Psychological Science
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Psychological Science explores the systematic study of behavior and mental processes through empirical research and scientific methodology. The course introduces students to foundational concepts in psychology, including perception, cognition, emotion, development, personality, social interaction, and psychological disorders. Students examine how biological, social, and cultural factors influence individual and group behavior, and gain practical experience in research design, data analysis, and critical evaluation of scientific literature. This course provides a comprehensive understanding of how psychological principles are applied in various settings, preparing students for advanced study or careers in the behavioral sciences.
Recommended Textbook
The Science of Psychology 4th Edition by Laura King
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17 Chapters
3070 Verified Questions
3070 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is true of psychiatrists?
A)They specialize in solving sociocultural issues.
B)They have a doctoral degree in psychology.
C)They are psychologists who study genetics.
D)They can prescribe medication.
Answer: D
Q2) Explain the fundamental differences between a clinical psychologist and a psychiatrist.
Answer: A clinical psychologist typically has a doctoral degree in psychology,which requires approximately four to five years of graduate work and one year of internship in a mental health facility.In contrast,a psychiatrist is a physician with a medical degree who subsequently specializes in abnormal behavior and psychotherapy.Another difference between a psychiatrist and a clinical psychologist is that a psychiatrist can prescribe drugs,whereas a clinical psychologist generally cannot.
Q3) Neuroscience emphasizes that the brain and nervous system are central to understanding behavior,thought,and emotion.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Psychologys Scientific Method
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179 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a _____,neither the participants nor the experimenter administering the treatment are aware of which participants belong to the experimental group and which are part of the control group.
A)double-blind experiment
B)controlled experiment
C)correlational study
D)case study
Answer: A
Q2) Aaron wants to study the association between sleep deprivation and the number of hours spent on computer every day.He is not keen to establish causation,but would like to determine whether and how the increase or decrease in one variable is associated with the increase or decrease in the other variable.Which of the following research methods is likely to be most effective for Aaron's study?
A)survey
B)correlational research
C)experimental research
D)case study
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Biological Foundations of Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a function of the axon in a nerve cell in the context of specialized cell structure?
A)It manufactures substances required for growth and maintenance.
B)It is responsible for converting acting potential to resting potential.
C)It carries information away from the cell body toward other cells.
D)It receives information and orients it toward the neuron's cell body.
Answer: C
Q2) While preparing dinner,Maya accidentally touches a hot dish.Which of the following divisions of the nervous system will be responsible for conveying information to the brain that she has touched something hot?
A)the sympathetic nervous system
B)the autonomic nervous system
C)the somatic nervous system
D)the parasympathetic nervous system
Answer: C
Q3) In the nervous system,neurotransmitters are stored in the dendrites.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) When Bill started working in his new office,he found the noise of the air purifier in his room distracting and felt it interfered with his ability to concentrate.After a week or so,the noise stopped bothering him,even though it was still present.Explain the concept that is most likely responsible for Bill's reaction to the noise after a week.
Q2) Jane was in a car accident,which caused severe damage to her head.As a result,Jane's vision was affected. Although her eyes are able to detect visual stimuli and form images on her retina,her brain is not receiving the visual information.This problem with Jane's vision is most likely due to improper functioning of the A)optic nerve.
B)lens.
C)sclera.
D)blind spot.
Q3) In the visual system,the major purpose of the iris of the eye is to
A)stimulate the sclera into refracting light.
B)control the pupil size.
C)change the wavelength of light entering the eye.
D)produce rods and cones.
Q4) Describe the fast pathway that transmits pain messages to the brain.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: States of Consciousness
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Sample Questions
Q1) Melinda has two children.Her six-year-old daughter,Emma,awakens during a bad dream.After a minute,she gets up and goes to Melinda's room,saying,"Mommy? Are you up?" Melinda wakes up and asks her why she is up during the night.Emma says,"Mommy,I dreamt that a monster was chasing me." Seeing that Emma is a little perturbed,Melinda talks to her for a few minutes,then gets her some warm milk and tucks her back into bed.An hour later,Emma's younger sister Katie,who is three years old,awakens screaming.Melinda runs to her room and checks her over.She does not seem to be in pain,feverish,or sick.She asks Katie what is the matter.Katie cries,"Mama,I'm scared!" Melinda asks her why.Katie frowns,puzzled,and shakes her head,"I don't know!" Melinda asks,"Did you have a bad dream?" Katie answers,"I don't remember,Mama,did I?" What are the terms used to describe each sister's experience? Compare and contrast these experiences.
Q2) The process by which individuals think about thinking is referred to as A)metacognition.
B)a stream of consciousness.
C)an altered state of awareness.
D)groupthink.
Q3) The altered consciousness of hypnosis can be achieved through meditation.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe in detail the classical conditioning components involved in smoking.Discuss how spontaneous recovery can cause the reoccurrence of a smoking habit.
Q2) As the subject of an experiment for treating cigarette addiction,John is being given a chemical agent that makes him feel nauseated every time he smokes a cigarette.This experiment is most likely a(n)_____ experiment.
A)positive reinforcement
B)habituation
C)aversive conditioning
D)avoidance learning
Q3) Provide one example of vicarious reinforcement and one example of vicarious punishment.
Q4) Andrea,an avid golfer,imitates a professional golfer's swing after watching him play golf on television.Andrea's act of imitation represents the _____ element of observational learning.
A)reinforcement
B)retention
C)motor reproduction
D)shaping
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Chapter 7: Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) _____ allows individuals to understand themselves and provides them with a source of identity.
A)Chunking
B)Retroactive interference
C)Vigilance
D)Autobiographical memory
Q2) Ashton is forty-five years old.He has vivid memories of the significant events that took place in his youth.However,he finds it difficult to recollect the events that took place in the first and fourth decades of his life.In the context of memory retrieval,this ability to recall events from certain phases of his life is known as
A)the reminiscence bump.
B)the serial position effect.
C)absentmindedness.
D)interference.
Q3) Measures of short-term memory capacity are strongly related to cognitive aptitudes.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Differentiate between short-term memory and working memory.
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Chapter 8: Thinking, Intelligence, and Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) Roger is a four-year-old boy.According to milestones of language development,which of the following language milestones is attained by Roger at this age?
A)He understands complex grammar forms.
B)He shows more skilled use of syntactical rules.
C)He understands metaphor and satire.
D)He uses negatives and imperatives.
Q2) Hillary meets her brother's friend Drake who is a tall and lanky man.She concludes that Drake might be a basketball player for his college team.According to the biases and heuristics in decision making,it can be concluded that Hillary mirrors _____ in this scenario.
A)the representativeness heuristic
B)the availability heuristic
C)confirmation bias
D)hindsight bias
Q3) Discuss links between cognition and language.
Q4) Distinguish between confirmation bias and hindsight bias.
Q5) Define the two essential components of critical thinking.
Q6) Jenna believes that language has a biological basis.What support would she find for her views in the research literature?
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Human Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is true of Carol Gilligan's care perspective?
A)It focuses on the rights of the individual as the key to sound moral reasoning.
B)It will generally lead women to score lower than men on moral development.
C)It overestimates the role of logical reasoning in moral judgments.
D)It views people in terms of their connectedness with others.
Q2) According to Piaget,which of the following questions can a 14-year-old child answer better compared to when he was 7 years old?
A)How many planets are there?
B)How tall is the Empire State building?
C)How many quarters are there in a dollar?
D)How might we survive if our oil supply runs out?
Q3) Which of the following is a difference between older and younger adults?
A)Younger adults are usually wiser than older adults.
B)Older adults process information faster than younger adults.
C)Older adults tend to not do as well as younger adults in most aspects of memory.
D)Younger adults usually take longer than older adults to remember information about world knowledge.
Q4) Define life themes.
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Jenna studies judiciously for three hours every day because she wants to ace her pre-final exams.The force that guides Jenna to engage in such behavior is called A)motivation.
B)instinct.
C)apathy.
D)intuition.
Q2) Overlearning is the primary goal of the drive reduction theory.
A)True
B)False
Q3) _____ refers to the weight maintained when the individual makes no effort to gain or lose weight.
A)Basal metabolic rate
B)Resting metabolic rate
C)Set point
D)Body mass index.
Q4) The facial expression of emotions varies significantly across cultures.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Give a brief account of Yerkes-Dodson law.
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Chapter 11: Gender, Sex, and Sexuality
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to meta-analyses in the area of the abilities of men and women,it was found that the cognitive abilities of males and females differ significantly.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following scenarios exemplifies gender-nonconforming behavior?
A)Harry,a three-year-old boy,plays with a set of building blocks.
B)John,a six-year-old boy,braids the hair on his sister's doll.
C)Ashley pretends to bake a cake made of play-dough for her little brother.
D)Ava pretends to sew dresses for all of her dolls.
Q3) Discuss any three important issues that people should consider when thinking critically about sexual orientation.
Q4) The most significant difference between males and females in the human sexual response pattern identified by Masters and Johnson occurs at the A)excitement phase.
B)plateau phase.
C)orgasm phase.
D)resolution phase.
Q5) What is a voyeuristic disorder? Provide an example.
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Chapter 12: Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a criticism of the humanistic perspectives of personality?
A)They focus only on observable behaviors.
B)They are too optimistic about human nature.
C)They are too critical of the behaviors of individuals.
D)They tend to devalue the importance of unconditional love.
Q2) _____ means being accepted,valued,and treated supportively regardless of one's behavior.
A)Agreeableness
B)Unconditional positive regard
C)Fixation
D)Reciprocal determinism
Q3) According to Abraham Maslow,_____ is the motivation to develop to one's full potential as a human being.
A)self-deprecation
B)self-awareness
C)self-actualization
D)self-esteem
Q4) Discuss Jung's concept of the collective unconscious and archetypes.Describe a few common archetypes.
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Chapter 13: Social Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is true of ethnocentrism?
A)It refers to the tendency to favor one's outgroups over one's ingroups.
B)It encourages people to think in terms of ingroup and outgroup.
C)It discourages people to think in terms of "we" and "they."
D)It refers to the tendency to focus on the similarities between one's ingroups and one's outgroups.
Q2) Teresa asks herself whether she is as popular as Cathy.This question is an example of gaining self-knowledge through the process of
A)mere exposure.
B)effort justification.
C)reciprocity.
D)social comparison.
Q3) Identify a feature of social psychology.
A)It is connected to real-life events.
B)It solely relies on correlational methods.
C)It primarily deals with diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders.
D)It is a multidimensional approach to human health.
Q4) Explain the social exchange theory in the context of close relationships.
Q5) Describe the main difference between prejudice and discrimination.
Q6) Describe the investment model of close relationships.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Industrial and Organizational Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Desmond is an account executive at a small accounting firm.Over the years,his performance has dipped gradually.One day,his manager summons him and tells him that his performance is being monitored.The manager further warns Desmond that if he fails to improve his productivity,he may have to lose his job. Surprisingly,after one month,performance reviews indicate a drastic improvement in Desmond's productivity. Desmond's performance can be best explained by the A)placebo effect.
B)halo effect.
C)Hawthorne effect.
D)anchoring effect.
Q2) The process of generating a description of what a job involves,including the knowledge and skills that are necessary to carry out the functions of the job,is called a A)job evaluation.
B)job analysis.
C)job orientation.
D)performance appraisal.
Q3) How do computer-based orientation programs differ from in-person orientation programs?
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Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) Amok is a psychological disorder that is associated with the culture of the people living in
A)the United States.
B)the Philippines.
C)China.
D)Japan.
Q2) Which of the following statements is true of dissociative identity disorder (DID)?
A)In DID,one identity dominates at one time;another takes over at another time.
B)Individuals with DID have two or more ambiguous personalities with overlapping memories and behaviors.
C)The majority of individuals who have been sexually abused develop DID.
D)The vast majority of individuals with DID are men.
Q3) _____ refer to psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity due to the separation of an individual's conscious awareness from previous memories and thoughts.
A)Anxiety disorders
B)Dissociative disorders
C)Personality disorders
D)Depressive disorders
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Page 17
Chapter 16: Therapies
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Sample Questions
Q1) Traditionally,the goal of psychotherapy has been relatedness and connection with others.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Dr.Laura Patterson engages in reflective listening with Bill,her client who suffers from depression.She waits for him to express his feelings and decide what he wants to do about his problems.According to this information,it can be inferred that Dr.Patterson is practicing _____ psychotherapy.
A)client-centered
B)cognitive-behavioral
C)classical conditioning
D)directive
Q3) In the context of drug therapies,which of the elements in the periodic table is widely used to treat bipolar disorder?
A)potassium.
B)sodium.
C)barium.
D)lithium.
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18
Chapter 17: Health Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an advantage of the stages of change model?
A)Individuals do not skip any stage and move from one to another sequentially.
B)It can be used to develop realistic expectations of the change process.
C)It refers more to attitudes that change than to behaviors.
D)All stages promote the readiness to change.
Q2) Megan talks to a group of adolescents about safe sex practices to help them optimize their physical and mental well-being.In the context of psychology,it can be inferred that Megan in most likely interested in
A)human factors and ergonomics.
B)organizational and personnel psychology.
C)forensic psychology.
D)health promotion.
Q3) According to the general adaptation syndrome,serious damage to the body may occur during the _____ stage.
A)exhaustion
B)resistance
C)coping
D)alarm
Q4) Describe problem-focused coping,and give an example.
Q5) Describe the HPA axis and its functions.
Page 19
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