Research Methods and Statistics
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
This course introduces students to the fundamental principles and practices of research methodology and statistical analysis in the social and natural sciences. Students will explore the process of formulating research questions, designing experiments or surveys, collecting and analyzing data, and interpreting results. Emphasis is placed on understanding quantitative and qualitative research methods, sampling techniques, measurement tools, and the ethical considerations involved in conducting research. Through hands-on exercises and case studies, students will learn to apply statistical techniques, such as descriptive statistics, hypothesis testing, and correlation, using statistical software. The course equips students with the skills to critically evaluate published research and to conduct their own studies with rigor and integrity.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics A Gentle Introduction 3rd Edition by Frederick L. Coolidge
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16 Chapters
341 Verified Questions
341 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: A Gentle Introduction
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25 Verified Questions
25 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) An experimenter defines "consumer assertion" as the total number of products that a consumer has returned for his or her money back in a 1-year period.This definition in statistics is
A)a confounding variable
B)a definitional periodicity
C)an operational definition
D)a continuous but discrete definition
E)measurement "error"
Answer: C
Q2) In a study of autistic children being taught facilitated communication, what percentage of the autistic kids could answer the questions correctly without any help from the facilitators after their training?
A)0%
B)25%
C)55%
D)92.6%
Answer: A
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Descriptive Statistics: Understanding
Distributions of Numbers
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25 Verified Questions
25 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The main difference between a bar graph and a histogram is
A)two-dimensional bars instead of three-dimensional bars
B)vertical instead of a horizontal presentation
C)bar graphs have spaces between bars and histograms don't
D)they are identical in every aspect
Answer: C
Q2) A positively skewed distribution is also said to be
A)skewed normally
B)skewed left
C)skewed down
D)skewed up
E)none of the above
Answer: E
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Statistical Parameters: Measures of Central
Tendency and Variation
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25 Verified Questions
25 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the standard deviation of the salaries (rounded to a whole number)?
A)81,000
B)81,111
C)88,000
D)14,701
Answer: D
Q2) The "unbiased" aspect of an unbiased estimator indicates that
A)it holds for all ethnic groups
B)it underestimates the population value with the same tendency as it overestimates the population value
C)it works in skewed as well as nonskewed distributions
D)all of the above
Answer: B
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Standard Scores, the Z Distribution, and
Hypothesis Testing
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25 Verified Questions
25 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following T scores has a z score of 0.00?
A)10
B)20
C)30
D)40
E)50
Q2) For a person with an IQ of 145, according to the z distribution, his or her score would be in the _________ percentile.
A)99th (or 100th)
B)95th
C)90th
D)145th
Q3) According to the z distribution, what proportion of SAT verbal scores falls between 500 and 600?
A).3413
B).2500
C).5000
D).7500
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Chapter 5: Inferential Statistics:
Hypothesis Testing, and the Z Distribution
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15 Verified Questions
15 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The probability of committing the Type I error is also called ___________. A)alpha B)beta
C)delta D)omega
Q2) A trend in the data means that the experimenter
A)rejected the null hypothesis at p < .05
B)rejected the null hypothesis at p < .01
C)did not reject the null hypothesis but came close to doing so D)none of the above
Q3) Which of the following is a Type I error?
A)rejecting H<sub>0</sub> when H<sub>0</sub> is false
B)rejecting H<sub>0</sub> when H<sub>0</sub> is true
C)not rejecting H<sub>0</sub> when H<sub>0</sub> is true
D)not rejecting H<sub>0</sub> when H<sub>0</sub> is false
Q4) The probability of committing the Type II error is also called ___________. A)alpha B)beta
C)delta D)omega
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Chapter 6: An Introduction to Correlation and Regression
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30 Verified Questions
30 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Abelson's first law of statistics is
A)correlation never implies causation
B)correlation sometimes implies causation
C)chance is lumpy
D)if something is too good to be true, it probably is too good to be true
Q2) Variables may be analyzed and studied long after the data have been gathered.Such data are known as _______ data.
A)correlation
B)experimental
C)archival
D)archetypal
Q3) In the formula Y = a + bX, the letter b defines
A)the intercept of the x-axis
B)the intercept of the y-axis
C)the slope or angle of the straight line
D)all of the above
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8
Chapter 7: The T Test for Independent Groups
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15 Verified Questions
15 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The derived t value for this problem is
A)7.338
B)4.816
C)11.373
D)12.000
Q2) The value of the numerator in the t formula for this problem (either or -) is
A)3.058
B)55.33
C)62.67
D)7.33
Q3) The derived t value for this problem (either or ) is
A)3.058
B)7.33
C).008
D)2.120
Q4) What significance level should be reported?
A)p < .05
B)p < .01
C)p < .001
D)p > .05
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Chapter 8: The T Test for Dependent Groups
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20 Verified Questions
20 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What statistical decision is appropriate?
A)retain the null hypothesis
B)reject the null hypothesis
C)reject the alternative hypothesis
D)the results are significant at p < .05
Q2) Which of the following is not a way to increase the power of a t test?
A)increase the difference between two means
B)increase the number of participants
C)decrease within-subject variance
D)increase the number of independent variables
Q3) The value of the numerator in the dependent t test formula for this problem is approximately
A)0.08
B)4.50
C)4.42
D).333
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Chapter 9: Analysis of Variance Anova: One-Factor
Completely Randomized Design
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30 Verified Questions
30 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The degrees of freedom for the denominator (df<sub>2</sub>) is A)3
B)24
C)27
D)28
Q2) The mean squares within groups (MSW) is
A)727.155
B)15,483.667
C)21.293
D)46,451.000
Q3) The original Bonferroni correction for three multiple t tests would have the conventional level of significance change to A).05
B).01
C).001
D).017
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11
Chapter 10: After a Significant Analysis of Variance: Multiple Comparison Tests
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16 Verified Questions
16 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The value of q in the appendix for Tukey's q values is A)3.90 B)4.91 C)3.85 D)4.80
Q2) The value of r in the appendix for Tukey's q values is A)2
B)4
C)8 D)32
Q3) Tukey's HSD value for this problem would be
Q4) Based on Tukey's HSD results, all but one of the following is true.Which is not a true statement?
A)The no-music condition produced the greatest sales.
B)The soft rock condition produced the second best sales.
C)There were no differences in sales between soft rock, classical, and jazz.
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Chapter 11: Analysis of Variance Anova: One-Factor
Repeated-Measures Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) The correction for the mean (CM) for this problem is
A)2,544,660.03
B)785,342.02
C)26,958.60
D)4,038.57
Q2) The degrees of freedom for SSW are A)3
B)18
C)24
D)35
Q3) The sum of squares for subjects (SSS) for this problem is A)48,598.087
B)9,852.485
C)57,207.714
D)739,884.557
Q4) The obtained F value for this problem is A)23.20
B)32.45
C)35.64
D)67.13
Chapter 12: Analysis of Variance: Two-Factor Completely
Randomized Design
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25 Verified Questions
25 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The F value for the interaction is A)0.16
B)7.77
C)112.92
D)0.42
Q2) The F value for drug levels is
A)0.16
B)7.77
C)112.92
D)0.42
Q3) In a 2 × 3 × 4 ANOVA, the interaction will compare how many means?
Q4) The sums of squares for fillings are
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Chapter 13: Post Hoc Analysis of Factorial Anova
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20 Verified Questions
20 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) For the boys, the results of Tukey's test in the interaction revealed
A)Ritalin worked best
B)Cylert worked best
C)the placebo worked best
D)none of the above
Q2) The results of Tukey's test for the main effect of drug levels reveal that
A)short-term memory is not different between Cylert and Ritalin conditions, but both are better than the placebo
B)short-term memory is better for Cylert than the placebo or Ritalin
C)short-term memory for Ritalin is better than for Cylert or the placebo
D)short-term memory is poorer for Cylert and Ritalin than for the placebo
Q3) With a df<sub>error</sub> of 16, r = 5, and a = .05, Tukey's q value would be
A)5.49
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Factorial Anova: Additional Designs
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Sample Questions
Q1) The SST is
A)324.967
B)1936.033
C)116.033
D)64.067
E)68.467
Q2) The SS for the sessions factor is
A)1540.267
B)273.067
C)10.033
D)9.033
E)463.733
Q3) The df for the time main effect is
A)1
B)2
C)3
D)24
E)29
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Nonparametric Statistics: The Chi-Square Test
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20 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The conclusion for this problem would be
A)an atherectomy is significantly more dangerous than a balloon angioplasty
B)a balloon angioplasty is significantly more dangerous than an atherectomy
C)an atherectomy is not significantly more dangerous than a balloon angioplasty
D)there is an insignificant difference between a balloon angioplasty and an atherectomy
Q2) The conclusion for this problem would be
A)a greater percentage of men than women married for love
B)a greater percentage of women than men married for love
C)more women married for love
D)more men married for money
Q3) The derived chi-square value for this problem is
A)23.93
B)16.55
C)17.16
D)14.14
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Chapter 16: Other Statistical Parameters and Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) A true negative is defined as
A)a test result is positive, and the patient actually has the condition
B)a test is negative, and the patient actually has the condition
C)a test is positive, and the patient doesn't have the condition
D)a test is negative, and the patient doesn't have the condition
Q2) A false positive is defined as
A)a test result is positive, and the patient actually has the condition
B)a test is negative, and the patient actually has the condition
C)a test is positive, and the patient doesn't have the condition
D)a test is negative, and the patient doesn't have the condition
Q3) In linear discriminant function analysis, the criterion variable
A)is usually dichotomous
B)is usually continuous
C)is an a priori assumption by the experimenter
D)all of the above
E)a and c
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