obese person on the bus B) staring and laughing as an obese person walks past C) skipping breakfast D) a physician’s prescription for diet pills.

E) telling your friend that she would be “so pretty” if she lost weight Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-52 Reference: “Too Fat”: Commercialization, Societal Reaction, and Social Control Learning Objective: LO 7.5 Skill: A Answer: D) a physician’s prescription for diet pills 53. People who are very thin often receive comments about their weight from others. What types of comments do they report hearing most frequently?

A) comments based on concern, dismissal, and resentment B) comments based on dismissal, blame, and resentment C) comments based on attractiveness, concern, and dismissal D) comments based on concern, resentment, and blame E) comments based on attractiveness, concern, and resentment Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-53 Reference: “Too Thin”: Commercialization, Societal Reaction, and Social Control Learning Objective: LO 7.6 Skill: C Answer: E) comments based on attractiveness, concern, and resentment 54. Which of the following is an example of resistance to being labelled as “too thin?”

A) “thinspiration” posts on social media B) primary prevention of anorexia C) thin shaming on social media D) secondary treatment for anorexia E) “plus-size” models Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-54 Reference: Resisting a Label of “Too Thin” Learning Objective: LO 7.6 Skill: A Answer: A) “thinspiration” posts on social media

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55. Which of the following is an example of resistance to being labelled as “too fat?”

A) primary prevention for obesity B) “thinspiration” posts on social media C) secondary treatment for obesity D) designer fashion lines for people who are “plus size” E) fat-shaming on social media Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-55 Reference: Resisting a Label of “Too Fat” Learning Objective: LO 7.6 Skill: A Answer: D) designer fashion lines for people who are “plus size” 56. Which of the following theories has been applied to the development of an "anorexic" identity?

A) social learning theory B) strain theory C) subcultural theory D) labelling theory E) social bonds theory Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-56 Reference: “Too Thin”: Commercialization, Societal Reaction, and Social Control Learning Objective: LO 7.6 Skill: C Answer: D) labelling theory 57. During what era did tattooing become a means of symbolizing masculinity and brotherhood in working-class communities?

A) Middle Ages B) late 18th and early 19th centuries C) turn of the 20th century D) 1950s E) 1980s Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-57 Reference: Body Modification Learning Objective: LO 7.2 Skill: F Answer: D) 1950s

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58. Which technique of neutralization is being used when a celebrity responds to someone who has criticized their weight by saying, “It’s a reflection of their own low self-esteem?”

A) denial of injury B) appealing to higher loyalties C) condemning the condemners D) denial of the victim E) denial of responsibility Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-58 Reference: Resisting a Label of “Too Thin” Learning Objective: LO 7.6 Skill: C Answer: C) condemning the condemners 59. Jian wakes up in the morning, puts on carefully selected clothes, styles his hair, and puts on his best watch, all in preparation for his job interview that morning. Why does Jian do this?

A) He is vain.

B) Physical appearance is an aspect of our identity that is judged every day.

C) Physical appearance is more important than his intellect at getting a job.

D) He is engaging in an adapting project.

E) He knows that if he is dressed well, it will distract attention from the giant tattoo on his neck.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-59 Reference: Voluntary and Involuntary Physical Appearance Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Skill: C Answer: B) Physical appearance is an aspect of our identity that is judged every day.

60. According to objectivist research, what are the two primary motivations for obtaining body modifications?

A) rebellion and resistance B) aesthetics and individuality C) individuality and resistance D) aesthetics and resistance E) individuality and rebellion Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 07-60 Reference: Characteristics of Body Modifiers: Risk and Motivation Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Skill: C Answer: B) aesthetics and individuality

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61. According to Atkinson (2003), what is reflected when a woman obtains a small tattoo of a butterfly on the back of her shoulder?

A) resistant femininity B) transitional femininity C) gender fluidity D) established femininity E) gender non-conformity Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-61 Reference: The Self and Society: Understanding, Meaning, and Resistance Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Skill: A Answer: D) established femininity 62. What proportion of Canadian adults are currently overweight or obese according to their BMI? A) 9% B) 25% C) 64% D) 80% E) We do not use BMI as a measurement in Canada.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-62 Reference: The Ideal Body According to Science Learning Objective: LO 7.4 Skill: F Answer: C) 64% 63. According to Atkinson (2003), what is reflected when a woman obtains a large tattoo of a lightning bolt on her forearm?

A) established femininity B) transitional femininity C) resistant femininity D) gender fluidity E) risk Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-63 Reference: The Self and Society: Understanding, Meaning, and Resistance Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Skill: A Answer: C) resistant femininity

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64. What approach is being used when trying to determine the current social definitions of attractiveness?

A) positivist B) contemporary C) objectivist D) subjectivist E) medical Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-64 Reference: The Ideal Body According to Social Standards Learning Objective: LO 7.5 Skill: C Answer: D) subjectivist 65. List, describe, and give examples of the four different types of body projects proposed by Shilling (1993).

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-65 Reference: Voluntary and Involuntary Physical Appearance Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

66. Apply the following concepts to a discussion of body modification: front-stage self; backstage self; impression management.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-66 Reference: The Self and Society: Understanding, Meaning, and Resistance Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

67. Contrast the "ideal" body according to social standards with the "ideal" body according to medical standards. In your answer, be sure to identify the basis for determining "ideal" within these standards.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-67 Reference: The Ideal Body According to Science; The Ideal Body According to Social Standards Learning Objective: LO 7.4, LO 7.5 Skill: C/F Answer: Answers will vary.

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68. Teachers and school officials often say that girls’ clothing, like shirts with spaghetti straps, distract boys and place girls at risk of harassment. What are the three reasons why critics say these assumptions are problematic?

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 07-68 Reference: Voluntary and Involuntary Physical Appearance Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

69. Outline the four types of government programs or policies intended to reduce the proportion of the population that is overweight and provide an example of each.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-69 Reference: “Too Fat”: Commercialization, Societal Reaction, and Social Control Learning Objective: LO 7.5 Skill: A/F Answer: Answers will vary.

70. Explain why research that finds a relationship between body modification and other behavioural or psychological risks has been criticized.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-70 Reference: Characteristics of Modified Bodies: Risk and Motivation Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Skill: F Answer: Answers will vary.

71. Explain how the social controls directed at body weight, size, or shape can have both positive and negative consequences.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 07-71 Reference: “Too Fat”: Commercialization, Societal Reaction, and Social Control; “Too Thin”: Commercialization, Societal Reaction, and Social Control Learning Objective: LO 7.5 Skill: A/C/F Answer: Answers will vary.

72. Contrast the ways that objectivist and subjectivist scholars study body modification.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-72 Reference: Body Modification Learning Objective: LO 7.2, LO 7.3 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

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73. Discuss the various ways in which gender interacts with physical appearance, considering both body modification and perceptions of the "ideal" body size, weight, or shape.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 07-73 Reference: Body Modification; “Too Fat,” “Too Thin,” and “Ideal” Learning Objective: LO 7.2, LO 7.3, LO 7.4, LO 7.5 Skill: C/F Answer: Answers will vary.

74. Discuss how people with visible tattoos are perceived, and what the implications of those perceptions are.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-74 Reference: Body Modification Learning Objective: LO 7.2, LO 7.3 Skill: C/F Answer: Answers will vary.

75. Discuss the media's role in the social control of "too fat", as well as its role in the social control of "too thin". In your opinion, is the media engaged in the regulation of one more than the other? Why? Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-75 Reference: “Too Fat,” “Too Thin,” and “Ideal” Learning Objective: LO 7.4, LO 7.5 Skill: C/F Answer: Answers will vary.

76. Considering the various factors that influence the social typing of body size, as well as the wide-ranging consequences of such social typing, develop a plan to improve the self-image of adolescents in Canadian society. What would you do to achieve this goal, and why?

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 07-76 Reference: “Too Fat,” “Too Thin,” and “Ideal” Learning Objective: LO 7.4, LO 7.5, LO 7.6 Skill: A Answer: Answers will vary.

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77. Discuss the impact of gender on the labels and sanctions associated with ideal and deviant body weights. Reflect upon whether this is something that will stay consistent as time progresses, or whether you can foresee changes to the definitions and ideals in the future.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-77 Reference: “Too Fat,” “Too Thin,” and “Ideal” Learning Objective: LO 7.4, LO 7.5, LO 7.6 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

78. If you were going to study physical appearance from an objectivist perspective, what would you study? How would you obtain this data and what you do imagine you would learn from this process?

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 07-78 Reference: Body Modification; “Too Fat,” “Too Thin,” and “Ideal” Learning Objective: LO 7.2, LO 7.3, LO 7.4, LO 7.5, LO 7.6 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

79. Analyze the relationship of body modifications and work. Do you believe that these social rules will remain consistent over time or do you believe they will change? Why? Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 07-79 Reference: The Self and Society: Understanding, Meaning, and Resistance Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

80. If you were going to study physical appearance from a subjectivist perspective, what would you study? How would you obtain this data and what you do imagine you would learn from this process?

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 07-80 Reference: Body Modification; “Too Fat,” “Too Thin,” and “Ideal” Learning Objective: LO 7.2, LO 7.3, LO 7.4, LO 7.5, LO 7.6 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

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Chapter 08: Mental Health and Illness 1. In Canada, approximately half of the adult population will experience a mental disorder by the age of 40. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-01 Reference: Who Develops Mental Illness?

Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Skill: F Answer: a. True 2. Rates of mental disorder are lower among members of marginalized groups (e.g., racialized groups, people who are LGBTQ2IA+) because of the strong communities of support they build. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-02 Reference: Who Develops Mental Illness?

Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Skill: F Answer: b. False 3. Mental disorders are more prevalent among young adults than among adults over the age of 30. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-03 Reference: Who Develops Mental Illness?

Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Skill: F Answer: a. True 4. Empirical research finds that, between early adulthood and old age, there is more support for the social selection hypothesis than the social causation hypothesis. a. True b. False Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 08-04 Reference: Who Develops Mental Illness?

Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Skill: C/F Answer: b. False

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5. According to some researchers, cost-of-illness estimates regarding mental illness actually reflect negative attitudes toward people with mental disorders. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-05 Reference: The Costs of Mental Illness Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Skill: C Answer: a. True 6. Policies and programs arising from the discrimination paradigm focus on the symptoms of mental illness that hinder the individual's effective functioning in daily life. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-06 Reference: Controlling Mental Disorder: Stigmatization and Medicalization Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Skill: C Answer: b. False 7. The most common mental disorder experienced by postsecondary students is anxiety. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 08-07 Reference: Who Develops Mental Illness?

Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Skill: F Answer: a. True 8. People with severe mental illnesses were disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 08-08 Reference: The Costs of Mental Illness Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Skill: F Answer: a. True

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9. "Asylums" were developed in the 17th century, after some doctors proposed that treatment could enable people with mental disorders to conform to society's norms. a. True b. False Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 08-09 Reference: The Medicalization of Mental Disorder Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Skill: C Answer: b. False 10. In Canada today, only half of people with mental disorders receive treatment. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-10 Reference: The Costs of Mental Illness Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Skill: F Answer: a. True 11. Deinstitutionalization has been especially beneficial for individuals who lack support from friends or family. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 08-11 Reference: The Medicalization of Mental Disorder Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Skill: F Answer: b. False 12. People with mental illnesses who live in rural areas have an easier time with recovery than those who live in urban areas, due to the stronger social support networks in rural communities. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-12 Reference: The Medicalization of Mental Disorder Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Skill: F Answer: b. False

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13. Popular television series contributed to the concept of deinstitutionalization by creating an assumption that people with mental illnesses have families that are caring and supportive. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 08-13 Reference: The Medicalization of Mental Disorder Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Skill: C Answer: a. True 14. The hydraulic relationship that exists between the mental health care system and the criminal justice system means that increases in the prison population result in more people receiving treatment for mental disorders. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-14 Reference: The Medicalization of Mental Disorder Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Skill: C Answer: b. False 15. In Canada, people with mental illnesses are protected from discrimination under human rights legislation. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-15 Reference: Resisting Stigmatization Learning Objective: LO 8.4 Skill: F Answer: a. True 16. The World Health Organization's Mental Health Global Action Programme (mhGAP) acts to resist inadequate and insufficient care for people with mental disorders, rather than to resist the stigmatization of mental illness. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-16 Reference: Resisting Stigmatization Learning Objective: LO 8.4 Skill: C Answer: b. False

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17. In an experimental study, watching the film Joker (about the origin story of a comic book villain) resulted in higher levels of prejudice toward people with mental illnesses. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-17 Reference: The Stigmatization of Mental Illness Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Skill: F Answer: a. True 18. An evaluation of the “housing first” model found that after six years, there were no differences in client outcomes compared to traditional housing models. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 08-18 Reference: The Medicalization of Mental Disorder Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Skill: F Answer: b. False 19. The DSM has been criticized, in part, because of the perceived influence of the pharmaceutical industry. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 08-19 Reference: Resisting Medicalization Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Skill: F Answer: a. True 20. Challenging is the stigma management technique most associated with positive outcomes, even for individuals with severe mental illnesses. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-20 Reference: Resisting Stigmatization Learning Objective: LO 8.4 Skill: C Answer: a. True

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21. In Rosenhan's study ("Being sane in insane places"), most of his "pseudo-patients" were released from psychiatric care with a diagnosis of "no detectable mental illness". a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 08-21 Reference: Resisting Medicalization Learning Objective: LO 8.6 Skill: F Answer: b. False 22. In Rosenhan's study ("Being sane in insane places"), other patients were more accurate than the medical staff in detecting the absence of mental illness in the pseudo-patients. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-22 Reference: Resisting Medicalization Learning Objective: LO 8.6 Skill: F Answer: a. True 23. Rosenhan's research ("Being sane in insane places") described the dehumanizing treatment that patients in psychiatric institutions frequently faced, an empirical reflection of Goffman's concept of the total institution. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-23 Reference: Resisting Medicalization Learning Objective: LO 8.6 Skill: C Answer: a. True 24. Research has found that members of marginalized groups are more likely to be misdiagnosed by mental health professionals. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 08-24 Reference: Resisting Medicalization Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Skill: F Answer: a. True

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25. According to Lalonde, the key social factor that is influencing high suicide rates in certain Indigenous communities in Canada is low job opportunities. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-25 Reference: Resisting Inadequate and Insufficient Care Learning Objective: LO 8.4 Skill: F Answer: b. False 26. After finishing college, Isabella worked as a legal assistant. However, upon developing schizophrenia, she found it increasingly difficult to maintain her employment. Now she is only able to work part-time and in a minimum wage job. She had to give up her apartment overlooking the river valley and move into a smaller building in a lower-income neighbourhood where rent is more affordable. This socioeconomic experience would be explained using the social selection hypothesis. a. True b. False Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 08-26 Reference: Who Develops Mental Illness?

Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Skill: A Answer: a. True 27. As students approach high school graduation, a larger number of them report symptoms of psychological distress. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-27 Reference: Who Develops Mental Illness?

Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Skill: F Answer: a. True 28. The World Health Organization recognizes that social determinants of health such as income, gender, and human rights conditions are important factors when studying mental health. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-28 Reference: Who Develops Mental Illness?

Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Skill: F Answer: a. True

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29. Omar was kicked out of his parents' home when he was 16. Eventually he was forced to leave school because he could not sleep properly at the shelter and was unable to concentrate. Over time he began to experience symptoms of depression. His doctor believes that the challenges of his life and lack of support were influencing his mental health. This would be an example of the social selection hypothesis. a. True b. False Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 08-29 Reference: Who Develops Mental Illness?

Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Skill: A Answer: b. False 30. What proportion of people will experience a mental disorder by the age of 40?

A) 5% B) 14% C) 32% D) 50% E) 69% Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-30 Reference: Who Develops Mental Illness?

Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Skill: F Answer: D) 50% 31. What proportion of postsecondary students report stress levels that are “above average” or “tremendous”?

A) 10% B) 20% C) 40% D) 60% E) 80% Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-31 Reference: Who Develops Mental Illness?

Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Skill: F Answer: D) 60%

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32. Which of the following statements about mental illness is accurate?

A) In most cases, mental illness initially appears between the ages of 30 and 35.

B) Men are more likely than women to experience mental illness.

C) Members of marginalized groups are less likely to experience mental illness.

D) Rates of suicide are lower among Indigenous youth than among non-Indigenous youth.

E) Rates of mental illness increase during and after economic recessions.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-32 Reference: Who Develops Mental Illness?

Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Skill: F Answer: E) Rates of mental illness increase during and after economic recessions.

33. According to Robert Merton’s anomie and strain theory, mental illness reflects which mode of adaptation?

A) conformity B) innovation C) ritualism D) retreatism E) rebellion Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 08-33 Reference: Who Develops Mental Illness?

Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Skill: C Answer: D) retreatism 34. In comparing the social causation hypothesis and the social selection hypothesis, which has more empirical support?

A) For people between early adulthood and old age, there is more support for the social selection hypothesis.

B) For people between childhood and adulthood, there is more support for the social selection hypothesis.

C) For people between early adulthood and old age, there is more support for the social causation hypothesis.

D) For people between early adulthood and old age, there is equal support for the social causation and social selection hypotheses.

E) For people between childhood and adulthood, there is more support for the social causation hypothesis.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 08-34 Reference: Who Develops Mental Illness?

Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Skill: C/F Answer: C) For people between early childhood and old age, there is more support for the social causation hypothesis.

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35. Which hypothesis proposes that members of the lower class experience more life stressors, and are therefore more vulnerable to mental illness?

A) social selection B) social contract C) social subordination D) social causation E) social stigmatization Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-35 Reference: Who Develops Mental Illness?

Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Skill: C Answer: D) social causation 36. Which hypothesis proposes that people with mental disorders are more likely to fall into the lower classes because of their difficulties in daily functioning?

A) social selection B) social contract C) social subordination D) social causation E) social stigmatization Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-36 Reference: Who Develops Mental Illness?

Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Skill: C Answer: A) social selection 37. Cetin is born into a middle-class family. At the age of 18, he develops schizophrenia. Because of difficulties with controlling his disorder, he can only work part-time, and eventually ends up living in a low-income neighbourhood. Which of the following hypotheses best explains Cetin’s economic experiences?

A) social selection hypothesis B) social contract hypothesis C) social subordination hypothesis D) social causation hypothesis E) social stigmatization hypothesis Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 08-37 Reference: Who Develops Mental Illness?

Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Skill: A Answer: A) social selection hypothesis

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38. Which of the following is the most significant factor that leads to higher suicide rates for youth living in certain Indigenous communities?

A) contaminated drinking water B) lower employment rates C) more housing shortages D) less cultural continuity E) less connection to Canadian culture Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-38 Reference: Who Develops Mental Illness?

Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Skill: F Answer: D) less cultural continuity 39. What are the annual global costs associated with anxiety and depression?

A) $27 million B) $346 million C) $15 billion D) $40 billion E) $1 trillion Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 08-39 Reference: The Costs of Mental Illness Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Skill: F Answer: E) $1 trillion 40. What are the consequences of mental illness for individuals?

A) lower incomes and lower rates of early marriage B) lower employment rates and impaired parent-infant bonding C) higher levels of educational attainment but lower incomes D) lower levels of educational attainment but higher employment rates E) higher employment rates but lower incomes Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 08-40 Reference: The Costs of Mental Illness Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Skill: F Answer: B) lower employment rates and impaired parent-infant bonding

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41. Globally, what proportion of people lack access to high-quality and affordable treatment for mental illness?

A) 10% B) 20% C) 40% D) 60% E) 80% Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-41 Reference: The Costs of Mental Illness Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Skill: C Answer: E) 80% 42. In an experimental study, how did watching movies Joker (the origin story of a comic book villain) versus Terminator: Dark Fate (an action film) affect people’s attitudes toward mental illness?

A) Watching Joker led to higher levels of prejudice toward mental illness.

B) Watching Joker led to lower levels of prejudice toward mental illness.

C) Watching Terminator: Dark Fate led to higher levels of prejudice toward mental illness.

D) Watching both movies led to higher levels of prejudice toward mental illness.

E) Levels of prejudice toward mental illness were unaffected by either film.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-42 Reference: The Stigmatization of Mental Illness Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Skill: F Answer: A) Watching Joker led to higher levels of prejudice toward mental illness.

43. Policies and programs embedded within which paradigm attempt to reduce the extent to which people with mental disorders are treated as outsiders in society?

A) disease paradigm B) stigmatization paradigm C) discrimination paradigm D) inclusion paradigm E) integration paradigm Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-43 Reference: The Deviance Dance: Resisting Stigmatization, Inadequate Care, and Psychiatry Itself Learning Objective: LO 8.4 Skill: C Answer: C) discrimination paradigm

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44. Policies and programs embedded within which paradigm emphasize the symptoms of mental illness?

A) disease paradigm B) stigmatization paradigm C) discrimination paradigm D) inclusion paradigm E) scientific paradigm Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-44 Reference: The Deviance Dance: Resisting Stigmatization, Inadequate Care, and Psychiatry Itself Learning Objective: LO 8.4 Skill: C Answer: A) disease paradigm 45. How are people with mental illnesses framed in the media?

A) as dangerous and unpredictable B) as passive and unassuming C) as victims of violence D) as incompetent in the workplace E) as sexually provocative Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-45 Reference: The Stigmatization of Mental Illness Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Skill: F Answer: A) as dangerous and unpredictable 46. John lives in England during the 15th century. He tells people that there are voices inside his head, telling him to hurt his children. How is John likely to be treated?

A) He is likely to be placed in a "madhouse."

B) He is likely to be placed in an "asylum."

C) He is likely to be taken care of by various members of the community.

D) He is likely to be placed in prison.

E) He is likely to be tortured in order to drive out the demons possessing him.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-46 Reference: The Medicalization of Mental Disorder Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Skill: A Answer: E) He is likely to be tortured in order to drive out the demons possessing him.

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47. When did the deinstitutionalization movement develop?

A) 17th century B) 18th century C) 19th century D) 1930s E) 1960s Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 08-47 Reference: The Medicalization of Mental Disorder Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Skill: F Answer: E) 1960s 48. What was the purpose of “madhouses”?

A) treatment for medical conditions B) rehabilitation C) warehousing deviant people D) protecting people who were considered different from the public E) social experimentation Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-48 Reference: The Medicalization of Mental Disorder Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Skill: F Answer: C) warehousing deviant people 49. What proportion of people accused of a criminal act in Manitoba were found to have a mental illness?

A) 5% B) 10% C) 25% D) 55% E) 85% Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-49 Reference: The Medicalization of Mental Disorder Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Skill: F Answer: C) 25%

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50. Which of the following is an example of resistance to the stigmatization of mental illness?

A) the World Health Organization's efforts to increase government funding for mental health research B) research into new psychopharmaceutical treatments C) self-help groups providing information about new and effective treatments D) laws prohibiting discrimination based on physical or mental illness E) self-help groups providing information about the negative side effects of certain psychopharmaceutical treatments Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 08-50 Reference: Resisting Stigmatization Learning Objective: LO 8.4 Skill: A Answer: D) laws prohibiting discrimination based on physical or mental illness 51. What proportion of homeless people in North America is estimated to have a mental disorder?

A) approximately 10% B) approximately 25% C) approximately 33% D) approximately 50% E) approximately 70% Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 08-51 Reference: The Medicalization of Mental Disorder Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Skill: F Answer: C) approximately 33% 52. For what has the DSM been criticized?

A) The inclusion of particular disorders such as gender dysphoria.

B) Methodological shortcomings in its creation.

C) The role of power in deciding what is included.

D) The influence of the pharmaceutical industry.

E) For multiple reasons, such as the inclusion of particular disorders, methodological shortcomings, the role of power, and the influence of the pharmaceutical industry.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-52 Reference: Resisting Medicalization Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Skill: C Answer: E) For multiple reasons, such as the inclusion of particular disorders, methodological shortcomings, the role of power, and the influence of the pharmaceutical industry

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53. The Mental Health Global Action Programme has developed four core strategies to reduce the stigma of mental disorders and to promote the mental health of the population. Which of the following is included in their strategy of information?

A) assist with member state information systems B) provide guidance on policy development C) provide training to mental health researchers D) coordinate efforts to educate the public E) provide a forum for networking Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 08-53 Reference: Resisting Inadequate and Insufficient Care Learning Objective: LO 8.4 Skill: F Answer: A) assist with member state information systems 54. Which of the following statements accurately describes Rosenhan's research on psychiatric diagnosis and treatment ("Being sane in insane places")?

A) When the pseudo-patients intercepted staff members to ask them simple questions, more than 70 percent of the psychiatrists and nursing staff averted their eyes and walked away.

B) The fact that the psychiatrists were unable to detect the lack of mental illness in the pseudopatients was primarily because the pseudo-patients were not acting "normally" enough.

C) Other mental patients were even less accurate than the medical staff in detecting the lack of mental illness in the pseudo-patients.

D) Most of the pseudo-patients were released with a diagnosis of "no detectable mental illness."

E) Most of the research confederates were unable to gain admission into the psychiatric institutions.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 08-54 Reference: Resisting Medicalization Learning Objective: LO 8.6 Skill: F Answer: A) When the pseudo-patients intercepted staff members to ask them simple questions, more than 70 percent of the psychiatrists and nursing staff averted their eyes and walked away.

55. In Rosenhan's follow-up study on psychiatric diagnosis ("Being sane in insane places"), he told the administrators of a prestigious teaching hospital that within the next three months at least one "pseudo-patient" would attempt to be admitted as a psychiatric patient. During that period of time, hospital staff estimated that out of 191 psychiatric admissions, __________ patients were likely "pseudo-patients"; Rosenhan had actually sent in __________ "pseudo-patients".

A) 2; 8 B) 41; 0 C) 0; 17 D) 11; 11 E) 17; 0 Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 08-55 Reference: Resisting Medicalization Learning Objective: LO 8.6 Skill: F Answer: B) 41; 0

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56. What was one of the consequences of Rosenhan's research on psychiatric diagnosis ("Being sane in insane places")?

A) Legislation governing involuntary psychiatric admissions became more lenient.

B) The number of mental health advocacy groups declined.

C) Important aspects of Lemert's labelling theory were illustrated.

D) The lack of influence of social factors on psychiatric diagnosis was illustrated.

E) New research ethics guidelines were developed to prevent similar research from being done in the future.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-56 Reference: Resisting Medicalization Learning Objective: LO 8.6 Skill: C Answer: C) Important aspects of Lemert's labelling theory were illustrated.

57. Rosenhan found that the tag of "mentally ill" determined how psychiatric staff interacted with the pseudo-patients in his study. Which theory of deviance does this illustrate?

A) labelling theory B) general strain theory C) social bonds theory D) pluralist conflict theory E) power-reflexive theory Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-57 Reference: Resisting Medicalization Learning Objective: LO 8.6 Skill: C Answer: A) labelling theory 58. What consequences does the stigmatization of mental illness have?

A) It has negative consequences because it closes the doors of acceptance within the "normal" world.

B) It has negative consequences because it contributes to self-stigma, which results in a lower likelihood of conforming to treatment regimens.

C) It has positive consequences because it can improve an individual's self-concept.

D) It has positive consequences because a label is necessary for effective treatment to be received.

E) Empirical research has found support for both positive and negative consequences, including all of those listed elsewhere in this question.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-58 Reference: Resisting Medicalization Learning Objective: LO 8.6 Skill: F Answer: E) Empirical research has found support for both positive and negative consequences, including all of those listed elsewhere in this question

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59. Which of the following statements about the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness is true?

A) Members of marginalized groups are more likely to be misdiagnosed when their psychiatrist is also a member of a marginalized group.

B) White individuals are more likely to be criminalized and Black individuals medicalized, even when presenting the same symptoms.

C) White youth are more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD, while Black youth are more likely to be diagnosed with conduct and behavioural disorders.

D) Psychiatric diagnosis is objective and unbiased, so race and ethnicity do not have any effect on diagnosis.

E) White youth are more likely to be diagnosed with anxiety or depression, while Black youth are more likely to be diagnosed with conduct and behavioural disorders.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 08-59 Reference: Resisting Medicalization Learning Objective: LO 8.6 Skill: F Answer: B) White youth are more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD, while Black youth are more likely to be diagnosed with conduct and behavioural disorders.

60. In one study, participants were asked to rank various social groups along an “evolutionary” scale. On the rank-ordered list from 1 (“most evolved”) to 6 (“least evolved”), where were people with mental disorders ranked?

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5 Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 08-60 Reference: The Stigmatization of Mental Illness Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Skill: F Answer: E) 5 61. Which of the following aspects of mental illness is not studied by deviance scholars?

A) prevalence and patterns of mental illness B) the costs associated with mental illness for individuals, their friends or family members, and society C) the stigmatization of mental illness D) mortality rates associated with mental illness E) resistance to the medicalization of mental illness Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 08-61 Reference: Who Develops Mental Illness?; The Costs of Mental Illness; Controlling Mental Disorder: Stigmatization and Medicalization; The Deviance Dance: Resisting Stigmatization, Inadequate Care, and Psychiatry Itself Learning Objective: LO 8.1, LO 8.2, LO 8.3, LO 8.6 Skill: A Answer: D) mortality rates associated with mental illness

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62. Kailey has been diagnosed with a learning disability that also leads to anxiety. She has let certain professors know at the university because they are empathetic and willing to work with her, but she keeps it hidden from anyone who does not seem supportive. She is engaging in one of Goffman's stigma management techniques. Which one?

A) trying to pass B) dividing social worlds C) deflecting D) challenging E) accepting Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-62 Reference: Resisting Stigmatization Learning Objective: LO 8.4 Skill: A Answer: B) dividing social worlds 63. At what point does the proportion of adolescents experiencing psychological distress show a significant increase?

A) when they reach puberty B) when they start high school C) as they approach graduation from high school D) when they first start dating E) as they approach graduation from junior high Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 08-63 Reference: Who Develops Mental Illness?

Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Skill: F Answer: C) as they approach graduation from high school 64. In which type of housing model are clients most likely to remain housed six years later?

A) The “traditional” model, where clients are first given supports for mental health or substance abuse and then given housing later.

B) An “employment first” model, where clients must have gainful employment before they are given housing.

C) All models are equally successful, with more than 80 percent of clients still in housing six years later.

D) The “housing first” model, where clients are given housing and then additional supports (e.g., for mental health, for substance abuse) are provided.

E) All models are equally unsuccessful, with less than 30 percent of clients still in housing six years later.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-64 Reference: The Medicalization of Mental Disorder Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Skill: F Answer: D) The “housing first” model, where clients are given housing and then additional supports (e.g., for mental health, for substance abuse) are provided.

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65. If an organization wanted to run a conference to promote research and social networking opportunities for those working in mental health, they would be participating in which of the core strategies set out by the Mental Health Global Action Programme?

A) information B) policy and Service Development C) advocacy D) research E) counter-deviance Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 08-65 Reference: Resisting Inadequate and Insufficient Care Learning Objective: LO 8.4 Skill: A Answer: D) research 66. Apply the three components of the social typing process to the medicalization of mental illness.

Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 08-66 Reference: The Medicalization of Mental Illness Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Skill: A Answer: Answers will vary.

67. Contrast the social causation hypothesis and the social selection hypothesis and indicate how much empirical support each one has.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-67 Reference: Who Develops Mental Illness?

Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

68. Describe the hydraulic relationship that Penrose (1939) proposed existed between the mental health care system and the criminal justice system and discuss the extent to which you believe this relationship still exists in the 21st century.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-68 Reference: The Medicalization of Mental Disorder Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

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69. Apply the three steps of the social typing process to the stigmatization of mental illness.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-69 Reference: The Stigmatization of Mental Illness Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

70. List and describe four different ways that mental illness is socially controlled and indicate whether each of those forms of social control is formal or informal.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 08-70 Reference: Controlling Mental Disorder: Stigmatization and Medicalization Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Skill: A Answer: Answers will vary.

71. Outline the costs of mental illness to individuals, their friends and family members, and society.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-71 Reference: The Costs of Mental Illness Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Skill: A/C/F Answer: Answers will vary.

72. Apply two of Goffman's stigma management techniques to the experience of having a mental illness. Provide examples.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 08-72 Reference: Resisting Stigmatization Learning Objective: LO 8.4 Skill: A Answer: Answers will vary.

73. Briefly discuss three social factors that are known to impact mental health status.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-73 Reference: Who Develops Mental Illness?

Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

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74. Describe who has been helped by deinstitutionalization, and who has been harmed by it.

Explain what the consequences are for those people who are harmed by deinstitutionalization.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-74 Reference: The Medicalization of Mental Disorder Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Skill: C/F Answer: Answers will vary.

75. Describe the deviance dance surrounding mental illness, by discussing how the stigmatization of mental illness is resisted by (a) governments, (b) mental health organizations, and (c) individuals.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 08-75 Reference: Resisting Stigmatization Learning Objective: LO 8.4 Skill: C/F Answer: Answers will vary.

76. Discuss Rosenhan's (1973) research showing how social factors and psychiatric biases affect the diagnosis of mental illness.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 08-76 Reference: Resisting Medicalization Learning Objective: LO 8.6 Skill: C/F Answer: Answers will vary.

77. Explain the relationship between age and mental disorders.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 08-77 Reference: Who Develops Mental Illness?

Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Skill: A/C/F Answer: Answers will vary.

78. Describe the evolution of mental illness and the handing of mental illness in society, past and present. Discuss the role that various moral entrepreneurs play to contribute to the deviance of mental illness. Now predict where deviance and mental health might be going in the future.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 08-78 Reference: The Medicalization of Mental Disorder Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Skill: C/F Answer: Answers will vary.

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79. While there is a biological component to mental illness, it is a social phenomenon as well.

Existing social factors of a society impact who experiences mental illness, how it is socially constructed, and how it is controlled. Discuss both the objective and subjective aspects of mental illness and how they are interrelated.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 08-79 Reference: Chapter 8 – Mental Health and Illness Learning Objective: LO 8.1, LO 8.2, LO 8.3, LO 8.4, LO 8.5, LO 8.6 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

80. Outline the criticisms directed at the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). Which of these criticisms do you think is most significant, and why?

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 08-80 Reference: Resisting Medicalization Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Skill: C/F Answer: Answers will vary.

81. Imagine that you have won Canada’s largest lottery and are starting a non-profit organization to assist people with mental illnesses. Although stigmatization and inadequate mental health care are both important issues, your organization can only address one of them. Which of these two issues would you address and why?

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 08-81 Reference: The Stigmatization of Mental Illness; The Medicalization of Mental Disorder; Resisting Stigmatization; Resisting Inadequate and Insufficient Care Learning Objective: LO 8.3, LO 8.4 Skill: A/C/F Answer: Answers will vary.

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Chapter 09: What Do You Believe? Religion, Science, and Deviance 1. A belief is something thought to be true, regardless of whether it is supported by scientific evidence. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 09-01 Reference: Introduction to Chapter 9 Learning Objective: LO 9.1 Skill: C Answer: a. True 2. Sociological analyses of religious belief systems attempt to prove or disprove particular religious belief systems (e.g., Hinduism; Catholicism) a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-02 Reference: Religion Learning Objective: LO 9.1 Skill: C Answer: b. False 3. Sects tend to have more traditional beliefs while cults tend to have more oppositional beliefs, which create differences in the level of tension that exists with the larger society. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-03 Reference: The “Deviant” World of Sects and Cults Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Skill: C Answer: a. True 4. Although both are sects, Jehovah’s Witnesses have integrated with the larger society more than Seventh-day Adventists, and therefore experience less tension. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-04 Reference: The “Deviant” World of Sects and Cults Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Skill: F Answer: b. False

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5. According to scientific research on cults, the public concerns that emerge as a consequence of popular images of cults are entirely unfounded. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 09-05 Reference: The “Deviant” World of Sects and Cults Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Skill: F Answer: b. False 6. Counter-cult groups identify Catholicism, Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism as "cults". a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-06 Reference: Controlling “Deviant” Religions Learning Objective: LO 9.3 Skill: C Answer: a. True 7. It is projected that by 2060, a larger proportion of Canadians will be Christian, and a smaller proportion will be Muslim. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-07 Reference: Deviant Religions According to Traditional Typologies Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Skill: F Answer: b. False 8. In the Soviet Union, all religious groups were socially typed as "deviant" and made subject to social control. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-08 Reference: Resisting a Deviant Label Learning Objective: LO 9.3 Skill: C Answer: a. True

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9. During the European “witch craze” of the 14th through 17th centuries, overall, more women than men were persecuted. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-09 Reference: The Witch Persecutions Learning Objective: LO 9.4 Skill: F Answer: a. True 10. Estimates are that more than half of Indigenous children in residential schools were physically or sexually abused. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-10 Reference: Residential Schooling Learning Objective: LO 9.4 Skill: F Answer: a. True 11. Child abuse was deviantized in the late 19th century, in part due to the efforts of the childsavers movement. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-11 Reference: Victorian Child-Savers Learning Objective: LO 9.4 Skill: F Answer: a. True 12. The phrase “drinking the Kool-Aid” stems from media portrayals of Peoples Temple Agricultural Project (i.e., Jonestown). a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-12 Reference: Controlling “Deviant” Religions Learning Objective: LO 9.3 Skill: A Answer: a. True

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13. The influence of religious belief systems on law and government policy inevitably has negative consequences. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-13 Reference: Religion as a Social Typer of Deviance Learning Objective: LO 9.4 Skill: C Answer: b. False 14. Even "objective" science is intertwined with ethical and moral claims. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 09-14 Reference: Science Learning Objective: LO 9.5 Skill: C Answer: a. True 15. Unlike religious belief systems, scientific belief systems proclaim "truths". a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-15 Reference: Introduction to Chapter 9 Learning Objective: LO 9.1 Skill: C Answer: b. False 16. Scientific misconduct occurs more frequently in biomedical fields. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-16 Reference: Scientific Misconduct Learning Objective: LO 9.5 Skill: F Answer: b. False

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17. A survey of HIV researchers found that two-thirds admitted to being involved in scientific misconduct or other questionable research practices at some point in their careers. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-17 Reference: Scientific Misconduct Learning Objective: LO 9.5 Skill: F Answer: a. True 18. Research on the prevalence of scientific misconduct concludes that it is relatively rare. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-18 Reference: Scientific Misconduct Learning Objective: LO 9.5 Skill: F Answer: b. False 19. Population prevention approaches are effective at controlling both university binge drinking and scientific misconduct. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-19 Reference: Scientific Misconduct Learning Objective: LO 9.5 Skill: C Answer: a. True 20. Within the normative structure of science (Merton, 1973), the norm of skepticism means that scientific work is done in the name of "truth" rather than for personal gain or vested interests. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-20 Reference: Scientific Misconduct Learning Objective: LO 9.5 Skill: C Answer: b. False

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21. The conservative nature of the scientific community contributes to those instances where legitimate sciences are initially perceived as pseudosciences. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-21 Reference: Science and Pseudoscience Learning Objective: LO 9.6 Skill: C Answer: a. True 22. European colonization of Indigenous Peoples throughout much of the world was justified on the basis of both religion and science. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 09-22 Reference: Residential Schooling; Scientific Social Typing in History: Social Darwinism, Eugenics, and the Nazis Learning Objective: LO 9.4; LO 9.7 Skill: C Answer: a. True 23. In practice, Canadian eugenics boards attached the label of "mental defective" to criminals, the poor, and the morally-suspect. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-23 Reference: Scientific Social Typing in History: Social Darwinism, Eugenics, and the Nazis Learning Objective: LO 9.7 Skill: F Answer: a. True 24. The horrors of Nazi Germany led the Canadian federal government and provincial governments to immediately halt their eugenics programs. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-24 Reference: Scientific Social Typing in History: Social Darwinism, Eugenics, and the Nazis Learning Objective: LO 9.7 Skill: F Answer: b. False

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25. In contemporary society, the medicalization of obesity and anorexia is an example of science acting as a social typer of deviance. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 09-25 Reference: Scientific Social Typing Today: Medicalization Learning Objective: LO 9.7 Skill: A Answer: a. True 26. Between 1970 and 2018, 75% of retracted journal articles in biomedicine were due to scientific misconduct. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-26 Reference: Scientific Misconduct Learning Objective: LO 9.5 Skill: F Answer: b. False 27. All the major religions in the world today originated in a way that corresponds to the definition of “cults” used in traditional typologies of religion. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-27 Reference: Resisting a Deviant Label Learning Objective: LO 9.3 Skill: A Answer: a. True 28. Witch persecutions were more likely to happen in countries that were dominantly Roman Catholic. a. True b. False Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 09-28 Reference: The Witch Persecutions Learning Objective: LO 9.4 Skill: F Answer: b. False

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29. Aspects of clinical psychology have been labelled as “pseudoscience” by some scholars. a. True b. False Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 09-29 Reference: Science and Pseudoscience Learning Objective: LO 9.6 Skill: A Answer: a. True 30. An informal measure of social control directed at a pharmaceutical company for failing to provide important results might be a monetary fine. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-30 Reference: Scientific Misconduct Learning Objective: LO 9.5 Skill: A Answer: b. False 31. Radio astronomy is an example of a scientific belief that was once considered a pseudoscience but is now perceived as legitimate. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-31 Reference: Science and Pseudoscience Learning Objective: LO 9.6 Skill: A Answer: a. True 32. According to Raine and Kent (2019), many religious institutions have characteristics that create a foundation for sexual abuse. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-32 Reference: The “Deviant” World of Sects and Cults Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Skill: C Answer: a. True

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33. The Taliban is an example of a religious sect that has broken off from a larger "church". a. True b. False Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 09-33 Reference: Deviant Religions According to Traditional Typologies Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Skill: A Answer: a. True 34. In projections for 2060, which of the following belief systems is projected to increase in Canada, in terms of the proportion of the population who will be followers?

A) Judaism B) Buddhism C) Hinduism D) Islam E) Atheism Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-34 Reference: Deviant Religions According to Traditional Typologies Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Skill: F Answer: D) Islam 35. Which of the following statements about religious belief systems is true?

A) Religious belief systems proclaim "truth", just as scientific belief systems proclaim "truth."

B) Sociological analyses of religious belief systems try to disprove particular beliefs rather than prove particular beliefs.

C) Karl Marx claimed that the only way to find "truth" was through religion.

D) Beliefs are things that someone thinks are "true" (whether they are actually true or not), but belief systems are sets of interrelated beliefs that have been proven to be "true."

E) Religious belief systems no longer have any significant influence in modern state systems.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 09-35 Reference: Religion Learning Objective: LO 9.1 Skill: C Answer: A) Religious belief systems proclaim "truth", just as scientific belief systems proclaim "truth."

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36. Within a specific society, which of the following religious groups is the most likely to be deviantized and subjected to measures of social control?

A) ecclesia B) churches C) sects D) cults E) denominations Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-36 Reference: The “Deviant” World of Sects and Cults Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Skill: C Answer: D) cults 37. Which of the following religious groups is the least likely to be socially typed as "deviant" within the society in which they exist?

A) ecclesia B) churches C) sects D) cults E) denomination Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-37 Reference: Deviant Religions According to Traditional Typologies Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Skill: C Answer: A) ecclesia 38. Which of the following is an example of ecclesia?

A) the Christian church in Canada B) Peoples Temple Agricultural Project in the United States C) the Lutheran church in Sweden D) Catholicism in Boston, Massachusetts E) Sikhism in India Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-38 Reference: Deviant Religions According to Traditional Typologies Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Skill: A Answer: C) the Lutheran church in Sweden

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39. Which of the following is a factor that determines the level of tension a particular sect experiences with the larger society?

A) the level of antagonism that the sect feels for society B) the size of the sect C) the level of organization that exists within the sect D) whether the sect has broken away from a Christian or non-Christian church E) the number of societies within which the sect maintains a presence Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 09-39 Reference: The “Deviant” World of Sects and Cults Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Skill: C Answer: A) the level of antagonism that the sect feels for society 40. Why, in part, does a greater degree of tension exist with the larger society for Jehovah's Witnesses than for Seventh-day Adventists?

A) Jehovah's Witnesses have integrated with the larger society to a greater extent.

B) Seventh-day Adventists have integrated with the larger society to a greater extent.

C) The boundaries surrounding Jehovah's Witnesses have become more permeable than those surrounding Seventh-day Adventists D) The behavioral requirements for members of Jehovah's Witnesses have become less rigid over time.

E) Jehovah's Witnesses have changed more over time than Seventh-day Adventists.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 09-40 Reference: The “Deviant” World of Sects ad Cults Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Skill: F Answer: B) Seventh-day Adventists have integrated with the larger society to a greater extent.

41. How have cults been portrayed in the news media at various points in time?

A) In the late 19th century, cults were portrayed as deceptive.

B) In the 1950s, cults were portrayed as dangerous and destructive.

C) The “cult menace” became a theme in news stories in the 1960s.

D) In the 1970s, cults were portrayed as exotic and eccentric.

E) In the 1990s, cults were portrayed as harmless.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-41 Reference: The “Deviant” World of Sects and Cults Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Skill: F Answer: C) The “cult menace” became a theme in news stories in the 1960s.

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42. Which of the following religious groups was responsible for the murder of U.S. congressional representative Leo Ryan and four others?

A) Peoples Temple Agricultural Project (i.e., Jonestown) B) The Family of Love (i.e., Children of God) C) NXIVM D) Order of the Solar Temple E) Society of the Flat-Earthers Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 09-42 Reference: The “Deviant” World of Sects and Cults Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Skill: F Answer: A) Peoples Temple Agricultural Project (i.e., Jonestown) 43. In the social control of cults, which groups emphasize their concern that cults have the “wrong” religious beliefs?

A) cult awareness groups B) anti-cult groups C) counter-cult groups D) cult control groups E) cult identification groups Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 09-43 Reference: Controlling “Deviant” Religions Learning Objective: LO 9.3 Skill: C Answer: C) counter-cult groups 44. Which groups use the word "cult" to refer to very specific religious groups that have "destructive" qualities, such as placing members above the law?

A) cult identification groups B) anti-cult groups C) counter-cult groups D) cult control groups E) cult resistance groups Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-44 Reference: Controlling “Deviant” Religions Learning Objective: LO 9.3 Skill: C Answer: B) anti-cult groups

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45. According to Neal (2008), which of the following is one of the ways that cults are framed within the “cult narrative” found in entertainment media?

A) as wearing distinctive clothing B) as invisible C) as deceptive D) as living in highly populated, urban areas E) as comprised of single, rather than married, individuals Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-45 Reference: Controlling “Deviant” Religions Learning Objective: LO 9.3 Skill: C Answer: A) as wearing distinctive clothing 46. Which religious group has been perceived as a threat to others or to society?

A) Buddhists B) Catholics C) Branch Davidians D) Protestants E) Every religious group in the world has been perceived this way in some societies and at some points in time.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 09-46 Reference: Resisting a Deviant Label Learning Objective: LO 9.3 Skill: A/C Answer: E) Every religious group in the world has been perceived this way in some societies and at some points in time.

47. Which of the following statements about the labelling of religious groups is true?

A) The anti-cult movement uses the word "cult" on the basis of the theology of certain religious groups.

B) The counter-cult movement prefaces the word "cult" with the term "destructive", focusing their attention on those religious groups that are believed to engage in mind control.

C) In an international context, the word "cult" may be applied to any religious group that a particular government disapproves of.

D) In contemporary society, the media emphasizes "new religious movements" rather than "cults."

E) Legislation now prevents the media from portraying any religious group in a negative way.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 09-47 Reference: Resisting a Deviant Label Learning Objective: LO 9.3 Skill: C Answer: C) In an international context, the word "cult" may be applied to any religious group that a particular government disapproves of.

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48. Which of the following statements about the witch persecutions is true?

A) During the European “witch craze,” more males than females were persecuted overall.

B) One of the arenas for witch hunts were regions where there were peasant rebellions.

C) Women who were financially independent had enough power within their communities to avoid accusations of witchcraft.

D) The persecution of witches no longer occurs in the present day.

E) Scientific belief systems, rather than religious belief systems, were the foundation for the European “witch craze.”

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 09-48 Reference: The Witch Persecutions Learning Objective: LO 9.4 Skill: F Answer: B) One of the arenas for witch hunts were regions where there were peasant rebellions.

49. Who is most vulnerable to accusations of witchcraft in the present day?

A) males B) people in positions of power C) politicians D) artists E) people who lack power Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-49 Reference: The Witch Persecutions Learning Objective: LO 9.4 Skill: F Answer: E) people who lack power 50. In 1600, a local midwife is arrested for witchcraft, put on trial, and burned at the stake. In which of the following regions is she most likely to have lived?

A) A region where Catholicism had weakened, and trials were conducted by local authorities.

B) A region where Catholicism had weakened, and trials were conducted by national authorities.

C) A region where Catholicism maintained its power, and trials were conducted by local authorities.

D) A region where Catholicism maintained its power, and trials were conducted by national authorities.

E) There were no regions where persecution was more likely than others because of the pervasiveness of witch persecutions throughout Europe, Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 09-50 Reference: The Witch Persecutions Learning Objective: LO 9.4 Skill: C Answer: A) A region where Catholicism had weakened, and trials were conducted by local authorities.

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51. Which of the following is a characteristic of the residential schooling policy in Canadian history?

A) It provided Indigenous children with similar levels and types of education as non-Indigenous children received in Canada's public schools at the time.

B) It placed an emphasis on teaching Indigenous children to integrate their traditional cultures with Canadian culture.

C) it allowed frequent visits between children and their parents, in an attempt to garner greater support for residential schooling in Indigenous communities.

D) It required the consent of parents before children could be removed from their communities.

E) Children were punished for any behaviours associated with their traditional cultures.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-51 Reference: Residential Schooling Learning Objective: LO 9.4 Skill: F Answer: E) Children were punished for any behaviours associated with their traditional cultures.

52. Which of the following statements about the child-savers is true?

A) Protestant theology served as the foundation for their efforts.

B) The efforts of the child-savers were directed primarily at the upper socioeconomic classes.

C) Popular discourse at the time defined upper class parents as inherently immoral.

D) Popular discourse at the time included the assumption that the inherent morality of the working classes meant that working class norms and values should be adopted by everyone in society.

E) They struggled to prevent child abuse and neglect from being criminalized.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 09-52 Reference: Victorian Child-Savers Learning Objective: LO 9.4 Skill: F Answer: A) Protestant theology served as the foundation for their efforts.

53. Which religious group is especially well known for using legal action against its critics, including journalists, academic researchers, and filmmakers?

A) Family International B) Church of Scientology C) Peoples Temple Agricultural Project D) Christian evangelical groups E) Branch Davidians Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 09-53 Reference: Controlling “Deviant” Religions Learning Objective: LO 9.3 Skill: F Answer: B) Church of Scientology

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54. Which theory of scientific misconduct suggests that such misconduct is rare?

A) conflict theory B) iceberg theory C) postmodern theory D) normative theory E) bad apple theory Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 09-54 Reference: Scientific Misconduct Learning Objective: LO 9.5 Skill: C Answer: E) bad apple theory 55. Which of the following theories of scientific misconduct suggests that such misconduct is far more common than we think?

A) normative theory B) iceberg theory C) differential association theory D) bad apple theory E) labelling theory Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 09-55 Reference: Scientific Misconduct Learning Objective: LO 9.5 Skill: F Answer: B) iceberg theory.

56. In a survey of HIV researchers, what proportion admitted to being involved in scientific misconduct or other questionable research practices?

A) 95% B) 67% C) 49% D) 30% E) 11% Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-56 Reference: Scientific Misconduct Learning Objective: LO 9.5 Skill: F Answer: B) 67%

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57. According to Robert Merton’s theory of anomie and strain, which mode of adaptation does scientific misconduct reflect?

A) conformity B) innovation C) ritualism D) retreatism E) rebellion Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-57 Reference: Scientific Misconduct Learning Objective: LO 9.5 Skill: A Answer: B) innovation 58. Which technique of neutralization was Dr. Diederik Stapel using when he claimed that legitimately practised science is “too messy” to meet the demands of the pressure to publish in university environments?

A) denial of injury B) strain theory C) general theory of crime D) denial of responsibility E) innovation Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-58 Reference: Scientific Misconduct Learning Objective: LO 9.5 Skill: A Answer: D) denial of responsibility 59. What proportion of retracted journal articles in biomedicine between 1970 and 2018 were retracted due to scientific misconduct?

A) less than 1% B) between 10 and 15% C) between 25 and 33% D) between 50 and 60% E) between 78 and 86% Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 09-59 Reference: Scientific Misconduct Learning Objective: LO 9.5 Skill: F Answer: C) between 25 and 33%

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60. Which of the following terms refers to clinical drug research that is done in corporate research centres affiliated with pharmaceutical companies?

A) the normative structure of science B) junk science C) cooking D) post-academic science E) pseudo-science Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 09-60 Reference: Scientific Misconduct Learning Objective: LO 9.5 Skill: C Answer: D) post-academic science 61. According to Montgomery and Oliver's (2009) analysis of the changing institutional logics governing the regulation of scientific misconduct, what was the governing logic prior to 1975?

A) coercive measures to punish B) coercive measures to prevent C) promoting research integrity D) educational seminars for university researchers E) science as self-regulating Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-61 Reference: Scientific Misconduct Learning Objective: LO 9.5 Skill: C Answer: E) science as self-regulating 62. Which of the following accurately describes the chronological order of the changing institutional logics governing the regulation of scientific misconduct, from oldest to most recent?

A) promoting research integrity; coercive measures; science as self-regulating B) coercive measures; promoting research integrity; science as self-regulating C) science as self-regulating; promoting research integrity; coercive measures D) science as self-regulating; coercive measures; promoting research integrity E) coercive measures; science as self-regulating; promoting research integrity Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-62 Reference: Scientific Misconduct Learning Objective: LO 9.5 Skill: C Answer: D) science as self-regulating; coercive measures; promoting research integrity

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63. Which of the following terms refers to a science's belief system and/or technologies being significantly called into question as a whole?

A) pseudoscience B) deviance in science C) trimming D) cooking E) forging Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 09-63 Reference: Science and Pseudoscience Learning Objective: LO 9.6 Skill: C Answer: A) pseudoscience 64. During the COVID-19 pandemic, which group’s posts containing pseudoscientific claims were shared the most on social media platforms?

A) conservative politicians B) rogue scientists C) celebrities D) public health officials E) liberal politicians Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 09-64 Reference: Science and Pseudoscience Learning Objective: LO 9.6 Skill: F Answer: C) celebrities 65. According to Foucault (1980), what other factor has a relationship with knowledge claims and power?

A) the resulting influence that those knowledge claims have on society B) the resistance of people to the exertion of that power.

C) deviance in science D) deviant science E) fraudulent science Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 09-65 Reference: Science as a Social Typer of Deviance Learning Objective: LO 9.7 Skill: C Answer: A) the resulting influence that those knowledge claims have on society

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66. What was the theory underlying the science of eugenics?

A) iceberg theory B) power-reflexive theory C) social Darwinism D) colonization theory E) bio-social theory Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 09-66 Reference: Scientific Social Typing in History: Social Darwinism, Eugenics, and the Nazis Learning Objective: LO 9.7 Skill: C Answer: C) social Darwinism 67. On what basis did social Darwinism rationalize European colonization of countries throughout much of the world?

A) The assumption that the more "evolved" European societies could help more "primitive" societies reach the next stage of social evolution more rapidly.

B) The assumption that the role of inferior races in the world was to serve superior races.

C) The assumption that European cultures could learn a great deal from other cultures.

D) The assumption that the next stage of social evolution required the cooperation of and integration among the world's peoples.

E) The assumption that the "powerful" have the inherent right to control the "powerless".

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-67 Reference: Scientific Social Typing in History: Social Darwinism, Eugenics, and the Nazis Learning Objective: LO 9.7 Skill: C Answer: A) The assumption that the more "evolved" European societies could help more "primitive" societies reach the next stage of social evolution more rapidly.

68. What was the central goal of the eugenics movement?

A) To distance scientific pursuits from religious ideologies.

B) To increase reproduction among society's "superior" persons and decrease reproduction among society's "inferior" persons.

C) To provide social assistance to society's indigent.

D) To reduce birth rates in society as a whole.

E) To increase birth rates in society as a whole.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-68 Reference: Scientific Social Typing in History: Social Darwinism, Eugenics, and the Nazis Learning Objective: LO 9.7 Skill: C Answer: B) To increase reproduction among society's "superior" persons and decrease reproduction among society's "inferior" persons.

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69. What were the consequences of social Darwinism and the science of eugenics?

A) voluntary sterilization programs B) laws in favour of interracial marriage C) improved health among the poor D) the Holocaust E) neoliberal economic policies Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-69 Reference: Scientific Social Typing in History: Social Darwinism, Eugenics, and the Nazis Learning Objective: LO 9.7 Skill: F Answer: D) the Holocaust 70. Which of the following theories proposes that all societies evolve over time, from “primitive” to “civilized”?

A) rationalization theory B) social Darwinism C) neutralization theory D) bad apple theory E) iceberg theory Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-70 Reference: Scientific Social Typing in History: Social Darwinism, Eugenics, and the Nazis Learning Objective: LO 9.7 Skill: C Answer: B) social Darwinism 71. Which province had the largest and longest-lasting involuntary sterilization program in Canada?

A) British Columbia B) Alberta C) Ontario D) Quebec E) Nova Scotia Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-71 Reference: Scientific Social Typing in History: Social Darwinism, Eugenics, and the Nazis Learning Objective: LO 9.7 Skill: F Answer: B) Alberta

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72. To what social phenomenon has the label new eugenics been applied?

A) To genetic testing and technologies that target certain social groups.

B) To the growing phenomenon of “political correctness” in society.

C) To the increasing intolerances of the liberal left.

D) To medical science’s efforts to reduce unhealthy lifestyle behaviours, such as smoking.

E) To the amount of time that the media gives to right-wing ideologies, such as alt-right groups.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-72 Reference: Scientific Social Typing in Today: Medicalization Learning Objective: LO 9.7 Skill: C Answer: A) To genetic testing and technologies that target certain social groups.

73. Which of the following belief systems is most often categorized as a pseudoscience?

A) astrology B) quantum mechanics C) the theory of evolution D) Durkheim’s theory of anomie E) genetic science Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 09-73 Reference: Science and Pseudoscience Learning Objective: LO 9.6 Skill: A Answer: a) astrology 74. A scientist who adds in a few missing variables in a manner that supports and improves their results, and then justifies the action by denying that this small change would hurt anyone, is engaging in which of techniques of neutralization?

A) denial of injury B) denial of the victim C) denial of responsibility D) condemn the condemners E) appeal to higher loyalties Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-74 Reference: Scientific Misconduct Learning Objective: LO 9.5 Skill: A Answer: A) denial of injury

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75. Why did support staff (i.e., field workers) working on medical research in Africa engage in scientific misconduct?

A) insufficient training and supervision B) moral challenges and declining morale C) a publish-or-perish environment D) the nature of post-academic science E) they were easily bribed Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-75 Reference: Scientific Misconduct Learning Objective: LO 9.5 Skill: C Answer: B) moral challenges and declining morale 76. If research is released and it is determined that there is a clear androcentric bias to the information, this would be a violation of which of Merton's norms of science?

A) communism B) skepticism C) disinterestedness D) professionalism E) universalism Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 09-76 Reference: Scientific Misconduct Learning Objective: LO 9.5 Skill: C Answer: E) universalism 77. In an analysis of the disproportionate spreading of the witch hunts across Europe, where did Ben-Yehuda find that witch persecutions happened more often?

A) in countries who had experienced more war B) in countries that had 'healers' and more natural spiritual practices C) in countries where the power of the Catholic church has weakened D) in countries who were more secular E) in countries that were more diverse Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 09-77 Reference: The Witch Persecutions Learning Objective: LO 9.4 Skill: A Answer: C) in countries where the power of the Catholic church had weakened

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78. Merton claimed that science is based on the assumption that knowledge should be freely shared. Which aspect of the normative structure of science does this assumption illustrate?

A) universalism B) skepticism C) disinterestedness D) altruism E) communism Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-78 Reference: Scientific Misconduct Learning Objective: LO 9.5 Skill: C Answer: E) communism 79. Some sociologists study science as a social typer of deviance. Which of the following is an example of this approach to deviance research?

A) examining ways to control scientific misconduct B) analyzing the corporatization of science C) reflecting on definitions of "pseudoscience" D) recognizing the impact of the Sexual Sterilization Act in Alberta E) studying patterns of plagiarism and cheating in a university deviance class Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 09-79 Reference: Science as a Social Typer of Deviance Learning Objective: LO 9.7 Skill: A Answer: D) recognizing the impact of the Sexual Sterilization Act in Alberta 80. Distinguish among the characteristics of ecclesia, churches, sects, and cults.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-80 Reference: Deviant Religions According to Traditional Typologies Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

81. Identify the two types of relationships that can exist between belief systems and deviance.

Give an example of each.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-81 Reference: Religion Learning Objective: LO 9.1 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

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82. Outline the three factors that influence the level of tension that a specific religious group experiences with the larger society.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-82 Reference: The “Deviant” World of Sects and Cults Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

83. Describe the criticisms that are directed at the traditional typology that distinguishes between churches, sects, and cults.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-83 Reference: Controlling “Deviant” Religions Learning Objective: LO 9.3 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

84. Describe the variety of ways in which the European witch craze varied across regions.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 09-84 Reference: The Witch Persecutions Learning Objective: LO 9.4 Skill: F Answer: Answers will vary.

85. Describe how churches and the federal government have responded to the legacy of residential schooling and day schools for Indigenous children.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-85 Reference: Residential Schooling Learning Objective: LO 9.4 Skill: F Answer: Answers will vary.

86. Describe how media portrayals of Peoples Temple Agricultural Project might have been more influential than the events themselves.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-86 Reference: Controlling “Deviant” Religions Learning Objective: LO 9.3 Skill: C/F Answer: Answers will vary.

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87. Distinguish between the bad apple theory and iceberg theory explanations of scientific misconduct. Which one do you think best applies to misconduct?

Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 09-87 Reference: Scientific Misconduct Learning Objective: LO 9.5 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

88. Drawing upon examples, describe the role of corporatization in scientific misconduct.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-88 Reference: Scientific Misconduct Learning Objective: LO 9.5 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

89. Describe how the birth of Western science and European colonialism were mutually reinforcing.

Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 09-89 Reference: Scientific Social Typing in History: Social Darwinism, Eugenics, and the Nazis Learning Objective: LO 9.7 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

90. Describe the normative structure of science, according to Merton (1973), and explain the relationship between that structure and scientific misconduct.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-90 Reference: Scientific Misconduct Learning Objective: LO 9.5 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

91. Explain what the implications are when religious belief systems become the foundation for law and government policy.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-91 Reference: Religion as a Social Typer of Deviance Learning Objective: LO 9.4 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

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92. Briefly describe Canada's values and actions during the eugenics movements of the early 20th century.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-92 Reference: Scientific Social Typing in History: Social Darwinism, Eugenics, and the Nazis Learning Objective: LO 9.7 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

93. Religious and scientific belief systems steer the social typing process by telling us what specific behaviours or characteristics are “deviant,” and in need of social control. In your opinion, how much harm or how much good have religious belief systems and scientific belief systems caused in this way?

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-93 Reference: Religion as a Social Typer of Deviance; Science as a Social Typer of Deviance Learning Objective: LO 9.4; LO 9.7 Skill: A/C/F Answer: Answers will vary.

94. Describe how residential schooling is an illustration of the blurring of boundaries between religious and political belief systems.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-94 Reference: Religion as a Social Typer of Deviance Learning Objective: LO 9.4 Skill: A/F Answer: Answers will vary.

95. Using specific examples, discuss the ways that the more "objective" characteristics of statistical rarity, harm, normative violation, and societal reaction are involved with the social typing of "deviant" religions.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 09-95 Reference: Religion as Deviance: “Deviant” Religions Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Skill: A Answer: Answers will vary.

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96. Using specific examples, outline the role of the media in the social control of “deviant” religions as well as religious groups resisting that deviant label.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 09-96 Reference: Controlling “Deviant” Religions Learning Objective: LO 9.3 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

97. Describe how the institutional logics governing the regulation of scientific misconduct have changed over time and explain the events and/or assumptions that underlie each of the logics.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-97 Reference: Scientific Misconduct Learning Objective: LO 9.5 Skill: C/F Answer: Answers will vary.

98. Explain why concerns about science as a social typer of deviance have emerged, and describe two historical and two contemporary examples that illustrate these concerns.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-98 Reference: Science as a Social Typer of Deviance Learning Objective: LO 9.7 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

99. Describe what social Darwinism is and explain how it is related to the social typing of deviance.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-99 Reference: Scientific Social Typing in History: Social Darwinism, Eugenics, and the Nazis Learning Objective: LO 9.7 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

100. Describe the nature of the ethical debates over genetic science today.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 09-100 Reference: Scientific Social Typing in Today: Medicalization Learning Objective: LO 9.7 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

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101. Analyze the relationship between religion and politics and how it impacts the construction of deviance. Provide and describe the power dynamics of a modern example of deviance that is caught in this powerful social reality.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 09-101 Reference: Religion as a Social Typer of Deviance Learning Objective: LO 9.4 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

102. Drawing upon examples, explain how moral panics emerge over cults.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 09-102 Reference: Controlling “Deviant” Religions Learning Objective: LO 9.3 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

103. Outline the relationship between social media and pseudoscientific claims. In your opinion, has social media made the problem of pseudoscience worse?

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 09-103 Reference: Science and Pseudoscience Learning Objective: LO 9.6 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

104. Although this chapter focuses on religious and scientific belief systems, shift your attention to political belief systems. In what ways have you seen certain political belief systems deviantized? In what ways do you see political belief systems deviantizing others?

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 09-104 Reference: Introduction to Chapter 9 Learning Objective: LO 9.1 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

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Chapter 10: The “Deviance Dance” Continues 1. Deviance scholars located on the subjectivist side of the objective/subjective dichotomy propose that there is a specific quality inherent in certain behaviours that necessarily makes those acts deviant. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 10-01 Reference: The Objective-Subjective Continuum Learning Objective: LO 10.1 Skill: C Answer: b. False 2. Analyses of power are central to deviance research that leans toward the more subjectivist end of the objective-subjective continuum. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 10-02 Reference: The Objective-Subjective Continuum Learning Objective: LO 10.1 Skill: C Answer: a. True 3. Scholars who study the variables associated with youth crime lean towards the objectivist end of the objective-subjective continuum. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-03 Reference: The Objective-Subjective Continuum Learning Objective: LO 10.1 Skill: A Answer: a. True 4. Positivist theories are more useful to subjectivist deviance scholars. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 10-04 Reference: The Objective-Subjective Continuum Learning Objective: LO 10.1 Skill: C Answer: b. False

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5. Socialization is a form of retroactive social control. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-05 Reference: Social Typing, Social Control, and Powerful Groups Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Skill: A Answer: b. False 6. The social standards that underlie the deviantization of “too fat” have little to do with health risks and more to do with cultural ideals of attractiveness. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-06 Reference: The Objective-Subjective Continuum; Social Typing, Social Control, and Powerful Groups Learning Objective: LO 10.1, LO 10.2 Skill: C Answer: a. True 7. The government is a tool used by other groups in society that are acting as moral entrepreneurs, but in contemporary Canada it no longer acts as a moral entrepreneur itself. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-07 Reference: Social Typing, Social Control, and Powerful Groups Learning Objective: LO 10.3 Skill: C Answer: b. False 8. In recent years, the #ClimateStrike movement has been critical of corporate profit at the expense of the environment. From the perspective of deviance specialists, participants in this movement are moral entrepreneurs. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-08 Reference: Social Typing, Social Control, and Powerful Groups Learning Objective: LO 10.3 Skill: A Answer: a. True

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9. The first step in the social typing process is evaluation. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-09 Reference: Social Typing, Social Control, and Powerful Groups Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Skill: C Answer: b. False 10. A physician telling you that you are “overweight” reflects the description step in the social typing process. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 10-10 Reference: Social Typing, Social Control, and Powerful Groups Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Skill: A Answer: a. True 11. Both the social typing process and the deviance dance are evident in all of the chapters in the textbook. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 10-11 Reference: Social Typing, Social Control, and Powerful Groups; The “Deviance Dance” Learning Objective: LO 10.2; LO 10.4 Skill: C Answer: a. True 12. Covering your tattoos with long sleeves when going to a job interview would be an example of preventative social control. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-12 Reference: Social Typing, Social Control, and Powerful Groups Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Skill: A Answer: a. True

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13. The concept of the deviance dance is illustrated by pro-anorexia websites. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-13 Reference: The “Deviance Dance” Learning Objective: LO 10.4 Skill: A Answer: a. True 14. The deviance dance consists of three steps: description, evaluation, and prescription. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 10-14 Reference: The “Deviance Dance” Learning Objective: LO 10.4 Skill: C Answer: b. False 15. In the 21st century, media is the locus of claims-making in the struggles over moral codes and deviance. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-15 Reference: Social Typing, Social Control, and Powerful Groups Learning Objective: LO 10.3 Skill: F Answer: a. True 16. In the mid-20th century, young people could be entered into the youth justice system for skipping school. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-16 Reference: The Search for Standards Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Skill: F Answer: a. True

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17. For most of the 19th century, child abuse was perceived as legally, morally, and socially acceptable. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-17 Reference: The Search for Standards Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Skill: F Answer: a. True 18. For several years during the 1930s, the Canadian government admired the success of Nazi eugenics. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-18 Reference: The Search for Standards Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Skill: F Answer: a. True 19. If the social typing of deviance would cease to exist, anarchy would probably reign in society. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-19 Reference: The Search for Standards Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Skill: C Answer: a. True 20. The abuse that Indigenous children suffered in residential schools is an example of the violation of the basic human right of "security of person and property." a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 10-20 Reference: The Search for Standards Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Skill: C Answer: a. True

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21. Human dignity is one the three themes in human rights policy that is especially relevant for discussions of deviance and normality. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-21 Reference: The Search for Standards Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Skill: C Answer: a. True 22. The eugenics movement is an example of the violation of the right to human dignity. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 10-22 Reference: The Search for Standards Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Skill: A Answer: a. True 23. The world's first human rights document was created in Britain in the 1880s. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-23 Reference: The Search for Standards Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Skill: F Answer: b. False 24. Sexual orientation has been integrated into the human rights documents of some nations. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 10-24 Reference: The Search for Standards Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Skill: F Answer: a. True

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25. Human rights documents themselves state that there are circumstances when violating someone's human rights is legitimate. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-25 Reference: The Search for Standards Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Skill: C Answer: a. True 26. The Canadian government violated human rights when it included "hate crimes" in the Criminal Code of Canada. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-26 Reference: The Search for Standards Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Skill: C Answer: a. True 27. While science does provide information to support the labelling of deviance, it is merely a tool to be used by other moral entrepreneurs to construct deviance. In its objective to stay neutral, science itself does not directly attempt to influence the dominant moral codes of our society. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-27 Reference: Social Typing, Social Control, and Powerful Groups Learning Objective: LO 10.3 Skill: A/C Answer: b. False 28. Subjectivist deviance specialists shine a spotlight on the deviant acts themselves. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-28 Reference: The Objective-Subjective Continuum Learning Objective: LO 10.1 Skill: C Answer: b. False

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29. While growing up, your parents might have grounded you when you came home after curfew.

This is an example of an informal measure of social control. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 10-29 Reference: Social Typing, Social Control, and Powerful Groups Learning Objective: LO 10.3 Skill: F Answer: a. True 30. The deviance dance is most often cooperative. a. True b. False Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 10-30 Reference: The “Deviance Dance” Learning Objective: LO 10.4 Skill: C Answer: b. False 31. The objective-subjective continuum has been reflected in every chapter in the textbook for this class. a. True b. False Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 10-31 Reference: The Objective-Subjective Continuum Learning Objective: LO 10.1 Skill: F Answer: a. True 32. In her research study, Prof. Justice is studying online racism. She first counts the number of males and females who make racist posts on social media. Then she interviews people, asking them what “racism” means to them. Prof. Justice’s research includes both objectivist and subjectivist elements. a. True b. False Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 10-32 Reference: The Objective-Subjective Continuum Learning Objective: LO 10.1 Skill: A Answer: a. True

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33. Objectivist scholars have questioned the categorizing of various religions, arguing that power is a dimension in how certain groups are framed in social discourse. a. True b. False Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-33 Reference: The Objective-Subjective Continuum Learning Objective: LO 10.1 Skill: C Answer: b. False 34. Which of the following is an example of how more objectivist research interests have been integrated into the textbook?

A) The exploration of culturally specific processes by which certain sexual acts come to be perceived as "deviant".

B) Research applying strain theory to the issue of youth crime.

C) Research on the perceptions people have of those who are "too fat".

D) The debates surrounding whether ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) should be included as a "mental disorder".

E) The exploration of the role scientists play in the social typing of deviance in society.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 10-34 Reference: The Objective-Subjective Continuum Learning Objective: LO 10.1 Skill: A Answer: B) Research applying strain theory to the issue of youth crime.

35. Which of the following is an example of how more subjectivist research interests have been integrated into the textbook?

A) How art is used in acts of political resistance.

B) Research on the social factors that contribute to the development of anorexia.

C) Research on the social and economic costs of mental illness in society.

D) Research on the characteristics of "destructive" cults.

E) The iceberg theory of scientific deviance.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 10-35 Reference: The Objective-Subjective Continuum Learning Objective: LO 10.1 Skill: A Answer: A) How art is used in acts of political resistance,

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36. According to subjective definitions of deviance, what is the foundation for determining which behaviours are “deviant” and which are “normal?”

A) high-consensus norms B) low-consensus norms C) dominant moral codes D) social contracts E) criminal laws Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-36 Reference: The Objective-Subjective Continuum Learning Objective: LO 10.1 Skill: C Answer: C) dominant moral codes 37. Which of the following reflects a more subjective approach to the study of deviance?

A) Research on the most effective ways of controlling college binge drinking.

B) The exploration of how drug prevention programs for street youth differ from drug prevention programs for mainstream youth.

C) Research on how the "gang problem" is portrayed in the media, and what the consequences of that portrayal are.

D) Research on why some mental illnesses are more common among lower socioeconomic classes.

E) Social control theory.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 10-37 Reference: The Objective-Subjective Continuum Learning Objective: LO 10.1 Skill: A Answer: C) Research on how the "gang problem" is portrayed in the media, and what the consequences of that portrayal are.

38. Which step in the social typing process includes formal and informal social control measures?

A) evaluation B) prescription C) description D) tagging E) dramaturgical Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 10-38 Reference: Social Typing, Social Control, and Powerful Groups Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Skill: C Answer: B) prescription

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39. As you see a group of people walking down the street, your friend says to you, "Those people steal our jobs!" Which component of the social typing process is reflected in your friend's statement?

A) description B) evaluation C) prescription D) formal social control E) tagging Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-39 Reference: Social Typing, Social Control, and Powerful Groups Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Skill: A Answer: B) evaluation 40. People in many professions (e.g., law enforcement; educators) identify "at risk" youth. Which step in the social typing process does this reflect?

A) description B) evaluation C) dramaturgical D) informal social control E) judgement Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-40 Reference: Social Typing, Social Control, and Powerful Groups Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Skill: A Answer: A) description 41. Consider the following statement: "Soccer moms are bad drivers." Which component of the social typing process is reflected by that assumption?

A) description B) evaluation C) prescription D) preventative social control E) formal social control Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 10-41 Reference: Social Typing, Social Control, and Powerful Groups Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Skill: A Answer: B) evaluation

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42. Astrology is often labelled a "pseudoscience". Which step in the social typing process does this reflect?

A) evaluation B) prescription C) description D) judgement E) interaction Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-42 Reference: Social Typing, Social Control, and Powerful Groups Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Skill: A Answer: C) description 43. During the witch persecutions, certain people were burned at the stake because it was believed they were causing harm within the community. Which component of the social typing process does this reflect?

A) evaluation B) prescription C) description D) tagging E) dramaturgical Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-43 Reference: Social Typing, Social Control, and Powerful Groups Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Skill: A Answer: A) evaluation 44. Which component of the social typing process involves placing an individual into a specific category because of an observed or presumed characteristic?

A) evaluation B) stigmatization C) description D) prescription E) discrimination Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 10-44 Reference: Social Typing, Social Control, and Powerful Groups Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Skill: C Answer: C) description

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45. Cetin arrives at work with a new, expensive suit. As Cetin walks down the hall, he sees people staring and rolling their eyes. What type of social control has occurred?

A) retroactive B) formal C) preventative D) self-control E) peripheral Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 10-45 Reference: Social Typing, Social Control, and Powerful Groups Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Skill: A Answer: A) retroactive 46. Which form of social control is exerted after an act of deviance has already occurred?

A) informal B) self-control C) preventative D) retroactive E) prescription Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 10-46 Reference: Social Typing, Social Control, and Powerful Groups Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Skill: C Answer: D) retroactive 47. Carrie A. Nation was a member of the temperance movement, whose goal was alcohol prohibition. What is Ms. Nation an example of?

A) a descriptive leader B) a code enforcer C) affirmative postmodernism D) a transformational leader E) a moral entrepreneur Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-47 Reference: Social Typing, Social Control, and Powerful Groups Learning Objective: LO 10.3 Skill: C Answer: E) a moral entrepreneur

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48. Which of the following groups of moral entrepreneurs has the most overt power in modern state systems?

A) religious institutions B) scientists C) commercial enterprise D) politicians E) educational institutions Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 10-48 Reference: Social Typing, Social Control, and Powerful Groups Learning Objective: LO 10.3 Skill: F Answer: D) politicians 49. Which of the following is an example of the deviance dance?

A) The Church of Scientology initiating legal action against critics.

B) Believing that vegans are hard to please.

C) Deciding that someone you see on the subway is a "hipster", based on their physical appearance.

D) Arresting someone who is suspected of a crime.

E) Picking an overweight classmate last for your soccer team.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-49 Reference: The “Deviance Dance” Learning Objective: LO 10.4 Skill: A Answer: A) The Church of Scientology initiating legal action against critics.

50. According to your textbook, what is the locus for claims-making in the struggles over moral codes and deviance in Canadian society?

A) commercial enterprise B) religion C) media D) government E) science Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-50 Reference: Social Typing, Social Control, and Powerful Groups Learning Objective: LO 10.3 Skill: F Answer: C) media

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51. In many cities throughout North America, controversy surrounds the implementation of novaping bylaws. Some groups argue that vaping should be banned in restaurants, but not in bars.

Other groups claim that vaping should be banned in bars as well. Some groups argue that people who vape have the right to do so in any public places. Finally, some groups claim that taxpayer dollars would be better spent on programs to help people quit vaping than on implementing controversial no-vaping bylaws. Which of the following concepts best reflects the simultaneous existence of these different points of view?

A) description B) informal social control C) evaluation D) the deviance dance E) social typing Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-51 Reference: The “Deviance Dance” Learning Objective: LO 10.4 Skill: A Answer: D) the deviance dance 52. Which concept refers to the fact that different points of view, debates, and resistance surround the social typing of deviance.

A) the deviance dance B) tertiary deviance C) retroactive social control D) tagging E) stigmatization Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 10-52 Reference: The “Deviance Dance” Learning Objective: LO 10.4 Skill: C Answer: A) the deviance dance 53. In present day Canadian society there are moral entrepreneurs who exert influence and power in the development and enforcement of society's moral codes. Which one seems to be particularly influential, in that it acts as both a tool used by other moral entrepreneurs and as a moral entrepreneur itself?

A) educational institutions B) religious institutions C) scientists D) media E) commercial enterprise Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-53 Reference: Social Typing, Social Control, and Powerful Groups Learning Objective: LO 10.3 Skill: C Answer: D) media

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54. Which of the following statements about the deviance dance is accurate?

A) Resistance rarely leads to social change.

B) Positivist theories are important for understanding the deviance dance.

C) Indigenous-produced media is an important form of resistance to colonization.

D) The deviance dance is a reflection of skeptical postmodernism.

E) Art is an ineffective form of resistance.

Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 10-54 Reference: The “Deviance Dance” Learning Objective: LO 10.4 Skill: C Answer: C) Indigenous-produced media is an important form of resistance to colonization.

55. Which behaviour was perceived as legally, socially, and morally acceptable in Canada for most of the 19th century, but is now largely perceived as "deviant"?

A) homosexuality B) child abuse C) alcoholism D) truancy E) gender fluidity Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-55 Reference: The Search for Standards Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Skill: F Answer: B) child abuse 56. According to your textbook, where can we search for potential universal standards related to the social typing of deviance?

A) the components that are shared among the doctrines of the world's five major religions B) human rights documents C) those scientific claims that are characterized by consensus within the scientific community D) the laws of nations that have low crime rates E) in the Christian Bible Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 10-56 Reference: The Search for Standards Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Skill: F Answer: B) human rights documents

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57. According to human rights documents, which of the following is a violation of the right to human dignity?

A) the eugenics movement B) arresting a person suspected of a crime C) providing medical treatment to someone with anorexia D) joining Alcoholics Anonymous E) participating in the #ClimateStrike movement Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-57 Reference: The Search for Standards Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Skill: A Answer: A) the eugenics movement 58. Which of the following are themes in human rights documents that are especially important to discussions of the social construction of deviance?

A) human dignity; security of personal and property; freedom from poverty B) human dignity; freedom from poverty; right to education C) security of person and property; right to education; freedom from poverty D) human dignity; security of person and property; freedom from discrimination E) freedom from discrimination; right to education; security of person and property Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-58 Reference: The Search for Standards Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Skill: C Answer: D) human dignity; security of person and property; freedom from discrimination 59. Which of the following events is a violation of all three of the human rights themes presented in your textbook?

A) the eugenics movement B) the labelling of certain religious groups as "cults" under France's new legislation C) the actions of the Christian Coalition D) the failure to provide health care to citizens E) violent crime Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 10-59 Reference: The Search for Standards Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Skill: A Answer: A) the eugenics movement

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60. Which of the following is a human rights document?

A) Universal Declaration of Human Rights B) Universal Declaration of Sexual Rights C) Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms D) Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens E) All of the options listed in this question are human rights documents.

Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 10-60 Reference: The Search for Standards Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Skill: F Answer: E) All of the options listed in this question are human rights documents.

61. Which document is considered to be the foundational document for modern human rights policies, programs and legislation?

A) Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens B) Magna Carta C) Universal Declaration of Human Rights D) Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights E) Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 10-61 Reference: The Search for Standards Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Skill: F Answer: D) Universal Declaration of Human Rights 62. Which human rights document states that an individual should not be discriminated against based on their genetic traits?

A) Magna Carta B) Universal Declaration of Sexual Rights C) Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights D) Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens E) Declaration on the Rights of the Disabled Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 10-62 Reference: The Search for Standards Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Skill: F Answer: C) Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights

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63. When is violating someone's human rights considered to be legitimate, according to human rights documents?

A) when the ruling government of a nation decides, through democratic political processes, that such a violation is legitimate B) when there are threats to social order C) when there are threats to morality D) when there are threats to other people's human rights E) when there are threats to social order, morality, or other people's human rights Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-63 Reference: The Search for Standards Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Skill: C Answer: E) when there are threats to social order, morality, or other people's human rights 64. According to subjective deviance specialists, which factor is at the center of determining what or who is deviant? This is a key part of the social construction of deviance.

A) gender B) power C) nature D) positivism E) empathy Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-64 Reference: The Search for Standards Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Skill: A/F Answer: B) power 65. During election time, the political party currently in power creates a series of radio announcements that discredit their opponent by emphasizing the opponent’s support for the legalization of all drugs. The claim is that this candidate is morally unreliable by supporting this issue. Who is acting as a moral entrepreneur in this example?

A) the media B) the government C) science D) the public E) both government and the media Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-65 Reference: Social Typing, Social Control, and Powerful Groups Learning Objective: LO 10.3 Skill: C Answer: E) both government and the media

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66. Which of the following was once considered deviant, but is now considered acceptable in Canada?

A) the eugenics movement B) the witch persecutions C) homosexuality D) residential schooling E) child abuse Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-66 Reference: The “Deviance Dance” Learning Objective: LO 10.4 Skill: A Answer: C) homosexuality 67. You assume that anti-vaxxers (i.e., members of the anti-vaccination movement) are unintelligent. Which step in the social typing process is reflected by your assumption?

A) description B) prescription C) tagging D) formal social control E) evaluation Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-67 Reference: Social Typing, Social Control, and Powerful Groups Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Skill: A Answer: E) evaluation 68. Under what condition can someone legitimately have their rights violated by the government, in a free and democratic society?

A) if they publicly protest the government B) if they are a threat to other people's human rights C) if they do not have the cognitive ability to speak for themselves D) if they belong to groups known to challenge the state E) if they refuse to be searched in a government building Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-68 Reference: The Search for Standards Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Skill: C Answer: B) if they have threatened to violate other people's rights

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69. During the COVID-19 pandemic, government policies that temporarily closed many businesses and forced people to wear masks were considered by many to be a violation of people’s rights.

Governments argued that these difficult decisions were necessary to stop the pandemic. Which “legitimate” reason for violating someone’s rights does the government’s argument reflect?

A) threats to public order B) threats to children C) threats to public health D) threats to the statistical majority E) threats to the government’s power Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-69 Reference: The Search for Standards Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Skill: A Answer: C) threats to public health 70. Provide three specific examples of how researchers who lean toward the more objective end of the objective-subjective continuum have studied deviance; each example must be drawn from a different chapter.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-70 Reference: The Objective-Subjective Continuum Learning Objective: LO 10.1 Skill: A Answer: Answers will vary.

71. Apply the three components of the social typing process to one substantive issue that has been addressed in the textbook, being sure to elaborate upon the third component in some detail.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-71 Reference: Social Typing, Social Control, and Powerful Groups Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Skill: A Answer: Answers will vary.

72. Discuss the role played by power in the social typing of deviance related to one of the substantive issues that has been addressed in the textbook.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 10-72 Reference: Social Typing, Social Control, and Powerful Groups Learning Objective: LO 10.3 Skill: A Answer: Answers will vary.

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73. Discuss the deviance dance in relation to one of the substantive issues that has been addressed in the textbook.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-73 Reference: The “Deviance Dance” Learning Objective: LO 10.4 Skill: A Answer: Answers will vary.

74. Give three examples of how perceptions of deviance change over time.

Difficulty: Easy QuestionID: 10-74 Reference: The “Deviance Dance” Learning Objective: LO 10.4 Skill: A Answer: Answers will vary.

75. Give three examples of social control measures that are self-directed, based on three different chapters.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-75 Reference: Social Typing, Social Control, and Powerful Groups Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Skill: A Answer: Answers will vary.

76. Identify the three core themes that are integrated into various types of human rights policies and give a specific example for each theme.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-76 Reference: The Search for Standards Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

77. Provide three examples of formal measures of social control, one based on sexuality, one based on youth, and one based on physical appearance.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 10-77 Reference: Social Typing, Social Control, and Powerful Groups Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Skill: A Answer: Answers will vary.

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78. Describe an example when one of the five powerful groups (the media, commercial enterprise, government, religion, and science) have used a tool to label deviance. What is the tool they used / created? Who is using the tool and how is (was) it used?

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 10-78 Reference: Social Typing, Social Control, and Powerful Groups Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Skill: A Answer: Answers will vary.

79. Describe three topics that reflect the subjectivist approach to studying deviance, one based on mental illness, one based on science, and one based on religion.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 10-79 Reference: The Objective-Subjective Continuum Learning Objective: LO 10.1 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

80. List the core themes that are present in diverse human rights documents, and link each of those themes to specific issues that have been addressed in the textbook.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 10-80 Reference: The Search for Standards Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Skill: A Answer: Answers will vary.

81. Based on what you have learned in this course, has your opinion of who/what is "deviant" changed or remained the same? Explain your answer.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-81 Reference: Chapter 10 - The “Deviance Dance” Continues Learning Objective: LO 10.1, LO 10.2, LO 10.3, LO 10.4, LO 10.5 Skill: A/C/F Answer: Answers will vary.

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82. Based on your own opinion as well as what you have learned in this course, what one instance of the social typing of deviance do you think is the most justified? What one instance of the social typing of deviance do you think is the most unjust? Explain your answers.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 10-82 Reference: The Search for Standards Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Skill: A/C/F Answer: Answers will vary.

83. Contrast more objective and more subjective approaches to understanding deviance. Where do you fall along the objective-subjective continuum? Explain your answer, using specific examples as support.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 10-83 Reference: The Objective-Subjective Continuum Learning Objective: LO 10.1 Skill: A/C/F Answer: Answers will vary.

84. Contemplate from your perspective, are there examples of deviance that are inherently 'evil or abnormal', thereby supporting a more objective view of deviance, or is there always an element of social construction in the labelling of deviance? Justify your answer.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 10-84 Reference: The Objective-Subjective Continuum Learning Objective: LO 10.1 Skill: C Answer: Answers will vary.

85. Discuss the fact that deviance can be positive. How is the existence of some deviance benefiting our society? If it is positive, why is it still considered deviant? Provide examples to support your position.

Difficulty: Moderate QuestionID: 10-85 Reference: Chapter 10 - The “Deviance Dance” Continues Learning Objective: LO 10.1, LO 10.2, LO 10.3, LO 10.4, LO 10.5 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

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86. During the COVID-19 pandemic, governments created new rules for people to live by (e.g., wearing masks in public places, prohibiting indoor dining at restaurants) and temporarily closed down many businesses. Most people responded by following these new rules. A vocal few acted against the rules, such as by holding anti-mask rallies, attacking store clerks who were refusing them service, and opening their restaurants for in-person dining. In this situation, where do you see “deviance” and how do you know it is deviance that you are witnessing? Where do you see social control? Where do you see the deviance dance? How might the concept of human rights be applied to the players in these events?

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 10-86 Reference: Chapter 10 - The “Deviance Dance” Continues Learning Objective: LO 10.1, LO 10.2, LO 10.3, LO 10.4, LO 10.5 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

87. Select one way that you have been socially typed as deviant and subjected to measures of social control. Then reflect on your experiences surrounding this process using the lens of the sociology of deviance. Which of the five different definitions of deviance do you think people were using when they deviantized you? What forms of social control have you, or others like you, been subjected to? Where do you see resistance and other forms of the deviance dance?

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 10-87 Reference: Chapter 10 - The “Deviance Dance” Continues Learning Objective: LO 10.1, LO 10.2, LO 10.3, LO 10.4, LO 10.5 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

88. Construct an argument outlining which moral entrepreneur(s) have the most influence over the social construction of deviance and normality in Canada today.

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 10-88 Reference: Social Typing, Social Control, and Powerful Groups Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Skill: A Answer: Answers will vary.

89. Make an argument to support the notion of redefining deviance through the standards set by human rights. How would this change who and what was labelled deviant? What challenges would this process face?

Difficulty: Challenging QuestionID: 10-89 Reference: The Search for Standards Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Skill: A/C Answer: Answers will vary.

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