Public Policy Analysis Practice Questions
Course Introduction
Public Policy Analysis provides students with an in-depth examination of how public policies are formulated, implemented, and evaluated within governmental and non-governmental frameworks. The course explores key theories, models, and methodologies used in policy analysis while fostering critical thinking about policy issues, stakeholder interests, and the political, economic, and social contexts influencing decision-making. Students gain practical skills through the application of analytical tools to real-world policy problems, equipping them to assess alternative solutions, consider ethical implications, and effectively communicate policy recommendations to diverse audiences.
Recommended Textbook
Public Finance and Public Policy 5th Edition by Jonathan Gruber
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1045 Verified Questions
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Why Study Public Finance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Suppose the government taxes the rich to distribute money to the poor.Which of the following is an example of an efficiency loss?
A) Rich people take home less of the money from their jobs because of the tax.
B) Rich people don't work as hard because of the tax.
C) Poor people are better off because of the redistribution.
D) Poor people work just as hard because they still need to make ends meet.
Answer: B
Q2) If government revenues exceed government spending,the difference is called the: A) cash flow deficit.
B) cash flow surplus.
C) debt.
D) budget.
Answer: B
Q3) By 2010,approximately ________ of the nonelderly United States population did not have health insurance.
A) 5%
B) 15%
C) 18%
D) 25%
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Theoretical Tools of Public Finance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Producer surplus can be defined as the difference between:
A) the demand curve and the price of the good.
B) the supply curve and the price of the good.
C) the supply curve and the demand curve.
D) the price charged by sellers and the price paid by buyers.
Answer: B
Q2) Suppose Jon likes to eat both pizza and hamburgers.As John consumes less pizza and holds steady his consumption of hamburgers,the marginal utility of a piece of pizza _________ and the marginal utility of a hamburger __________.
A) increases; is unchanged
B) increases; increases
C) decreases; decreases
D) decreases; is unchanged
Answer: A
Q3) Graphically,the budget constraint can be described as:
A) the slope being the difference between the prices of the goods.
B) the slope being the sum of the prices of the goods.
C) a downward sloping line.
D) the slope being the product of the prices of the goods.
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Empirical Tools of Public Finance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Name one potential problem that could lead to biased results if you were to identify the effect of attending a charter school by comparing the scores of students from the charter schools with the scores of students from traditional public schools.
Answer: The advantage of identifying the effect in this way is that it is simple.However,there are several pitfalls to such a simple approach.To the extent that students at charter schools are different from students at traditional public schools in any way other than the type of school they attend,this identification strategy may lead to a biased estimate if the difference also affects achievement.For example,if a higher proportion of students who attend charter schools are from disadvantaged families relative to traditional public school students (or vice versa),the estimate will be biased.
Q2) Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) Control variables used in cross-sectional regression analysis typically remove all bias.
B) Attrition of volunteers in randomized trials is rare.
C) Randomized trials are typically inexpensive.
D) Cross-sectional means comparing many individuals at one point in time.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Budget Analysis and Deficit Financing
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which one of the following factors is a concern about long-run imbalance measures?
A) The measures are politically motivated; objective forecasters typically don't acknowledge them.
B) The measures depend,critically,on assumptions about things like the future growth rates of costs and incomes.
C) The measures assume that government policy will change over time.
D) The measures do not take into account the political motivations of decision makers.
Q2) Suppose cutting taxes both reduces the percentage of income that is taxed and increases the size of taxable incomes.Which scoring method takes both effects into account?
A) neither static nor dynamic scoring
B) dynamic scoring but not static scoring
C) static scoring but not dynamic scoring
D) capital scoring but not cash scoring
Q3) Explain the recent proposals of an explicit balanced budget amendment in relation to PAYGO.What are the views of supporters and opponents of these proposals?
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Chapter 5: Externalities- Problems and Solutions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Someone else playing music loudly on the radio in a dormitory the night before your economics exam is an example of which of the following?
A) negative production externality
B) positive production externality
C) positive consumption externality
D) negative consumption externality
Q2) To maximize total welfare,one must equate ________ with ________.
A) total social benefit; total social cost
B) marginal social benefit; total social cost
C) total social benefit; marginal social cost
D) marginal social benefit; marginal social cost
Q3) Without government intervention,it is ___________ true that ___________ in equilibrium.
A) always; private marginal benefit equals private marginal cost
B) sometimes; private marginal benefit equals private marginal cost
C) always; private costs equal private benefits
D) always; social marginal benefit equals social marginal cost
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Chapter 6: Externalities in Action- Environmental and Health Externalities
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Sample Questions
Q1) The American Clean Energy and Security Act (2009),which set a target of reducing carbon emissions,was:
A) approved by both the House of Representatives and the Senate,but not by the President.
B) approved by the House of Representatives,but did not have enough support in the Senate.
C) passed by Congress and signed into law by the President.
D) passed by Congress but vetoed by the President.
Q2) Which country was the top fossil fuel carbon dioxide emitter in 2012?
A) United States
B) Russia
C) Germany
D) China
Q3) Acid rain is caused when _______ are released into the atmosphere.
A) sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide
B) carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides
C) sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides
D) carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide
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Chapter 7: Public Goods
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Sample Questions
Q1) A good for which the price is set at $1 to model choice between goods is:
A) a pure public good.
B) a numeraire good.
C) an impure public good.
D) a pure private good.
Q2) If one person consumes a good,so that no other person can consume it at all,then that good is:
A) excludable.
B) nonexcludable.
C) purely rival.
D) partially rival.
Q3) What are the options available to government when deciding whether to rely on the private sector or the public sector to provide public goods? Use the example of prisons to illustrate.
Q4) Which is a property of a private good,like a sandwich?
A) non-rival in consumption
B) rival in consumption
C) non-excludable
D) subject to the free rider problem
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Chapter 8: Cost-Benefit Analysis
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Sample Questions
Q1) The opportunity cost of an input that is sold in a perfectly competitive market is:
A) greater than the price of the input.
B) less than the price of the input.
C) equal to the price of the input.
D) not related to the price of the input.
Q2) Suppose the value of life is estimated by comparing the earnings and probabilities of death from working on a fishing boat in Alaska with the earnings and probabilities of death from working in a fish processing plant in Alaska.The analysis concludes that a year of life is valued at $6 million.If risk-loving people take the jobs on the boats and risk-averse people take jobs at the processing plants,the estimate will:
A) overstate by at least two times the value of a life for the average person.
B) overstate by an unknown amount the value of a life for the average person.
C) be approximately equal to the value of a life for the average person.
D) understate by an unknown amount the value of a life for the average person.
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Chapter 9: Political Economy
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss the recent experiences of the U.S.defense industry in contracting out without competitive bidding.Are they successful ventures? What might be the fundamental problem in these contracts?
Q2) The approach that emphasizes that government failures are often minimized by public finance economists is:
A) the Samuelson school.
B) public choice theory.
C) median voter theory.
D) bureaucratic theory.
Q3) Pam and Kunal are the only members of a community that is trying to determine how much of the public good should be produced.Suppose that Pam is willing to pay $10 for the fourth unit of the public good and that Kunal is willing to pay $6 for the fourth unit.The marginal cost of producing the public good is constant at $4.Which of the following is TRUE?
A) Fewer than four units of the public good should be produced.
B) More than four units of the public good should be produced.
C) Exactly four units of the public good should be produced.
D) The Lindahl equilibrium is established when the price of the public good is $10.
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Chapter 10: State and Local Government Expenditures
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following always has an income effect?
A) matching grants,but not block grants
B) block grants,but not matching grants
C) conditional block grants,but not block or matching grants
D) block grants,matching grants,and conditional grants
Q2) Individuals who wish to live in a community with individuals richer than they are but without paying higher property taxes are hoping to receive the benefits of the:
A) free rider effect.
B) slum effect.
C) neighborhood effect.
D) Tiebout effect.
Q3) To the extent that federal block grants do not replace state spending but increase overall spending,there is:
A) a flypaper effect.
B) no income effect.
C) no substitution effect.
D) crowding out
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Chapter 11: Education
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the government were to directly operate schools,it would be intervening through _________.If the government were to require that everyone attend school through age 16 without intervening in any other way,it would be intervening through__________.
A) public provision; private provision
B) the price mechanism; the quantity mechanism
C) the quantity mechanism; the price mechanism
D) public provision; the quantity mechanism
Q2) Small,independent public schools not subject to many of the regulations imposed on traditional public schools,including restrictions on teacher qualifications,are called:
A) magnet schools.
B) charter schools.
C) parochial schools.
D) private schools.
Q3) Education is a good example of a:
A) pure public good.
B) pure private good.
C) good that creates external benefits.
D) good that creates external costs.
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13
Chapter 12: Social Insurance- the New Function of Government
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Sample Questions
Q1) An actuarially fair premium is set equal to the insurer's:
A) expected payout,assuming no administrative costs or profits.
B) expected administrative costs,assuming maximum profits.
C) desired amount of profit.
D) total costs.
Q2) Is moral hazard likely to be a bigger problem in the health insurance market or the life insurance market? Explain.
Q3) If government intervenes in the market for health insurance in order to address the adverse selection problem and improve efficiency:
A) there will likely be some redistribution from high-risk individuals to low-risk individuals.
B) there will likely be some redistribution from low-risk individuals to high-risk individuals.
C) everyone will be better off as a result.
D) everyone will be worse off as a result.
Q4) Optimal social insurance systems should partially but not completely insure individuals against adverse events.Explain.
Q5) Is self-insurance more likely to be chosen by rich or by poor people? Explain why.
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Chapter 13: Social Security
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT true about poverty among the elderly and Social Security expenditure since 1959?
A) Elder poverty has been constantly decreasing in the past 50 years.
B) Poverty rates for the elderly have been increasing over the last 10 years.
C) In 1959,35% of the elderly were living in poverty,compared with 9% in 2009.
D) The steepest reductions in poverty were during the 1960s and 1970s.
Q2) Which of the following is NOT correct about the Social Security program in the United States?
A) It is the largest single source of income for the elderly population in the United States.
B) It provides more than 90% of income for almost 30% of the elderly.
C) It is the single largest government expenditure today and is the nation's largest social insurance program.
D) Politicians are eager to make changes to Social Security,and they have reformed the program several times in the past few decades.
Q3) Explain the two fundamental problems related to investing the Social Security trust fund in the stock market.
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is TRUE with respect to workers' compensation?
A) When there is a qualifying injury,benefits are paid out whether the injury was the worker's or the firm's fault.
B) When there is a qualifying injury,benefits are only paid out if the injury was the firm's fault,as established in court.
C) When there is a qualifying injury,benefits are only paid out if the injury was the firm's fault,as established by a committee paid by the federal government.
D) When there is a qualifying injury,fewer benefits are paid out if the injury was the worker's fault than if it were the firm's fault.
Q2) Which of the following is a criterion workers must meet to be eligible for unemployment benefits?
A) They must have earned more than a minimum amount in the previous year.
B) They must be hourly wage,not salaried,workers.
C) They cannot have a 4-year college degree.
D) They must not have made a previous claim to receive unemployment benefits.
Q3) How does unemployment insurance in the United States compare with that provided by European countries? Be sure to answer in terms of both benefits and funding.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Health Insurance I- Health Economics and
Private Health Insurance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Jermaine's health insurance policy has a deductible of $1,000,a $10 copayment on doctor visits,and coinsurance of 10% on all expenses other than those for which there are copayments.If Jermaine went to the doctor four times (doctor's fee is $40 per visit)and had a surgery that cost $2,000,how much of these expenses did Jermaine pay directly?
A) $40
B) $1,000
C) $1,040
D) $1,140
Q2) The unwillingness to move to a better job for fear of losing health insurance is referred to as ________ and results from being ___________.
A) moral hazard; insured through the private market
B) job lock; insured through one's employer
C) job lock; uninsured
D) first-dollar coverage; insured through one's employer
Q3) Suppose that 75% of medical expenses were incurred by 10% of individuals.What would the implication of such a fact be for the success of health savings accounts (HSAs)in reducing the moral hazards associated with insurance? Explain.
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Page 17
Chapter 16: Health Insurance Ii- Medicare, medicaid, and Health Care Reform
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the effect of adverse selection in a premium support system for Medicare?
A) It raises the costs to the sickest individuals.
B) It raises the costs to the healthiest individuals.
C) More individuals choose the higher level of insurance coverage.
D) Premiums are reduced for everyone.
Q2) Which of the following provides coverage for prescription drug expenditure for the elderly?
A) Medicare Part A
B) Medicare Part B
C) Medicare Part D
D) Medicaid
Q3) A public national health insurance system would:
A) solve the problem of the uninsured.
B) worsen the problem of the uninsured.
C) have no effect on the problem of the uninsured.
D) raise per-person administrative costs of health insurance.
Q4) How are the providers of health care services to Medicaid recipients paid? Has this affected the health care experiences of Medicaid recipients? Explain.
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Chapter 17: Income Distribution and Welfare Programs
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT true about the evolution of poverty in the United States?
A) In 2009,a family of four with an annual income below $23,050 was considered to be living in poverty.
B) The poverty rates fell for all persons,for the elderly,and for the very young in the 1960s and early 1970s.
C) The share of income received by the lowest quintile in the United States is smaller than in any other developed nation.
D) Poverty rates for those under 18 and those over 65 have risen since the 1960s.
Q2) The conclusion that "welfare lock" should be removed means that:
A) the government should not incarcerate the fathers of children in single-mother welfare homes because it reduces child support payments.
B) the government should unlink cash welfare from other in-kind benefits.
C) the government should reduce the benefits reduction rate to increase the benefits of working.
D) all welfare payments should be given based on unchangeable characteristics.
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19
Chapter 18: Taxation- How It Works and What It Means
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Sample Questions
Q1) There is a 50% income tax in a society with only two individuals.Both individuals have pre-tax incomes of $50,000.In period 1,there is no tax deduction,and Harry gives $5,000 to charity while Sally gives $8,000 to charity.In period 2,the government makes charitable donations tax deductible and Harry gives $6,000 and Sally gives $12,000.The marginal impact of the tax break was ________; the inframarginal impact of the tax break was
A) $2,500; $13,000
B) $2,500; $6,500
C) $5,000; $13,000
D) $5,000; $6,500
Q2) Which is a fixed amount that a taxpayer can deduct from taxable income?
A) an itemized deduction
B) a standard deduction
C) a tax credit
D) an exemption
Q3) Compare and contrast tax deductions and tax credits in terms of both efficiency and vertical equity.
Q4) Explain the concepts of vertical and horizontal equity as goals for tax systems.Which of the concepts is easier to measure in practice? Explain.
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Chapter 19: The Equity Implications of Taxation- Tax
Incidence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Suppose a tax is imposed on the producers of kitchen tables.Assume that demand for kitchen tables is perfectly elastic and that the supply is elastic,but not perfectly elastic.The tables are produced in a factory using capital equipment (e.g.,lathes)and labor.The demand for labor is perfectly elastic and the demand for capital equipment is inelastic in the short run.In the short run,partial equilibrium tax incidence analysis suggests that _____ bear the tax; general equilibrium tax incidence analysis suggests that _____ bear the tax.
A) consumers; table factories
B) table factories; table factories
C) consumers; capital owners
D) table factories; capital owners
Q2) Suppose the pre-tax price of gasoline is $1/gallon.An imposed tax of $0.50/gallon is paid by producers to the government,increasing the price of gasoline to $1.30/gallon.The gross price after the tax is _____; the after-tax price is _____.
A) $1.30; $0.80
B) $1.30; $1.80
C) $1.80; $1.30
D) $1.80; $0.80
Q3) Why is general equilibrium analysis called a game of "follow the tax burden"?
Page 21
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Chapter 21: Taxes on Labor Supply
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Q1) The substitution effect of child care expenditures induces parents to _________; the income effect of child care expenditures induces parents to __________.
A) work more; work more
B) work more; work less
C) work less; work less
D) work less; work more
Q2) Discuss the two major limitations of the basic theory of taxation's effect on labor supply.
Q3) Discuss fundamental labor supply elasticity differences with respect to after-tax wages of primary earners and secondary earners.
Q4) Suppose that a tax is levied on wages and a person responds by working more.Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) The after-tax wage is the effective price of leisure.
B) The substitution effect induces the person to work more.
C) The income effect induces the person to work less.
D) The substitution effect is offset by the income effect.
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Chapter 22: Taxes on Savings
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Sample Questions
Q1) Suppose that in the first period,a woman works,earns income Y,and saves S of the income.In the second (and last)period,the woman consumes her savings plus whatever interest it earned (r is the interest rate).What is the opportunity cost of first-period consumption?
A) Y(1 + r)<sup>2</sup>
B) 1 + r
C) Y - S
D) Y(1 + r)
Q2) Suppose the government was to eliminate taxes on interest from savings.Which of the following statements is NOT consistent with economic theory?
A) People would save more as a result.
B) People would save less as a result.
C) The substitution effect of the policy induces people to save less.
D) The substitution effect of the policy induces people to save more.
Q3) Suppose that the government proposes to eliminate unemployment insurance.Which model,the intertemporal choice model of saving or the precautionary saving model,would predict the larger change in savings in consequence? Explain your answer and be sure to note any empirical evidence that might be relevant.
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Page 23
Chapter 23: Taxes on Risk Taking and Wealth
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Q1) Suppose that there is a 25% chance that an investment of $1,000 will rise in value to $1,400,a 25% chance that the investment will remain at $1,000,and a 50% chance that the investment will fall in value to $900.What is the expected profit associated with the investment?
A) $25
B) $50
C) $75
D) $100
Q2) If a town is in a perfect Tiebout equilibrium (all residents value public goods at their tax cost),then:
A) there is no burden associated with property taxation,it is simply a price residents voluntarily pay.
B) the burden of property taxation falls on homeowners since those with more expensive homes must pay more in taxes.
C) the burden of property taxation is much higher in communities with superior public goods (education and city services).
D) the burden of property taxation is split between land and improvements (structures).
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Chapter 24: Taxation of Business Income
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Q1) A return that exceeds a firm's payouts to its factors of production is a(n):
A) dividend.
B) capital gain.
C) pure profit.
D) accounting profit.
Q2) What is the effective corporate tax rate when the value of the tax credit for each dollar of investment is $0.25,the tax rate on earnings minus labor is 35%,and the present discounted value of a $1 investment is $0.50?
A) -11.53%
B) -10%
C) 10%
D) 88.46%
Q3) Why don't companies finance all of their investment with debt and thereby avoid corporate taxation?
Q4) _____ is the raising of funds by selling _____.
A) Debt finance; bonds
B) Debt finance; stocks
C) Equity finance; bonds
D) Equity finance; IOUs
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Chapter 25: Fundamental Tax Reform and Consumption Tax
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Q1) Tax _______ is willingness to pay taxes; tax ________ is the result of efforts to reduce one's tax burden within the limits of the law.
A) compliance; avoidance
B) compliance; evasion
C) compliance; hedging
D) avoidance; evasion
Q2) Suppose that you respond to an income tax increase by claiming false deductions.This is an example of:
A) reporting effect.
B) income exclusion effect.
C) compliance effect.
D) direct effect.
Q3) A sales tax is a tax on ________; a payroll tax is a tax on __________.
A) capital gains; income
B) consumption; consumption
C) consumption; income
D) income; income
Q4) Identify and describe two political reasons the tax code is so complicated.
Page 26
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