Research Design and Analysis
Pre-Test Questions
Course Introduction
Research Design and Analysis introduces students to the fundamental principles and methodologies for planning, conducting, and evaluating research in academic and professional settings. The course covers the formulation of research questions, selection of appropriate research designs, sampling strategies, data collection methods, and the basics of both qualitative and quantitative analysis. Students learn to critically assess the validity and reliability of findings, understand ethical considerations, and apply statistical tools to interpret data. By the end of the course, students will possess the skills necessary to design robust research projects and analyze data effectively to draw meaningful conclusions.
Recommended Textbook
The Practice of Social Research 14th Edition by Earl R. Babbie
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Chapter 1: Human Inquiry and Science
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Sample Questions
Q1) Causal reasoning suggests that
A)we use a premodern view.
B)present circumstances cause future circumstances.
C)future circumstances cause present circumstances.
D)probabilistic reasoning is not involved.
E)general reasoning is involved
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a component of the traditional research proposal?
A)review of the literature
B)introduction
C)data analysis
D)researcher's opinion
E)bibliography
Answer: D
Q3) A review of the literature is not a part of a research proposal
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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3
Chapter 2: Paradigms,theory,and Social Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Theories seek to provide logical explanations.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Who was an early theorist concerned with how individuals interacted with one another?
A)Durkheim
B)Simmel
C)Mead
D)Spencer
E)Weber
Answer: B
Q3) Axioms are
A)hypotheses.
B)results of research.
C)assumed to be true.
D)concepts.
E)fundamental assertions on which theory is grounded that are assumed to be true.
Answer: E
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Page 4
Chapter 3: The Ethics and Politics of Social Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) The distinction between the ethics and politics of social research is that
A)politics deals mostly with the methods employed while ethics deals mostly with the substance and use of research.
B)politics has an established code of conduct while ethics does not.
C)politics is more important.
D)ethics deals mostly with the methods employed while politics deals mostly with the substance and use of research.
E)the ideology is different.
Answer: D
Q2) Which study population is controversial with regard to voluntary participation in research?
A)college students
B)physicians
C)prisoners
D)police officers
E)teachers
Answer: C
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Research Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) Professor Root was studying the arrest rates for drunken driving in urban and rural areas of Ohio.It was found that the arrest rate was higher in the rural areas.Professor Root concluded that people who live in rural areas are more likely to drive while intoxicated than are people who live in urban areas.Root's conclusion
A)illustrates the ecological fallacy.
B)illustrates the individualistic fallacy.
C)illustrates good deductive reasoning.
D)illustrates the importance of trend studies.
E)illustrates the role of ethics in social research
Q2) The topic of surrogate mothers interested Professor Snyder.Snyder read the available materials on the topic and wanted to develop an age,education,and income profile of women who serve as surrogate mothers in the United States.To develop this profile,Snyder should undertake a(n)
A)trend study.
B)descriptive study.
C)explanatory study.
D)panel study.
E)cohort study.
Q3) Describe the steps involved in the research process.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Conceptualization, operationalization, and Measurement
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Q1) The definition of a phenomena that represents the objective,unquestionable "truth" of it,which is rarely used by sociologists is an example of a
A)nominal definition
B)operational definition
C)interval definition
D)observable definition
E)real definition.
Q2) When you are worried about whether you will get the same results if you repeat your experiment again in the future,you are worried about _________.
A)internal validity
B)external validity
C)reliability
D)theory
E)content validity
Q3) The split-half technique for assessing reliability is closely linked to the concept of the interchangeability of indicators.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Indexes, scales, and Typologies
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Q1) Today,Likert scaling is commonly used in the creation of simple indexes in questionnaire design.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The coefficient of reproducibility indicates
A)how reproducible scores on later items are given scores on earlier items.
B)how reproducible the scale score is knowing the scores on the original items.
C)the percentage of original responses the could be reproduced by knowing the scale score.
D)how valid the scale is.
E)the probability to reproduce the same results again in future studies.
Q3) A ____ scale is a measurement technique for determining the willingness of people to participate in social relations-of varying degrees of closeness-with other kinds of people.
A)Bogardus
B)Guttman
C)Thurstone
D)Semantic differential
E)Likert
Q4) Compare scales,indexes,and typologies.Give examples of each.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: The Logic of Sampling
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Sample Questions
Q1) You,as a researcher,are interested in studying the long-term effects of incarceration on death-row inmates.Ideally,you would like to have a total sample of at least 1,000 inmates from maximum-security prisons all over the United States.Describe how you would go about obtaining a representative sample.Be sure to identify the: a)element; b)population; c)survey population; d)sampling method; and e)sampling frame(s).
Q2) Mildred wanted to do a study of recycling club members employing a random sample.There is no master list of recycling club members in the U.S.She has only enough money to study 70 clubs.What would be the best design to use?
A)quota
B)systematic
C)stratified
D)cluster
E)snowball
Q3) A table of random numbers is used for which design?
A)simple random sampling
B)systematic sampling
C)cluster sampling
D)quota sampling
E)stratified sampling
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Experiments
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Sample Questions
Q1) During a longitudinal self-esteem study conducted at a high school,the experimental group learns that they have to spend an extra half-hour each day reviewing self-esteem building activities while their counterparts in the control group have an extended lunch.Angry about the difference,many students opt to leave the experimental group.This is an example of what form of invalidity?
A)maturation
B)compensatory rivalry
C)instrumentation
D)causal time order
E)testing
Q2) You have just been employed by a major financial company for your skills in boosting employee morale.Describe how you would go about testing whether your skills and methods have led to an increase in employee morale.Be certain to explain any issues you may encounter in your goal,as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the design that you use.
Q3) Preexperimental designs do not have control groups.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain what is meant by internal and external validity.
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Chapter 9: Survey Research
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Q1) Whenever the interview contains open-ended questions,it is important that the interviewer summarize and paraphrase what has been said so that a more meaningful interpretation can be given to the data.
A)True
B)False
Q2) How many follow-ups to the original mailing is the most efficient in terms of response rate?
A)zero
B)one
C)two
D)three
E)four
Q3) When respondents in an interview give inappropriate or incomplete responses,the interviewer should
A)probe.
B)go on to the next question.
C)ask if there are any problems.
D)call the interviewing supervisor for advice.
E)call them on it
Q4) Give a comparative analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of survey research.
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Chapter 10: Qualitative Field Research
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Q1) To examine the social interactions of online role playing gamers,a relatively new social phenomena,Anthony developed a rough outline of what to look for before setting out on observation.This outline was intended to guide,but not specifically structure the observations.What approach did Anthony use?
A)ethnomethodology
B)grounded theory
C)case study
D)the extended case method
E)participatory action approach
Q2) The most appropriate first step in field research is to
A)identify informants.
B)search the relevant literature.
C)establish rapport with the people to be observed.
D)write a draft of your final report.
E)write a proposal
Q3) Qualitative field researchers should wait to record observations until enough time has passed to put the events in a proper perspective.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Unobtrusive Research
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Q1) Unobtrusive measures measure the impact of the researcher on the phenomena being studied.
A)True
B)False
Q2) _______________ is especially suited for topics that a researcher wants to study over a long time span because the data sets are relatively stable and the data is gathered over multiple time points.
A)Secondary data
B)Primary data
C)Manifest content
D)Nonreactive research
E)Physical trace analysis
Q3) According to Weber,an ideal type indicates the characteristics that the phenomena under study should strive to attain.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How can unobtrusive online research be conducted? What special considerations need to be taken into account? What are the benefits and weaknesses of this modality?
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Chapter 12: Evaluation Research
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Q1) In conducting an evaluation research project to determine the impact of domestic violence education in high schools,Martin was especially careful to identify what the educational programs were.He was also specific to identify the population it would be aimed at.By doing this,he was:
A) developing a cost-benefit analysis
B) specifying the population.
C) conducting social indicators research.
D) defining a response variable.
E) assessing reliability of measures.
Q2) Sheronda was contracted by a city to determine what programs would be most beneficial in reducing juvenile delinquency.What type of study would she likely be conducting?
A) classical experiment study.
B) needs assessment study.
C) time-series study.
D) monitoring study.
E) cost-benefit study.
Q3) Social indicators research is often presented as the rate per 100,000 persons.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Qualitative Data Analysis
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Sample Questions
Q1) Qualitative researchers DO NOT use the computer to A)record and store data.
B)"find" or "search" text for passages containing key words.
C)type code words alongside passages in notes so that they can later search for those keywords.
D)automatically create theory for them.
E)analyze data.
Q2) Mikhael is examining the symbolic elements of a standard police encounter,such as the behaviors and clues an officer encounters that could signify danger.What sort of qualitative research is he performing?
A)memoing.
B)concept mapping.
C)grounded theory.
D)semiotic analysis.
E)coding.
Q3) Memoing provides the researchers with structured ways to examine the data and the coded text.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Quantitative Data Analysis
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most frequent attribute,in either grouped or ungrouped data,is the A)mean.
B)median.
C)mode.
D)range.
E)marginal.
Q2) Which of the following is(are)an example of multivariate analysis?
A)an examination of the ages of all women who are corporate executives
B)an analysis of the relationship between age, sex, and type of nightspot frequented in a given city in the Midwest
C)an analysis of the relationship that exists between types of undergraduate major and positions held in business
D)an analysis of the relationship between type of offense and length of prison sentence for those who had a jury trial
E)an analysis of the number of parolees who recidivate based upon the length of their sentence.
Q3) Half the cases are above the mode and half the cases are below the mode.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: The Logic of Multivariate Analysis
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Q1) Whenever the partial relationships are essentially the same as the original relationship,the term assigned to the result,regardless of whether the test variable is antecedent or intervening,is a(n)
A)spurious relationship.
B)explanation.
C)specification.
D)replication.
E)interpretation.
Q2) Professor Smith found a relationship between education and occupation.However,when age was introduced as a test factor,the relationship between education and occupation disappeared in the partials.In Professor Smith's study,age was introduced as a(n)
A)control variable.
B)spurious variable.
C)distorter variable.
D)antecedent control variable.
E)intervening control variable.
Q3) The origins of the Elaboration Model dates back to World War II.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Statistical Analyses
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Sample Questions
Q1) Logit and probit models of regression are specifically used for:
A) nominal variables.
B) interval variables.
C) ratio variables.
D) ordinal variables.
E) any level of variable.
Q2) If Lindsey is interested in studying the relationship between an ordinal independent variable (e.g.level of education attained)and an interval/ratio dependent variable (e.g.number of children),she should probably conduct a means test and use a t-test or ANOVA to analyze her results.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following research projects would be most well suited to the use of GIS?
A) voting patterns between Democrats and Republicans across the United States.
B) distribution of financial resources to schools in the state of New York.
C) rates of property and violent crimes in a single city.
D) the spread of HIV infection across the entire world.
E) all of these choices are correct.
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Chapter 17: Reading and Writing Social Research
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Q1) According to Babbie,tables indicating results should be included in the body of the research paper.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Reading and writing social research should be treated as it would be in any other discipline
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following guidelines for reporting on the analysis of qualitative data is FALSE?
A)provide enough detail so that your reader has a sense of having made the observations with you
B)provide only those data that support your interpretations
C)provide enough information so that the reader might reach a conclusion that differs from yours
D)provide enough detail so that the reader could replicate your study
E)include all of the notes you made during analysis for the reader.
Q4) What steps can you take as a researcher to utilize the Internet safely and wisely?
Q5) Why and how do researchers take their audience into account in writing a report?
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