Portfolio online

CONTENT

01

Water and Topography

Design studio 2016 KU Leuven, Belgium Master of Human Settlement Thesis.

20

Reprofilling Wujiang’s Grid

Design studio 2016 KU Leuven, Belgium Master of Human Settlement Thesis.

44

CaMau Compact Linearpolis

Design studio 2016 KU Leuven, Belgium Bachelor design thesis

64

Antwerp Archipelago

Urban Studies 2015 KU Leuven Bachelor program

74

From Identity to Spatiality

Design studio 2016 KU Leuven Master of Human Settlement

1

WATER URBANISM

The Jiangnan Wetland & Water Village Corridor Suzhou, Yangtze River Delta metropolis, China

VOLUME 1_EXPLORATIONS VOLUME 2_DESIGN INVESTIGATIONS Spring Studio 2017, Suzhou, China 2017 K.U.Leuven, Master of Human Settlements, Master of Urbanism and Strategic Planning.

Suzhou

2

WATER & TOPOGRAPHY Reconfiguring water landscapes

The Yangtze River Delta is a water-dominated productive landscape, which has over time been considerably modified in response to human needs. Topographic interventions, such as cut and fill, have enabled the simultaneous creation of polders, canals and raised settlements. Today, these interventions are more frequent in order to meet the growing needs of urbanization and industrialization. Flood risks resulting from the loss of water storage capacity and ground permeability have so far been successfully managed by hard-engineering structures such as dykes, water gates, and pumps, but this has had impacts on water quality which is not being thoroughly addressed, and is becoming a serious health issue. With new threats such as sea level rise and climate change adding to the existing drainage and pollution issues, how far will hard-engineering systems be able to resist the powers of nature?

3

Taihu archipelago

Polder in large scale by central government

Polder degradation and division

Union of Polders

Rationalisation of landscapes

Super blocks

4

From a continually flooded wetland from which emerged only a couple of islands, the water surfaces in the landscape have gradually been reduced, creating a reclaimed territory intersected by numerous canals and lakes. Historically, the process of cut and fill has defined the structure of early polder system, which articulated to the water body as network of rivers and canals, with higher areas for housing and dikes and lower areas for agriculture and water management like irrigation. However, the cut and fill strategy in the modern time is no longer concentrated only on housing and agriculture needs, but is directed to meet the demands of rapid urbanization. The water network is increasingly fragmented as small channels are filled to make the place for industrial development or being replaced by large reservoirs which are sought after in waterfront developments of new urban areas. Consequently, the expansion of concrete surface (impermeable surface) of urbanization has caused the decrease of water capacity to regulate and distribute water flows, leading to the sequent serious flooding in 1991 and 1998.

LEGEND FarmlandAgriculture Farmland - Agricultural land

land

Water capacity Water capacity Urbanization Urbanization - Residental & Industrial Area Infrastructure Infrastructure - Road Cut

and fill Cut & Fill change

changes

Wetland

Wetland

5

Agriculture

2003

Urban 0%

A2 -2%

+2%

0%

+6%

0%

+20`%

2016

A1 0%

Effect of historical preservation

6

Equilibrium

Increasing aquaculture

Market driven agriculture.

Industry +1% 0%

0%

-22%

Ponds Artificial drainage system

Effect of land regulation

Channels

The topography drains water southwards, from Suzhou city through industrial parks and finally through an agricultural zone before reaching Taipu canal. This has critical implications, as water draining into Taipu canal is the main potable water source for the Shanghai metropolitan area.

7

CUT AND FILL STRATEGY Before 1980

After 1980

The diagrams illustrate more clearly the logic of topographical modification from the ancient timeW until today. Before 1980s, the main purpose of cut and fill process was to create the polder system for the housing and agricultural demands. By this way, the traditional villages in the higher level were close to the water network for transportation and safe from the impacts of flooding; while agricultural lands were protected with surrounding dikes and also

8

advantageous with water conditions like irrigation system. After 1980s, the cut and fill process has happened rapidly to meet the demands of urbanization.

The new urban development around the waterfront, the expansion of industrial areas along the rivers and canals, and the appearance of new infrastructure with its urban sprawl has narrowed the area, size, and scale of agricultural land and put more pressure on the soil transformation of the territory.

Urban area

Industrial area

Rural area

9

COMPARING THE NATURAL AND ENGINEERED WATER SYSTEMS IN DELTA SCALE

Topography Lowest

Highest

The natural water system 10

Tai lake basin

Successive coastlines

Drainage direction

1.6

0.4

8.1 4.1

The Grand Canal Major canal

Major water gates

Urbanised areas

Major sea wall/dike

Upstream reservoir

1.6

Water flow volume (billion mÂł)

The engineered water system 11

ADVECTION

PERIODIC FLOODING

-2m

Yellow Sea

EVAPORATION

SEDIMENTATION

0m

SE E

PA GE

INFILTRATION

4m

Shanghai

FF

Suzhou

-O

643m Tai Lake

RU N

PRECIPITATION

890m

EVAPO-TRANSPIRATION

CONDENSATION

GROUN

DWATE R FLOW

CLAY

-300m

BEDROCK

The Tai lake basin is delimitated in the west by a mountain range, from which rainwater and snowmelt is drained towards the lake, and by the sea and rivers in the east. The flat topography makes drainage from Tai lake to the sea very difficult (only 4m level difference), leading to periodic flooding. As all deltas, the coastline has evolved according to sedimentation and erosion processes. The sediments, mainly clay, are very fertile and retain water, which partly accounts for the high groundwater level.

SOURCE OF WATER USAGE AND WATER POLLUTION

Urban area: Water quality is relatively cleaner inside the historical water town due to maintenance of water flow and level by pumps and gates. There is some concentration of pollution in the water outside historic water town due to construction waste.

Grey water discharged from Fire houses to canal hydrant

12

Restaurnats, tourism boats and fishing birds economy

Cleaning floor with detergent and releasing water to canal

Water gates and pumps to control level and maintain flow

Construction waste dumped by the water

FF

TYPHOONS

INFILTRATION

4m IMPERMEABILISATION

DEFORESTATION WATER POLLUTION

DRAINAGE ISSUES

EVAPORATION

-O

643m

EVAPO-TRANSPIRATION

RU N

PRECIPITATION

890m

GLOBAL WARMING

SEA LEVEL RISE +0.5m

-55m

EXTRACTION

0m

SUBSIDENCE

LOWERING WATER TABLE

SALINATION CLAY

-300m

BEDROCK

The delta landscape has been considerably modified to reduce incidence of floods and to control irrigation and transportation. Structures such as canals, dykes, water gates, dams and reservoirs enable humans to control water flows. Urban areas have spread accross the delta at an alarming rate, which has caused a number of modifications to the hydrological cycle, such as subsidence, lowering water table and water pollution. New threats affecting the hydrological cycle include sea level rise (approx. 0.5m at Shanghai coast in 2095 (Evans & Cheng, 2010) and global warming.

Industrial area: There is a high concentration of organic, chemical and heavy metal pollution from industrial activites and discharge of raw sewage into the water. Therefore, water from the canal is not used for any households cleanings. There is moslty discharge of waste into the canal that leds to a high concentration of pollution.

Concrete factory waste and concrete transportation in water

Clean water supply from government

Waste from poultry farming discharged to canal

Raw sewage from public toilet discharged to irrigation channel and canal

Individual farming, houses and toilets by the water

13

Agricultural area: There is a moderate concentration of pollution due to organic and chemical (fertilizers) waste from fish, pig and rice/ vegetable farming. There is a higher concentration of pollution during summer due to more waste from fish farming that is discharged into the canal.

There is also cycles of water usage and discharge into the same canal that leads to some level of self-purification.

Irrigation & Washing clams with canal drainage water channel

Washing clothes with canal water. Detergent water discharged to canal

Pipe from canal to fish pond and farms to pump & drain water

Water gate to control water flow & level

Raw pig waste discharged to canal

Water quality is very poor at the scale of the entire delta, with no water body having the purest level I quality (drinkable without treatment) and a large majority having a quality level above III (outside drinkable range). From level IV upwards, water uses are industrial or recreational (without skin contact). As water drainage occurs from north-west to east, the water quality of channels reaching easternmost cities such as Shanghai are very affected by the polluting activities upstream.

14

15

WUJIANG PLANNING

Projections affecting the water system

Projections affecting topography and impermeabilisation 16

Wujiang Planning

Wujiang Planning

Water Body

Planned Dredging & Droadening Administrative district boundary

Wujiang Planning tive district boundary

Protective developed

Comprehensive protected

Lake/Reservoir Urban Planned Fabric Water Body Wujiang

water catchment

tourism, landscape, eco-farm

developed

tourism, landscape, eco-farm

eco-farm, flooding area, water catchment

Planning

Protective developed

Developmental

tourism, landscape,

tourism, urban

eco-farm landscape Planned Dredging & Droadening

Developmental

Comprehensive protected

tourism, landscape, tourism, urban water catchment eco-farm Protective Planned Dredging & Droadening landscape Developmental developed

C

tourism, urban eco-farm, flooding area, water catchment landscape

Protected scenic areas

tourism, landscape, eco-farm

Planned Lake/Reservoir

ec Wa

Protected areas Watersidescenic eco-belt

Protected scenic areas

Plann

Protected Plann scen

Protected lakes eco-farm, flooding area,

Planned Lake/Reservoir

Developmental eco-farm, flooding area,

/Reservoir eco-farm, flooding area, water catchment

Protective Comprehensive Wujiang Planning Developmental Planned Lake/Reservoir developed protected

protected

Protected lakes PlannedPlanned Dredging & Droadening Lake/Reservoir

Droadening

Urban Fabric

Planned Dredging & Droadening

protected

Wujiang Planning

Protected lakes

Administrative district boundary

Protected lakes Water BodyProtective Comprehensive

Urban Fabric

Protected lakes Comprehensive Water Body

tourism, urban landscape

Waterside eco-belt

tourism, urban landscape

In response to poor water quality, the Wujiang district planned a number of protection measures for water bodies, including lake protection levels and an ecobelt acting as a natural buffer around main canals and Tai lake. The protected scenic landscapes, through restricted urbanisation, will also contribute to limiting water pollution. One of the strategies to compensate the loss of small channels is to create artifical lakes and reservoirs, which can act as a potable water source.

Wujiang Plann Contour lines

Contour lines

Urban Fabric

Urban Fabric

Water Body

Wujiang Planning

Water Body

Urban areas

Special agriculture area

Wujiang Wujiang Planning Planning

dy ater Body

Wujiang Planning Urban areas

areas

ea

Special agriculture area Conventional agriculture area

Urban areas Urban areas Special agriculture area Conventional agriculture area

Special agriculture Special agriculture area area

Conventional Conventional agriculture agriculture area area

Conventional agriculture area

Planned Planned new village new

Planned new village

Planned new village

Planned new village

The land use plan for Wujiang shows there are some planned extensions of existing urban areas, but most importantly, new rural villages will be built. The impermeabilisation of mainly natural surface will have a considerable impact on water capacity, but will also generate pollution.

17

CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION

Daily human’s activities in this area significantly impact on the water quality as well as their own life. They directly drain agriculture and breeding waste into water, moreover, the boat-settlement cause considerable pollution on the river and negatively influence on the water flow. Controlling water level and water flow by water gates also cause more problems about stagnant water.

Afterward, People are using underground water from well and water from Tai lake, which is quite polluted.

18

FUTURE EXPECTATION FOR THE WATER POSITION IN HUMAN LIFE.

Increasingly, they try to use the water in many ways: transportation, tourism, agriculture and aquaculture, which threaten the water quality. In the near future, they want to purify the water in Tai Lake in order to not only supply the fresh water to Suzhou city but also Shanghai metropolitan city.

19

RE-PROFILING THE GRID CITY Framing development through stormwater mitigation

Suzhou is one of China’s oldest cities renowned for its distinct gardens, silk weaving history, and the network of canals, which the latter have brought upon the city being labelled to as ‘the Venice of China’. Due to its highly water influenced landscape and located along major waterways, with many canals connecting into a regional network of waterways that linked to the Grand Canal, the city was once a major commercial centre of China until the twelfth century. Due to the city and the environment’s close relationship with water, the area has a strong ecological significance to the region. Thus, development and lifestyle of the people within the Suzhou region was highly tied to the canals and waterbodies present. Fast forward to 1992, the Yangtze River Delta region experienced industrialisation rather rapidly compared to the rest of China, in response to the promotion of economic development in the country. The drastic growth in industrialisation brought upon a high inflow of migrants into the region, contributing further to the rapid urbanisation and hence, the change in landscape. The effects of such swift development of urban areas can also be seen in the Wujiang District, formerly known as Wujiang City, one of the five urban districts in Suzhou. This urbanisation process have forgo the once significant role of the large water system present, leading to the mistreatment of water as a valuable entity. The average yearly precipitation in the Wujiang region is approximately 1100mm, with the highest average monthly rainfall recorded in the month of June in 2016 at 277.43mm and 296.53mm in 2015.

20

21

evolution of wujiang- from soft to hard

22

Wujiang has evolved to become a rapidly growing city of high rise towers and has a strong industrial influence. It is one of the major cities in the region with a population of 1.275 million. It is a city built next to Taihu Lake and along the Grand Canal. It used to be a water-based city, sensitive to water, but has transformed into a rigid grid-based urban area. The city is expanding into unbuilt territory towards the south and west. The speculative nature of this urbanization resulted in more built areas in the city thus, adding pressure to the already problematic water network. The development, which is mostly residential, disregards water. The logic of development, followed the development of the industrial zone. Infrastructure is laid in the sponge landscape and development occurs in a grid of 400x400m making these ‘islands’ more impervious and a threat to the ecological value of the area.

23

existing urban condition

24

legend Industrial

Highrise

Slabs

VL in Urban

VL in Industrial area

Villages

Canal

Old town

Mixed use building

Detached houses

Lake/ pond

Agriculture

public amenities

corridor pollution impact

Water pollution in the corridor is caused by the urbanization, heavy industrial presence in the city, and aquacultural and agricultural activity. While aquacultural and agricultural activity play a big role in contributing to the water pollution problem, their presence within the urban limits are limited. Moreover, hard engineered and controlled water systems, and flood gates control the issue in certain parts, but add stress on other areas, further increasing pollution level. Due to this, the corridor’s sponge territory and water network has different qualities and levels of pollution. Many parts of the corridor are polluted with levels above three. Taihu Lake, a significant fresh water body is at a pollution level of three; the Grand Canal has the highest water pollution level within the

corridor. This is incredibly significant as the Grand Canal is connected to the Taipu River which is the main source of drinking water supply for the Shanghai region. The flow of water in the Grand Canal coming from the north is both influenced by a ‘plate-like’ topography and also by engineered gates and canals that further introduces flow from the west to East. The water pollution level of the Grand Canal which is out of scale is one of the primary sources of pollution to the corridor while also a receiver of pollution from the city. This makes Wujiang city and the area linking to the Grand Canal an ideal location for an intervention that mitigates water pollution levels throughout the region.

25

reprofiling the grid city: local and regional stormwater infrastructure as framework for future development

26

Strategies

Strategies

Densification in the existing city While the three strategies work simultaneously to provide one coherent system, the design of the strategy of densification through new tissue typology is largely influenced by the objective of localizing stormwater management through blue-green infrastructure. The available land for further development and densification is then limited by the creation of a Mega Park system, requiring a shift in building rights, (due to the consumption of available semi-developed land) primarily towards the south of the city.

27

Retention pon

CLEAN

CLEAN

Lakes Wetlands

STORE

Lakes Wetlands

FROM rooftop

DELAY

INFILTRATION

Permeable surfaces Bioswales

DELAY

INFILTRATION

Permeable surfaces Bioswales

STORE

Green islands: retain, restore, release

Cleansing park

Canal

DISCHARGE

Green spaces Local island stormwater management green infrastructure

DISCHARGE

Green spaces

Collaboration between different types of blue and green infrastructure

28

Stormwater detention, retention and discharge mechanism

FROM rooftop TO ground Street DELAY

INFILTRATION

To deal with water pollution, the first strategy is to create a localized water treatment system within the ‘islands’ of the city. Water runoff from hard surfaces and streets will be collected and channelled through permeable pavements, surfaces bioswales, and rain gardens.Permeable A process to ‘retain, restore, and release’ will be Bioswales conducted through a series of blue-green infrastructural interventions, cleaning the runoff water, before they reach water sources, and restoring aquifers in the process.

Retention pond

CLEAN

STORE

Lakes Wetlands

Cleansing park

Retention lake

DISCHARGE

Green spaces

Canal

29

Stormwater infrastructure through street re-profiling

Grand canal car way - Redefinition

The redefinition of the small car street along the Grand Canal softens the bank, manages runoff and provides recreational space

4 lanes- Rethinking a typical urban vein

Bioswales would be cut out of the existing street, managing runoff from the street and providing landscape for pedestrians.

Vast pavement- Incorporating variety

The mono-functional pavement is redesigned into linear landscape, using the fill from swales excavation, to host a variety of functions.

30

2 lanes- Rethinking the local car access

The small street for local access is rethought as a neighbo hood linear park by introducing bioswales, and providing recreational space for the already vibrant street activities.

Small canals- Emphasizing the identity of Wujiang

Along the small canals, hard edge banks are transformed into soft and permeable landscape that deters and filters particles from street runoff, at the same time emphasizing the canals of Wujiang.

Under-used car roads are also transformed into bicycle lanes and pavements.

31

the mega park

32

SCENARIO OF MEGA PARK

Absorbing polluted water and preserving identity landscape: Mega Park as water cleansing corridor To make the stormwater infrastructure to act as a system, a series of park types connected through green-blue infrastructure are proposed, to make up a Mega Park.

Open-space around Taihu Lake will become an ecological park to restore the ecology and water quality of the lake surrounding the city. Wetland parks are ‘island’ focused, receiving runoff and grey water from the urban area before it gets to the Grand Canal. Cleansing parks lie in the south, together acting as a ‘cleansing machine’ to clean the polluted water directly from the Grand Canal. And industrial cleansing parks deal with runoff from industrial areas.

33

cleansing park

urban area

Absorbing the flowing water- A mega task for a mega structure The Mega Park system encompasses the second layer of the water pollution mitigation system. Addressing the pollution from the canal network directly, large volumes of water are channelled through the various types of parks on multiple scales, to provide natural cleaning services on a much larger scale before re-joining the network. While the park serves as a large water cleansing mechanism, it also plays through the network of green spaces creating a corridor surrounding the city. The corridor hinders further unnecessary sprawling of the city, reducing the growth of the concrete jungle and protecting the agricultural land beyond its ‘borders’.

34

Indust

trial area

cleansing park

35

STRATEGY II-LOCAL CLEANSING THROUGH WATER INFRASTRUCTURE Existing

traidtional water town

intervention in the existing city situation

36

intervention

SLABS

SLABS

RELOCATON

RELOCATON

OLD CENTRE

OLD CENTRE

INDUSTRY

INDUSTRY

Along the small canals, hard edge bank would be transformed into soft and permeable landscape that deters and filter particles from street runoffs. It also serves as an identity landscape that emphasize the canals of Wujiang.

The car roads that are underused would be transformed into bicycle lanes and pavements. The safe environment then could promote openings of the existing gates, utilising the new beautiful landscape.

2 lanes- Rethinking the local car access

The small street for local access could be rethought as neighborhood linear park by introducing swales, providing micro climates and recreational space for the already vibrant street activities.

37

The Grand Canal new development - Land right exchange

2 1

38

New development: scenarios of industrial convert and new town design In order to free up open space for productive landscape, alternative sites need to be selected in exchange for the undeveloped lands that are planned for development. And a third strategy is to identify a strategic area for dense development that is attractive to developers, so that they consist to the exchange. The locations of these developments are selected along the improved grand canal and close to existing infrastructure and the city center. The new developments bring in new models of urban development that are water sensitive and that improve the urban realm.

39

New densification areas (through land right shuffling): Living with the new stormwater infrastructure

Commercial building Permeable Sloped Bank

Cyclist-friendly pedestrian path

ZOOM IN 1 40

Canal

Slow Speed Car Access

Grand Canal

Retention pond Wetland park

41

New densification areas (through land right shuffling): Living with the new stormwater infrastructure

Car access pavement

Urban park

ZOOM IN 2

42

Canal

Sport area

Semi-public spaces

Permeable Pedestrian path

Retention pond

Retention lake(wetland)

43

CA MAU COMPACT LINEARPOLIS

A sustainable development that enhances local identity and act as a portential solution for saline intrusion

Ca mau locates in the South of Vietnam, it also the last biggest city of southern country, therefore, this location gives Ca Mau huge potential to be the hubs of transportation, foods, medical care, economics. Moreover, the connection of Ca Mau is considerably strong in both land and water transport, which lead to other smaller cities and directly link to Can Tho city heading to Ho Chi Minh city. Those reason make the urbanization in Ca Mau became strongger during several years from 1951 till now. The potential attract not only inhabitants from smaller countries but also the investment from abroad. On the one hand, because of the massive network of water in here, Ca Mau easily develop its characteristic of water urbanism as well as farming landscape. On the other hand, the urban sprawl is recently uncontrolable, moreover, It is invading the productive landscapes, which is now the main source of economics. As considerable problem as urbanization, flooding and saline instrusion are destroying paddy fields, shrimp farms, furthermore, in a number of years later, the level of water would reach 30cm more than it now. overall, the aim is to clearly analysize and understand problems and opportunities of Ca Mau in order to generate the most suitable strategies.

44

45

soft water salty water

brackish water

Water direction and topography.

46

Cần Thơ city

U Minh National park

College

Orphanage School School College

Military area

Ca Mau City

School

ol

ho

Sc

Bus station

Airport Air port

Church

Market

Water bus Hospital

Bạc Liêu city

Cemetery Ca Mau Processing Plant

Shrimp Farms

Vietnam World

Crowded activities on river Năm Căn town

Rạch Giá

Cần Thơ U Minh National park 1951 1989 2008

Bạc Liêu Năm Căn

Regional boulevard with huge potential

47

48

before

1954: french masterplan

1999

2016

49

PROPOSAL

EXISTING

COMPACT LINEARPOLIS DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT 50

51

AQUACULTURE

SALINE INTRUTION

Water Cleaning “Machine” 52

JARIKKO ROCK FILTER

MANGROVE FILTER SYSTEM

STORMWATER & UNDERGROUND WATER

DOMESTIC USE

SLOW & STORE FLOOD

BIOSWALE & IRRIGATION

ECO FILTER

WETLAND TREATMENT

RESEVOIRS

IRRIGATION

53

ECO-CORRIDOR PROPOSAL EXISTING BASED

COMPLETED ECO-CORRIDOR

MOSAIC URBAN PLATFORM PROPOSAL

COMPLETED MOSAIC URBAN PLATFORM

URBAN TISSUE

ALLEY CONNECTION SYSTEM

54

New Streets New Streets Alleys

Underground grey water Natural water/canal wetland

Park Paddy Field Wetland Vegetation

55

56

57

Perspective 58

0

2

4

6

8m

Upgrading space in existing “hem” 59

Ecological corridor

Zoom In 1: scale 1/1000 60

Zoom In Diagram 1

61

Wetland park

Alley

Zoom In 2: scale 1/1000 62

Zoom In Diagram 2

63

Zoom In 3: scale 1/1000 64

Reactivate

Upgrade+new

Layer3 Eco neighborhood/ Public platform/ Public amenities

Layer2 Residential/ Neighborhood green/ Collective space.

Layer1 Residential/ Light industrial/ Public transport/ Social housing/ Public platform

Zoom In Diagram 3 65

ANTWERP ARCHIPELAGO

New development of Southern Antwerp to enhance the connection between the city the the Green Singel.

Location: Antwerp city - Belgium.

Object: This analysis aim to understand the evolution of Antwerp urban fabric such as; morphology, typology, infrastructure, connection and accessibility of Antwerp.

Method: Illustrate the existing urban fabric of specific period of time depending on the milestone of history. Those urban fabric will be assessed to show the trends and target of the city during each period of development.

A comparison will be make on the information found during the past till recent. Particular urban morphology and typology would review the ways of living as well as the standard. Moreover, infrastructure is a tool to assess the permeability of city, therefore, that support for the city economics.

Process: Analyzing the history of the city in order to see the development and the identity of this site.

Analyzing the existing urban tissue, public factilies, river and Green Singel in order to understand the culture and existing conditions.

Analyzing the connection to inner city and outer city so that understanding the connection and the role of this area.

Analyzing the housing topography and landscape.

66

67

km

1

3

5

7

9

km

2

2

4

4

6

6

8

8

10

1945

10

1

3

5

1999

Along river Scheldt lies a city, a unique and glorious one, named Antwerp.

The connection between the city and the river has never been broken throughout its history of evolution, it only changes from one form to another. The city was shielded from outsiders by canals filled with Scheldt water and reached its grandiose state by traders travelling in-and-out the same river.

The bond is so strong that any wrong decision dealing with it results in ser ous consequences. The closed development of the Northern port area cre ated an acute distinction between urban and industrial areas, leading to th space in between becoming polutted and forgotten. (Secchi & Vigano, 2009). The covering of the former protective fortification canal further severed this situation. The inner city and its outskirt now develop independen ly and the city became fragmented, from compact to sprawling.

There are various approaches to reconnect Antwerp with the river as well as healing the wound from previous development practice. This includes the renovation of quays, decommissioning of port expansion in 1980s,the establishment of cultural facilities and urban parks in the periphery area, some notable examples are the Williemdok, Park spoor Nord,Antwerp Sportpaleis.

68

The trend is now set. It was the infrastructure of waterways, railways and highways which supports Antwerp economy, but it is now the reunion with the Schedlt which will elevate the city image to a vibrant, distinctive one.

7

9

km

1

3

5

7

9

2

4

6

8

10

2016

.

r,

riehe

nt-

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70

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72

Scenario from the reservoir

73

Scenario of collective spaces.

CLOSED COURTYARD

74

SLAB

COURTYARD U-SHAPE L-SHAPE

ZOOM 1 - GROUND FLOOR

SCALE 1/500

● Maximize and create expanding and different way to expanding the views of surrounding area. ● Light and air will always reach the building. ● The courtyard can become a great amenity, serving as a collective garden. ● Have its own courtyard landscape but also can enjoy surrounding landscape.

75

FROM IDENTITY TO SPATIALITY

A sustainable development that enhances local identity and act as a portential solution for saline intrusion

Neighborhoods are characterized by the assemblage of different contradictory or complementary elements. The complex and novel combinations of these elements make areas interesting parts of the city and make a milieu of human life. It is this multiplicity and complexity of the urban area that we study as an important ingredient, combined with the identity of each element on itself and also as a part of a whole. Peterbos is that island that sits between different urban fabrics in the city, without being part of the whole. It becomes an irregularity in a system, which that works as a whole.

As Lefebvre states,” spaces conceal their contents by means of meanings, by means of an absence of meaning or by means of an overload of meaning…”. Each area around Peterbos has a meaning of its own. The residential areas, either with traditional urban fabric or the Garden cities with detached building blocks and backyard gardens, both embody a singular character. They represent a major part of people’s daily lives but as defined by their singularity as building blocks only meant for housing, in areas where only the people who reside will enter. The changing morphology though for the same purpose of living from the Garden cities to the traditional fabric is new layer of meaning, which creates There are active zones in the city like the commercial centers, the public squares, big malls and cathedrals that work to contribute to the complexity and multiplicity of meaning of the area they are situated in.

The built environment does, of course, have other properties. For example, it is also, and importantly, the organization of meaning and in this connection materials, forms and details become important. While space organization does express meaning and has communicative and symbolic properties, meaning is frequently expressed through signs, materials, colors, forms, landscape and the like-i.e., through the eikonic aspects of the built environment. Thus meaning may coincide with space organization or may represent a separate, non-coinciding, symbolic system (Venturi et al. 1972) through which settings become indicators of social position and a way of asserting social identity to oneself and others (Dunca 1973).

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77

commercial flows main car flows cycling flows pedestrian flows

MORPHOLOGY and MOBILITY 78

MORPHOLOGY and USAGE

Public buildings

Religious building

Residential building

Office

Education

Restaurants

Health service

Hotel

Parks

Shops

Pharmacy

Factory

Bank

Cafeteria

Social services

Museum

Cinema

79

Studying the lines of access with the different kinds of activities in the city lead to a reading of horizontal bands. Each band had a different meaning and character. The identity of each zone was recognized by its active and passive in nature. The active zones were the main East-West boulevards.

Each of the big boulevards had a counteracting parallel system, namely the organic back road, the local road with the schools and the small shops or the green pathway.Each horizontal band had a character of multiplicity not just in itself but also in combination with its complimentary band in terms of the activity,the uses and functions, the morphology, the inflow of pedestrian and vehicular traffic, the landscape, materiality, and its layout.

Peterbos on the other hand was seen as part of the passive region which had mostly residential blocks. The passive nature of Peterbos is seen as a potential which can be exploited. The analysis lead to a concept of including Peterbos in the system of horizontal experiences, each with its unique sensation and meaning.

1953

1971

PRESENT

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HORIZONTAL SYSTEMS

The horizontal bands each has its own character and impact on the whole. The vertical layering of these bands gives a series of experiences defined by each zone.

Each band looks for multiplicty and plurality in itself and in the system , where each band is complimentary or contradictory to the next.

This system is then enhanced within Peterbos to give each band a strong identity.

Each zone then has a character which makes it part of the whole system.

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Peterbos and its bands

STRATEGIC BANDS OF LANDSCAPE OF PETERBOS

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DESIGN STRATEGIES FOREST

EXISTING

IDENTITY

PLURALITY

ORCHARD

TERRACES

ALLOTMENT GARDENS

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The Forest

The Forest and the buildings

The Forest and the buildings and the clearing

The Orchard

The Orchard and the buildings

The Orchard and the buildings and the playground and the amphitheatre

The Terraces

The Terraces and the buildings

The Terraces and the buildings and the football pitch and the water body

The Allotment gardens

The Allotment gardens and the buildings

The Allotment gardens and the buildings and the water body and the football field

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The Terraces and the allotment Garden in Spring full of leaves

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The Terraces and the allotment Garden in Spring full of leaves

The Allotment Gardens and water body

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The Orchard and the Terraces in Spring full of leaves

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The Orchard and the Terraces in Winter without leaves

The Forest and Orchard in Spring full of leaves

The Forest and Orchard in Winter withour leaves

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