Quantitative Methods in Psychology
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Quantitative Methods in Psychology introduces students to the fundamental statistical techniques and research methodologies used to collect, analyze, and interpret numerical data in psychological research. The course covers essential topics such as descriptive statistics, probability theory, hypothesis testing, correlation, and regression analysis, with an emphasis on critical thinking and ethical considerations. Students will learn to use statistical software to conduct analyses and draw valid conclusions from empirical data, equipping them with the skills necessary to evaluate published research and design their own studies in the behavioral sciences.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 3rd Edition by Gregory J. Privitera
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Two branches of statistics are independent and dependent statistics.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) A characteristic (usually numeric)that describes a sample is called a A) sample.
B) sample statistic.
C) population.
D) population parameter.
Answer: B
Q3) Inferential statistics is used to determine if observations made in a sample are likely to also be observed in the population from which the sample was selected.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Most scientists have limited access to the behavioral phenomena they study.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: Summarizing Data: Frequency Distributions in
Tables and Graphs
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Sample Questions
Q1) A student scores in the 80th percentile on an exam.What does this mean in comparison to all other students?
A) The student scored higher than 80% of all others who took the exam.
B) The student scored worse than 80% of all others who took the exam.
C) Of all those who took the exam, only 80% of them completed it.
D) The student would score the same grade on the exam 80% of the time.
Answer: A
Q2) A graphical display for grouped frequency distributions with continuous data is called a
A) histogram.
B) bar chart.
C) pie chart.
D) scatter gram.
Answer: A
Q3) A circular graph that displays the relative percentage of a frequency distribution into sectors is called a scatter gram.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Summarizing Data: Central Tendency
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Sample Questions
Q1) The sample size is in the denominator of the calculation of a sample mean.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) The median would be used to describe which of the following variables?
A) gender
B) ethnicity
C) rankings
D) brand name
Answer: C
Q3) Three measures of central tendency are the mean,median,and range.
A)True
B)False Answer: False
Q4) A researcher measures the following scores on an assessment: 2,3,7,3,5,6,and 9.In this example,the mean is smaller than the median.
A)True
B)False Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Summarizing Data: Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) An interquartile range removes
A) the top and bottom 25% of scores in a distribution before calculating range.
B) scores above only the 75th percentile before calculating range.
C) scores below only the 25th percentile before calculating range.
D) all of these.
Q2) As a general rule,an interquartile range is a better estimate of variability than the IQR.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Each deviation in the numerator for variance is squared because
A) without squaring each deviation, the solution for SS would be zero.
B) this inflates the value for variance, making it more accurate.
C) without squaring each deviation, the solution could be negative.
D) without squaring each deviation, the solution for SS would be zero, and without squaring each deviation, the solution could be negative.
Q4) When the sample variance is computed as SS divided by n,it will underestimate the population variance on average.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Probability
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Sample Questions
Q1) Suppose that the probability that any child of alcoholic parents becomes alcoholic is p = .16.Assuming independent outcomes,the probability that two children of alcoholic parents will be alcoholic equals ______.
A) .16
B) .32
C) .25
D) .03
Q2) Probability allows us to make predictions regarding:
A) random events.
B) random outcomes.
C) random variables.
D) all of these.
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of probability?
A) Probability varies between 0 and 1.
B) Probability can never be negative.
C) Probability can be stated as a fraction or decimal.
D) Probability is most useful for describing fixed events.
Q4) A probability can be stated as a proportion.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Probability, normal Distributions, and Z Scores
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher determines that students study an average of 80 ± 20 (M ± SD)min/week.Assuming these data are normally distributed,what is the z score for students studying 60 min/week?
A) 1.0
B) -1.0
C) .3413
D) .1587
Q2) The unit normal table can be used to find the probability of a particular score in both normal and nonnormal distributions.
A)True
B)False
Q3) It is appropriate to use the normal approximation of the binomial distribution with a sample of 100 participants,where p = .07 and q = .93.
A)True
B)False
Q4) When a z score equals 0,this means that there is no variability.
A)True
B)False
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8
Chapter 7: Probability and Sampling Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the central limit theorem?
A) It explains that sample means will vary minimally from the population mean.
B) It explains that a sampling distribution of possible sample means is approximately normally distributed, regardless of the shape of the distribution in the population.
C) It explains that if we select a sample at random, then on average we can expect the sample mean to equal the population mean.
D) All of these.
Q2) The sample variance is an unbiased estimator of the population variance
A) when dividing SS by n.
B) when dividing SS by df.
C) when dividing SS by n - 1.
D) when dividing SS by df and when dividing SS by n - 1.
Q3) Experimental research is typically conducted using a sampling strategy in which
A) the order of selecting participants matters.
B) the same participant can never be selected twice in the same sample.
C) participants are replaced after being sampled.
D) all of these.
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9
Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing: Significance,effect Size,and
Power
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not one of the four steps to hypothesis testing?
A) state the hypotheses
B) identify hypothetical data
C) set the criteria for a decision
D) compute the test statistic
Q2) If the value of the test statistic is in the rejection region,then A) p < .05.
B) the decision is to reject the null hypothesis.
C) the value of the test statistic is larger than the critical value.
D) all of these.
Q3) The one-sample z test is a hypothesis test used to test hypotheses
A) concerning a single population with a known variance.
B) concerning at least one population.
C) concerning the variance in a population.
D) all of these.
Q4) Increasing sample size will
A) increase the alpha level.
B) increase the likelihood of committing a Type I error.
C) increase the power of the decision.
D) all of these.
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Chapter 9: Testing Means: One-Sample and
Two-Independent-Sample T Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) To compute a two-independent-sample t test,a researcher has to know many values.Which of the following is NOT a value that the researcher must know to compute this test?
A) the pooled sample variance
B) the pooled population variance
C) the sample size for both samples
D) the sample mean for both samples
Q2) A researcher reports the following result for a two-tailed test at a .05 level of significance,t(30)= 2.020,and correctly decides to retain the null hypothesis.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A researcher must know the population variance in order to compute a t test.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Measures of proportion of variance are computed the same for all t tests.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Testing Means: Truehe Related-Samples T Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher records the time (in seconds)it takes participants to respond (by pressing a key)to a familiar and an unfamiliar word flashed onto a computer screen.In this study,the difference in response time for each participant is compared.The type of design described here is called a
A) repeated-measures design.
B) matched-samples design.
C) repeated-measures design and matched-samples design.
Q2) Which of the following is the numerator of the test statistic for the related-samples t test?
A) the sum of the difference scores for each participant
B) the value of the test statistic plus the degrees of freedom
C) the mean difference observed minus the mean difference stated in a null hypothesis
D) estimated standard error for difference scores
Q3) If a related-samples t test is significant,then it will also be associated with a large effect size.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Estimation and Confidence Intervals
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher estimates the 95% CI for a sample with a mean of M = 3.26 and a standard error ( \(\sigma\)<sub>M</sub>)of 0.91.What is the lower confidence limit for this interval?
A) 1.48
B) 2.35
C) 4.17
D) 5.04
Q2) In a sample of 12 participants,a researcher estimates the 80% CI for a sample with a mean of M = 22.3 and an estimated standard error (S<sub>M</sub>)of 4.7.What is the confidence interval at this level of confidence?
A) 80% CI 12.1, 32.5
B) 80% CI 17.6, 27.0
C) 80% CI 15.9, 28.7
D) there is not enough information to answer this question
Q3) The estimated standard error is used in the formula to estimate the population mean for the one-sample t.
A)True
B)False
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13
Chapter 12: Analysis of Variance: One-Way
Between-Subjects Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) The test statistic for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA is the sum of squares between groups divided by the sum of squares error.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Violating the assumption of homogeneity of variance tends to increase the likelihood of committing a Type I error.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A researcher assigned participants (n = 8 per group)to read vignettes describing a person engaging in either a helpful,hurtful,or neutral act.Different participants were assigned to each group and asked to rate how positively they viewed the person described in the vignette.What is the critical value for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA at a .05 level of significance?
A) 3.07
B) 3.44
C) 3.47
D) 4.32
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Analysis of Variance: One-Way Within-Subjects
Repeated-Measuresdesign
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Q1) To summarize a one-way within-subjects ANOVA,we report each of the following except,______.
A) the test statistic value
B) the degree of freedom
C) the critical values
D) the p value
Q2) If df<sub>BG</sub> = 8,then 9 participants must have been observed in the study.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The term "within-subjects" refers to ______.
A) observing the same participants in each group
B) observing different participants in each group
C) the type of post hoc test conducted
D) the type of effect size estimate measured
Q4) The formula for partial \(\eta\)<sup>2</sup> and partial \(\omega\)<sup>2</sup> removes the sum of squares within groups from the total sum of squares.
A)True
B)False
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Analysis of Variance: Two-Way
Between-Subjects Factorial Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) A complete factorial design is one in which each level of one factor is combined or crossed with each level of the other factor.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A researcher computes a 3 * 4 between-subjects ANOVA.What are the degrees of freedom for Factor A for this study?
A) 2
B) 3
C) 6
D) 12
Q3) A researcher measures differences in recall between participants watching a regular or a 3-D movie clip with a romance,drama,or action theme.Different participants were observed in each group.What type of statistical design is appropriate for this study?
A) one-way between-subjects ANOVA
B) one-way within-subjects ANOVA
C) two-way between-subjects ANOVA
D) one-way within-subjects ANOVA and two-way between-subjects ANOVA
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Chapter 15: Correlation
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Sample Questions
Q1) A correlation of r = .50 in a sample of 15 participants is statistically significant for a two-tailed test at a .05 level of significance.
A)True
B)False
Q2) If \(\chi\)<sup>2</sup> = 3.84 and n = 36,then what is the value of r?
A) .11
B) .16
C) .33
D) .36
Q3) The assumption of normality requires that the range of scores observed in a sample is the same of the possible range of scores in the population.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Outliers can change both the direction and strength of a correlation coefficient.
A)True
B)False
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Page 17
Chapter 16: Linear Regression and Multiple Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) The equation for a straight line is Y = bX + a.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is not needed to compute the y-intercept using the method of least squares?
A) M<sub>Y</sub>
B) M<sub>X</sub>
C) M<sub>XY</sub>
D) the slope
Q3) If the coefficient of determination is .09 and the sum of squares regression is 88,then the total variation in Y must be SS<sub>Y</sub> = 108.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The scores or data points for a regression analysis are typically reported in ______.
A) a scatter plot
B) a bar chart
C) a pie chart
D) all of these
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18
Chapter 17: Nonparametric Tests: Chi-Square Tests
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Q1) Variance is not computed using the chi-square tests.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is a key assumption for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test?
A) The observed frequencies are independently recorded in each cell.
B) The variance between groups is equal.
C) There is no mean difference between groups.
D) The proportion in each cell is equal to zero.
Q3) A researcher computes a 2 * 3 chi-square test for independence.What is the critical value for this test at a .05 level of significance?
A) 3.84
B) 5.99
C) 7.81
D) 12.59
Q4) When the chi-square test for independence is significant,this indicates that there is significant variability between groups.
A)True
B)False
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19
Chapter 18: Nonparametric Tests: Tests for Ordinal Data
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Sample Questions
Q1) Tests for ordinal data can ______ the power to detect an effect when data are skewed.
A) decrease
B) increase
C) have no effect on D) categorize
Q2) Tests for ordinal data meaningfully convey information regarding ______.
A) variance
B) differences
C) variance and differences
Q3) A researcher computes the Wilcoxon signed-ranks T test.She finds that the sum of positive ranks is 56 and the sum of negative ranks is 22.What is the value of the test statistic,T?
A) 22
B) 34
C) 56
D) 78
Q4) Ordinal data indicate that one score is larger or smaller than another.
A)True
B)False
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