Sociological Perspectives Practice
Exam
Course Introduction
Sociological Perspectives explores the foundational concepts, theories, and methodologies that shape the study of society and human behavior. This course examines various sociological frameworks including functionalism, conflict theory, symbolic interactionism, and feminist theory to analyze how social structures, institutions, and cultural norms influence individual actions and group dynamics. Through critical discussion and case studies, students will learn to apply sociological reasoning to issues such as inequality, identity, social change, and globalization, gaining a deeper understanding of the complexities of social life in contemporary society.
Recommended Textbook
Sociology in Our Times The Essentials 8th Edition by Diana Kendall
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16 Chapters
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective and Research Process
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to French sociologist Emile Durkheim, __________ are patterned ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that exist outside any one individual but that exert social control over each person.
A)group behaviors
B)social facts
C)essential characteristics
D)sociological generalizations
Answer: B
Q2) On average, a suicide occurs in the U.S. approximately every ___ minutes.
A)5
B)10
C)16
D)23
Answer: C
Q3) In 2004, the average suicide rate in the U.S. was ____ per 100,000 population.
A)3
B)11
C)18
D)25
Answer: B
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a six square block tract of downtown Boston, it is possible to purchase a bagel with cream cheese, dine on raw fish in a sushi bar, or grab a slice of pizza from a street vendor. This variety of food choices illustrates the process of __________.
A)cultural initiative
B)cultural relativism
C)cultural transformation
D)cultural diffusion
Answer: D
Q2) Values do not dictate which behaviors are appropriate and which ones are not, but they provide us with the criteria by which we evaluate people, objects, and events.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Identify and compare the various types of norms.
Answer: Not Answer
Q4) Discuss how cultural diversity influences society and individuals.
Answer: Not Answer
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4
Chapter 3: Socialization
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ emphasize that during infancy and early childhood, family support and guidance are crucial to a child's developing self-concept
A)Conflict theorists
B)Functionalists
C)Symbolic interactionists
D)Postmodern theorists
Answer: C
Q2) Distinguish between sociological and sociobiological perspectives on the development of human behavior.
Answer: Every human being is a product of biology (nature), society, and personal experiences (nurture)\-that is, of heredity (nature) and/or environment (nurture). Sociologists focus on how humans design their own culture and transmit it from generation to generation through socialization (nurture). By contrast, sociobiologists assert that (nature), in the form of our genetic makeup, is a major factor in shaping human behavior. Most sociologists disagree with the notion that biological (nature) principles can be used to explain all human behavior. However, some aspects of our physical makeup-such as eye color, hair color, height, and weight-are largely determined by our heredity (nature).
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Social Structure and Interaction in Everyday Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss the functional and conflict views on social institutions.
Q2) Society can be broken down into social institutions, groups, statuses and roles.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Some statuses have __________ that are highly specific, such as that of surgeons or college professors, other statuses, such as friend or significant other, are less-structured.
A)role expectations
B)collective judgments
C)role performances
D)status expectations
Q4) __________ theorists emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society. Social structure is also important for our human development.
A) Functionalist
B)Conflict
C)Symbolic interactionist
D)Premodern
Q5) State the definition of social structure and explain why it is important for individuals and society.
6
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Chapter 5: Groups and Organizations
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to sociologist Max Weber, __________ is the process by which traditional methods of social organization, characterized by informality and spontaneity, are gradually replaced by efficiently administered formal rules and procedures.
A)rationality
B)oligarchy
C)transition
D)assimilation
Q2) Describe the research of Solomon Asch and explain its contributions to our understanding of group conformity.
Q3) Men and women make up __________, as do Native Americans and Latinos/as, and victims of sexual or racial harassment.
A)social groups
B)aggregates
C)formal organizations
D)categories
Q4) Differentiate between primary and secondary groups and explain how people's relationships differ in each.
Q5) Discuss social psychologist Irving Janis' groupthink theory.
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Chapter 6: Deviance and Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) A young woman graduates from high school with honors and attends a prestigious university where she completes her degree; she gets a good job; she marries and starts planning for the future. This woman's behavior illustrates __________.
A)rebellion
B)innovation
C)conformity
D)rejection
Q2) Deviant behavior varies in its degree of seriousness, ranging from mild transgressions of folkways, to more serious infringements of mores, to quite serious violations of the law. A __________ is a behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms, and/or other negative sanctions.
A)stigma
B)deviant act
C)crime
D)cultural strain
Q3) In relation to the functionalist perspectives on deviance, describe sociologist Robert Merton's strain theory and sociologists Richard Cloward's and Lloyd Ohlin's opportunity theory.
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Chapter 7: Class and Stratification in the United States
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to some analysts, we should replace the minimum wage with the minimum
A)living wage.
B)standard of living.
C)absolute level wage.
D)floor income.
Q2) Both sociologists Karl Marx and Max Weber identified ___________ as an important determinant of social inequality and social change.
A)religion
B)class
C)gender
D)race
Q3) Which age group (of all races) has the highest percentage living in poverty
A)Under 18
B)18 - 24
C)45 - 64
D)65 and above
Q4) Of all age groups, persons aged 65 and over are the most likely to be uninsured in the United States.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Global Stratification
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the United Nations, women constitute about 40 percent of those who are illiterate. Literacy is crucial for women because it has been closely linked to increases in fertility, improved child health, and decreased earnings potential.
A)True
B)False
Q2) _________ exists when people may be able to afford basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average standard of living.
A) Relative poverty
B)Absolute poverty
C)Subjective poverty
D)Standard poverty
Q3) Describe global inequality in relation to the new international division of labor theory.
Q4) Which part of the world has the lowest life expectancy?
A)Middle East
B)Latin America
C)South Asia
D)Sub-Saharan Africa
Q5) Discuss personal perspective on global poverty and human development issues.
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Chapter 9: Race and Ethnicity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Applying Functionalist perspective on race and ethnic relations
Q2) Internal colonialism, the split-labor-market theory and gendered racism are all what kind of perspective?
A)functional
B)conflict
C)symbolic interaction
D)post-modernist
Q3) The contact hypotheses comes from which theoretical perspective?
A)functional
B)conflict
C)symbolic interaction
D)post-modernist
Q4) Based on sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, __________ may have no personal prejudice but still engage in discriminatory behavior because of peer group pressure or economic, political, or social interests.
A)unprejudiced discriminators
B)prejudiced nondiscriminators
C)prejudiced discriminators
D)unprejudiced nondiscriminators
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Chapter 10: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Women are severely underrepresented at the top of U.S. corporations. Only about __________ of the executive jobs at Fortune 500 companies are held by women, and only eight women are the CEO of such a company.
A)5 percent
B)10 percent
C)15 percent
D)20 percent
Q2) According to __________, the human capital model is acquired by education and job training. It is the source of a person's productivity and can be measured in terms of the return on the investment (wages) compared to the cost (schooling or training).
A)conflict theorists
B)functionalists
C)symbolic interactionists
D)postmodern theorists
Q3) According to the journalist Nicholas Kristof, Islam and evangelical Christianity have been on the rise in recent years.
A)True
B)False
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12
Chapter 11: Families and Intimate Relationships
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the United States, most people practice __________; they marry people who come from the same social class, racial/ethnic group, religious affiliation, and other categories considered important within their own social group.
A)exogamy
B)homogamy
C)heterogamy
D)endogamy
Q2) Some writers have raised questions about the practice of commercial surrogacy. Which is not one of those questions?
A)A mother should only give birth to a baby because it is hers and out of love.
B)These women are low-income and may be exploited.
C)They may suffer long-term emotional damage.
D)She is only being paid a few dollars in American money.
Q3) The __________ is the family that a person forms by having or adopting children.
A)blended family
B)family of orientation
C)nuclear family
D)family of procreation
Q4) Discuss child-related family issues and parenting.
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Chapter 12: Education and Religion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss the conflict perspective on education and explain cultural capital and class reproduction.
Q2) Describe symbolic interactionist perspectives on education and explain the significance of labeling and the self-fulfilling prophecy on educational achievement.
Q3) __________ includes the following beliefs: Through meditation and adherence to the Eight-fold Path (correct thought and behavior), people can free themselves from desire and suffering; escape the cycle of eternal rebirth; and achieve nirvana (enlightenment).
A)Islam
B)Hinduism
C)Judaism
D)Buddhism
Q4) Analyze education from the symbolic interactionist perspective.
Q5) __________ is a social system in which status is assumed to be acquired through individual ability and effort.
A)Tracking
B)Credentialism
C)Meritocracy
D)Educational bureaucracy
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Chapter 13: Politics and the Economy in Global Perspective
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Q1) __________ are political coalitions made up of individuals or groups that share a specific interest they wish to protect or advance with the help of the political system.
A)Political action committees
B)Power elites
C)Special interest groups
D)Ruling class
Q2) Discuss C. Wright Mills' views on the media
Q3) The _________ Act legalized military roundups and lengthy detention for any person-including a U.S. citizen-who is deemed to be an "enemy of the state."
A)Military Commissions
B)Patriot
C)Search and Seizure
D)Detention
Q4) Explain the relationship between political socialization, political attitudes, and political participation.
Q5) Political Systems in global perspective
Q6) Contemporary world economic systems-socialism
Q7) Economic systems in global perspective
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Health, Health Care, and Disability
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Sample Questions
Q1) For babies born in the United States in 2004, life expectancy at birth was __________ for males.
A)79.9
B)81.7
C)75.2
D)83.5
Q2) Created in an effort to provide workers with health coverage by keeping costs down, health maintenance organizations (HMOs) provide, for a set monthly fee, total care with an emphasis on prevention to avoid costly treatment later.
A)True
B)False
Q3) An estimated 47.0 million people in the United States had no health insurance in 2006-approximately __________ of the nation's population.
A)10.2 percent
B)15.8 percent
C)20.5 percent
D)25.3 percent
Q4) Discuss how lifestyle factors related to sexually transmitted diseases affect health.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Population and Urbanization
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Sample Questions
Q1) From a global context, discuss the Marxist perspective on population growth.
Q2) __________ is the process by which members of the middle and upper-middle classes, especially whites, move into the central city area and renovate existing properties.
A)Invasion
B)Succession
C)Gentrification
D)Diffusion
Q3) __________ are a series of bar graphs divided into five-year age cohorts, with the left side depicting the number or percentage of males in each age bracket; the right side provides the same information for females.
A)Demographic diagrams
B)Population pyramids
C)Ecological portraits
D)Actuarial graphs
Q4) Discuss the symbolic interactionist perspective on urbanization and the growth of cities: the experience of city life.
Q5) Discuss mortality as it relates to the study of population.
Q6) From a global context, explain the Malthusian perspective on population growth.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Collective Behavior, Social Movements, and Social Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to sociologist Robert Park, social unrest is transmitted by a process of __________, which is the interactive communication between persons such that the discontent of one person is communicated to another, who, in turn, reflects the discontent back to the first person.
A)convergence
B)mob psychology
C)circular reaction
D)emergent norms
Q2) The most common type of __________ occurs when people seek to escape from a perceived danger, fearing that few (if any) of them will be able to get away from that danger.
A)mob
B)aggregate
C)panic
D)riot
Q3) Summarize the key elements of these four explanations of collective behavior: contagion theory, social unrest and circular reaction, convergence theory, and emergent norm theory.
Q4) Describe the conditions for collective behavior.
Page 18
Q5) Distinguish between crowds and masses, and the influence of dominant emotions.
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