Statistics for Health Sciences
Final Exam
Course Introduction
Statistics for Health Sciences is an introductory course designed to provide students with foundational knowledge and practical skills in applying statistical methods to health-related research and practice. The course covers essential topics such as data collection, descriptive statistics, probability distributions, hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, correlation and regression, and the interpretation of statistical results within a health sciences context. Emphasis is placed on understanding how to critically analyze and present data, utilize statistical software, and make informed decisions based on quantitative evidence in healthcare settings. Through real-world examples and case studies, students will gain proficiency in applying statistical reasoning to address common research questions in public health, nursing, medicine, and other health disciplines.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for People Who Think They Hate Statistics 6th Edition by Neil J. Salkind
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Chapter 1: Statistics or Sadistics Its up to You
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the larger group from which a sample is drawn?
A)sample group
B)population
C)median
D)mode
Answer: B
Q2) What term is used to describe the science of organizing and analyzing information to make the information more easily understood?
A)analysis
B)data
C)interpretation
D)statistics
Answer: D
Q3) Don't skip lessons-work through the chapters in sequence because ______.
A)each chapter is important
B)each chapter is full of information
C)each chapter provides a foundation for the next chapter
D)each chapter is useful
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Means to an End: Computing and Understanding Averages
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Sample Questions
Q1) This consists of the middle point of a set of values:
A)mean
B)median
C)mode
D)other
Answer: B
Q2) This measure of central tendency can be considered the most precise.
A)mode
B)median
C)mean
D)average Answer: C
Q3) What is the name of the letter
A)phi
B)rho
C)sigma
D)alpha
Answer: C
Q4) What is meant by the term outlier?
Answer: An outlier refers to any extreme scores in a data set.
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Chapter 3: Vive La Différence: Understanding Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the formula for computing the range, what does the letter h represent?
A)summation
B)sample size
C)highest score
D)lowest score
Answer: C
Q2) When computing the standard deviation, why are the deviations from the mean squared?
Answer: In order to compute the standard deviation (the average distance a score is from the mean), you need an average of the deviations.If you summed up the deviations from the mean, the sum would always be zero (arithmetic mean).By squaring the deviations, the negative signs disappear so that in the next step they can be summed without having the sum equal to zero, thus allowing the computations of the standard deviation to be completed.
Q3) If (X M)² = 235, and n = 29, what is s²?
A)8.10
B)8.39
C)2.90
D)43.64
Answer: B
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Chapter
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is a graphical representation of a frequency distribution?
A)bar chart
B)frequency distribution
C)histogram
D)cumulative frequency distribution
Q2) If you have a distribution of 20 scores, and you want 2 intervals, what should be the size of your class interval?
A)50
B)25
C)10
D)5
Q3) Which of the following is NOT an example of a chart or graph?
A)frequency polygon
B)histogram
C)column chart
D)class interval
Q4) Besides histograms and polygons, describe four types of charts commonly used in behavioral and social sciences to illustrate data.
Q5) What is a frequency polygon?
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Chapter 5: Ice Cream and Crime: Computing Correlation
Coefficients
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Sample Questions
Q1) What type of correlation exists if the more time you spend studying, the higher your test score will be?
A)negative correlation
B)positive correlation
C)direct correlation
D)b & c
Q2) Is a correlation of 0.6 stronger than a correlation of -0.9? Why or why not?
Q3) A correlation coefficient comparing exercise and body mass is -.67.What does this say about the relationship between exercise and weight?
Q4) How is a direct correlation different from an indirect correlation?
Q5) This is a situation in which the correlation between two variables begins as a direct correlation, then becomes an indirect correlation, or vice versa.
A)direct relationship
B)linear relationship
C)curvilinear relationship
D)reverse relationship
Q6) In the formula for the Pearson correlation coefficient, what is the difference between the sum of a set of values squared and the sum of the squared values?
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Just the Truth: An Introduction to Understanding
Reliability and Validity
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Sample Questions
Q1) The actual or measured score is called the _______.
A)true score
B)observed score
C)error score
D)real score
Q2) _______ is determined by the association between the test scores and some specified present or future criterion.
A)construct validity
B)criterion validity
C)content validity
D)internal consistency validity
Q3) Test-retest reliability is an example of which of the following?
A)measure of consistency
B)measure of reliability over time
C)measure of agreement
D)measure of equivalence
Q4) Observed score equals the true score minus error score.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What are the traditional types of validity?
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Chapter 7: Hypotheticals and You: Testing Your Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the two main categories of hypotheses?
A)null and research
B)null and sample
C)research and population
D)research and sample
Q2) Which of the following is a nondirectional test?
A)a one-tailed test
B)a two-tailed test
C)a research hypothesis
D)all hypotheses
Q3) Why is a representative sample important?
Q4) The null hypothesis can only be tested indirectly.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Research hypotheses refer to _______.
A)the population
B)multiple samples
C)multiple populations
D)the sample
Q6) What is the most important role of a hypothesis?
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Chapter 8: Are Your Curves Normal Probability and Why It
Counts
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Sample Questions
Q1) The _______ is the most commonly used standard score.
A)z score
B)t score
C)f score
D)p score
Q2) What is the term associated with how flat or peaked a distribution appears?
A)ogive
B)skewness
C)kurtosis
D)variability
Q3) Events that occur in the extremes of the normal curve have a very small probability of occurring.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Are distributions always normal?
Q5) Both t scores and z scores are considered what type of score?
A)standard scores
B)error scores
C)average scores
D)standardized scores
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Chapter 9: Significantly Significant: What It Means for You and Me
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Sample Questions
Q1) p < .05 means that there is less than 1 chance in _______ that any differences found were not due to the hypothesized reason.
A)5
B)20
C)25
D)100
Q2) When making a judgment in statistics, there is always some possibility of error.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is the error that cannot be controlled called?
A)Type I error
B)chance
C)Type II error
D)probability
Q4) What happens when a null hypothesis has been accepted and the null hypothesis is really false?
A)a Type II error
B)power
C)a null error
D)a Type I error
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Chapter 10: Only the Lonely: The One Sample Z-Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you have a population standard deviation of 2 and a sample size of 9, what is your standard error of the mean?
A)0.76
B) 0.67
C)0.67
D) 0.76
Q2) If your sample mean is 25, your population average is 20, and your standard error of the mean is 8, what is your observed z value?
A)1.5
B)3
C) 5
D)0.63
Q3) In the effect size formula, what does d stand for?
A)the sample mean
B)effect size
C)the population mean
D)the population standard deviation
Q4) What are the guidelines in using effect size?
Q5) What is effect size?
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Chapter 11: Tea for Two: Tests Between the Means of Different Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) What does the number 0.01 represent in the following: t = 5.15, p < .01?
A)test statistic
B)t value
C)degrees of freedom
D)significance level
Q2) The sign of the observed t value (i.e., whether it is positive or negative) is a crucial element in conducting the t-test for independent samples.
A)True
B)False
Q3) When examining group difference where the direction of the difference is specified, which of the following is used?
A)two-tailed test
B)one-tailed test
C)directional hypothesis
D)critical value
Q4) Please identify the elements of the formula for an independent-means t-test.
Q5) Why do we calculate effect size?
Q6) Under what circumstances would a researcher reject the null hypothesis?
Q7) What does t = .23 mean?
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Chapter 12: Tea for Two Again: Tests Between the Means of Related Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) The t-test for dependent means is used when your sample is tested _______.
A)one time
B)two times
C)one or more times
D)two or more times
Q2) You run a t-test and find that your results indicate that t = 3.13, p < .05.You determine that you should ______.
A)fail to reject the null hypothesis
B)reject the null hypothesis
C)ignore the null hypothesis
D)fail to ignore the null hypothesis
Q3) If your degrees of freedom is 98, your sample size when conducting a t-test for dependent means must be _______.
A)97
B)99
C)98
D)100
Q4) When doing a t-test for dependent samples, when would you accept the null hypothesis?
14
Q5) Under what circumstances would you use a t-test for dependent samples?
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Chapter 13: Two Groups Too Many Try Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ANOVA is a(n) _______.
A)omnibus test
B)correlational test
C)regressional analysis
D)factorial correlation
Q2) When interpreting F , = 8.80, p < .05, what is the within-groups df?
A)30
B)27
C)3
D)2
Q3) When you perform multiple t-tests, you increase the Type II error rate to higher than an acceptable rate.
A)True
B)False
Q4) When interpreting F , = 10.80, p < .01, what is the total sample size examined?
A)60
B)57
C)3
D)2
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Chapter 14: Two Too Many Factors: Factorial Analysis of
Variancea Brief Introduction
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Q1) In a factorial ANOVA, one of the null hypotheses for a main effect might look like this: A) B) C) D)
Q2) If you have two main effects, and one main effect is significant, this means that ______.
A)The other main effect must be significant.
B)The interaction effect must be significant.
C)The interaction effect must not be significant.
D)The other main effect and the interaction effect may or may not be significant.
Q3) If an independent variable has a significant effect on the outcome variable, you have a main effect.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What are the three null hypotheses used in a 2 × 2 factorial analysis?
Q5) When should you use a factorial ANOVA instead of a simple ANOVA?
Page 16
Q6) What are the three research hypotheses used in a 2 × 2 factorial analysis?
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Chapter 15: Cousins or Just Good Friends Testing
Relationships Using Correlation Coefficient
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a simple Pearson correlation value = .75, what percentage of variance is unaccounted for?
A)25%
B)44%
C)56%
D)75%
Q2) If a simple Pearson correlation value = .512, what percentage of variance is accounted for?
A)26%
B)49%
C)51%
D)74%
Q3) Write an example of a research hypothesis for a two-tailed t-test for the correlation coefficient.
Q4) What is another term for an indirect correlation?
A)negative
B)nondirectional
C)positive
D)unidirectional
17
Q5) What are the eight steps involved when examining a research question?
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Chapter 16: Predicting Wholl Win the Super Bowl: Using
Linear Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) When using two predictor variables, these variables should be _______.
A)correlated
B)related C)independent
D)dependent
Q2) Which of the following is also known as a regression weight?
A)X
B) \[Y ^ { \prime }\] C)a
D)b
Q3) If the correlation between variable X and variable Y is perfect, what do you know about the prediction?
Q4) More accurate predictions are associated with ______.
A)correlations having higher absolute values
B)correlations having lower absolute values
C)correlations having higher values
D)correlations having lower values
Q5) What is the standard error of estimate?
Q7) Why do we use and not Y in the regression equation? Page 18
Q6) How is the regression line related to the correlation coefficient?
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Chapter 17: What to Do When Youre Not Normal:
CHI-Square and Some Other Nonparametric Tests
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Q1) Which of the following is the most commonly used nonparametric test?
A)t-test
B)ANOVA
C)chi-square
D)Mann-Whitney U
Q2) In a one-sample chi-square test, if your respondents are distributed very close to each other across the levels of your variable, your chi-square value will be _______.
A)high
B)low
C)very high
D)medium
Q3) Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to examine the correlation between ranks?
A)Mann-Whitney U
B)Wilcoxon rank
C)Spearman rank
D)Fisher's exact
Q4) How do nonparametric statistics differ from parametric statistics?
Q5) What does the one-sample chi-square test determine?
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Chapter 18: Some Other Important Statistical Procedures
You Should Know About
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Q1) Structural equation modeling is a relatively new technique that has become increasingly popular since it was introduced in the early ______.
A)1960s
B)1970s
C)1980s
D)1990s
Q2) Of the following, which procedure allows a researcher to explore how items on a particular measure cluster together?
A)correlation
B)factor analysis
C)path analysis
D)MANOVA
Q3) Researchers combine data from several studies to examine patterns and trends.What analysis is that?
A)path analysis
B)multiple regression
C)factor analysis
D)meta-analysis
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Chapter 19: Data Mining: An Introduction to Getting the
Most Out of Your Big Data
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Sample Questions
Q1) In order to create something on pivot tables, we need some type of input on which to operate.
A)True
B)False
Q2) SPSS syntax is programming language.
A)True
B)False
Q3) SPSS modeler offers high level set of tools for ______.
A)data
B)text
C)data mining
D)data analysis
Q4) In order to create something on pivot tables, we need some type of _______ on which to operate.
A)input
B)output
C)information
D)data
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Q5) What is an example of a research situation in which you would use data-mining techniques?
Chapter 20: A Statistical Software Sampler
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Q1) Which of the following is free and works on Windows, Mac, Linux, and Unix platforms but takes a while to get used to because the learning curve tends to be a bit steep?
A)R
B)Minitab
C)StatCrunch
D)SPSS
Q2) Self-prompting dialog boxes and the ability to use macros to automate tasks are features of _______.
A)SPSS
B)STATISTICA
C)Minitab
D)R
Q3) Minitab contains utilities that include ReportPad, which is a report generator.
A)True
B)False
Q4) PSPP is an open-source variant of SPSS.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter
Sites for Statistics Stuff
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is KhanAcademy?
A)a non-profit educational organization
B)the data and story library
C)SurfStat Australia
D)statistical reference datasets
Q2) You can find data sets through any of the following EXCEPT ______.
A)Statistical Reference Datasets
B)Numbers and More
C)U.S.Census Bureau
D)The Data and Story Library
Q3) The following course is an online component of a basic statistics course taught at the University of Newcastle, Australia, and contains a complete and interactive statistics text:
A)SurfStat Australia
B)StatMatch Australia
C)Statistics 101
D)Data Analysis 101
Q4) The URL of a website will work consistently from day to day.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 22: The Ten Commandments of Data Collection
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Q1) Try to follow up on subjects who missed their ______.
A)thoughts
B)their testing session
C)duplicate version
D)more complex version
Q2) When you think about the type of data you are going to collect, it is also important to think about the _______ of the data.
A)source
B)predictions
C)estimations
D)observations
Q3) You should always make a _______ of your data file and keep it in a separate location.
A)cleaner version
B)simpler version
C)duplicate version
D)more complex version
Q4) Always make a duplicate copy of the data file.
A)True
B)False
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