C How to Program With Case Studies Introducing Applications and Systems Programming, 9th Edition Pau

C How to Program With Case Studies Introducing Applications and Systems Programming, 9th Edition By Paul Deitel

Email: richard@qwconsultancy.com

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1.1 Q1: Which of the following statements is true? a. Hardware controls software. b. Software controls hardware. c. C is an object-oriented programming language. d. Both (b) and (c) are true.

ANS: b.

1.1 Q2: Which of the following statements a), b) or c) is false? a. Decades ago, most computer applications ran on networked computers. b. Today's applications can be written with the aim of communicating among the world's computers via the Internet. c. A key intersection between computer science and data science is artificial intelligence. d. All of the above statements are true.

ANS: a. Decades ago, most computer applications ran on networked computers. Actually, decades ago, most computer applications ran on "standalone" computers (that is, not networked together).

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1.2 Q1: Which of the following statements is false? a. Computers can perform calculations and make logical decisions phenomenally faster than human beings can. b. Computers process data under the control of sequences of instructions called computer programs (or simply programs). c. A computer consists of various physical devices referred to as hardware (such as the keyboard, screen, mouse, solid-state disks, hard disks, memory, d. Computing costs are rising dramatically, due to the increasing complexity of hardware and software technologies.

ANS: d. Actually, computing costs are dropping dramatically, due to rapid developments in hardware and software technologies.

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1.2 Q2: Every year or two, the capacities of computers have approximately doubled inexpensively. This remarkable trend often is called ________. a. the law of large numbers b. the principal of least privilege c. Moore's law d. Wirth's law ANS: c.

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1.2 Q3: Which logical unit of the computer is the receiving section? a. input unit b. output unit c. memory unit d. central processing unit.

ANS: a.

1.2 Q4: Information in the memory unit is ________. It's typically lost when the computer's power is turned off. a. persistent b. constant c. sticky d. volatile ANS: d.

1.2 Q5: A gigabyte is approximately one ________ bytes. a. thousand b. million c. billion d. trillion.

ANS: c.

1.2 Q6: The arithmetic and logic unit contains the ________ mechanisms that allow the computer, for example, to compare two items from the memory unit to determine whether they're equal. a. decision b. calculation c. addition d. None of the above.

ANS: a.

1.2 Q7: Information on secondary storage devices is ________ — it's preserved even when the computer's power is turned off. a. volatile b. unstable c. transient d. persistent ANS: d.

1.2 Q8: Secondary storage information takes much ________ to access than information in primary memory, but its cost per unit is much ________. a. less time, less b. longer, less .

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c. less time, more d. longer, more ANS: b.

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1.3 Q1: A(n) ________ is the smallest data item in a computer. It can have the value 0 or 1. a. bit b. byte c. field d. record ANS: a.

1.3 Q2: Which of the following statements a), b) or c) is false? a. A computer's character set represents every character as a pattern of 1s and 0s. b. All Unicode® characters are composed of four bytes (32 bits). c. Unicode contains characters for many of the world's languages. d. All of the above statements are true.

ANS: b. Actually, Unicode® characters are composed of one, two, three or four bytes (8, 16, 24 or 32 bits, respectively).

1.3 Q3: The most popular database model is the ________ database, in which data is stored in simple tables. a. network b. graph c. relational d. hierarchical ANS: c.

1.3 Q4: Which one of the following statements is true? a. a terabyte is larger than a petabyte. b. a kilobyte is exactly 1000 bytes. c. a gigabyte is 1024 megabytes. d. an exabyte is 1024 zettabytes.

ANS: c.

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1.4 Q1: Which of the following statements a), b) or c) is false? a. Any computer can directly understand only its own machine language, defined by its hardware design. b. Translator programs called assemblers convert assembly-language programs .

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to machine language at computer speeds. c. Interpreter programs, developed to execute high-level language programs directly, avoid the delay of compilation, and run faster than compiled programs. d) All of the above statements are true.

ANS: c. Actually, interpreter programs run slower than compiled programs.

1.4 Q2: Which of the following statements is false? a. With the advent of assembly languages, computer usage increased rapidly, but programmers still had to use numerous instructions to accomplish even the simplest tasks. b. To speed the programming process, high-level languages were developed in which single statements could be written to accomplish substantial tasks. c. Translator programs called assemblers convert high-level-language source code into machine language. d. High-level languages instructions look almost like every-day English and contain commonly used mathematical notations.

ANS: c. Actually, those translator programs are compilers. Assemblers convert assembly language programs into machine language.

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1.5 Q1: Windows is a(n) ________ operating system—it's controlled by Microsoft exclusively. a. proprietary b. private c. open source d. None of the above.

ANS: a.

1.5 Q2: ________ is by far the world's most widely used desktop operating system. a. Linux b. MacOS c. Windows d. none of the above ANS: c.

1.5 Q3: With ________ software development, individuals and companies contribute their efforts in developing, maintaining and evolving software in exchange for the right to use that software for their own purposes, typically at no charge. a. object-oriented b. high-level c. open-source .

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d. proprietary ANS: c.

1.5 Q4: Which of the following organizations has millions of open-source projects under development? a. Python Software Foundation b. GitHub c. The Apache Software Foundation d. The Eclipse Foundation ANS: b.

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1.6 Q1: Which of the following languages was an ancestor of C? a. A b. A+ c. B d. B+ ANS: c.

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1.7 Q1: Which of the following are sources of building blocks that you’ll use to build your C programs? a. Functions from the C standard library. b. Functions you create yourself. c. Functions from open-source C libraries. d. All of the above.

ANS: d.

1.7 Q2: Which of the following are true regarding why standard library functions can be more efficient? a. They save programming time. b. They are carefully written to perform optimally. c. They increase program portability. d. All of the above.

ANS: d.

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1.8 Q1: C++ was developed by ________. a. Bjarne Stroustrup b. Ada Lovelace c. Blaise Pascal d. Ken Thompson .

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ANS: a.

1.8 Q2: Which language was developed by Microsoft for integrating the Internet and the web into computer applications? a. Objective-C. b. Java. c. PHP. d. C#.

ANS: d.

1.8 Q3: Java was developed by ___________. a. Sun Microsystems b. Bell Labs c. IBM d. ANSI/ISO ANS: a.

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1.9 Q1: The compile stage is when ____________. a. the object code is linked with code for functions in other files b. the C program is translated into machine language code c. the program is executed one instruction at a time d. the program is placed in memory ANS: b.

1.9 Q2: The linker creates __________. a. an executable image b. a preprocessor directive c. object code d. an input stream ANS: a.

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No questions.

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1.11 Q1: Which of the following statements about the ARPANET and the Internet is false? a. The ARPANET was the precursor to today's Internet. b. Today's fastest Internet speeds are on the order of millions of bits per second with billion-bits-per-second (gigabit) speeds already being tested. c. Although the ARPANET enabled researchers to network their computers, its main benefit proved to be the capability for quick and easy communication via .

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what came to be known as electronic mail (e-mail). d. The protocol (set of rules) for communicating over the ARPANET became known as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). TCP ensured that messages, consisting of sequentially numbered pieces called packets, were properly delivered from sender to receiver, arrived intact and were assembled in the correct order.

ANS: b. Actually, today's fastest Internet speeds are on the order of billions of bits per second with trillion-bits-per-second (terabit) speeds already being tested.

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1.11 Q2: Which of the following statements about the Internet is false? a. One challenge was to enable different networks to communicate with each other. ARPA accomplished this by developing the Internet Protocol (IP), which created a true "network of networks," the current architecture of the Internet. b. The combined set of Internet protocols is now called TCP/IP. c. Each Internet-connected- device has a TCP address—a unique numerical identifier used by devices communicating via TCP/IP to locate one another on the Internet. d. Bandwidth—the information-carrying capacity of communications lines—on the Internet has increased tremendously, while hardware costs have plummeted.

ANS: c. Each Internet-connected- device has a TCP address—a unique numerical identifier used by devices communicating via TCP/IP to locate one another on the Internet. Actually, each Internet-connected device has an IP address—a unique numerical identifier used by devices communicating via TCP/IP to locate one another on the Internet.

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1.11 Q3: Which of the following statements is false? a. The World Wide Web is a collection of hardware and software associated with the Internet that allows computer users to locate and view documents (with various combinations of text, graphics, animations, audios and videos) on almost any subject. b. In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee of CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research) began developing HyperText Markup Language (HTML)—the technology for sharing information via "hyperlinked" text documents. c. Berners-Lee also wrote communication protocols such as JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) to form the backbone of his new hypertext information system, which he referred to as the World Wide Web. d. In 1994, Berners-Lee founded the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), devoted to developing web technologies. .

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ANS: c. Actually, in 1989, Tim Berners-Lee of CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research) began developing HyperText Markup Language (HTML)—the technology for sharing information via "hyperlinked" text documents.

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1.11 Q4: The applications-development methodology of ________ enables you to rapidly develop powerful software applications by combining (often free) complementary web services and other forms of information feeds. a. cloud computing b. design patterns c. proprietary computing d. mashups ANS: d.

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1.11 Q5: The Internet is no longer just a network of computers—it's an Internet of Things. A thing is any object with which of the following? a. an IP address b. the ability to send data over the Internet c. in some cases, the ability to receive data over the Internet d. Things can have all of the above.

ANS: d.

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1.12 Q1: Reworking programs to make them clearer and easier to maintain while preserving their correctness and functionality is called ________. a. refactoring b. design patterns c. editing d. None of the above.

ANS: a.

1.12 Q2: Proven architectures for constructing flexible and maintainable objectoriented software are called ________. a. refactored architectures b. software blueprints c. engineered architectures d. design patterns ANS: d.

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1.13 Q1: Which of the following statements about big data is false? a. For computer scientists and data scientists, data is now as important as writing programs. b. One megabyte is exactly one million (1,000,000) bytes. c. A March 2016 AnalyticsWeek article stated that by there would be over 50 billion devices connected to the Internet (most of them through the Internet of Things), and by 2020 there would be 1.7 megabytes of new data every second for every person on the planet. d. The speed at which quantum computers now under development could operate at is so extraordinary that in one second, a quantum computer theoretically could do staggeringly more calculations than the total that have been done by all computers since the world’s first computer appeared.

ANS: b. Actually, one megabyte is exactly 220 = 1024 x 1024 = 1,048,576 bytes.

1.13 Q2: Which of the following statements about energy consumption is false? a. According to a recent article, energy use for processing data in 2015 was growing at 20% per year and consuming approximately three to five percent of the world's power. b. Another enormous electricity consumer is the blockchain-based cryptocurrency Bitcoin—processing just one Bitcoin transaction uses approximately the same amount of energy as powering the average American home for a year. c. The energy use comes from the process Bitcoin "miners" use to prove that transaction data is valid. d. Together, Bitcoin and Ethereum (another popular blockchain-based platform and cryptocurrency) consume more energy per year than Finland, Belgium or Pakistan.

ANS: b. Actually, processing just one Bitcoin transaction uses approximately the same amount of energy as powering the average American home for a week.

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1.13 Q3: Which of the following "V's of big data" is described by "the validity of the data—is it complete and accurate? Can we trust that data when making crucial decisions? Is it real? a. Volume b. Velocity c. Variety d. Veracity ANS: d.

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No questions.

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1.14 Q1: Once Waze converts a spoken command to text, it must determine the correct action to perform, which requires: a. JSON b. speech recognition c. natural language processing d. speech synthesis ANS: c.

1.14 Q2: Each of the following statements about a typical mobile social navigation app is true and most captures the essence of the application? a. The app processes massive amounts of crowdsourced data—that is, the data that's continuously supplied by users through their mobile GPS-based devices worldwide. b. The app uses speech synthesis to speak driving directions and alerts to you, and speech recognition to understand your spoken commands. c. The app uses your phone as a streaming Internet of Things (IoT) device. Each phone is a GPS sensor that continuously streams data over the Internet to the app. d. The app probably stores its routing information in a graph database. Such databases can efficiently calculate shortest routes.

ANS: a.

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1.15 Q1: What is the "ultimate goal" of the field of artificial intelligence? a. Computers learning from massive amounts of data. b. Computer vision. c. Self-driving cars. d. Artificial general intelligence—computers that perform intelligence tasks as well as humans.

ANS: d.

1.15 Q2: Which of the following statements about AI is false? a. For many decades, AI has been a field with solutions and no problems. b. Google's AlphaZero is a game-playing AI that teaches itself to play games. c. In a 1997 match between IBM's DeepBlue computer system and chess Grandmaster Gary Kasparov, DeepBlue became the first computer to beat a reigning world chess champion under tournament conditions. d. After training- itself in Go for just eight hours, AlphaZero was able to play Go .

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vs. its AlphaGo predecessor, winning 60 of 100 games.

ANS: a. Actually, for many decades, AI has been a field with problems and no solutions.

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Chapter 2: Intro to C Programming 2.1 Introduction (No questions.)

2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text 2.1 Which of the following must every C program have? (a) main (b) #include (c) /* (d) <stdio.h> ANS: (a) 2.2 Every statement in C must end with a ________. (a) period (.) (b) semicolon (;) (c) colon (:) (d) backslash (/) ANS: (b) 2.3 Which of the following is not a valid escape sequence? (a) \n (b) \\ (c) \~ (d) \" ANS: (c) 2.4 Which statement about comments is false? a) Comments begin and end with /* and */, respectively. b) Programmers insert comments to document programs and improve program readability. c) Comments do not cause any machine language object code to be generated. d) Lengthy comments can cause poor execution-time performance. .

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ANS: (d) 2.5 Lines beginning with a # are processed ________. a) at execution time. b) at compile time. c) at preprocessor time. d) at postprocessor time.

ANS: (c) 2.6 Which of the following statements about the inclusion of <stdio.h> is false? a) It is required. b) This header file contains information and declarations used by the compiler when compiling standard input/output library functions such as printf. c) This header file contains information that helps the compiler determine if calls to library functions have been made correctly. d) This header helps locate bugs in your program at compile time, rather than at execution time (when errors are usually more costly to correct).

ANS: (a) 2.7 In the line int main() the parentheses indicate that main is a program building block called a ________. a) module b) statement c) directive d) function ANS: (d) 2.8 The pair of braces that delineate the body of main and the portion of the program between these braces is called a __________. a) function .

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b) block c) statement d) header ANS: (b) 2.9 Which of the following is not a synonym for a C string? a) message b) character string c) character d) literal ANS: (c) 2.10 The following line is most properly an example of a __________. puts("Welcome to C!"); a) function b) block c) statement d) header ANS: (c) 2.11 In a printf, a backslash is printed by enclosing in quotes __________. a) \ b) \\ c) /\ d) // ANS: (b) 2.12 A linked program is often called a(n) __________. a) chain b) library c) object d) executable ANS: (d)

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2.13 The escape sequence for horizontal tab is __________. a) \tab b) \t c) \horizontaltab d) \T ANS: (b)

2.3 Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers 2.14 Which of the following is not a valid integer value? (a) -3 (b) 0 (c) 2134859 (d) 1.1 ANS: (d) 2.15 Which of the following is an invalid identifier (variable name)? (a) _Test (b) TEST (c) 5test (d) test1 ANS: (c) 2.16 Which statement prints “hi” on the screen? (a) puts("hi"); (b) put "hi"; (c) puts "hi"; (d) none of the above ANS: (a) 2.17 The __________ sign is also known as the __________ operator. (a) +, assignment (b) =, assignment (c) *, stream manipulator .

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(d) &, stream insertion ANS: (b) 2.18 A(n) __________ is a location in the computer's memory where a value can be stored for use by a program. a) unknown b) name c) variable d) declaration ANS: (c) 2.19 Which statement is false. a) Variables may be defined anywhere in the body of main. b) All variables must be defined before they are used. c) All variable definitions must include the name and data type of each variable. d) Several variables of the same data type may be defined in one definition.

ANS: (a) 2.20 Which of these is not a valid identifier? a) a_valid_identifier b) a1_valid_identifier c) a_valid_identifier_ d) 1_valid_identifier ANS: (d) 2.21 Which of the following statements is false? a) C is case sensitive. b) Uppercase and lowercase letters are different in C. c) identifier and IdEnTiFiEr are identical identifiers in C. d) Identifiers can be of any length ANS: (c) 2.22 Which of the following multiple word variable names does not conform to the good programming practices in the text? a) multiple_word_variable_name .

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b) multipleWordVariableName c) multiplewordvariablename d) aReallyReallyLongMultipleWordVa ANS: (c) 2.23 The address operator is __________. a) && b) % c) @ d) & ANS: (d) 2.24 Which statement is false? a) in the statement sum = integer1 + integer2; both = and + are binary operators. b) The statement in part a) is an example of an assignment statement. c) The spaces around each of the binary operators in the statement of part a) are required. d) In part a), the = operator’s two operands are sum and the value of the expression integer1 + integer2.

ANS: (c) 2.25 Which of the following is false? a) Each variable being input in a scanf statement is generally preceded by an &. b) Each variable being output in a printf statement is generally not preceded by an &. c) In a printf statement, the comma that separates the format control string from the expressions to be printed is placed inside the format control string. d) Calculations can be performed inside printf statements.

ANS: (c)

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2.4 Memory Concepts 2.26 Variable names actually correspond to __________. (a) locations in the computer's memory (b) operators (c) integers (d) data types ANS: (a) 2.27 When a number gets assigned to a variable that already has a value __________. (a) the new number overwrites the previous value at that memory location (b) the new number gets assigned to a neighboring memory location (c) the computer issues an error (d) the new value is destroyed and the old value remains ANS: (a) 2.28 Every variable has all the attributes below, except __________. a) name b) value c) alias d) type ANS: (c) 2.29 Which of the following is false? a) Reading a value into a memory location destroys the previous value. b) Reading a value out of a memory location destroys that value. c) sum = integer1 + integer2; involves destructive read-in. d) The statement in part c) also involves nondestructive read-out.

ANS: (b) 2.5 Arithmetic in C

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2.30 Which operation will find the remainder when 15 is divided by 6? (a) 15 / 6 (b) 15 % 6 (c) 15 ^ 6 (d) 15 * 6 ANS: (b) 2.31 Evaluate the expression: 3 * 4 % 6 + 4 * 5 (a) 20 (b) 26 (c) 12 (d) 32 ANS: (a) 2.32 Which statement is false? a) In algebra, we write ab to multiply a times b. b) In C, we write ab to multiply a times b. c) In C, the remainder operator is %. d) In C, integer division yields an integer result.

ANS: (b) 2.33 Which statement about C arithmetic is false? a) 6 / 3 yields 2 b) 5 / 2 yields 2.5 c) 7 % 3 yields 1 d) 6 % 3 yields 0 ANS: (b) 2.34 Which statement about precedence is false? a) Parentheses may be used to force the order of evaluation to occur in any sequence desired by the programmer. b) Nested, or embedded parentheses are evaluated last. c) Multiplication has a higher precedence than addition. .

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d) Subtraction has a lower precedence than division.

ANS: (b) 2.35 Which expression is true? a) The expression a * (b + c) + c * (d + e) contains nested parentheses. b) The expression y = a * x * x + b * x + c does exponentiation without an exponentiation operator. c) The C standard library provides function power to perform exponentiation. d) When we say evaluation of an expression proceeds from left to right we are referring to the additivity of the operators.

ANS: (b) 2.6 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators 2.36 C's if statement executes the statement inside its body if a specified __________ is __________. (a) condition, true (b) condition, false (c) equality operator, true (d) relational operator, true ANS: (a) 2.37 Which of the following is an equality operator? (a) == (b) = (c) > (d) >= ANS: (a) 2.38 Which statement is false? a) Executable C statements either perform actions or make decisions. b) If the condition in an if statement is met, the statement in the body of the if statement is executed. c) All the relational operators have the same level of precedence. .

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d) The equality operators have a higher level of precedence than the relational operators.

ANS: (d) 2.39 Which statement is false? a) Whitespace characters such as tabs, newlines and spaces are generally ignored by the C compiler. b) The statements in an if statement must be indented. c) Placing a blank line before and after every control structure can improve program readability. d) There can be (but should not be) more than one statement per line.

ANS: (b) 2.40 Which of the following is not a keyword? a) int b) return c) if d) main ANS: (d) 2.41 The order in which statements are __________ is called flow of control. a) entered in a source file b) preprocessed c) compiled d) executed ANS: (d) 2.7 Secure C Programming 2.42 Which of the following statements is true in secure C programming? (a) You should avoid using printf to display a single string argument. (b) You should always use printf to display a single string argument. (c) You should always use puts to display a single string argument. (d) None of the above. .

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ANS: (a) 2.43 Which of the following statements should be used in secure C programming to display the string "Welcome" not followed by a newline character? (a) printf("Welcome"); (b) puts("Welcome"); (c) printf("%s", "Welcome"); (d) None of the above.

ANS: (c)

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Chapter 3: Structured Program Development 3.1 Introduction (No Questions) 3.2 Algorithms 3.1 Specifying the order in which statements are to be executed in a computer program is called ________. (a) an algorithm (b) transfer of control (c) program control (d) pseudocode ANS: (c) 3.2. The two key attributes of an algorithm are ________. a) actions and start activity b) flow and order of flow c) actions and order of actions d) flow and start activity ANS: (c) 3.3 Pseudocode 3.3 Which of the following is true of pseudocode programs? (a) they are executed by the computer (b) they help the programmer “think out” a program (c) they typically include definitions and all types of statements (d) all of the above are false ANS: (b) 3.4 Pseudocode does not typically include __________. .

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(a) definitions (b) input/output (c) action statements (d) control statements ANS: (a) 3.5 Which statement is false? a) Pseudocode is an artificial and informal language that helps you develop algorithms. b) Pseudocode is similar to everyday English. c) Pseudocode is an actual programming language. d) Pseudocode programs are not actually executed on computers.

ANS: (c) 3.6 Which statement is false? a) Pseudocode helps you “think out” a program before attempting to write it in a programming language such as C. b) Pseudocode programs consist purely of characters so programmers may conveniently type pseudocode programs into a computer using an editor program. c) A carefully prepared pseudocode program is only a beginning; it still takes a tremendous amount of work to convert a pseudocode program into a C program. d) Pseudocode consists only of action statements.

ANS: (c) 3.4 Control Structures 3.7 Which of the following encompasses the other three? (a) sequence structure (b) iteration structure (c) control structure (d) selection structure ANS: (c)

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3.8 In a flowchart of an algorithm, what is the shape of the decision symbol? (a) circle (b) rectangle (c) diamond (d) rounded rectangle ANS: (c) 3.9 Which of the following is an iteration statement? (a) if (b) if…else (c) do…while (d) switch ANS: (c) 3.10 How many types of control statements exist in C? (a) 3 (b) 7 (c) 5 (d) 2 ANS: (a) 3.11 Normally, statements in a program are executed one after the other in the order in which they are written. This is called __________ execution. a) inline b) seeking c) ordered d) sequential ANS: (d) 3.12 Various C statements enable you to specify that the next statement to be executed may be other than the next one in sequence. This is called __________. a) change of order b) instruction skipping .

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c) transfer of control d) rerouting ANS: (c) 3.13 Bohm and Jacopini’s work demonstrated that all programs could be written in terms of only three control statements, namely sequence, __________ and iteration. a) selection b) serialization c) sorting d) searching ANS: (a) 3.14 Which statement is true? a) Unless directed otherwise, the computer automatically executes C statements one before the other. b) The sequence structure is essentially built into C. c) A flowchart is a pseudocode representation of an algorithm or a portion of an algorithm. d) Like pseudocode, flowcharts are useful for developing and representing algorithms, although flowcharts are preferred by most programmers.

ANS: (b) 3.15 The __________ flowchart symbol is also called the action symbol. a) small circle b) diamond c) rounded rectangle d) rectangle ANS: (d) 3.16 Flowchart symbols are connected by arrows called __________. a) flowlines b) flow of control c) flow delimiters d) darts .

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ANS: (a) 3.17 Small circle symbols in a flowchart are often called __________ symbols. a) little circle b) collision c) connector d) collator ANS: (c) 3.18 The diamond flowcharting symbol is also called the __________ symbol. a) determination b) derision c) declarative d) decision ANS: (d) 3.19 The __________ selection statement performs an action if a condition is true and skips that action if the condition is false. a) if b) when c) if …else d) switch ANS: (a) 3.20 The __________ selection statement performs an action if a condition is true and performs a different action if the condition is false. a) if b) when c) if…else d) switch ANS: (c) 3.21 The __________ selection statement performs one of many different actions, depending on the value of an expression. .

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a) if b) when c) if…else d) switch ANS: (d) 3.22 The __________ is called a single-selection statement. a) if b) when c) if…else d) switch ANS: (a) 3.23 The __________ is called a double selection statement. a) if b) when c) if …else d) switch ANS: (c) 3.24 The __________ is called a multiple selection statement. a) if b) when c) if …else d) switch ANS: (d) 3.25 Which is not a C iteration statement? a) while b) do…while c) for d) do…for ANS: (d) 3.26 Which statement is true? a) Each of C’s control statements is characterized as being single-entry, .

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single-exit. b) Each of C’s control statements is characterized as being single-entry, multiple-exit. c) Each of C’s control statements is characterized as being multiple-entry, single-exit. d) Each of C’s control statements is characterized as being multiple-entry, multiple-exit.

ANS: (a) 3.27 Any C program we’ll ever need to build can be constructed from only __________ different control statements combined in only __________ ways. a) 7, 3 b) 6, 2 c) 7, 2 d) 6, 3 ANS: (c) 3.5 The if Selection Statement 3.28 If grade has the value of 60 what will the following code print? if (grade >= 60) { puts("Passed"); } (a) nothing (b) 60 (c) Passed (d) puts("Passed"); ANS: (c) 3.29 Indentation in the if selection statement is ________. (a) always mandatory (b) always optional (c) only mandatory if there is more than one statement following the .

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if statement (d) only optional if there is more than one statement following the if statement ANS: (b) 3.30 The C compiler ignores __________ characters like blanks, tabs and newlines used for indentation and vertical spacing. a) transparent b) translucent c) white d) whitespace ANS: (d) 3.31 Which statement is true about the contents of a correct diamond symbol in a correct flowchart. a) It must contain an expression that evaluates to zero or one. b) It must contain a condition or expression that can be either true or false. c) It must contain relational operators. d) It must contain equality operators.

ANS: (b) 3.32 A correct decision symbol has __________ flowlines emerging from it. a) 4 b) 3 c) 2 d) 1 ANS: (c) 3.33 Which of the following statements correctly prints “Passed” if the student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60 and “Failed” if the student’s grade is less than 60? [The quotes, of course, should not print.] a) printf("%s\n", grade >= 60 : "Passed" : "Failed"); b) grade >= 60 : puts("Passed ") ? puts("Failed "); c) printf("%s\n", grade >= 60 ? "Passed" : "Failed"); .

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d) grade >= 60 ? puts("Passed ") ? puts("Failed "); ANS: (c) 3.34 Which statement is false? a) A compound statement can be placed anywhere in a program that a single statement can be placed. b) The if selection statement can have only one statement in its body. c) A set of statements contained within a pair of braces ({ and }) is called a compound statement. d) An if slection statement can have a compound statement in its body.

ANS: (b) 3.6 The if…else Selection Statement 3.35 The conditional operator (?:) ________. (a) is the only ternary operator in C (b) is a unary operator (c) associates from left to right (d) accepts two operands ANS: (a) 3.36 Which of the following will generate an error? (a) if (answer == 7) { puts("correct"); } else { puts("incorrect"); } (b) puts(answer == 7 ? "correct" : "incorrect"); (c) printf("%s\n", answer == 7 ? "correct" : "incorrect"); (d) None of the above statements produces an error.

ANS: (d) 3.37 Placing a semicolon after the parenthesized condition in an if .

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statement leads to a __________ error in single-selection if statements and a __________ error in double-selection if statements. a) logic, logic b) logic, syntax c) syntax, logic d) syntax, syntax ANS: (b) 3.38 The empty statement is represented by placing __________ where a statement would normally be. a) empty b) ; c) null d) : ANS: (b) 3.7 The while Iteration Statement 3.39 What is wrong with the following loop?

While (sum <= 1000) { sum = sum + 30; } (a) The parenthesis should be braces. (b) The braces around sum = sum +30; should be removed. (c) While should be while. (d) There should be a semicolon after While (sum <=1000).

ANS: (c) 3.40 How many times will the following program print hello? i = 1; while (i <= 10) { puts("hello"); .

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} (a) 10 (b) 8 (c) an infinite number of times (d) 0 ANS: (c) 3.41 Consider the following correct segment of a correct C program: p = 2; while (p < 2000) { p = 2 * p; } What is the value of p after this while loop completes its execution? a) 1023 b) 1024 c) 2047 d) 2048 ANS: (d) 3.8 Formulating Algorithms Case Study 1: Counter-Controlled Iteration 3.42 An uninitialized variable contains ________. (a) the value last stored in the memory location reserved for that variable (b) no value (c) a value of zero (d) a randomly assigned value ANS: (a) 3.43 Counter-controlled iteration is often called __________ iteration because the number of iterations is known before the loop begins executing. a) indefinite .

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b) sentinel c) definite d) determinate ANS: (c) 3.9 Formulating Algorithms with Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement Case Study 2: Sentinel-Controlled Iteration 3.44 Indefinite iteration is controlled by a (a) counter (b) sentinel value (c) data value (d) non-constant condition ANS: (b) 3.45 A fatal logic error is always caused by: (a) not initializing variables before executing an iteration statement (b) choosing a sentinel value that is also a data value (c) using a counter variable in a calculation after the loop (d) an attempt to divide by zero ANS: (d) 3.46 What is the final value of x after performing the following operations? int x = 21; double y = 6; double z = 14; y = x / z; x = 5.5 * y; (a) 8.25 (b) 5.5 (c) 5 (d) 8 .

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ANS: (d) 3.47 Which operation does not take place in the following example? int x = 21; double y = 6; double z = 14; y = x / z; x = 5.5 * y; (a) implicit conversion (b) promotion (c) explicit conversion (d) truncation ANS: (c) 3.48 Which of the following is not a synonym for “sentinel value.” a) signal value b) dummy value c) counter value d) flag value ANS: (c)

3.10 Formulating Algorithms with Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement Case Study 3: Nested Control Statements 3.49 Having a loop within a loop is known as (a) recursion (b) doubling up (c) nesting (d) a redundancy ANS: (c) 3.50 Which statement is true? a) With nested control statements, the inner control statement is .

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executed in sequence after the outer control statement completes its own execution. b) With nested control statements, the inner control statement is executed exactly once. c) Experience has shown that the most difficult part of solving a problem on a computer is converting an already correct algoithm to a C program. d) A double-selection statement can be nested in an iteration statement.

ANS: (d) 3.11 Assignment Operators 3.51 If x = 3, which of the following sets x to 7? (a) x *= 4; (b) x += 4; (c) x =+ 4; (d) x + 4 = x; ANS: (b) 3.52 Which assignment expression is equivalent to c = c / 2 ? (a) c / = 2 (b) c / c = 2 (c) c /= 2 (d) c =/ 2 ANS: (c) 3.12 Increment and Decrement Operators 3.53 Which of the following will not increment variable c by one? (a) c + 1; (b) c++; (c) ++c; (d) c += 1; ANS: (a) .

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3.54 In which of the following is y not equal to 5 after execution? Assume that x is equal to 4. (a) y = 5; (b) y = x++; (c) y = ++x; (d) y = x = 5; ANS: (b) 3.55 Which statement is true? a) The expression ++(a + 1) adds 2 to a. b) The expression **a multiplies a by 1. c) The ANSI standard for the C programming language specifies the order in which each operator’s operands will be evaluated. d) The expression --(abc * 37) is a syntax error ANS: (d) 3.13 Secure C Programming 3.56 Which of the following statements is true about undefined behavior, which can leave a system open to attack? (a) It’s not possible to have undefined behavior when adding two integers. (b) Adding two integers can result in arithmetic overflow, which can cause undefined behavior. (c) You should not worry about undefined behavior in your programs. (d) None of the above.

ANS: (b)

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C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank

Chapter 4: Program Control 4.1 Introduction 4.1 Which is not an iteration statement? a) continue b) for c) while d) do … while ANS: (a) 4.2 Which statement is used to skip the remainder of the body of an iteration statement and proceed with the next iteration of the loop? a) skip b) proceed c) continue d) jump ANS: (c) 4.2 Iteration Essentials 4.3 ________ iteration is sometimes called definite iteration. (a) counter-controlled (b) sentinel-controlled (c) variable-controlled (d) none of these ANS: (a) 4.4 ________ iteration is sometimes called indefinite iteration. (a) counter-controlled (b) sentinel-controlled (c) variable-controlled (d) none of these ANS: (b) © Copyright 1992-2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved.

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 4.5 Which statement is false? a) Counter-controlled repetion is sometimes called definite iteration. b) Sentinel-controlled iteration is sometimes called indefinite iteration. c) The sentinel value typically indicates “end of data.” d) In counter-controlled iteration, the control variable is always incremented by 1 each time the group of instructions is performed.

ANS: (d) 4.6 Which statement is true? a) Sentinel values are used to control iteration when the precise number of iterations is known in advance. b) In a counter controlled-loop, the counter must count upward. c) Sentinels must be distinct from regular data items. d) Sentinel-controlled iteration is often called definite iteration.

ANS: (c) 4.3 Counter-Controlled Iteration 4.7 Which of the following does counter-controlled iteration not require? (a) an initial value (b) a condition that tests for the final value (c) an increment or decrement by which the control variable is modified each time through the loop (d) counter controlled iteration requires all of the above ANS: (d) 4.8 Which of the following is a poor programming practice? (a) indenting the statements in the body of each control statement (b) using a floating-point value as the counter in counter-controlled iteration (c) using more than two levels of nesting (d) placing vertical spacing above and below control statements ANS: (b)

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C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 4.9 Which is not always required by counter-controlled iteration? a) The name of a control variable (or loop counter). b) The initial value of the control variable. c) The decrement by which the control variable is modified each time through the loop. d) The condition that tests for the final value of the control variable (i.e., whether looping should continue.

ANS: (c) 4.10 In the context of counter-controlled iteration, which of the following is not accomplished by the control-variable initialization statement? int c = 10; a) Names the control variable. b) Defines the control variable to be an integer. c) Specifies the sentinel value. d) Sets the initial value of the control variable to 10.

ANS: (c) 4.11 Variables of which data type should normally not be used to control a counting loop? a) int b) float c) short d) long ANS: (b) 4.12 Which statement is generally false? a) Control counting loops with integer values. b) Indent the statements in the body of each control statement for clarity. c) Put a blank line before and after each major control statement to make it stand out in the program. d) The more deeply nested a program is, the easier it is to understand.

ANS: (d) © Copyright 1992-2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved.

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 4.4 for Iteration Statement 4.13 Which statement automatically handles all the details of countercontrolled iteration. a) for b) while c) do …while d) continue ANS: (a) 4.14 Which of the following is not specified by the code segment: for (c = 1; c <= 10; c++) a) initial value of the loop counter b) loop continuation test c) increment of the loop counter d) body statement of the loop ANS: (d) 4.15 A programmer writes a for statement to count from 1 to 10 and explicitly mentions the 1 and the 10 in the for “header.” Which relational operator would probably be used in the loop-continuation test? a) > b) >= c) < d) <= ANS: (d) 4.16 Using an incorrect relational operator or using an incorrect final value of a loop counter in the condition of a while or for statement is a frequent cause of __________errors. a) syntax b) compilation c) off-by-one d) divide-by-zero ANS: (c) © Copyright 1992-2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved.

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 4.17 The comma operator is most often used in __________ statements. a) while b) do … while c) for d) switch ANS: (c) 4.18 Which statement is false? a) Comma operators evaluate lists of expressions from right to left. b) The value of a comma-separated list of expressions is the value of the rightmost expression in the list. c) The type of a comma-separated list of expressions is the type of the rightmost expression in the list. d) The comma operator is often used to specify multiple initializations in one particular type of iteration statement.

ANS: (a) 4.19 What happens if the loop-continuation test is omitted in a forstatement? a) C assumes the condition is false, so the loop terminates. b) A syntax error occurs. c) C assumes the condition is true, so the loop executes one more time, then terminates. d) An infinite loop.

ANS: (d) 4.20 A programmer intentionally creates a for-loop with the following for header: for (; ;) The programmer’s intent was most likely to create a) a syntax error b) an infinite loop c) a logic error © Copyright 1992-2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved.

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank d) a divide-by-zero error ANS: (b) 4.21 Which of the following is an incorrect expression to increment c by 1 in the increment expression of a for “header?” a) c += 1 b) ++c c) c++ d) c + 1 = c ANS: (d) 4.22 If the loop-continuation condition in a for statement is initially false, ________. (a) the body portion of the loop is not performed (b) execution proceeds with the statement following the for statement (c) both a and b (d) none of the above ANS: (c) 4.23 If the increment of the for statement is ________ then the loop downward. (a) true (b) false (c) positive (d) negative ANS: (d) 4.24 Which statement regarding for statements is false? a) The initialization, loop-continuation condition, and increment can contain arithmetic expressions. b) The increment must be greater than zero. c) If the loop-continuation condition is initially false, the body of the loop is not performed. d) The control variable for controlling iteration can be mentioned in the body of the loop but is not required to be.

ANS: (b) © Copyright 1992-2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved.

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 4.25 Which statement about a correct for statement with an initialization expression, a loop-continuation test, an increment expression and a loop body is false? a) The initialization expression is executed only once. b) The loop-continuation test is evaluated each time through the loop. c) The initialization is performed each time through the loop. d) The increment expression is performed after the loop body.

ANS: (c) 4.5 Examples Using the for Statement 4.26 The for statement header for (int i = 1; i < 100; ++i) performs the body of the loop for a) values of the control variable from 1 to 100 in increments of 1. b) values of the control variable from 1 to 99 in increments of 1. c) values of the control variable from 0 to 100 in increments of 1. d) values of the control variable from 0 to 99 in increments of 1.

ANS: (b) 4.27 What is the highest value assumed by the loop counter in a correct for statement with the following header? for (int i = 7; i <= 72; i += 7) a) 7 b) 77 c) 70 d) 72 ANS: (b) 4.28 What is produced by a for statement with a correct body and with the following header

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C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank for (int i = 20; i >= 2; i += 2) a) a syntax error b) a divide-by-zero error c) an infinite loop d) the even values of i from 20 down to 2.

ANS: (c) 4.29 Which statement is generally false? a) Statements preceding a for and statements in the body of a for should typically be merged into the for header. b) Limit the size of control statement headers to a single line, if possible. c) Initialization of a for loop control variable can occur before the for loop executes. d) The increment portion of a for header can be a decrement.

ANS: (a) 4.30 Which expression raises x to the y power? a) x ** y b) x ^ y c) x pow y d) pow(x, y) ANS: (d) 4.31 Which statement is true? a) Use float variables to perform monetary calculations in C. b) Use double variables to perform monetary calculations C. c) Monetary calculations can be performed in C. d) Printing with %.2f guarantees correct monetary calculations in C. ANS: (c) 4.32 Which statement is true? a) The conversion specifier %7.2f prints a floating-point value with a field width of 9 positions. b) The conversion specifier %7.2f prints a floating-point value with 7 © Copyright 1992-2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved.

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank positions to the left of the decimal point. c) The conversion specifier %7.2f prints a floating-point value with 5 positions to the left of the decimal point. d) The conversion specifier %7.2f prints a floating-point value with 4 positions to the left of the decimal point.

ANS: (d) 4.6 switch Multiple-Selection Statement 4.33 A switch statement should be used (a) as a single-selection statement (b) as a double-selection statement (c) when a variable may assume many different values which must be tested (d) to replace all if and if…else statements ANS: (c) 4.34 In a switch statement (a) a break is required after each case (b) multiple actions in a case do not need to be enclosed in braces (c) a default case is required (d) a break is required after the default case ANS: (b) 4.35 Which statement regarding the switch statement is false? a) It’s appropriate for algorithms that contain a series of decisions in which a variable or expression is tested separately for each of the constant integral values it may assume. b) The default case is required. c) The default case is typically at the bottom of the switch after all the non-default cases. d) Many cases may all invoke the same code.

ANS: (b) 4.36 Which statement is true? a) EOF must have the value 1 on all C systems. © Copyright 1992-2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved.

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank b) EOF is a symbolic constant defined in the <symbol.h> header file. c) EOF is a symbolic variable defined in the <stdio.h> header file. d) EOF is a symbolic integer constant defined in the <stdio.h> header file.

ANS: (d) 4.7 do…while Iteration Statement 4.37 If a do…while statement is used, (a) an infinite loop will not take place (b) the counter must be preincremented if it’s also the condition (c) the body of the loop will execute at least once (d) an off-by-one error will not occur ANS: (c) 4.38 The program segment int counter = 1; do { printf("%i ", counter); } while (++counter <= 10); will ________. (a) print the numbers 1 through 11 (b) print the numbers 1 through 10 (c) print the numbers 1 through 9 (d) cause a syntax error ANS: (b) 4.39 Which statement is true? a) The do … while iteration statement is an alternate notation for the while iteration statement; these statements function identically. b) The do … while iteration statement tests the loop-continuation condition before the loop body is performed. c) The loop body of a correct do … while iteration statement is always © Copyright 1992-2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved.

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank executed at least once. d) The braces delineating the body of a do … while statement are always required.

ANS: (c) 4.8 break and continue Statements 4.40 Which of the following is false? (a) break and continue statements alter the flow of control. (b) continue statements skip the remaining statements in the body of the loop in which they are embedded. (c) break statements exit from the loop in which they are embedded. (d) All of the above statements are true.

ANS: (d) 4.41 Which statement is true? a) The break statement causes an immediate exit from a while, for, do … while or if … else statement. b) The continue statement is designed for use with the while, for, do … while or switch statements. c) An equivalent while statement for any for statement can always be formed. d) The break statement causes an immediate exit from a while, for, do … while or switch statement.

ANS: (d) 4.9 Logical Operators 4.42 In C, the condition 4 > y > 1 (a) evaluates correctly (b) does not evaluate correctly and should be replaced by (4 > y && y > 1) (c) does not evaluate correctly and should be replaced by (4 > y & y > 1) (d) does not evaluate correctly and should be replaced by (4 > y || y > 1) © Copyright 1992-2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved.

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank ANS: (b) 4.43 The OR (||) operator (a) has higher precedence than the AND (&&) operator (b) stops evaluation upon finding one condition to be true (c) associates from right to left (d) is a ternary operator ANS: (b) 4.44 An operator that associates from right to left is (a) != (b) , (c) () (d) ?: ANS: (d) 4.45 An example of a unary operator is (a) a relational operator (b) an assignment operator (c) an increment operator (d) a logical operator ANS: (c) 4.46 Which statement is true? a) To test multiple conditions in the process of making a decision requires logical operators. b) The keywords for the logical operators are AND, OR and NOT. c) The logical AND of two expressions is true if and only if each of the conditions is true. d) Truth tables deal only with cases in which all conditions are truthful (i.e., true).

ANS: (c) 4.47 Which statement is true? a) Operator || has a higher precedence than operator &&. b) In expressions involving operator ||, making the condition that is © Copyright 1992-2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved.

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank most likely to be false the leftmost condition can often reduce execution time. c) The logical negation operator is a binary operator. d) In expressions using operator &&, making the condition that is most likely to be false the leftmost condition can often reduce execution time.

ANS: (d) 4.10 Confusing Equality (==) and Assignment (=) Operators 4.48 Non-constant variables are also known as (a) lvalues, but can be used as rvalues (b) lvalues, and can not be used as rvalues (c) rvalues, but can be used as lvalues (d) constant variables ANS: (a) 4.49 Consider the following code, assuming that x is an integer variable with an initial value of 12: if (x = 6) { printf("%i", x); } What is the output? (a) 6 (b) 12 (c) nothing (d) a syntax error is produced ANS: (a) 4.50 Of the following, which is not a logic error? (a) Using the assignment (=) operator instead of the (==) equality operator to determine if two values are equal (b) Dividing by zero (c) Failing to initialize counter and total variables before the body of a loop © Copyright 1992-2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved.

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank (d) Using commas instead of the two required semicolons in a for header ANS: (d) 4.51 Which statement is false? a) Any expression in C that produces a value can be used in the decision portion of any control statement. b) When tested for truth or falsity, an expression that produces a nonzero value is treated as true. c) Assignments in C produce a value, namely the value that the left-hand side of the assignment had prior to the assignment. d) Operator == is for comparisons; operator = is for assignment.

ANS: (c) 4.11 Structured Programming Summary 4.52 The ____________, __________, and ____________ are the only three forms of control necessary. (a) switch, if, else (b) sequence, selection, iteration (c) break, continue, if…else (d) for, while, do…while ANS: (b) 4.53 Which statement is true? a) Connecting flowchart symbols arbitrarily always forms structured programs. b) In a structured program, control statements can only be stacked or sequenced. c) In the “Rules for Forming Structured Programs (and Structured Flowcharts),” the rule that states, “Any rectangle (action) can be replaced by any control statement” is called the “nesting rule.” d) Structured programming does not improve the program-development process.

ANS: (c) © Copyright 1992-2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved.

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 4.12 Secure C Programming 4.54 Which of the following statements is true? (a) Function scanf does not return a value. (b) You should never check the return value of function scanf. (c) You should check the return value of function scanf to ensure that the value it returns matches the number of items that should have been input. (d) None of the above.

ANS: (c) 4.55 Which of the following statements is true? (a) If the return value of function scanf matches the number of items that should have been input, then all the inputs are valid. (b) Even if a scanf operates successfully, the values read might still be invalid. (c) When a program expects to receive input values in a specific range, you should peform range checking on the inputs to ensure that the values received are indeed in that range (e.g., in a program that expects grades in the range 0-100, you should check that every grade is in that range). (d) Both (b) and (c).

ANS: (d)

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Chapter 5: Functions 5.2 Modularizing Programs in C 5.1 All of the following are true of functions except: (a) they define specific tasks that can be used at many points in a program (b) a function call must specify the name and arguments, if any, of the function (c) the definition of a function is always visible to other functions (d) the implementation of a function is hidden from the caller ANS: (c) 5.2 Experience has shown that the best way to construct a program is from small pieces. This is called __________. a) bottom up b) the whole is greater than the sum of the parts c) divide and conquer d) recursion ANS: (c) 5.3 Which is not an ANSI standard library function? a) printf b) main c) scanf d) pow ANS: (b) 5.4 Which one item is most different from the other three? a) worker function b) caller c) calling function d) boss function ANS: (a) 5.5 When a called function completes its task, it normally .

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a) terminates program execution normally b) aborts program execution c) logs its results d) returns to the calling function ANS: (d) 5.6 Which statement is true? a) The boss function normally knows how the worker function performs its designated tasks. b) A worker function may not call other worker functions. c) “Hiding” of implementation details makes it difficult to understand software. d) The boss function is normally unaware when a worker function calls another function.

ANS: (d)

5.3 Math Library Functions 5.7 All functions in the math library return the data type __________. a) float b) int c) long d) double ANS: (d) 5.8 If a = 7.0, b = 7.0 and c = 6.0, then what is printed by printf("%.2f", sqrt(a + b * c)); a) 49 b) 7.00 c) 7 d) 49.00 ANS: (b) 5.9 What is the value of fabs(-5.0)? .

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a) 5 b) 5.0 c) -5 d) –5.0 ANS: (b)

5.4 Functions 5.10 A valid reason for building programs out of functions is (a) that the divide-and-conquer approach facilitates program construction (b) that pre-existing functions can be used to create new programs (c) avoiding repeating code within a program (d) all of the above ANS: (d) 5.11 Which is not a motivation for “functionalizing” a program? a) The divide-and-conquer approach makes program development more manageable. b) Software reusability—using existing building blocks to create new programs. c) Avoid repeating code. d) Execution performance—functionalized programs run faster.

ANS: (d) 5.12 Which statement is false? a) Each function should be limited to performing a single, well-defined task. b) If you cannot choose a concise name that expresses what a function does, it’s possible that the function is attempting to perform too many diverse tasks. c) Every function should be broken into smaller functions. d) A function’s parameters are local variables.

ANS: (c)

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5.5 Function Definitions 5.13 The function prototype double mySqrt(int x); (a) defines a function called mySqrt which takes an integer argument and returns a double (b) defines a function called double which calculates square roots (c) defines a function called mySqrt which takes an argument of type x and returns a double (d) defines a function called mySqrt which takes a double as an argument and returns an integer ANS: (a) 5.14 Which of the following (a), (b) or (c) will not produce a syntax error? (a) Omitting a return type from a function definition if the function prototype specifies a return type other than int (b) Returning a value from a function defined as void (c) Using the same names for arguments passed to a function and the corresponding parameters in the function definition (d) All of the above produce syntax errors.

ANS: (c) 5.15 Which of the following is not an indication that a function may be too complex? (a) it has a large size (b) it has a large parameter list (c) its name is a clear reflection of its function (d) it performs many tasks ANS: (c) 5.16 Which of the following code segments does not contain any errors? (a) void printnum(int x) { print("%i", x); return x; .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank } (b) int cube(int s) { int s; return s * s * s; } (c) double triple(float n) { return 3 * n; } (d) double circumference (int r) return 3.14 * 2 * r; ANS: (c) 5.17 int square(int); is an example of a function __________. a) datatype b) stereotype c) prototype d) proceduretype ANS: (c) 5.18 As used in int square(int); int is not a(n) __________. a) data type b) parameter type c) return type d) function prototype ANS: (d) .

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5.19 Placing a semicolon after the right parenthesis enclosing the parameter list of a function definition is a __________ error. a) logic b) syntax c) fatal runtime d) nonfatal runtime ANS: (b) 5.20 Which statement is true? a) The type of every parameter in a function parameter list must be included. b) The type of every argument in a function call must be included. c) It is not incorrect to use the same names for the arguments passed to a function and the corresponding parameters in the function definition. d) Defining a function parameter again as a local variable within the function is a compilation error.

ANS: (c) 5.21 Which statement is false? a) Every block is a compound statement. b) Every compound statement is a block. c) Blocks can be nested. d) Compound statements can be nested.

ANS: (b) 5.22 Which statement is true? a) Programs should be written as collections of small functions. b) A function must be no longer than one page. c) The best engineered functions have many parameters and perform many distinct tasks. d) Every function must include an explicit return statement.

ANS: (a)

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5.6 Function Prototypes: A Deeper Look 5.23 A function prototype does not have to ________. (a) include parameter names (b) terminate with a semicolon (c) agree with the function definition (d) match with all calls to the function ANS: (a) 5.24 A function prototype can always be omitted when a function ________. (a) is defined before it is first invoked (b) is invoked before it is first defined (c) takes no arguments (d) does not return a value ANS: (a) 5.25 Forcing arguments to the appropriate types is commonly called __________. a) conversion b) casting c) coercion d) transmogrification ANS: (c) 5.7 Function-Call Stack and Stack Frames 5.26 Placing a new item on a stack is known as __________. (a) pushing. (b) popping. (c) appending. (d) None of the above.

ANS: (a) 5.8 Header Files 5.27 Each standard library has a corresponding __________. (a) function (b) variable type .

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(c) header file (d) cd-rom ANS: (c) 5.28 Which standard library header file contains function prototypes for conversions of numbers to text and text to numbers, memory allocation, random numbers and other utility functions. a) <stdarg.h> b) <stdlib.h> c) <stdutl.h> d) <stddef.h> ANS: (b) 5.9 Passing Arguments By Value and By Reference 5.29 When arguments are passed by __________, the caller allows the called function to modify the original variable’s value. (a) value (b) reference (c) both a and b (d) none of these ANS: (b) 5.30 Which statement is true? a) When an argument is passed call by reference, a copy of the argument’s value is made and passed to the called function. b) With call by reference, changes to the passed value do not affect the original variable’s value in the calling functions. c) Call by value should be used whenever the called function does not need to modify the value of the caller’s original value. d) Call by value should only be used with trusted called functions that need to modify the original variable.

ANS: (c) 5.10 Random-Number Generation 5.31 The rand function generates a data value of the type (a) unsigned int .

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(b) int (c) long int (d) short int ANS: (b) 5.32 A variable that can have values only in the range 0 to 65535 is a (a) four-byte int (b) four-byte unsigned int (c) two-byte int (d) two-byte unsigned int ANS: (d) 5.33 In the expression int n = a + rand() % b; (a) b is the shifting value (b) a is the scaling value (c) b is equal to the width of the desired range of integers (d) both (a) and (c) ANS: (c) 5.34 The function srand: (a) should be called before each call to rand (b) should be used instead of rand to generate truly random numbers (c) is unnecessary in C (d) can use time as an automatically input seed value ANS: (d) 5.35 Which statement is false? a) Function rand generates an integer between 0 and MAX. b) The range of values produced directly by rand is often different than what is needed in a specific application. c) The number 6 in the expression rand % 6 is called a scaling factor. d) The rand function prototype is in <stdlib.h>.

ANS: (a)

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5.11 Random-Number Simulation Case Study: Building a Casino Game 5.36 Which of the following statements (a), (b) or (c) is false? (a) An enumeration is introduced by the keyword enum. (b) An enumeration is a set of integer constants represented by identifiers. (c) Enumeration constants help make programs more readable and easier to maintain. (d) All of the above statements are true.

ANS: (d) 5.12 Storage Classes 5.37 An identifier’s storage class (a) determines the period during which that identifier exists in memory (b) determines whether an identifier in a multiple-source-file program is known only in the current source file or in any source file with proper definitions (c) determines where the identifier can be referenced in a program (d) all of the above ANS: (d) 5.38 Which of the following is not true of static local variables? (a) They’re accessible outside of the function in which they are defined. (b) They retain their values when the function is exited. (c) They’re initialized to zero if not explicitly initialized by the programmer. (d) They can be pointers.

ANS: (a) 5.39 Which is not an attribute of a variable? (a) name (b) definition (c) type (d) value ANS: (b) 5.40 Which is not an attribute of a variable? (a) storage class .

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(b) storage duration (c) scope (d) external class ANS: (d) 5.41 An identifier’s __________ is where the identifier can be referenced in a program. (a) locality (b) vicinity (c) neighborhood (d) scope ANS: (d) 5.42 Global variables and function names are of storage class __________ by default. (a) extern (b) static (c) auto (d) None of the above.

ANS: (a) 5.13 Scope Rules 5.43 Labels are the only identifiers with (a) function scope (b) file scope (c) block scope (d) function-prototype scope ANS: (a) 5.44 The only identifiers that can be reused elsewhere in a program without any ambiguity are (a) global variables (b) static local variables (c) those in the parameter list of a function prototype (d) those in the parameter list of a function definition ANS: (c)

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5.45 Which statement is false? a) When we define a local variable in a block it can be referenced only in that block or in blocks in which that block is nested. b) Labels are the only identifiers with function scope. c) Labels can be used anywhere in the function in which they appear but cannot be referenced outside the function body. d) Labels are used in switch statements and in goto statements.

ANS: (a) 5.46 Which is not a scope for an identifier? a) function scope b) record scope c) block scope d) function-prototype scope ANS: (b) 5.14 Recursion 5.47 A recursive function is a function that ________. (a) returns a double (b) takes 3 arguments (c) calls itself (d) is inside of another function ANS: (c) 5.48 What value does function mystery return when called with a value of 4? int mystery (int number) { if (number <= 1) { return 1; } else { return number * mystery(number – 1); } } (a) 1 (b) 24 .

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(c) 0 (d) 4 ANS: (b) 5.49 Recursion is memory-intensive because ________. (a) it must occur numerous times before it terminates (b) previous function calls are still open when the function calls itself and the arguments of these previous calls still occupy space on the call stack (c) many copies of the function code are created (d) it requires large data values ANS: (b) 5.50 Which statement is false? a) A recursive function is a function that calls itself either directly or indirectly through another function. b) A recursive function knows how to solve only one or more base cases. c) The recursion step executes after the original call to the function terminates. d) In order for the recursion to eventually terminate, each time the function calls itself with a slightly simpler version of the original problem, this sequence of smaller and smaller problems must eventually converge on a base case.

ANS: (c) 5.15 Example Using Recursion: Fibonacci Series 5.51 Assuming the following pseudocode for the Fibonacci series, what is the value of fibonacci(5)? fibonacci(0) = 0 fibonacci(1) = 1 fibonacci(n) = fibonacci(n – 1) + fibonacci(n – 2) (a) 8 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 5 ANS: (d) .

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5.52 Which statement is false? a) The ANSI C standard does not specify the order in which the operands of most operators are to be evaluated. b) The ANSI C standard specifies the order of evaluation of operators &&, ||, comma, and ?:. c) A program that evaluates Fibonacci numbers recursively achieves high performance because of exponential complexity. d) Programs that depend on the order of evaluation of the operands of operators other than &&, ||, comma, and ?: can function differently on systems with different compilers.

ANS: (c) 5.16 Recursion vs. Iteration 5.53 Recursion is to the base case as iteration is to ________? (a) the counter (b) an iteration statement (c) failure of the loop continuation test (d) a selection statement ANS: (c) 5.54 All of the following are reasons to use recursion except: (a) an iterative solution is not apparent (b) the resulting program is easier to debug (c) it more naturally mirrors the problem (d) it maximizes software performance ANS: (d) 5.55 Which statement is false? a) Both recursion and iteration are based on a control statement. b) Both iteration and recursion involve iteration. c) Iteration with sentinel-controlled iteration and recursion each gradually approach termination. d) Both iteration and recursion can occur infinitely.

ANS: (c)

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5.17 Secure C Programming—Secure Random-Number Generation 5.56 Which of the following statements is true? (a) The C standard library does not provide a secure random-number generator. (b) According to the C standard document’s description of function rand, “There are no guarantees as to the quality of the random sequence produced and some implementations are known to produce sequences with distressingly non-random low-order bits.” (c) The CERT guideline MSC30-C indicates that implementation-specific random-number generation functions must be used to ensure that the random numbers produced are not predictable (d) All of the above.

ANS: (d)

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C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank

6.1 Introduction 6.1 Arrays are data structures consisting of related data items of the same __________. a) sort order b) subscript c) type d) element ANS: (c) 6.2 Arrays and structures are __________ entities in that they remain the same size throughout program execution. a) dynamic b) automatic c) register d) static ANS: (d) 6.3 Lists, queues, stacks and trees are __________ data structures that may grow and shrink as programs execute. a) flexible b) automatic c) dynamic d) static ANS: (c) 6.2 Arrays 6.4 An array is not ________. (a) a consecutive group of memory locations (b) indexed by integers (c) pointer-based (d) a dynamic entity ANS: (d)

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C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 6.5 Which of the following is false? (a) the first element of an array is the zeroth (b) the last element of an array is the array size - 1 (c) the position number contained within square brackets is called a subscript (d) a subscript cannot be an expression.

ANS: (d) 6.6 An array is a group of memory locations related by the fact that they all have __________ array name and __________ type. a) different, different b) same, different c) different same d) same, same ANS: (d) 6.7 The first element in every array is the __________ element. a) null b) 1 c) 0 d) empty ANS: (c) 6.8 Which statement is false? a) The brackets used to enclose the subscript of an array are not an operator in C. b) To refer to a particular element in an array, we specify the name of the array and the position number of the element in the array. c) The position number within an array is more formally called a subscript. d) All of the above statements are true.

ANS: (a) 6.3 Defining Arrays 6.9 Which statement would be used to define a 10-element integer array c? (a) Array c = int[10]; .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank (b) c = int[10]; (c) int Array c[10]; (d) int c[10]; ANS: (d) 6.10 Which definition tells the computer to reserve 12 elements for integer array c? a) c[12] int; b) int c [11]; c) c[11] int; d) int c[12]; ANS: (d) 6.4 Array Examples 6.11 Which of the following is not a correct way to initialize an array? (a) int n[5] = {0, 7, 0, 3, 8, 2}; (b) int n[] = {0, 7, 0, 3, 8, 2}; (c) int n[5] = {7}; (d) int n[5] = {6, 6, 6}; ANS: (a) 6.12 Constant variables (a) can be assigned values in executable statements (b) do not have to be initialized when they are defined (c) can be used to specify array sizes, thereby making programs more scalable (d) can be used to specify array sizes, but this makes programs harder to understand ANS: (c) 6.13 Referencing elements outside the array bounds (a) can result in changes to the value of an unrelated variable (b) is impossible because C checks to make sure it does not happen (c) is a syntax error (d) enlarges the size of the array ANS: (a) .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 6.14 Strings can not (a) be initialized using string literals (b) end in a character other than the null character (c) be initialized with initializer lists (d) be treated as arrays of characters ANS: (b) 6.15 Assume string1 is a character array. Which of the following operations does not produce a string? (a) string1[] = "test"; (b) string1[] = {'t', 'e', 's', 't', '\0'}; (c) string1[] = {'t', 'e', 's', 't'}; (d) string1[] = " "; ANS: (c) 6.16 Suppose a program contains the code for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) { n[i] = 0; } Which statement about this code must be true? a) It contains an off-by-one error. b) It contains a syntax error. c) It is initializing the first 10 elements of an array. d) It is initializing successive elements of an array.

ANS: (d) 6.17 What’s wrong with this code? int[] = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5); a) The array size must be specified in the square brackets. b) The parentheses should be square brackets. c) The square brackets should be curly braces. d) The parentheses should be curly braces.

ANS: (d) 6.18 If there are fewer initializers than elements in the array, the remaining elements are __________. .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank a) deleted b) ignored c) initialized to empty d) initialized to zero ANS: (d) 6.19 The following array definition int n[5] = {32, 27, 64, 18, 95, 14}; a) is correct b) causes a syntax error because there are only five initializers and six array elements. c) causes a logic error because there are only five elements but there are six initializers. d) causes a syntax error because there are six initializers but only five array elements.

ANS: (d) 6.20 Which statement is true? a) A symbolic constant is an identifier that is replaced with replacement text by the C preprocessor after the program is compiled. b) Using symbolic constants to specify array sizes makes programs run faster. c) Preprocessor directives are not C statements. d) The #define preprocessor directive must end in a semicolon.

ANS: (c) 6.21 Which statement is true? a) Assigning a value to a symbolic constant in an executable statement is a syntax error. b) A symbolic constant is a variable. c) Space is reserved for both symbolic constants and variables that hold values at execution time. d) Only uppercase letters can be used for symbolic constant names.

ANS: (a) 6.22 Which statement is true regarding the statement ++frequency[responses[answer]]; .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank a) This statement increases the appropriate frequency counter depending on the value of responses[answer]. b) This statement increases the appropriate answer counter depending on the value of frequency[responses]. c) This statement increases the appropriate responses counter depending on the value of frequency[answer]. d) This statement produces a syntax error because subscripts cannot be nested.

ANS: (a) 6.23 Which statement is false? a) C has no built-in bounds checking to prevent the computer from referring to an array element that does not exist. b) The programmer is responsible for implementing array bounds checking. c) Referring to an element outside the array bounds is a syntax error. d) Referring to an element outside the array bounds is a logic error.

ANS: (d)

6.5 Using Character Arrays to Store and Manipulate Strings 6.24 Which statement is false? a) The string termination character is called the null character. b) The string “string” actually occupies 7 characters in memory. c) The character representation of the last character in memory of a string is ‘\0’. d) A character array representing a string should be defined as large as the actual number of characters in the string minus the terminating character; C automatically provides the space for the terminating character.

ANS: (d) 6.25 The definition char string1[] = "first"; is equivalent to: a) character string1[] = {'f', 'i', 'r', 's', 't', '\0'}; .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank b) char string1 = {'f', 'i', 'r', 's', 't', '\0'}; c) char string1[] = {'f', 'i', 'r', 's', 't'}; d) char string1[] = {'f', 'i', 'r', 's', 't', '\0'}; ANS: (d) 6.26 Which statement is false? a) Function scanf reads characters into memory from the keyboard until the first input whitespace character is encountered. b) Function scanf can write beyond the boundary of the array into which input is being placed. c) Function printf does not care how large the array it is printing is. d) When using scanf, you must always precede with the & operator the name of each variable into which inputs are being placed.

ANS: (d)

6.6 Static Local Arrays and Automatic Local Arrays 6.27 Which statement is false? a) A static local variable exists for the duration of the program. b) A static local variable is visible only in the control structure in which it is defined. c) A static local array is not created and destroyed each time the function is entered and exited, respectively. d) Arrays that are defined static are automatically initialized once at compile time.

ANS: (b) 6.7 Passing Arrays to Functions 6.28 Unless otherwise specified, entire arrays are passed __________ and individual array elements are passed __________. (a) call-by-value, call-by-reference (b) call-by-reference, call-by-value (c) call-by-value, call-by-value (d) call-by-reference, call-by-reference ANS: (b)

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C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 6.29 Which of the following is false about a function being passed an array? (a) it knows the size of the array it was passed (b) it is passed the address of the first element in the array (c) it is able to modify the values stored in the array (d) all of the above are true ANS: (a) 6.30 To prevent modification of array values in a function, (a) the array must be defined static in the function. (b) the array parameter can be preceded by the const qualifier. (c) a copy of the array must be made inside the function. (d) the array must be passed call-by-reference.

ANS: (b) 6.31 To pass an array to a function, specify a) the name of the array without any brackets. b) the name of the array preceded by an empty pair of brackets. c) the name of the array followed by a pair of brackets including the size of the array. d) the name of the array followed by a pair of brackets including a number one less than the size of the array.

ANS: (a) 6.32 Which statement is false? a) C automatically passes arrays to functions using simulated call by reference. b) When C passes an array to a function, the called function normally can modify the element values in the caller’s original array. c) The name of an array is actually the address of the first element of the array. d) When an array is passed in a function call, the calling function knows precisely where in the called function’s memory the passed array is.

ANS: (d) 6.33 The special conversion specifier for printing addresses is __________. a) %a .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank b) %m c) %p d) %loc ANS: (c) 6.34 Which statement is true? a) Entire arrays are passed simulated call by reference and individual array elements are normally passed simulated call by reference. b) Entire arrays are passed simulated call by reference and individual array elements are normally passed call by value. c) Entire arrays are passed call by value and individual array elements are normally passed simulated call by reference. d) Entire arrays are passed call by value and individual array elements are normally passed call by value.

ANS: (b) 6.8 Sorting Arrays 6.35 Which statement about bubble sort is true? (a) a maximum of n passes are needed to sort the array, where n is the number of elements (b) swapping values requires two assignments (c) performance is maximized (d) the algorithm is very simple compared to other sorting procedures ANS: (d) 6.36 Which statement about the bubble sort is false? a) It is easy to program. b) It is a high-performance sort. c) It compares only adjacent elements with one another. d) The bubble sort compares successive pairs of elements.

ANS: (b) 6.37 A bubble sort of 1000 elements requires a maximum of __________ passes. a) 1001 b) 1000 .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank c) 999 d) 998 ANS: (c) 6.9 Intro to Data Science Case Study: Survey Data Analysis 6.38 In order to calculate the __________ of an array of values, the array must be sorted. (a) median (b) mode (c) mean (d) (a), (b), and (c) ANS: (a) 6.39 The _____ is the average value of a set of data items. a) mean b) median c) mode d) matrix ANS: (a) 6.40 The __________ is the value that occurs most frequently in the data. a) mean b) median c) mode d) master ANS: (c) 6.10 Searching Arrays 6.41 The binary search technique (a) is better suited to small arrays (b) is better suited to unsorted arrays (c) can only be used on a sorted array (d) is slower than a linear search ANS: (c)

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C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 6.42 The maximum number of comparisons needed for the binary search of a 2000 element array is (a) 9 (b) 15 (c) 11 (d) 14 ANS: (c) 6.43 Which of these is generally thought of as a high-performance technique? a) bubble sort b) linear search c) binary search d) iteration ANS: (c) 6.44 Which of the following statements is false? a) The linear searching method works well for small arrays. b) The linear searching method works well for unsorted arrays. c) The binary search algorithm eliminates from consideration one half of the elements in a sorted array after each comparison. d) The binary search terminates only when the search key is equal to the middle element of a subarray.

ANS: (d) 6.45 A sorted array of a million elements can be searched by a binary search in __________ or fewer comparisons. a) 10 b) 20 c) 30 d) 999,999 ANS: (b) 6.11 Multidimensional Arrays 6.46 A two-dimensional array element incorrectly referenced as a[x, y] .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank

is actually evaluated as ________. (a) a[x][y] (b) a[y] (c) a[x] (d) a[0] ANS: (b) 6.47 Given the following definitions, what is the value of b[1][0]? int b[2][2] = {{1}, {3, 4}}; (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) this isn’t a valid definition ANS: (c) 6.48 Which of the following does not initialize all of the array elements to 0? (a) int b[2][2]; b[0][0] = b[0][1] = b[1][0] = b[1][1] = 0; (b) int b[2][2] = {0}; (c) int b[2][2]; for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) { for (int j = 0; j < 2; ++j) { b[i][j] = 0; } } (d) all of the above initialize all of their elements to 0.

ANS: (d) 6.49 Which statement is false about multidimensional arrays? a) C supports multidimensional arrays. .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank b) A common use of multidimensional arrays is to arrange data into tables consisting of rows and columns. c) To identify a particular table element requires two indices. d) All of the above statements are true.

ANS: (d) 6.50 An array containing 3 columns and 4 rows is typically referred to as a __________. a) 12-element array b) 3-by-4 array c) 13-element array, because of the zero element d) 4-by-3 array ANS: (d) 6.51 Which initialization is not performed by the following definition? int b[2][2] = {{1}, {3, 4}}; a)b[0][0] is set to 1 b) b[0][1] is set to 1 c) b[1][0] is set to 3 d) b[1][1] is set to 4 ANS: (b) 6.12 Variable-Length Arrays No questions.

6.13 Secure C Programming 6.52 Which of the following statements is false? (a) C provides automatic bounds checking for arrays. (b) C provides no automatic bounds checking for arrays, so you must provide your own. (c) Allowing programs to read from or write to array elements outside the bounds of arrays are common security flaws. (d) Writing to an out-of-bounds element (known as a buffer overflow) can corrupt a program’s data in memory, crash a program and allow .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank attackers to exploit the system and execute their own code.

ANS: (a) 6.53 Assuming myString is a 20-element char array, which of the following statements might result in buffer overflow? (a) scanf("%19s", myString); (b) scanf_s("%s", myString, 20); (c) scanf_s("%19s", myString, 20); (d) scanf("%s", myString); ANS: (d)

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C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank

7.1 Introduction 7.2 Pointer Variable Definitions and Initialization 7.1 Pointers cannot be used to (a) find the address of a variable in memory. (b) reference values directly. (c) simulate call-by-reference. (d) manipulate dynamic data structures.

ANS: (b) 7.2 Pointers may be assigned which of the following? (a) all integer values (b) an address (c) NULL (d) both (b) and (c) ANS: (d) 7.3 Pointers are variables that contain __________ as their values. a) strings b) flowlines c) memory addresses d) directions ANS: (c) 7.4 A non-pointer variable name __________ references a value and a pointer variable name __________ references a value. a) directly, directly b) directly, indirectly c) indirectly, directly d) indirectly, indirectly ANS: (b) 7.5 The definition int *count = NULL; .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank a) is a syntax error because only pointers can be defined with * notation. b) is a compile-time error. c) is a logic error. d) is a correct definition of integer pointer count.

ANS: (d) 7.6 Referencing a value through a pointer is called __________. a) interdiction b) indirection c) intermediation d) redirection ANS: (b) 7.7 Which statement about pointers is false? a) They can be defined to point to objects of any data type. b) The indirection operator * distributes to all comma-separated variable names in a definition. c) The letters Ptr in a pointer variable name are optional. d) A pointer may be initialized to 0, NULL or an address.

ANS: (b) 7.8 Which statement about pointers is false? a) A pointer with the value NULL points to nothing. b) NULL is a symbolic constant defined in the <stdio.h> header file. c) Initializing a pointer to 0 is equivalent to initializing a pointer to NULL, but NULL is preferred. d) The values 0 and 1 are the only values that can be assigned directly to a pointer variable.

ANS: (d) 7.3 Pointer Operators 7.9 The & operator can be applied to (a) constants (b) variables defined with the storage class register (c) variables defined with the storage class static .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank (d) rvalues ANS: (c) 7.10 Three of the following expressions have the same value. Which of the following’s value is different from the others? (a) *&Ptr (b) &*Ptr (c) *Ptr (d) Ptr ANS: (c) 7.11 The __________, or address operator, is a unary operator that returns the address of its operand. a) & b) && c) * d) ** ANS: (a) 7.12 Which statement is false? a) The operand of the address operator must be a variable. b) The address operator cannot be applied to constants or to expressions. c) The address operator can be applied to variables defined with the storage class register. d) The address operator can be applied to variables defined with the storage class static.

ANS: (c) 7.13 Which statement is false? a) The unary * operator is called the indirection operator or the dereferencing operator. b) The operand of the unary * operator must be a pointer. c) The unary * operator returns the value of its operand. d) Placing a * operator before a pointer dereferences the pointer.

ANS: (c)

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C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 7.14 Which statement is generally false? a) Initializing pointers is optional. b) Dereferencing an uninitialized pointer could lead to a fatal execution time error. c) Deferencing an uninitialized pointer could accidentally modify important data. d) Derefencing an uninitialized pointer causes a syntax error.

ANS: (d) 7.15 The unary * and __________ are complements of one another. a) / b) ^ c) & d) | ANS: (c) 7.4 Passing Arguments to Functions by Reference 7.16 When a compiler encounters a function parameter for a singlesubscripted array of the form int a[], it converts the parameter to (a) int a (b) int &a (c) int *a (d) int * const a ANS: (c) 7.17 Which statement is false? a) All function calls in C pass arguments call-by-value. b) Call-by-reference enables a called function to modify variables in the calling function. c) Call-by-value is always more efficient than call-by-reference. d) In C, programmers use pointers and the indirection operator to simulate call-by-reference.

ANS: (c) 7.18 When calling a function with arguments that should be modified, the __________ of those arguments are passed. .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank a) memory b) addresses c) values d) complements ANS: (b) 7.19 If array name arrayName is passed to a function, C automatically passes __________. a) &arrayName[0] b) arrayName[1] c) arrayName[0] d) *arrayName ANS: (a) 7.20 When the __________ of a variable is passed to a function, the indirection operator (*) may be used in the function to modify the __________ at that location in the caller’s memory. a) address, address b) value, address c) value, value d) address, value ANS: (d) 7.21 Which statement is false? a) It’s necessary to include names of pointer arguments in function prototypes. b) A function receiving an address as an argument must define a pointer parameter to receive the address. c) The compiler does not distinguish between a function that receives a pointer and a function that receives a single-subscripted array. d) The function must “know” whether it is receiving a single-subscripted array or simply a single variable for which it is to perform simulated call by reference.

ANS: (a) 7.5 Using the const Qualifier with Pointers 7.22 A function that modifies an array by using pointer arithmetic to .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank process every value should have a parameter that’s a ________. (a) nonconstant pointer to nonconstant data (b) nonconstant pointer to constant data (c) constant pointer to nonconstant data (d) constant pointer to constant data ANS: (a) 7.23 A function that prints a string should have a parameter that’s a ________. (a) nonconstant pointer to nonconstant data. (b) nonconstant pointer to constant data. (c) constant pointer to nonconstant data. (d) constant pointer to constant data.

ANS: (b) 7.24 What kind of pointer should be used to pass an array to a function that does not modify the array and only looks at it using array subscript notation? (a) A constant pointer to constant data. (b) A constant pointer to nonconstant data. (c) A nonconstant pointer to constant data. (d) A nonconstant pointer to constant data.

ANS: (a) 7.25. Which statement is false? a) The const qualifier enables the programmer to inform the compiler that the value of a particular variable should not be modified. b) The const qualifier did not exist in early versions of C; it was added to the language by the ANSI C committee. c) Using the const qualifier typically violates the principle of least privilege d) Adding const to C programs that do not use it presents significant opportunities for improvement in the software engineering of that code.

ANS: (c) 7.26 Which of the following most closely reflects the principle of least .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank privilege. a) Always grant a function at least enough access to the data in its parameters to accomplish its specified task. b) Always grant a function enough access to the data in its parameters to accomplish its specified task, but no more. c) Always grant a function the least amount of access to the data in its parameters. d) Never grant a function access to the data in its parameters.

ANS: (b) 7.27 Which statement is false? a) If a value should not change in the body of a function to which it is passed, the value should be defined const to ensure that it is not accidentally modified. b) Attempts to modify the value of a variable defined const are caught at execution time. c) One way to pass a pointer to a function is to use a non-constant pointer to non-constant data. d) It is dangerous to pass a non-pointer into a pointer argument.

ANS: (b) 7.28 The highest level of data access is granted by a a) non-constant pointer to non-constant data. b) non-constant pointer to constant data. c) constant pointer to non-constant data. d) constant pointer to constant data.

ANS: (a) 7.29 Which statement is false? a) Arrays and structures are aggregate data types. b) Structures in C are sometimes called records in other languages. c) A structure is capable of storing many related data items of different data types. d) Structures are always passed call by reference.

ANS: (d) 7.30 When a structure must be passed to a function, we can use .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank pointers to constant data to get the performance of a call by __________ and the protection of a call by __________. a) value, value b) value, reference c) reference, value d) reference, reference ANS: (c) 7.31 The least access privilege is granted by a __________ pointer to __________ data. a) non-constant, non-constant b) non-constant, constant c) constant, non-constant d) constant, constant ANS: (d) 7.6 Bubble Sort Using Pass-by-Reference 7.32 Which statement is false? a) The notations int *array and int array[] are interchangeable. b) Function prototypes may not be placed inside functions. c) Good advice: To encourage software reusability, when passing an array, also pass the size of the array. d) Global variable violate the principle of least privilege.

ANS: (b) 7.7 sizeof Operator 7.33 sizeof ________. (a) is a binary operator (b) returns the total number of elements in an array (c) usually returns a double (d) returns the total number of bytes in an array ANS: (d) 7.34 Which of the following gives the number of elements in the array int r[]? (a) sizeof (r) .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank (b) sizeof (*r) (c) sizeof (r) / sizeof (int) (d) sizeof (*r) / sizeof (int) ANS: (c) 7.35 Which statement is false? a) Using global variables, instead of passing arguments, can increase program performance, but reduce effective software engineering. b) Hardcoding into a function the size of an array that will be passed as an argument rather than passing the size of the array as a parameter, reduces the software reusability of that function. c) sizeof is an operator that calculates the size of its argument in bytes at compile time. d) When applied to the name of an array, sizeof returns the number of elements in the array.

ANS: (d) 7.36 An expression such as sizeof(arrayName) / sizeof(double) might typically be used to determine a) the size of an array b) the number of elements in an array c) the number of elements in half an array d) the size of an element of an array ANS: (b) 7.8 Pointer Expressions and Pointer Arithmetic 7.37 Which of the following can have a pointer as an operand? (a) ++ (b) *= (c) % (d) / ANS: (a) 7.38 Given that k is an integer array starting at location 2000, kPtr is a pointer to k, and each integer is stored in 4 bytes of memory, what location does kPtr + 3 point to? .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank (a) 2003 (b) 2006 (c) 2012 (d) 2024 ANS: (c) 7.39 A pointer cannot be assigned to ________. (a) another pointer of the same type (b) a pointer to void (c) a pointer of a type other than its own type and void (d) None of the above.

ANS: (c) 7.40 Comparing pointers and performing arithmetic on them is meaningless unless (a) they point to members of the same array (b) they point to arrays of the same type (c) they point to arrays of equal size (d) they point to different locations ANS: (a) 7.41 Which statement is false? a) A pointer may be incremented or decremented. b) An integer may be added to a pointer. c) All operators normally used in arithmetic expressions, assignment expressions and comparison expressions are valid in conjunction with pointer variables. d) A pointer may not be added to a pointer.

ANS: (c) 7.42 Which statement is false? a) A pointer can always be assigned to another pointer of the same type. b) A cast operator must always be used to convert the pointer on the right of an assignment to the pointer type on the left of the assignment. c) Variables of all pointer types can be assigned a pointer to void. d) A pointer to void can be assigned a pointer of any type.

ANS: (b) .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 7.9 Relationship Between Pointers and Arrays 7.43 Assuming that t is an array and tPtr is a pointer to that array, what expression refers to the address of element 3? a) *(tPtr + 3) b) tPtr[3] c) &t[3] d) *(t + 3) ANS: (c) 7.44 If bPtr is assigned b (the name of an array), then array element b[3] can alternatively be referenced with the pointer expression __________. a) bPtr + 3 b) b[bPtr + 3] c) *b [bPtr + 3] d) *(bPtr + 3) ANS: (d) 7.10 Arrays of Pointers 7.45 A string array ________. a) stores an actual string in each of its elements b) can only provide access to strings of a certain length c) is actually an array of pointers d) is always less memory efficient than an equivalent double-subscripted array ANS: (c) 7.46 Which statement is false? a) In C, a string is essentially a pointer to its first character. b) Arrays may contain pointers. c) Each entry in an array of strings is actually a pointer to the first character of a string. d) The size of an array of strings is the sum of the lengths of the strings.

ANS: (d)

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C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 7.11 Random-Number Simulation Case Study: Card Shuffling and Dealing 7.47 An algorithm that could execute for an unknown amount of time because it depends on random numbers to exit a function may ________. a) get caught in an infinite loop. b) suffer from indefinite postponement. c) issue a compiler error. d) None of the above.

ANS: (b) 7.48 Which statement about the algorithm we presented in Section 7.10 of the text for shuffling a deck of cards is true? a) It’s guaranteed to terminate. b) It could execute indefinitely. c) It’s efficient. d) It uses a one-dimensional array of 52 cards.

ANS: (b) 7.12 Functions Pointers 7.49 Which of the following is false with regard to pointers to functions? a) They contain the starting address of the function code. b) They’re dereferenced in order to call the function. c) They can be stored in arrays. d) They cannot be assigned to other function pointers ANS: (d) 7.50 (*max)(num1, num2, num3); a) is the header for function max b) is a call to the function that the pointer max points to c) is the prototype for function max d) is part of a definition of a pointer to the function max ANS: (b) 7.51 A pointer to a function contains __________. a) the address of the function’s automatic variables .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank b) the address of the function on the stack c) the address of the entry for that function in the System Function Table d) the address of the function in memory ANS: (d) 7.52 Which statement about the parameter definition int (*compare)(int, int) is false? a) It defines a parameter that is a pointer to a function that receives two integer arguments and returns a pointer to an integer as a result. b) Parentheses are needed around *compare because * has a lower precedence than the parentheses enclosing the function parameters. c) Without the parentheses it would have defined a function that receives two integers and returns a pointer to an integer. d) The corresponding parameter in the function prototype would ordinarily be int (*)(int, int) ANS: (a) 7.13 Secure C Programming 7.53 Which of the following statements is false? (a) Functions like printf_s and scanf_s have runtime pointer constraints that are checked after attempting to use the pointers. (b) In a scanf_s, if any of the pointer arguments (including the format-control string) are NULL, the function returns EOF. (c) In a printf_s, if the format-control string or any argument that corresponds to a %s is NULL, the function stops outputting data and returns a negative number. (d) None of the above.

ANS: (a) 7.54 Which of the following statements is false? (a) Dereferencing NULL pointers typically causes programs to crash. (b) If a function parameter points to a value that will not be changed by the function, const should be used to indicate that the data is .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank constant. (c) Attackers cannot execute code by dereferencing a NULL pointer. (d) None of the above.

ANS: (c)

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C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank

8.1 Introduction No questions.

8.2 Fundamentals of Strings and Characters 8.1 Which of the following is false? (a) A string may include letters, digits, and various special characters (i.e., +, -, * ). (b) A string in C is an array of characters ending in the null character (‘\0’). (c) String literals are written inside of single quotes (d) A string may be assigned in a definition to either a character array or a variable of type char *.

ANS: (c) 8.2 A character constant is a(n) __________ value represented as a character in single quotes. a) short b) int c) long d) double ANS: (b) 8.3 '\n' represents the integer value of a) the character n b) the string n c) newline d) nextline ANS: (c) 8.4 +, \ and $ are all examples of __________. a) special characters b) strings c) operators d) literals ANS: (a) .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 8.5 A string in C is __________. a) an array of characters ending in the empty string b) a sequence of characters contained within single quotes c) a sequence of characters preceded by a length field d) an array of characters ending in the null character ANS: (d) 8.6 In C, it is appropriate to say that a string is a(n) __________. a) pointer b) integer c) double quote d) sequence of characters contained in single quotes ANS: (a) 8.3 Character-Handling Library 8.7 The functions of the character-handling library typically manipulate characters as ___________. (a) ints. (b) floats. (c) longs. (d) bits.

ANS: (a) 8.8 The isxdigit (is hex digit) function would return false on (a) a (b) A (c) 2 (d) g ANS: (d) 8.9 Which character-handling library function returns a true value if its argument is a letter and 0 otherwise? a) isalphanumeric b) isalphabetic c) isalpha d) isletter .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank ANS: (c) 8.10 Which character-handling library function converts lowercase letters to uppercase letters? a) lowertoupper b) isupper c) touppercase d) toupper ANS: (d) 8.11 Which character handling library function returns true if its argument is a printing character? a) ispchar b) isprintablechar c) isprint d) isprintchar ANS: (c) 8.4 String-Conversion Functions 8.12 The strtol and stroul functions do not (a) need a special header file in order to be used. (b) take three arguments. (c) have to convert the entire string they are given. (d) have the ability to output data in base 8.

ANS: (c) 8.13 The general utilities library is a) stdutil b) stdlibrary c) stdutility d) stdlib ANS: (d) 8.14 Which statement is false? a) Function atof returns a double version of its argument. b) If the converted value cannot be represented, the behavior of atoi .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank is undefined. c) When using functions from the general utilities library, its header file must be included. d) Function strtol receives three arguments.

ANS: (c) 8.15 __________ values can consist of the digits 0 through 9 and the letters A through F. a) hexadecimal b) binary c) octal d) decimal ANS: (a) 8.5 Standard Input/Output Library Functions 8.16 Which function does not read data from standard input? a) scanf b) sscanf c) sprintf d) getchar ANS: (c) 8.17 Function __________ inputs the next character from the standard input and returns it as an integer. a) inputchr b) getchr c) inputchar d) getchar ANS: (d) 8.18 Function __________ prints the character equivalent of its integer argument. a) putchar b) putch c) printchar d) printch .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank Ans: (a) 8.19 Function fgets appends a __________ to its array target in memory. a) leading null character b) leading end-of-file character c) terminating null character d) terminating end-of-file character ANS: (c) 8.20 Which statement is true? a) sprintf takes its input from a character array. b) sprintf prints its output in string format on the screen. c) sprintf stores its output in a character array. d) sprintf is a secure version of printf.

ANS: (c) 8.6 String-Manipulation Functions of the String-Handling Library 8.21 Which is not a capability of the string-handling library? a) tokenizing strings b) comparing strings c) searching strings d) inputting strings ANS: (d) 8.22 The integral type of the value returned by operator sizeof is __________. a) size-t b) sizet c) size.t d) size_t ANS: (d) 8.23 Which statement is false? a) Function strcpy copies its first argument into its second argument. b) Function strncpy does not necessarily copy the terminating null character of its second argument. .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank c) A common error is not appending a terminating null character to the first argument of a strncpy when the third argument is less than or equal to the length of the string in the second argument. d) The first character of the second argument of strcat replaces the null character that terminates the string in the first argument.

ANS: (a) 8.7 Comparison Functions of the String-Handling Library 8.24 Assuming that string1 = “hello” and string2 = “hello world”, Which of the following returns 0? (a) strcmp(string1, string2); (b) strcmp(string1, string2, 6); (c) strncmp(string1, string2, 6); (d) strncmp(string1, string2, 5); ANS: (d) 8.25 Function strcmp returns __________ if its first argument is equal to its second argument. a) specifically 1 b) any non-zero value (i.e., true) c) specifically 0 d) any negative value ANS: (c) 8.26 Function __________ compares up to n characters of its first argument with its second argument. a) nstrcmp b) strncmp c) strcmpn d) strcmp ANS: (b) 8.27 ASCII and EBCDIC are a) characters b) strings c) character sets .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank d) character comparison operators ANS: (c) 8.28 When the computer compares two strings, it actually compares the __________ in the strings. a) number of characters b) numeric codes of the characters c) character bits d) lengths of the leading alphabetic portions ANS: (b) 8.8 Search Functions of the String-Handling Library 8.29 strtok does not (a) replace each delimiting character with '\0' (b) return a pointer to the token it creates (c) tokenize the entire a string when it’s called (d) modify the input string ANS: (c) 8.30 Function __________ searches for the first occurrence of a character in a string. a) firstchar b) getfirst c) firstchr d) strchr ANS: (d) 8.31 Function strcspn returns __________. a) a length b) a range of characters c) the starting and ending positions of a range of characters d) a char ANS: (a) 8.32 Function __________ searches for the first occurrence in its first string argument of any character in its second string argument. a) strfirst .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank b) strstr c) firstany d) strpbrk ANS: (d) 8.33 Which statement about strtok is false? a) It breaks a string into tokens. b) Subsequent calls to continue tokenizing the same string contain NULL as the first argument. c) The length of the current token is returned by each call. d) If there are no more tokens when the function is called, NULL is returned.

ANS: (c) 8.34 Which statement is true? a) strtok modifies the input string. b) strtok makes a backup copy of the input string. c) The first argument of each call to strtok is the string being tokenized. d) strtok works only with a set of four predefined delimiters.

ANS: (a) 8.9 Memory Functions of the String-Handling Library 8.35 The ___________ function allows characters of one part of a string to be copied into another part of the string. (a) memchr (b) memcmp (c) memset (d) memmove ANS: (d) 8.36 memcmp would return ___________ for the call memcmp("Hi, how are you?", "Hi, how are things?", 6); (a) -1 (b) a negative number. (c) zero. .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank (d) a positive number.

ANS: (c) 8.37 To change the string "ABCDEFGHI" to "aaaaaFGHI" you would use the _________ function. (a) memset (b) memcmp (c) memchr (d) memcopy ANS: (a) 8.38 Which statement about the memory functions of the string handling library is false? a) The functions treat blocks of memory as strings. b) The functions facilitate manipulating, comparing and searching blocks of memory. c) The pointer parameters to these functions are defined void *. d) A void * pointer cannot be dereferenced.

ANS: (a) 8.39 Which statement about function memcpy is false? a) It copies a specified number of characters from the object pointed to by its second argument into the object pointed to by its first argument. b) It can receive a pointer to any type of object. c) The result of this function is defined even if the two objects overlap in memory. d) Function memmove correctly handles the situation for which memcpy most notably fails.

ANS: (c) 8.40 What memory function of the string handling library copies an unsigned char into a specified number of the leading locations pointed to by its first argument? a) memcpy b) memmove c) memset d) memlead .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank ANS: (c) 8.10 Other Functions of the String-Handling Library 8.41 Function __________ takes an error number and creates an error message string. (a) errorstr (b) strerror (c) badstr (d) strfail ANS: (b) 8.42 The strlen function returns ________. (a) the number of characters in a string excluding the null character (b) the number of characters in a string including the null character (c) the ASCII representation of the character (d) none of these ANS: (a) 8.43 Which statement is false? a) Function strerror takes an error number and creates an error message string. b) Function strerror maps its integer argument into a full text string in a system-dependent manner c) Function strlen determines the length of a string including the null character. d) Function strerror does not display its string output.

ANS: (c) 8.11 Secure C Programming No questions

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C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 9.1 Introduction

9.2 Streams 9.1 Which of the following is not a standard C formatted stream? a) standard input stream b) standard error stream c) standard output stream d) standard redirection stream ANS: (d) 9.2 Which statement about the standard streams is true? a) The standard input stream must be connected to the keyboard. b) The standard output stream must be connected to the screen. c) The standard error stream is connected to the screen by default. d) Streams may not be redirected.

ANS: (c) 9.3 Formatting Output with printf 9.3 Which of the following does not represent a capability of the printf function? (a) center align outputs (b) left align outputs (c) right align outputs (d) inserting literal characters at precise locations in a line of output ANS: (a) 9.4 Which is not a formatting capability of printf? a) representing unsigned integers in binary format b) representing unsigned integers in decimal format c) representing unsigned integers in hexadecimal format d) representing unsigned integers in octal format ANS: (a) 9.5 A printf format control string must be enclosed in a) slashes b) /* */ c) single quotes d) double quotes ANS: (d) 9.4 Printing Integers 9.6 Which statement about the i and d integer conversion specifiers is false? a) They display a signed decimal integer (when used with printf).

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C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank b) They are identical when used with printf. c) They are identical when used with scanf. d) They display numbers without a decimal point.

ANS: (c) 9.7 Which integer conversion specifier displays an unsigned octal integer? a) oct b) OCT c) o (lowercase letter) d) O (uppercase letter) ANS: (c) 9.8 Which integer conversion specifier displays an unsigned decimal integer? a) u b) U c) ud d) UD ANS: (a) 9.9 Which integer conversion specifier would display the hexadecimal digit A? a) h b) H c) x d) X ANS: (d) 9.10 When used with integer conversion specifiers, the letters h and l (“el”) are called __________. a) height modifiers b) length modifiers c) complements d) adjustors ANS: (b) 9.11 Place __________ before any integer conversion specifier to indicate that a short integer is to be displayed. a) s b) S c) h d) H ANS: (c) 9.12 Which statement about integer conversion specifiers is false? a) It is an error to print a negative value with a conversion specifier that expects an unsigned value.

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C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank b) –455 when printed with %u prints 455. c) When printing an integers with %d, the plus sign (on a positive integer) does not print. d) Place an l (“el”) before any integer conversion specifier to indicate that a long integer is displayed.

ANS: (b) 9.5 Printing Floating-Point Numbers 9.13 The %e conversion specifier displays ________ values. (a) long (b) character (c) integer (d) floating-point ANS: (d) 9.14 The %g conversion specifier indicates ________. (a) color (b) significant digits (c) a global variable (d) a hexadecimal integer ANS: (b) 9.15 A floating-point value always contains a __________. a) decimal point b) comma c) plus sign d) e or E ANS: (a) 9.16 The floating-point conversion specifiers e and E display floating-point values in __________ notation. a) elliptical b) existential c) exponential d) exportable ANS: (c) 9.17 In 1.504582E+02, the E+02 indicates that __________. a) 1.504582 is to be raised to the second power b) 1.504582 is to be extended by two print positions c) 1.504582 is to be multiplied by 100 d) 1.504582 is to be doubled ANS: (c)

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C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 9.18 Values printed with the conversion specifiers e, E and f are output with __________ digits of precision to the right of the decimal point by default. a) 0 b) 1 c) 5 d) 6 ANS: (d) 9.19 Conversion specifiers e and E always print exactly __________ to the left of the decimal point. a) zero digits b) one digit c) two digits d) three digits ANS: (b) 9.20 Conversion specifiers g or G always print __________. a) no trailing zeros b) one trailing zero c) as many trailing zeros as are in the number itself d) a default of six trailing zeros ANS: (a) 9.21 With the %g conversion specifier, the value 0.0000875 prints as a) 8.75e-05 b) 87.5e-06 c) 0.875e-04 d) 0 (because of truncation) ANS: (a) 9.6 Printing Strings and Characters 9.22 What would be the output of the following statements? char* value = "hello"; printf("%c", value); (a) h (b) hello (c) value (d) none of these ANS: (d) 9.23 What would be the output of the following statement?

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C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank char* value = 'hello'; printf('%s', value); (a) h (b) hello (c) value (d) none of these ANS: (d) 9.24 Conversion specifier c requires a(n) __________ argument. a) pointer to char b) char c) integer d) ASCII numeric ANS: (b) 9.25 Conversion specifier s requires a(n) __________ argument. a) pointer to char b) char c) integer d) ASCII numeric ANS: (a) 9.26 Which is not a common programming error with regard to the character and string conversion specifiers. a) Using %c to print a string. b) Using %s to print a char argument c) Using double quotes around a character string d) Using double quotes around a character constant ANS: (c) 9.7 Other Conversion Specifiers 9.27 Which of the following would output a “%” sign when used in the format control string of the printf statement? a) %/ b) /% c) %% d) none of these ANS: (c) 9.28 Conversion specifier p __________. a) displays a pointer value with -> notation b) displays a pointer value in hexadecimal notation c) displays a pointer value in decimal notation

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C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank d) displays a pointer value in an implementation-defined manner.

ANS: (d) 9.8 Printing with Field Widths and Precision 9.29 What does the 4 signify in the follwing statement? printf("%4i\n", 123); (a) degree of exponentiation (b) floating point precision (c) a field width (d) none of these ANS: (c) 9.30 What would be the output of the following statement? printf("%4d", 123456); (a) 1234 (b) 2345 (c) 3456 (d) 123456 ANS: (d) 9.31 The statement printf("%*.*f", 7, 2, 98.736); uses ________ for the precision, ________ for the field width and outputs the value 98.74 ________. a) 7, 2, left aligned b) 2, 7, left aligned c) 2, 7, right aligned d) 7, 2, right aligned ANS: (c) 9.32 If the field width is larger than the data being printed, the data will normally be __________ within that field. a) truncated b) right aligned c) center aligned d) left aligned ANS: (b) 9.9 Using Flags in the printf Format-Control String

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C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 9.33 Which of the following is not a flag that can be used in the printf formatcontrol string? a) 0 b) + c) / d) # ANS: (c) 9.34 Which of the following is the correct way to output the value of 4 left aligned? a) printf("%i", 4); b) printf("%-i", 4); c) printf("4%i", 4); d) printf("4-%i", 4); ANS: (b) 9.35 Which is not a format control string flag? a) – b) space c) newline d) # ANS: (c) 9.36 Which statement is false with regard to format control string flags? a) The plus sign is only displayed when the + flag is used. b) The minus sign is always displayed (when the value being printed is negative). c) To use a flag in a format control string, place the flag immediately to the left of the percent sign. d) Use the 0 flag to pad a field with leading zeros.

ANS: (c) 9.10 Printing Literals and Escape Sequences 9.37 What does the \\ do when used in a format control string? (a) It outputs the backslash character (b) It delimits comments (c) both a and b (d) none of these ANS: (a) 9.38 Which statement about an escape sequence is false? a) \r moves the cursor to the beginning of the next line. b) \b moves the cursor back one position on the current line. c) \f moves the cursor to the start of the next logical page. d) \v moves the cursor to the next vertical tab position.

ANS: (a)

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C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 9.11 Formatting Input with scanf 9.39 A field width ________ be included in the format control string of the scanf statement. (a) can (b) cannot (c) must (d) none of these ANS: (a) 9.40 The ________ character reads data from the input stream and discards the data. (a) % (b) conversion specifier (c) assignment suppression (d) // ANS: (c) 9.41 Which is not an input formatting capability of scanf? a) inputting all types of data b) inputting specific characters from an input stream c) skipping specific characters in the input stream d) replacing specific characters in the input stream ANS: (d) 9.42 The %i scanf conversion specifier is not capable of inputting which type of data? a) hexadecimal b) binary c) decimal d) octal ANS: (b) 9.43 Which statement about scan sets is false? a) A scan set is a set of characters enclosed in parentheses and preceded by a percent sign in the format control string. b) A scan set scans the characters in the input stream looking only for those characters that match the characters contained in the scan set. c) Each time a character in the input stream matches a character in the scan set, the input stream character is stored in the scan set’s corresponding argument—a pointer to a character array. d) The scan set stops inputting characters when a character that is not contained in the scan set is encountered.

ANS: (a) 9.12 Secure C Programming

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C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 9.44 Which of the following statements is false? (a) In general, as you study any programming language, if the language specification says that doing something can lead to undefined behavior, avoid doing it to prevent security vulnerabilities. (b) The C standard specifies the exact behavior for every case in which incorrect library-function arguments are passed to a library function. (c) Undefined behaviors can occur when using printf with improperly formed conversion specifications. (d) None of the above.

ANS: (b)

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C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank

10.1 Introduction 10.1 ________ may contain different data types. (a) structures (b) arrays (c) both a and b (d) none of these ANS: (a) 10.2. __________ are collections of related variables—sometimes referred to as aggregates—under one name. a) members b) enumerations c) structures d) files ANS: (c) 10.3. Structures may contain variables of many different data types— in contrast to ___________ that contain only elements of the same data type. a) files b) arrays c) constants d) functions ANS: (b) 10.2 Structure Definitions 10.4 Two structure variables with the same member values (a) always compare equally. (b) never compare equally. (c) sometimes compare equally. (d) only compare equally if both structure variables contain holes.

ANS: (c) 10.5 What does the deck[52] array contain in the following statement? .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank

struct card a, deck[52], *cPtr; (a) card structure elements (b) a structure elements (c) *cPtr elements (d) none of these ANS: (a) 10.6. Keyword __________ introduces the structure definition. a) structure b) str c) strdef d) struct ANS: (d) 10.7. A structure containing a member that’s a pointer to the same structure type is referred to as a __________ structure. a) self-referential b) self-describing c) self-recursive d) self- elemental ANS: (a) 10.8. Which statement is false? a) Structures are derived data types. b) Each structure definition must end with a semicolon. c) A structure can contain an instance of itself. d) Structures may not be compared using operators == and !=.

ANS: (c) 10.9. Which of the following is not a valid operation on a structure? a) Assigning structure variables to structure variables of the same type. b) Taking the address of a structure variable. c) Using the sizeof operator to determine the size of a structure .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank variable. d) Comparing structures of the same type with relational operators.

ANS: (d) 10.3 Initializing Structures 10.10 Structure variables may not be initialized by (a) setting user-defined default variable values in the struct definition. (b) assigning values to individual data members. (c) array-like member initializer lists. (d) assignment statements.

ANS: (a) 10.11 What does the following statement do? struct card a = {"Three", "Hearts"}; (a) It creates a variable card of type struct with two members specified in the list. (b) It creates two variables named Three and Hearts of type struct card a. (c) It creates a variable a to be of type struct card and initializes it to the values in the list. (d) It creates two variables named Three and Hearts of type struct card.

ANS: (c) 10.12. If there are fewer __________ in the list than members in the structure, the remaining members are automatically initialized to 0 or NULL. a) quantifiers b) initializers c) numerators d) variables ANS: (b) 10.13. Structures can be initialized in __________ statements. .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank a) assignment b) null c) scope d) empty ANS: (a) 10.4 Accessing Structure Members 10.14 Arrays are (a) always passed call-by-reference. (b) passed call-by-reference unless inside a structure. (c) always passed call-by-value. (d) passed call-by-value unless inside a structure.

ANS: (b) 10.15 The ________ accesses a structure member via the structure variable name. (a) structure member operator (b) structure pointer operator (c) structure arrow operator (d) none of these ANS: (a) 10.16. The expression aptr->suit is equivalent to __________. a) aptr.suit b) *aptr.suit c) (*aptr).suit d) *aptr.(suit) ANS: (c) 10.17. Which of the following is false? a) Structure member names throughout a program must be unique. b) Attempting to refer to a member of a structure by using only the member’s name is an error. c) Inserting a space between the - and > of operator -> is an error. d) The dot operator (.) is the structure member operator.

ANS: (a)

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C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 10.5 Using Structures with Functions 10.18 Structures may be passed to functions by ________. (a) passing individual structure members (b) passing an entire structure (c) passing a pointer to the structure (d) all of these ANS: (d) 10.19 Arrays of structures ________. (a) are automatically passed by reference (b) are automatically passed by value (c) cannot be passed by reference (d) None of the above.

ANS: (a) 10.20. A structure of arrays is automatically passed __________. a) by value b) by reference c) by aggregate d) by masking ANS: (a) 10.21. Which of the following is false? a) To pass a structure by reference, pass the address of the structure variable. b) A way to pass an array by value, is to create a structure with the array as a member then pass the name of the structure. c) To pass a structure by reference, pass the name of the structure variable. d) Passing large structures by reference is more efficient than passing large structures by value.

ANS: (c) 10.6 typedef 10.22 typedef is used to (a) create a name that is an alias for a previously defined data type. .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank (b) create new data types. (c) cast one struct to another type. (d) initialize struct members.

ANS: (a) 10.23 Advantages of typedef do not include (a) making programs more portable by allowing data types to be easily changed to meet system specifications. (b) making type names shorter. (c) making programs more readable. (d) increasing the efficiency of accessing struct member variables.

ANS: (d) 10.24 Creating a new name with typedef __________. a) creates a new type b) creates a new type name c) creates a new variable name d) creates a new variable ANS: (b) 10.25 Which statement is true? a) Often, typedef is used to create synonyms for the basic data types. b) Keyword typedef is used to create antonyms (or opposites) for the basic data types. c) Names for structure types are typically defined with typedef to create longer type names. d) The first letter of each typedef name must be capitalized.

ANS: (a) 10.7 Example: High-Performance Card-Shuffling and Dealing Simulation 10.26 What does the statement typedef struct card Card; do? a) Defines card as a synonym for Card. b) Defines Card as a synonym for card. c) Defines Card as a synonym for struct card. d) Defines Card as a synonym for typedef struct card. .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank ANS: (c) 10.27 Which of the following is always an error? a) Not using srand in every program that uses rand. b) Not using rand in every program that uses srand. c) Not using const when passing an array. d) Forgetting to include the array subscript when referring to individual structures in an array of structures.

ANS: (d) 10.8 Unions 10.28 Which of the following is true? (a) Unions may be compared using the == operator. (b) The address operator (&) cannot be used to take the address of a union. (c) Unions may only contain two data types. (d) Only one union member, and thus one data type, can be referenced at a time ANS: (d) 10.29 Which of the following is not an operation that can be performed on a union? (a) comparing using the != operator (b) taking the address (&) of a union (c) accessing union members using the structure member operator (d) assigning a union to another union of the same type ANS: (a) 10.30 Which of the following is true? a) A union typically makes less efficient use of memory than a struct. b) A union is another name for a struct. c) A union is a derived data type whose members share the same storage space. d) Unions are always portable between different computers with different compilers.

ANS: (c)

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C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 10.31 Which statement is true? a) The members of a union can be of any type. b) The members of a union must all be of the same type. c) A union may not be assigned to another union of the same type. d) Unions may be compared to other unions of the same type.

ANS: (a) 10.9 Bitwise Operators 10.32 The most basic unit of data on a computer is the (a) bit. (b) byte. (c) file. (d) int.

ANS: (a) 10.33 Which of the following is not a bitwise operator? (a) ^ (b) & (c) ~ (d) * ANS: (d) 10.34 Let Bit1 = Bit2 = 1. Which of the following does not have the same result as the others? (a) Bit1 & Bit2 (b) Bit1 | Bit2 (c) Bit1^Bit2 (d) ~(~Bit2) ANS: (c) 10.35 Evaluate (00001000 & 11000101) ^ (11110000) (a) 00111101 (b) 11000000 (c) 00111101 (d) 11110000 ANS: (d) .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank

10.36 For any eight-bit x, which of the following does not result in zero? (a) x &= (~x) (b) x ^= x (c) x <<= 8 (d) x |= x ANS: (d) 10.37 The bitwise operators can be used to manipulate the bits of variables of type __________. a) float b) double c) long d) long double ANS: (c) 10.38 Which operator sets the bits in the result to 1 only when the corresponding bits in the two operands are both 1? a) bitwise AND b) bitwise inclusive OR c) bitwise exclusive OR d) bitwise complement ANS: (a) 10.39 Which operator sets the bits in the result to 1 if at least one of the corresponding bits in the two operands is 1? a) bitwise AND b) bitwise inclusive OR c) bitwise exclusive OR d) bitwise complement ANS: (b) 10.40 Which operator sets the bits in the result to 1 if at exactly one of the corresponding bits in the two operands is 1? a) bitwise AND .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank b) bitwise inclusive OR c) bitwise exclusive OR d) bitwise complement ANS: (c) 10.41 Which statement is true of the << operator? a) It’s called the right shift operator. b) It’s called the bitwise right shift operator. c) It shifts the bits of the second operand left by the number of bits specified by the first operand. d) It fills from the right with 0 bits.

ANS: (d) 10.42 Which statement is true of the >> operator? a) It is called the left shift operator. b) It is called the bitwise left shift operator. c) It shifts the bits of the first operand right by the number of bits specified by the second operand. d) It fills from the left portably across platforms.

ANS: (c) 10.43 In bitwise manipulations, a mask is typically __________. a) A floating point value with specific bits set to 1. b) An integer value with specific bits set to 1. c) An integer value with specific bits set to 0. d) A floating point value with specific bits set to 0.

ANS: (b) 10.44 Which of the following is true? a) Any bit “ANDed” with 0 yields 0. b) Any bit “ANDed” with 1 yields 1. c) Any bit “ANDed” with 0 yields 1. d) Any bit “ANDed” with 1 yields 0.

ANS: (a) 10.45 Which statement is true? a) || is the bitwise or operator, .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank b) | is the logical or operator c) Operators || and | are interchangeable. d) || and | are each binary operators.

ANS: (d) 10.46 Which statement is false? a) The result of shifting a value is undefined if the right operand is negative. b) The result of shifting a value is undefined if the right operand has more bits than the number of bits in which the left operand is stored. c) Left shifting is machine dependent. d) Right shifting is machine dependent.

ANS: (c) 10.10 Bit Fields 10.47 A bitfield must be defined as a __________. (a) int or unsigned (b) char (c) float (d) long ANS: (a) 10.48 The number of bits in a bitfield is specified with __________. (a) parenthesis as in bitfield(4) (b) a colon as in bitfield : 4 (c) brackets as in bitfield[4] (d) a dot as in bitfield.4 ANS: (b) 10.49 __________ is not allowed. (a) Accessing individual bits in a multi-bit bitfield. (b) Padding a bitfield with bits that cannot be accessed (c) Having an unnamed bitfield. (d) Having a bitfield with a zero width.

ANS: (a)

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C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 10.50 An unnamed bit field with a zero width is used to __________. a) purge a bit from a bit field b) initialize a bit field to 0. c) concatenate two bit fields. d) align the next bit field on a new storage unit boundary.

ANS: (d) 10.51 Which statement is false? a) Using bit fields can be an effective space saving technique. b) Using bit fields always results in faster executing machine language. c) The decision to use bit fields is one of many examples of the kinds of space-time tradeoffs that occur in computer science. d) An unnamed bit field with a non-zero width is used as padding in a struct of bit fields.

ANS: (b) 10.11 Enumeration Constants 10.52 Enumeration constants within an enumeration (a) must have unique integer values (b) can be assigned other values once they have been defined (c) must have unique identifiers (d) are defined using the keyword const ANS: (c) 10.53 Which statement is false? a) Assigning a value to an enumeration constant when creating an enumeration type causes a syntax error. b) An enumeration is a set of integer constants represented by identifiers. c) Enumeration constant values can be set automatically. d) Assigning a value to an enumeration constant after it has been defined is a compilation error.

ANS: (a) 10.54 Which statement is true? a) The identifiers in an enumeration must be unique. .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank b) The constant values assigned to members of an enumeration must be unique. c) Enumeration constant names must consist of all uppercase letters. d) Values in an enumeration start with 1 unless specified otherwise.

ANS: (a) 10.12 Anonymous Structures and Unions No questions 10.13 Secure C Programming 10.55 Which of the following statements is true? (a) The size of a struct variable is the sum of its members’ sizes. (b) struct variables can be compared for equality or inequality. (c) In a struct variable, undefined extra bytes could contain secure data—left over from prior use of those memory locations—that should not be accessible. (d) None of the above.

ANS: (c) 10.57 Which of the following statements is true? (a) Allowing multiple enumeration constants to have the same value can result in difficult-to-find logic errors. (b) Performing bitwise operations on integer types smaller than int always yields correct results. (c) Bitwise operations on signed and unsigned integer types are portable across platforms. (d) None of the above.

ANS: (a)

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C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank Chapter 11: File Processing 11.1 Introduction 11.1 ________ are used for permanent retention of large amounts of data. (a) Structures (b) Arrays (c) Records (d) Files ANS: (d) 11.2 Which of the following is false? a) Storage of data in memory variables is temporary; all such data is lost when a program terminates. b) Computers store files on primary storage devices, typically disk storage devices. c) Files are used for permanent retention of data (typically large amounts of data). d) Storage of data in memory arrays is temporary; all such data is lost when a program terminates.

ANS: (b)

11.2 Files and Streams 11.3 Which of the following is not a stream associated with C files? (a) stdin (b) stdout (c) stdchar (d) stderr ANS: (c) 11.4 Which of the following is not part of the FILE structure specified in <stdio.h>? (a) file descriptor (b) open file table (c) read/write methods (d) file control block ANS: (c) 11.5 C views each file simply as a sequential stream of __________. a) bits b) bytes c) fields d) records ANS: (b) 11.6 Which of the following is not automatically opened when a C program begins? a) standard error b) standard output c) standard dialog d) standard input ANS: (c) 11.7 __________ provide communication channels between files and programs. a) Streams b) Records c) File descriptors

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C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank d) File control blocks (FCBs) ANS: (a) 11.8 The standard __________ stream enables a program to read data from the keyboard. a) read b) keyboard c) dialog d) input ANS: (d) 11.9 Function __________ reads one character from a file. a) fgetcharacter b) fgetc c) fgetchar d) fgetbyte ANS: (b) 11.10 Function fputs writes a __________ to a file. a) character b) stream c) line d) standard output ANS: (c)

11.3 Creating a Sequential-Access File 11.11 Which mode would you use if you wanted to open a file for both reading and writing? (a) r+ (b) w+ (c) a+ (d) all of these ANS: (d) 11.12 If an error occurs while opening a file in any mode, function fopen returns ________. (a) true (b) NULL (c) false (d) -1 ANS: (b) 11.13 Which statement is true? a) C imposes no structure on a file. b) C imposes record structure on a file. c) C imposes sequential access on a file. d) C imposes hierarchical access on a file.

ANS: (a) 11.14 Which statement is false? a) The programmer must provide any file structure to meet the requirements of each particular application. b) A programmer can impose a record structure on a file. c) Records must be written to a C file in order by record key. d) None of the above.

ANS: (c) .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank

11.15 Which of the following statements is false? a) The programmer must know the specifics of the FILE structure to use files. b) The FILE structure for a file leads indirectly to the operating system’s file control block (FCB) for a file. c) If a file does not exist and is opened for writing fopen creates the file. d) A C program administers each file with a separate FILE structure.

ANS: (a) 11.16 Before a file can be accessed it must first be a) copied b) read c) written d) opened ANS: (d) 11.17 If an existing file is opened for writing __________. a) the contents of the file are preserved b) the contents of the file are discarded and an error code is returned c) the contents of the file are discarded without warning d) the newly written data is appended to the end of the file ANS: (c) 11.18 Function feof __________. a) forces an end-of-file condition b) determines whether the end-of-file indicator is set for a file c) sets the end-of-file indicator for a file d) flushes the contents of the file from the current position to the end ANS: (b) 11.19 Which statement is true? a) Function fprintf is equivalent to printf. b) Function fprintf is equivalent to printf except that fprintf also receives as an argument a file pointer for the file to which the data will be written. c) Function fprintf is equivalent to printf except that fprintf also receives as an argument a file control block for the file to which the data will be written. d) Function fprintf is equivalent to printf except that fprintf also disables the file end-of-file indicator.

ANS: (b) 11.20 If a file is not closed explicitly by a program __________. a) the operating system normally will close the file when program execution terminates b) the file will be left open when the program terminates, creating a possible security breach c) the operating system will query the user to determine if he or she wishes to close the file when the program terminates d) the operating system will not allow the owner of that program to run any other programs ANS: (a) 11.21 Which statement is false? a) Each file used in a program must have a unique name and will have a different file pointer returned by fopen. b) All subsequent file processing functions after the file is opened must refer to the file with the appropriate file control block. c) To create a file use file open mode “w”. .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank d) To add records to an existing file, pen the file for appending (“a”).

ANS: (b) 11.22 If an error occurs while opening a file in any mode, fopen __________. a) causes program termination b) returns NULL c) issues the message “can’t open file” d) diagnoses the error, waits five minutes and retries Ans: (b) 11.23 Which statement is true? a) fopen returns a FILE structure. b) fopen returns a pointer to a FILE structure. c) fopen returns a file control block (FCB). d) fopen returns a pointer to a file control block (FCB).

ANS: (b)

11.4 Reading Data from a Sequential-Access File 11.24 Function fscanf takes an argument of type ________. (a) FILE pointer (b) cfPtr (c) char (d) int ANS: (a) 11.25 Which of the following is a function that causes a program’s file position pointer to be repositioned to the beginning of the file? (a) rescan (b) rewind (c) return (d) none of these ANS: (b) 11.26 Function fscanf is equivalent to function scanf, except that fscanf a) can have only a single argument. b) can read only from standard streams. c) can read only from open streams. d) receives as an argument a file pointer for the file from which the data is read.

ANS: (d) 11.27 The rewind statement causes __________. a) the disk to stop spinning, then spin in reverse until it repositions to the beginning of the file. b) the contents of the file to be erased. c) a program’s file position pointer to be repositioned to the beginning of the file (i.e., byte 0). d) a file to be closed and then re-opened.

ANS: (c) 11.28 Which statement is true? a) The file position pointer is a pointer to a FILE structure. b) The file position pointer is a pointer to an FCB. c) The file position pointer is not really a pointer. d) The file position pointer specifies the file reset.

ANS: (c) .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank

11.5 Random-Access Files 11.29 Individual records of a randomly accessed file are normally ________. (a) fixed in length (b) not fixed in length (c) sorted by record key (d) read using the fopen function ANS: (a) 11.30 Which of the following statements about randomly accessed files is false? (a) Data can be inserted in a randomly accessed file without destroying other data in the file. (b) There is more than one way to implement randomly accessed files. (c) Randomly accessed files cannot be accessed directly without searching through other records. (d) Data stored previously can be updated or deleted without rewriting the entire file.

ANS: (c) 11.31 Which statement is false? a) Randomly accessed files are popular in transaction processing systems. b) Data stored previously in a randomly accessed file can be updated or deleted without rewriting the entire file. c) Records of a randomly accessed file are normally fixed in length (i.e., all the record in the file are the same length). d) A record of a randomly accessed file is normally located by searching the portion of that file which precedes that record.

ANS: (d)

11.6 Creating a Random-Access File 11.32 What is the significance of the 1 in the following statement? fwrite(&number, sizeof(int), 1, fPtr);

(a) It specifies that the file is to be opened for updating. (b) It specifies the number of elements in the array that should be written to disk. (c) It specifies the byte size of the element being written to disk (d) none of these ANS: (b) 11.33 Function fwrite __________. a) is equivalent to function fprintf b) transfers a specified number of bytes beginning at a specified location in memory to a location in a file indicated by the file position pointer c) transfers a specified number of bytes beginning at a specified location in memory to a location in a file indicated by one of its arguments d) is equivalent to function fprintf, except that fwrite can only write to standard streams ANS: (b) 11.34 fread and fwrite a) can not read and write arrays of data b) process all their data in human readable format c) process all their data in the same format used by fscanf and fprintf, respectively d) process all their data in “raw data” format .

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank ANS: (d) 11.35 Which statement is true? a) Random access file-processing programs typically read and write one field at a time. b) Random access file-processing programs typically read and write one struct at a time. c) The sizeof operator is a run-time unary operator that returns the size in bytes of its operand. d) The expression sizeof(int) always returns 4.

ANS: (b) 11.36 sizeof a) is a compile-time function b) is a compile-time unary operator c) is a run-time unary operator d) is a run-time function ANS: (b)

11.7 Writing Data Randomly to a Random-Access File 11.37 Which statement is true? a) fseek searches for a record by its record key. b) fseek sets the file position pointer to a specific byte location in the file. c) fseek moves the read-write head on the disk to the location on disk that corresponds to a specific location in a file. d) fseek must immediately follow each call to fread or fwrite.

ANS: (b) 11.38 The symbolic constant __________ indicates that the file position pointer is to be positioned relative to the beginning of the file by the amount of the offset. a) SEEK_SET b) SEEK_BEGIN c) SEEK_START d) SEEK_CUR ANS: (a)

11.8 Reading Data from a Random-Access File 11.39 Which of the following is a function that reads a specified number of bytes from a file into memory? (a) fseek (b) fwrite (c) fread (d) fopen ANS: (c) 11.40 Which statement is true? a) fread always reads a record at a time from a file into memory. b) fread reads a specified number of bytes from a file into memory. c) Every fread call must include an argument with sizeof. d) fread reads bytes from a position in the file specified as one of fread’s arguments.

ANS: (b)

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C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank

11.9 Case Study: Transaction-Processing Program No questions.

11.10 Secure C Programming 11.41 Which of the following statements is true? (a) Files written in binary format are always portable. (b) C11’s new exclusive mode allows fopen to open a file only if it does not already exist. (c) All platforms allow you to open an unlimited number of files. (d) None of the above ANS: (b)

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C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank Chapter 12: Data Structures 12.1 Introduction 12.1 __________ are collections of data items “lined up in a row”—insertions and deletions are made anywhere in the data structure. a) Linked lists. b) Queues. c) Stacks. d) Binary trees.

ANS: (a) 12.2 __________ are important in compilers and operating systems—insertions and deletions are made only at one end of the data structure—its top. a) Linked lists. b) Queues. c) Stacks d) Binary trees.

ANS: (c) 12.3 __________ represent waiting lines; insertions are made at the back (also called the tail) and deletions are made from the front (also called the head) of the data structure. a) Linked lists. b) Queues. c) Stacks. d) Binary trees.

ANS: (b) 12.4 __________ data structures facilitate high-speed searching and sorting of data, efficient elimination of duplicate items and compiling expressions into machine language. a) Linked list b) Queue c) Stack d) Binary Tree ANS: (d)

12.2 Self-Referential Structures 12.5 A self-referential structure contains a ________ member that points to ________. (a) integer, a structure of the same structure type (b) pointer, an integer (c) integer, an integer (d) pointer, a structure of the same structure type ANS: (d) 12.6 A(n) __________ pointer normally indicates the end of a data structure. a) uninitialized b) NULL c) self d) dereferenced ANS: (b)

© Copyright 1992-2013 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Prentice Hall. All Rights Reserved.

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 12.3 Dynamic Memory Allocation 12.7 A __________ occurs when dynamically allocated memory is not returned when it’s no longer needed. (a) memory leak (b) self-referential error (c) allocation error (d) sizeof error ANS: (a) 12.8 __________ memory allocation is the ability for a program to obtain more memory space at execution time and to release space no longer needed. a) Static b) Active c) Selective d) Dynamic ANS: (d) 12.9 Function malloc takes as an argument the number of bytes to be allocated, and returns a pointer of type __________ to the allocated memory. a) char * b) int * c) void * d) NULL * ANS: (c) 12.10 If no memory is available malloc returns a(n) __________ pointer. a) self b) NULL c) void d) empty ANS: (b) 12.11 Which of the following statements is true? a) A structure’s size is sometimes smaller than the total of the sizes of its members. b) A structure’s size is always larger than the total of the sizes of its members. c) A structure’s size is not necessarily the sum of the sizes of its members. d) A structure’s size is the sum of the sizes of its members.

ANS: (c) 12.12 Which is correct? a) Use the size operator to determine the size of a structure. b) Use the struct size operator to determine the size of a structure. c) Use the sizeof operator to determine the size of a structure. d) Determine the size of a structure manually by carefully adding up the sizes of the members.

ANS: (c) 12.13 Not returning dynamically allocated memory when it is no longer needed can cause a system to run out of memory prematurely. This is called a(n) __________. a) outage b) memory hole c) memory access violation d) memory leak ANS: (d) © Copyright 1992-2013 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Prentice Hall. All Rights Reserved.

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank

12.14 When memory allocated with malloc is no longer needed, return that memory to the system immediately with __________. a) free_memory b) free_storage c) return d) free ANS: (d)

12.4 Linked Lists 12.15 __________ is not an advantage of linked lists when compared to arrays. (a) Dynamic memory allocation (b) Efficient insertion and deletion (c) Direct access to any list element (d) None of the above.

ANS: (c) 12.16 For a non-empty linked list, select the code that should appear in a function that adds a node to the end of the list. newPtr is a pointer to the new node to be added, and lastPtr is a pointer to the current last node. Each node contains a pointer nextPtr, a link to a node. (a) lastPtr->nextPtr = newPtr; lastPtr = newPtr;

(b)

lastPtr = newPtr; lastPtr->nextPtr = newPtr;

(c)

newPtr->nextPtr = lastPtr; lastPtr = newPtr;

(d)

lastPtr = newPtr; newPtr->nextPtr = lastPtr;

ANS: (a)

12.17 How many pointers are contained in a circular, doubly linked list with five nodes? (a) 5 (b) 8 (c) 15 (d) 10 ANS: (d) 12.18 A linked list is a __________ collection of self-referential structures, called nodes, connected by pointer links. a) hierachical b) linear c) branching d) constant ANS: (b) 12.19 Which of the following is a non-linear data structure? a) linked list b) queue c) binary tree d) stack © Copyright 1992-2013 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Prentice Hall. All Rights Reserved.

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank ANS: (c) 12.20 Which of the following is false? a) Lists of data can be stored in arrays. b) The length of a linked list can vary dynamically. c) Arrays can become full. d) All of the above are true.

ANS: (d) 12.21 Which of the following is false? a) Arrays can be maintained in sorted order. b) Linked lists can be maintained in sorted order. c) Insertion and deletion in a sorted array (while maintaining sorted order) is efficient. d) Once the insertion point or the node to be deleted has been located, insertion or deletion in a sorted linked list (while maintaining sorted order) is efficient.

ANS: (c) 12.22 Which statement is false? a) Arrays are normally stored contiguously in memory. b) Dynamic memory allocation can sometimes use memory more efficiently than using fixed-size data structures. c) Dynamic memory allocation incurs execution-time overhead. d) Linked lists are normally stored contiguously in memory.

ANS: (d) 12.23 Functions such as isEmpty and isFull that test a condition and return a value that can be interpreted as true or false, are called __________ functions. a) imperative b) declarative c) predicate d) conditional ANS: (c) 12.24 Passing a pointer to a pointer is called __________. a) double direction b) pointer passing c) double indirection d) indirection ANS: (c)

12.5 Stacks 12.25 Which of the following statements about stacks is incorrect? (a) stacks can be implemented using linked lists. (b) stacks are first in, first-out (FIFO) data structures. (c) new nodes can only be added to the top of the stack. (d) the last node (the bottom) of a stack implemented as a linked list has a null (zero) link.

ANS: (b) 12.26 A stack is initially empty, then the following commands are performed. push 5 push 7 pop push 10

© Copyright 1992-2013 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Prentice Hall. All Rights Reserved.

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank push 5 pop

Which of the following is the correct remaining contents of the stack (assume the top of the stack is on the left). (a) 5 10 7 5 (b) 5 10 (c) 7 5 (d) 10 5 ANS: (d) 12.27 New nodes can be added to a stack and removed from the stack only at its top. For this reason a stack is referred to as a __________ data structure. a) first-in, first-out b) linear c) last-in, first-out d) dynamic ANS: (c) 12.28 The link member in the last node of a stack implemented as a linked list is typically set to __________ indicate the bottom of the stack. a) void b) void * c) NULL d) empty ANS: (c) 12.29 Which of the following statements is false? a) The primary functions used to manipulate a stack are push and pop. b) Function pop removes a node from the bottom of the stack. c) Function push creates a new node and places it on top of the stack. d) A stack can be implemented as a constrained version of a linked list by allowing insertions and deletions only at one end of the linked list.

ANS: (b) 12.30 Which is not a popular application of stacks? a) enabling called functions to return to their callers b) supporting recursive function calls c) containing the space created for automatic variables d) maintaining waiting lines ANS: (d)

12.6 Queues 12.31 A queue receives the following commands (in pseudo-code): enqueue 4, 6, 8, 3, 1 dequeue three elements enqueue 3, 1, 5, 6 dequeue two elements What number is at the front of the queue? (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6 ANS: (a) © Copyright 1992-2013 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Prentice Hall. All Rights Reserved.

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank

12.32 A linked list has the functions insertAtFront, removeFromFront, insertAtBack, and removeFromBack, which perform operations on nodes exactly as their names describe. Which two functions would most naturally model the operation of a queue? (a) insertAtBack and removeFromBack. (b) insertAtBack and removeFromFront. (c) insertAtFront and removeFromFront. (d) insertAtFront and removeFromBack.

ANS: (b) 12.33 Queues are linear data structures with the property that queue nodes are inserted only at the tail of the queue and removed only from the head of the queue. For this reason, queues are referred to as __________ data structures. a) first-in, first-out b) first-in, last-out c) last-in, first-out d) None of the above.

ANS: (a) 12.34 Which of the following is not true of queues? a) Network packets wait in queues for service at routers . b) The entry at the front (or head) of the queue is the next to be removed. c) Queues are used to support print spooling. d) Queues are used to support high-speed sorting algorithms.

ANS: (d)

12.7 Trees 12.35 Select the incorrect statement. Binary trees (regardless of the order in which the values are inserted into the tree) (a) always have multiple links per node. (b) can be sorted efficiently. (c) always have the same shape for a particular set of data. (d) are nonlinear data structures.

ANS: (c) 12.36 Add the following nodes to a binary search tree in the order they appear.

6 34 17 19 16 10 23 3 What is the output of a postorder traversal of this tree? (a) 3 10 16 23 19 17 34 6 (b) 3 6 17 16 10 19 23 (c) 6 3 34 17 16 10 19 23 (d) 10 16 23 19 17 34 3 6 ANS: (a) 12.37 If you have a 1000-element balanced binary search tree, what is the maximum number of comparisons that may be needed to find an element in the tree? (a) 500 (b) 10 (c) 20 (d) 8 ANS: (b)

© Copyright 1992-2013 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Prentice Hall. All Rights Reserved.

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 12.38 Which statement about trees is false? a) A tree is a non-linear, two-dimensional data structure. b) Tree nodes contain two or more links. c) Binary tree nodes contain two or fewer links. d) Binary tree nodes contain exactly two links.

ANS: (c) 12.39 Which statement is not true for binary trees. a) The left child in the root node is the first node in the left subtree. b) The children of a node are called siblings. c) A node with no children is called an orphan. d) The root node is the first node in the tree.

ANS: (c) 12.40 Which of the following statements about binary search trees with no duplicate values is false? a) The values in any left subtree are less than the values in its parent node. b) The values in any right subtree are less than the values in its parent node. c) The shape of the tree that corresponds to a particular set of data can vary based on the order in which the values are inserted into the tree. d) It is possible that a binary tree could contain all its values along one straight path through the tree.

ANS: (b) 12.41 In a binary search tree, a node can only be inserted __________. a) as the root node in an already populated binary search tree b) as a leaf node c) as a parent node d) as an ancestor node ANS: (b) 12.42 The steps for an in-order traversal of a binary search tree include each of the following except _________. a) Traverse the left subtree in-order. b) Process the value in the root node. c) Skip over duplicate values. d) Traverse the right subtree in-order, ANS: (c) 12.43 Which type of binary search tree traversal processes the node values in ascending order? a) in-order traversal b) pre-order traversal c) post-order traversal d) duplicate elimination traversal ANS: (a) 12.44 Which of the following statements about binary search trees is false? a) The binary search tree facilitates duplicate elimination. b) In a tightly packed binary search tree, each level contains about half as many elements as the previous level. (The previous level is the level closer to the root node.) c) When searching a tightly packed billion-element search tree, only about 30 comparisons (or fewer) are required to locate most elements. d) When searching a tightly packed million-element search tree, only about 20 comparisons (or fewer) are required to locate most elements.

ANS: (b)

© Copyright 1992-2013 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Prentice Hall. All Rights Reserved.

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 12.45 Which statement about the level-order traversal of a binary tree is false? a) It visits the nodes of a tree row by row. b) The search begins at the root node. c) The search begins at the row of the leftmost leaf node. d) On each level of the tree, the nodes are visited left to right.

ANS: (c)

12.8 Secure C Programming 12.46 Which of the following statements is false? (a) Pointers should not be left uninitialized. (b) When you use free to deallocate dynamically allocated memory, the pointer passed to free is set to NULL. (c) Undefined behavior occurs when you attempt to use free to deallocate dynamic memory that was already deallocated (d) Function malloc returns NULL if it’s unable to allocate the requested memory.

ANS: (b)

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C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank

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Chapter 13: Searching, Sorting and Big O

Section 13.2 Error! Reference source not found.

13.3 Q1: Big O notation describes ________. a) the amount of memory required by an algorithm. b) the difficulty of writing an algorithm to solve a specific problem. c) how hard an algorithm may have to work to solve a problem. d) the length of an algorithm for solving a specific problem.

ANS: c. an algorithm’s efficiency in terms of the work required to solve a problem.

Section 13.2.1 O(1) Algorithms 13.3.1 Q1: A searching algorithm that’s O(1)________. a) requires one comparison b) does not necessarily require only one comparison c) can search only an array of one item. d) None of the above.

ANS: b. does not necessarily require only one comparison Section 13.2.2 O(n) Algorithms 13.3.2 Q1: An O(n) algorithm is referred to as having a _______ run time. a) constant b) linear c) quadratic d) negative ANS: linear 13.3.2 Q2: Big O highlights ________ factors and ignores terms that become unimportant with ________ n values. a) insignificant, low b) insignificant, high c) dominant, low d) dominant, high ANS: d. dominant, high.

Section 13.2.3 O(n2) Algorithms 13.3.3 Q1: Big O notation is concerned with the growth rate of algorithm run times, so ________. a) constants are dominant b) constants are ignored c) constant terms are emphasized d) constants with large values are more important than those with low values ANS: b. constants are ignored Section 13.3 Selection Sort 13.3 Q1: What does the first pass of selection sort do? a) Splits the array into two approximately equal pieces. b) Orders the first two elements of the array. © Copyright 1992-2022 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc.

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank

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c) Partitions the array into two unequal pieces depending on whether each element in the array is greater or less that some pivot element. d) Locates the smallest element in the array and swaps it into the zeroth position.

ANS: d. Locates the smallest element in the array and swaps it into the zeroth position.

13.3 Q2: What is the efficiency of selection sort? a) O(n2). b) O(n log n). c) O(n). d) O(1).

ANS: a. O(n2).

Section 13.4 Insertion Sort 13.4 Q1: What does each iteration of the insertion sort algorithm do? a) Each iteration takes the next smallest element and inserts it at the beginning of the array. b) Each iteration takes the next element in the unsorted portion of the array and inserts it into the sorted portion. c) Sorted subarrays are inserted into the larger array. d) Each iteration determines the location of a pivot and inserts it into place.

ANS: b. Each iteration takes the next element in the unsorted portion of the array and inserts it into the sorted portion.

13.5 Q2: How much faster is insertion sort with a 15-element array than with a 60-element array? a) 60 times. b) 4 times. c) 15 times. d) 19 times.

ANS: d. 19 times.

Section 13.5 Case Study: Visualizing the High-Performance Merge Sort 13.5 Q1: What is the base case for the recursive merge sort algorithm? a) Any array that is already sorted. b) A two-element array. c) A one-element array. d) A zero-element array.

ANS: c. A one-element array.

13.5 Q2: What is the efficiency of merge sort? a) O(log n). b) O(n). c) O(n log n). d) O(n2).

ANS: c. O(n log n).

13.5 Q3: Which of the following sorting algorithms is the fastest? a) Selection sort. b) Insertion sort. c) Merge sort. d) They all run at roughly the same speed.

ANS: c. Merge sort. © Copyright 1992-2022 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc.

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank

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© Copyright 1992-2022 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc.

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank

Chapter 14, Preprocessor 14.1 Introduction 14.1 Preprocessing occurs a) before a program is compiled. b) during compilation. c) after compilation but before execution. d) immediately before execution.

ANS: a.

14.2 Preprocessor directives a) begin with include b) are C statements. c) are ignored if whitespace characters before them on the same line. d) do not end in a semicolon.

ANS: d.

14.3. Which is not a capability of the preprocessor? a) inclusion of other files in the file being compiled b) definition of functions c) definition of symbolic constants d) definition of macros ANS: b.

14.4. Which statement about the preprocessor is false? a) it can perform conditional compilation of program code b) it can perform conditional execution of preprocessor directives c) all preprocessor directives begin with # d) all preprocessor directives must end in a semicolon.

ANS: d.

14.2 #include Preprocessor Directive 14.5. The #include preprocessor directive causes a(n) ____________ to be included in place of the directive. a) copy of a file b) # character c) pointer to a file d) bitfield ANS: a. © Copyright 1992-2022 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Prentice Hall. All Rights Reserved.

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 14.6 Which include statement is usually appropriate for user-defined files? a) include <filename> b) #include "filename" c) Both (a) and (b) are appropriate. d) Neither (a) nor (b) is appropriate.

ANS: b.

14.7. The #include directive a) must begin in column 1 b) includes a file in the program at execution time c) includes a file in the program before compilation d) appends a file to the end of the program ANS: c.

14.8. Which is a correct form of the #include directive? a) #include 'filename' b) #include /filename/ c) #include #filename d) #include <filename> ANS: d.

14.9. Which statement about the #include directive is false? a) The difference between the various forms of the #include directive is the location the preprocessor searches for the file to be included. b) If the file name is enclosed in quotes, the preprocessor searches in the same directory as the file being compiled for the file to be included. c) If the file name is enclosed in angle brackets, the preprocessor searches in the same directory as the file being compiled for the file to be included. d) The preprocessor searches for standard library header files in an implementation-dependent manner.

ANS: c.

14.3 #define Preprocessor Directive: Symbolic Constants 14.10. const variables are preferred to symbolic constants (from #define) because a) const variables take up less memory. b) symbolic constants can be changed. c) const variable names are visible to the compiler d) const variables do not have to be of a specific data type.

ANS: c.

14.11. Which of the following statements is correct? © Copyright 1992-2022 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Prentice Hall. All Rights Reserved.

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank a) #define X = 3 b) #define X 3, Y 4 c) #define X 3 d) #define X:3 ANS: c.

14.12. Which statement is false? a) Symbolic constants are constants represented as symbols. b) Macros are operations defined as symbols. c) All text replacement with symbolic constants and macros occurs before the program is compiled. d) Symbolic constants may be redefined with new values.

ANS: d.

14.13. Which statement about symbolic constants is true? a) They make programs run faster. b) They always make programs clearer. c) They make it more difficult to modify programs. d) Using meaningful names for symbolic constants helps make programs more selfdocumenting.

ANS: d.

14.14. What is a problem with the preprocessor statement: #define PI 3.14159;

a) It will make a program run slower. b) #define should be #def c) PI should be spelled with lowercase letters. d) The semicolon is part of the substitution text, so 3.14159; will be substituted wherever PI is used and this could lead to syntax errors.

ANS: d.

14.4 #define Preprocessor Directive: Macros 14.15. If the macro #define RECTANGLE_AREA(x, y) ((x) * (y))

has been defined. Then the line

rectArea = RECTANGLE_AREA(a + 4, b + 7);

will be expanded to a) rectArea = 11; b) rectArea = (a + 4 * b + 7); c) rectArea = ((a + 4) * (b + 7)); d) RECTANGLE_AREA(a + 4 , b + 7); ANS: c.

© Copyright 1992-2022 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Prentice Hall. All Rights Reserved.

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 14.16. The #undef preprocessor directive a) can only be used once per macro name. b) can only be used on symbolic constants. c) allows macros to be redefined with #define later in the program. d) must be called for all symbolic constants before the end of the file.

ANS: c.

14.17. Which of the following is false? Macros a) must be defined with arguments. b) are replaced by their replacement text during execution time. c) cannot be redefined once defined. d) have no data type checking.

ANS: a.

14.18. Macros have the disadvantage, when compared to functions, of a) having the overhead of a function call. b) increasing program size (if the macros are called from many places in the program). c) having to fit the macro definition on a single line. d) taking only one argument.

ANS: b.

14.19. Macros are defined a) in an #include preprocessor directive b) in a #define preprocessor directive c) in a #macro preprocessor directive d) using keyword #MACRO in a C function.

ANS: b.

14.20. Which statement about macros is true? a) Macros always make programs run faster. b) Macros cannot have arguments. c) Macros cause text replacement at execution time. d) Macro arguments should be enclosed in parentheses in the replacement text.

ANS: d.

14.21. The parentheses around the two rightmost occurrences of x in the following preprocessor directive: #define CIRCLE_AREA(x) ((PI) * (x) * (x))

a) are always required. b) are included to improve program readabiliy. c) are included to eliminate bugs when an expression is substituted for x. d) should be curly braces { }.

ANS: c.

© Copyright 1992-2022 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Prentice Hall. All Rights Reserved.

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 14.22. Macros a) can help avoid the overhead of a function call. b) execute before a program is compiled. c) never add subtle bugs to programs. d) cannot be used to replace a function call with inline code.

ANS: a.

14.23. Symbolic constants and macros can be discarded by using the __________ preprocessor directive. a) #undefine b) #discard c) #dscrd d) #undef ANS: d.

14.24. Which statement about symbolic constants and/or macros is true? a) The effects of symbolic constants and macros, once defined, cannot be modified. b) Preprocessor directive #removedef undefines a symbolic constant or macro. c) The scope of a symbolic constant or macro is normally from its point of definition to the end of the file, but this can be modified with a preprocessor directive. d) A name can always be redefined with #define.

ANS: c.

14.25. A macro commonly defined in the stdio.h header file is a) #define getchar() getchar(stdin) b) #define getchar() getc(stdin) c) #define getc() getchar (stdin) d) #define getc() getc(stdin) ANS: b.

14.26. Which statement is correct? a) Expressions with side effects (i.e., variable values are modified) should not be passed to a macro because macro arguments may be evaluated more than once. b) Expressions with side effects (i.e., variable values are modified) should not be passed to a macro because macro arguments are evaluated only once. c) Expressions with side effects (i.e., variable values are modified) should be passed to a macro because macro arguments may be evaluated more than once. d) Expressions with side effects (i.e., variable values are modified) should be passed to a macro because macro arguments are evaluated only once.

ANS: a.

© Copyright 1992-2022 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Prentice Hall. All Rights Reserved.

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 14.5 Conditional Compilation 14.27. Large portions of code can be prevented from compiling by a)

b)

c)

d)

#if 0 code prevented from compiling #endif #nodefine code prevented from compiling #endif #if 1 code prevented from compiling #endif #ifndef 0 code prevented from compiling #endif

ANS: a.

14.28. Which of the following is not a valid preprocessor directive? a) #endif b) #ifdef c) #for d) #elif ANS: c.

14.29. Conditional compilation cannot be used to a) perform loops. b) ignore large blocks of code. c) debug programs. d) selectively define symbolic constants.

ANS: a.

14.30. Which statement is false? a) Cast expressions cannot be evaluated in preprocessor directives. b) Arithmetic expressions cannot be evaluated in preprocessor directives. c) sizeof expressions cannot be evaluated in preprocessor directives. d) Enumeration constants cannot be evaluated in preprocessor directives.

ANS: b.

14.31. What does the following preprocessor code do? #if !defined(NULL) #define NULL 0 © Copyright 1992-2022 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Prentice Hall. All Rights Reserved.

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank #endif

a) The code is incorrect, so it generates an error at preprocessor time. b) The code ensures that NULL is always 0. c) The code defines NULL to be 0 only if NULL is undefined. d) The code ensures that NULL is defined throughout the entire program file.

ANS: c.

14.32. Every #if construct a) must end with #end. b) always affects code throughout the entire body of the program. c) is used for debugging. d) must end with #endif.

ANS: d.

14.33. A shorthand for #if !defined is a) #ifndef b) #ifnotdef c) #ifnotdefined d) #ifndf ANS: a.

14.34. Which statement about “commenting out” code is false? a) During program development, programmers often find it helpful to “comment out” portions of code to prevent it from being compiled. b) Code may not always be “commented out” correctly simply by enclosing that code in the C comment delimiters /* and */. c) The following preprocessor code effectively comments out code #if 0

code prevented from compiling

#endif

d) The following preprocessor code effectively comments out code #if 1

code prevented from compiling

#endif

ANS: d.

14.6 #error and #pragma Preprocessor Directives 14.35. The __________ directive prints out a message. a) #error b) #pragma c) all of the above © Copyright 1992-2022 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Prentice Hall. All Rights Reserved.

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank d) none of the above.

ANS: a.

14.36. Which line has the most tokens? a) I like C. b) I like C++ better. c) I like C + +. d) I prefer Java.

ANS: c.

14.37. The #error directive #error tokens

a) prints only the tokens specified in the message. b) prints the word error followed by the tokens specified in the message. c) prints only an implementation-defined message. d) prints an implementation-defined message including the tokens specified in the directive.

ANS: (d) 14.38. The preprocessor directive #error 7 – Out of range error –

contains __________ tokens. a) 8 b) 7 c) 9 d) 6 ANS: b.

14.39. The preprocessor directive #pragma tokens

a) prints only the tokens specified in the message. b) prints the word pragma followed by the tokens specified in the message. c) causes an implementation-defined action. d) prints an implementation-defined message including the tokens specified in the directive.

ANS: c.

14.40. A pragma not recognized by the implementation

© Copyright 1992-2022 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Prentice Hall. All Rights Reserved.

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank a) causes the compilation to terminate. b) prints an error message and causes the compilation to terminate. c) prints an error message and allows the complation to continue. d) is ignored.

ANS: d.

14.41. To customize preprocessing to the unique needs of a particular installation, you would most likely use the __________ directive. a) #unique b) #pragmatic c) #pragma d) #customize ANS: c.

14.7 # and ## Operators 14.42 The # operator causes __________ to be converted to a __________. (a) any preprocessor argument, user-defined type. (b) a text token, string surrounded by quotes. (c) a string, concatenated string. (d) any float or int, string.

ANS: b.

14.43. The # preprocessor operator causes a replacement text token to be converted to a) an integer b) a string c) a string surrounded by quotes d) an integer surrounded by quotes ANS: c.

14.44. Given the preprocessor directive #define HAPPY(x) printf ("Happy, " #x "\n");

How would you invoke this macro to generate a statement that would print Happy BIRTHDAY (followed by a newline)

at execution time? a) Happy(Birthday) b) Happy(BIRTHDAY) c) HAPPY(Birthday) © Copyright 1992-2022 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Prentice Hall. All Rights Reserved.

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank d) HAPPY(BIRTHDAY) ANS: d.

14.45. Operator ## a) concatenates two tokens in a macro definition. b) is a relational operator. c) is the conditional-compilation operator. d) is the symbolic-constant operator.

ANS: a.

14.8 Line Numbers 14.46. The preprocessor directive #line 200

a) numbers the first 200 lines of a source-code program from 1 to 200. b) numbers the first 200 lines of a source-code program from 0 to 199. c) starts line numbering from 200 beginning with the next source-code line d) numbers the next line 200 and has no effect on other lines.

ANS: c.

14.9 Predefined Symbolic Constants 14.47 Which of the following is not a predefined symbolic constant? a) __ERROR__ b) __FILE__ c) __TIME__ d) __LINE__ ANS: a.

14.48. Which statement about predefined symbolic constants is false? a) The predefined symbolic constants and the defined identifier cannot be used in #define or #undef directives. b) __DATE__ is replaced by the date the source file is compiled. c) __LINE__ is used to specify the range of line numbers in the source file. d) The identifiers for each of the predefined symbolic constants begin and end with two underscores.

ANS: c.

© Copyright 1992-2022 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Prentice Hall. All Rights Reserved.

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank 14.10 Assertions 14.49 Which symbolic constant must be defined to ignore all assert statements? a) DEBUG b) NDEBUG c) NOASSERT d) UNASSERT ANS: b.

14.50. Which statement about the following assertion is true? assert(count <= 7);

a) It evaluates its argument at preprocessor time. b) It evaluates its argument at compile time. c) It evaluates its argument at execution time. d) It always calls function abort.

ANS: c.

14.51. Which statement is false? a) assert is a useful debugging tool for testing if a variable has a correct value b) If NDEBUG is defined, only the next assertion is ignored. c) The assert macro is defined in the assert.h header file. d) One problem with using assert is that if the assertion is false, program execution is terminated; in some situations it is more appropriate to allow the program to continue executing after the program has dealt with the problem.

ANS: b.

14.11 Secure C Programming 14.52 A(n) unsafe macro is one that ________. a) evaluates its argument(s) exactly once b) evaluates its argument(s) more than once c) does not evaluate its argument(s) d) None of the above.

ANS: b.

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C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank

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Chapter 15, Other Topics 15.2 Variable-Length Argument Lists 15.3 Which of the following function prototypes is correct? a) double average(int, ...) b) double average(..., int); c) double average(int, ...); d) double average(int, ... , int); ANS: c.

15.4 What macro expands to an expression of the value and type of the next argument in a variable-length argument list? a) va_end b) va_start c) va_list d) va_arg ANS: d.

15.3 Using Command-Line Arguments 15.5 How many arguments can be passed to main from the command line? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) as many as you want ANS: d.

15.4 Compiling Multiple-Source-File Programs 15.6 extern a) is a keyword to indicate that a variable is defined in a different file. b) is used to access command-line arguments. c) can be used as a control structure. d) is a data type.

ANS: a.

15.7 Global variables can be used to increase performance because a) global variables are accessed faster than local variables. b) the overhead of passing data between functions is eliminated. c) they are stored more compactly than local variables. © Copyright 1992-2022 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Prentice Hall. All Rights Reserved.

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank

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d) All of the above.

ANS: b.

15.8 Which of the following is not an error? a) having a function definition that spans two files b) using a global variable in a file it was not defined in without defining it with the extern modifier c) defining a function prototype without the extern keyword when the definition is in another file d) having global variables in different files with the same name ANS: c.

15.9 Which of the following restricts the scope of a global variable to the file it’s defined in? a) extern b) static c) int d) local ANS: b.

15.5 Program Termination with exit and atexit 15.10 When exit is called with EXIT_FAILURE, ________. a) the program quits immediately without returning anything b) the program prints an error message and quits the current function c) the implementation-defined value for unsuccessful termination is returned d) the program breaks out of a loop ANS: c.

15.11 The function atexit takes as an argument ________. a) the line number of where the program should exit b) a function that is executed when the program is exited unsuccessfully c) a function to be called when the program ends successfully d) normally the symbolic constant EXIT_SUCCESS or EXIT_FAILURE ANS: c.

15.6 Suffixes for Integer and Floating-Point Literals 15.12 A floating-point constant that’s not suffixed is of type ________. a) double b) float c) unsigned float d) long double

© Copyright 1992-2022 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Prentice Hall. All Rights Reserved.

C How to Program, 9/e Multiple Choice Test Bank

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ANS: a.

15.7 Signal Handling 15.13 SIGFPE signals ________. a) an erroneous arithmetic operation b) the abnormal termination of the program c) the detection of an illegal instruction d) an invalid access to storage ANS: a.

15.14 Which of the following will not generate a signal defined in the header signal.h? a) a call to exit b) dividing by zero c) a call to abort d) an invalid access to storage ANS: a.

15.8 Dynamic Memory Allocation with calloc and realloc 15.15 realloc is conventionally used to a) allocate memory for a single object b) allocate memory for an array of objects c) change the size of an object previously allocated d) change the contents of an object previously allocated ANS: c.

15.9 goto: Unconditional Branching 15.16 The goto statement is which of the following? a) an unconditional branch b) an instance of unstructured programming c) used to change the program’s flow of control d) all of the above ANS: d.

15.17 A label must a) be defined as a global constant prior to use b) appear in the same function as the goto statement that refers to it c) be of type int d) all of the above ANS: b. © Copyright 1992-2022 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Prentice Hall. All Rights Reserved.