Quantitative Methods in Psychology
Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
Quantitative Methods in Psychology provides students with a comprehensive introduction to the statistical techniques and mathematical reasoning fundamental to psychological research. The course covers key concepts such as data collection, measurement, descriptive and inferential statistics, hypothesis testing, correlation, regression, and analysis of variance. Emphasis is placed on applying quantitative methods to real-world psychological problems, interpreting data accurately, and critically evaluating research findings. Students develop skills in using statistical software and understanding the ethical considerations involved in quantitative research, preparing them for advanced study and evidence-based practice in psychology.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 3rd Edition by Gregory J. Privitera
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18 Chapters
1400 Verified Questions
1400 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics
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80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A psychologist reviews her notes for all her patients and determines that on average her patients complete therapy in 24 days.The average time to complete therapy among all her patients is called a(n)
A) population parameter.
B) sample statistic.
C) inferential statistic.
D) time trial.
Answer: A
Q2) Only an experiment can demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships between variables.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The duration of attention (in seconds)is a ratio scale measurement.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Summarizing Data: Frequency Distributions in
Tables and Graphs
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the stem-and-leaf display,each number to the right of the vertical line is referred to as a ______; the numbers to the left of the vertical line are called the ______.
A) stem; leaf
B) leaf; stem
C) digit; place
D) place; digit
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following requires the calculation of a real range?
A) frequency distributions for categorical
B) frequency distributions for ungrouped data
C) frequency distributions for grouped data
D) frequency distributions that do not use real data
Answer: C
Q3) An open class is permitted when outliers exist in the data.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Summarizing Data: Central Tendency
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a portion of people from a population are asked to complete an assessment,then the average score among that group of people would be considered a A) sample mean.
B) population mean.
C) median split.
D) modal mean.
Answer: A
Q2) The median is the balance point for a distribution.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) The sum of the squared differences of scores from their mean is A) minimal.
B) zero.
C) negative.
D) negligible.
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Summarizing Data: Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) The sample variance is computed by dividing SS by ______,whereas the population variance is computed by dividing SS by ______.
A) N; df
B) df; n - 1
C) df; N
D) n - 1; df
Q2) The 50th percentile is also called the median quartile.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The sum of the squared deviations of scores from their mean
A) is computed the same for samples and populations.
B) is computed by squaring each deviation to avoid a zero solution in the numerator.
C) is the numerator for the sample variance and population variance.
D) all of these.
Q4) The interquartile range and semi-interquartile range are the same measure.
A)True
B)False
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6
Chapter 5: Probability
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Sample Questions
Q1) The probability that a participant is married is p(M)= .60.The probability that a participant is married and "in love" is p(M\(\cap\)L)= .46.Thus,the probability that a participant is in love,given that the participant is married,is p = .77.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The distribution of probabilities for each outcome of a random variable that sums to 1.00 is called a
A) random variable.
B) probability distribution.
C) conditional probability.
D) sample space.
Q3) Probability allows us to make predictions regarding:
A) random events.
B) random outcomes.
C) random variables.
D) all of these.
Q4) Bayes's theorem is a conditional probability formula.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 6: Probability, normal Distributions, and Z Scores
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Sample Questions
Q1) The asymptotic tails in a normal distribution represent the possibility of outliers in a data set.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is the z score for scores in the top 2.5%?
A) .675
B) 1.96
C) .0124
D) .0250
Q3) A distribution of z scores is distributed in what type of unit of measurement?
A) Binomial outcomes
B) Probabilities
C) Standard deviation units
D) Depends on the shape of the distribution
Q4) Data were normally distributed as 3.6 ± 0.6 (M ± SD).Hence,69.15% of data occurred below a score of 3.9 in this distribution.
A)True
B)False
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8
Chapter 7: Probability and Sampling Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The standard error of the mean is typically reported in a table or graph,but never in the text of a research article.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Because the sampling distribution of sample means is normally distributed,we can use the z transformation formula to find probabilities.Which of the following gives the appropriate notation for this formula?
A)\( z=\frac{M-\mu_{M}}{\sigma_{M}} \)
B)\( Z=\frac{M-\mu}{\sigma_{M}} \)
C)\( z=\frac{M-\mu}{\frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{n}}} \)
D) all of these
Q3) A sampling distribution is a distribution of scores in a population.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A researcher selects a sample of 169 participants from a population with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 13.The probability of selecting a sample mean that is less than 49 is .8413.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing: Significance,effect Size,and
Power
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cohen's d is a measure of how far mean scores have shifted in a population.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A researcher reports that the size of an effect in Population A is d = 0.10 and the effect size in Population B is d = 0.34.Which population is associated with greater power to detect an effect?
A) Population A
B) Population B
C) They are associated with the same level of power.
Q3) Which of the following statements regarding the null hypothesis is true?
A) The null hypothesis always makes statements about a population parameter.
B) A decision in hypothesis testing is made about the alternative hypothesis, not the null hypothesis.
C) The null hypothesis is the only hypothesis stated in hypothesis testing.
D) All of these.
Q4) As sample size increases,the power to detect an effect increases.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Testing Means: One-Sample and
Two-Independent-Sample T Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) State the critical value(s)for a t test using a two-tailed test at a .05 level of significance: t(20).
A) ±1.725
B) ±2.093
C) ±2.086
D) ±0.687
Q2) A researcher reports that the mean difference in the body weight of rats following a pharmacological versus control treatment is 14 g,with a pooled sample variance equal to 256.What is the effect size for this test using estimated Cohen's d?
A) d = 0.06; small effect size
B) d = 0.08; small effect size
C) d = 0.88; large effect size
D) There is not enough information to answer this question.
Q3) A one-sample t test will be t = 0 when the standard error is equal to 0.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A t test is associated with N degrees of freedom.
A)True
B)False
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Testing Means: Truehe Related-Samples T Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher asks a sample of brothers and sisters to rate how positive their family environment was during childhood.In this study,the differences in ratings between each brother and sister pair were compared.The type of design described here is called a
A) repeated-measures design.
B) matched-samples design.
C) repeated-measures design and matched-samples design.
Q2) A professor compares scores on a competency exam among students at two times during a single semester.What type of t test is most appropriate for this study?
A) one-sample t test
B) two-independent-sample t test
C) related-samples t test
D) there is not enough information to answer this question
Q3) A researcher computes a related-samples t test with t(20)= 2.096.In this example,the decision is to reject the null hypothesis for a one-tailed test,but not for a two-tailed test.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Estimation and Confidence Intervals
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60 Verified Questions
60 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a sample of 12 participants,a researcher estimates the 80% CI for a sample with a mean of M = 22.3 and an estimated standard error (S<sub>M</sub>)of 4.7.What is the confidence interval at this level of confidence?
A) 80% CI 12.1, 32.5
B) 80% CI 17.6, 27.0
C) 80% CI 15.9, 28.7
D) there is not enough information to answer this question
Q2) The estimation formula for the one-sample t is M ± t(s<sub>M</sub>).
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following words best describes certainty?
A) inferential
B) significance
C) precision
D) confidence
Q4) The population variance must be known to estimate the population mean for the one-sample z.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Analysis of Variance: One-Way
Between-Subjects Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) The degrees of freedom total for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA is the total sample size minus one.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A researcher compares differences in positivity between participants in a low-,middle-,or upper-middle-class family.If she observes 15 participants in each group,then what are the degrees of freedom for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA?
A) (2, 12)
B) (3, 43)
C) (2, 42)
D) (3, 12)
Q3) The numerator of the test statistic for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA is the mean variability associated with error.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Post hoc tests control for the total alpha level for a series of tests conducted on the same data.
A)True
B)False
14
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Chapter 13: Analysis of Variance: One-Way Within-Subjects
Repeated-Measuresdesign
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an assumption for the one-way within-subjects ANOVA,but not for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA?
A) normality
B) homogeneity of variance
C) homogeneity of covariance
D) none of these; each is assumed for both tests
Q2) The formula for partial \(\eta\)<sup>2</sup> and partial \(\omega\)<sup>2</sup> removes the sum of squares within groups from the total sum of squares.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Using a within-subjects ANOVA design,______.
A) n-k participants are each observed one time
B) n participants are observed k times
C) different participants are observed in each group
D) all of these
Q4) The sum of squares within groups and sum of squares between persons are both sources of error.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Analysis of Variance: Two-Way
Between-Subjects Factorial Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher conducts a 2 * 4 between-subjects ANOVA in which 12 participants were observed in each group.If SS<sub>B</sub> = 18 and SS<sub>E</sub> = 264 for this study,then what is the decision for Factor B at a .05 level of significance?
A) reject the null hypothesis
B) retain the null hypothesis
C) there is not enough information to answer this question
Q2) There are ______ cells or groups in a 3 * 4 ANOVA design.
A) 3
B) 4
C) 7
D) 12
Q3) When the same participants are observed in each cell or group,we use the two-way between-subjects ANOVA to analyze the data.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Using a two-way between-subjects ANOVA,we compute hypothesis tests for two main effects and one interaction.
A)True
B)False
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Correlation
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Sample Questions
Q1) The normality assumption states that the population of X and Y scores form a bivariate ("two variable")normal distribution,such that ______.
A) the population of X and Y scores are normally distributed
B) for each X score, the distribution of Y scores is normally distributed
C) for each Y score, the distribution of X scores is normally distributed
D) all of these
Q2) The appropriate correlation coefficient for measuring for the direction and strength of the linear relationship between two dichotomous variables is ______.
A) the Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient
B) the point-biserial correlation coefficient
C) the phi correlation coefficient
D) none of these
Q3) A statistical procedure used to describe the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two factors is called ______.
A) effect size
B) power
C) a correlation
D) coincidence
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Chapter 16: Linear Regression and Multiple Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) For a simple linear regression with one predictor variable,we report the test statistic,degrees of freedom,and p value for the regression analysis.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In addition to evaluating the significance of a multiple regression equation,we also should consider ______.
A) the significance of the residual variability
B) the complexity of the correlation coefficient
C) the relative contribution of each factor
D) the significance of each individual data point
Q3) The degrees of freedom associated with residual variation are equal to ______.
A) the number of predictor variables
B) the number of predictor variables minus one
C) n - 1
D) n - 2
Q4) The equation for a straight line is Y = bX + a.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: Nonparametric Tests: Chi-Square Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher reports the following results for a chi-square test: \(\chi\)<sup>2</sup> ()= 5.39,p < .05 (V = 0.22).What is the maximum number of levels that an independent variable could have had?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
Q2) Which of the following is an example of a nonparametric test?
A) analysis of variance
B) the t tests
C) chi-square test
D) Pearson correlation
Q3) If the expected frequencies are equal to observed frequencies for a chi-square test for independence,what do we conclude?
A) the degrees of freedom for the test are equal to 0
B) the test statistic value is equal to 0
C) the frequencies observed fit well with the frequencies expected
D) the test statistic value is equal to 0 and the frequencies observed fit well with the frequencies expected
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Page 19
Chapter 18: Nonparametric Tests: Tests for Ordinal Data
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Wilcoxon signed-ranks T is a statistical procedure used to determine whether the total ranks in two related groups are significantly different.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The test statistic for the Friedman test is largest when ______.
A) the ranks for each participant are consistent across groups
B) the mean difference between groups is largest
C) the ranks for each participant are not consistent across groups
D) the value of the test statistic is less than or equal to .05
Q3) For the Friedman test,when is less than the critical value,we decide to ______.
A) retain the null hypothesis
B) reject the null hypothesis
C) not enough information
Q4) When the test statistic for the Kruskal-Wallis H test is equal to or smaller than the critical value,we reject the null hypothesis.
A)True
B)False
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