Psychological Research and Statistics
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Course Introduction
This course offers a comprehensive introduction to the methods and principles underlying psychological research and the application of statistical techniques in data analysis. Students will explore the scientific approach to understanding human behavior, including research design, hypothesis formulation, data collection, and interpretation. Emphasis will be placed on both descriptive and inferential statistics, enabling students to critically analyze research findings, interpret statistical results, and gain practical experience using statistical software. By the end of the course, students will have developed essential skills for conducting ethical psychological research and for evaluating empirical studies in the field.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Statistics for The Behavioral Sciences 9th Edition by Gravetter
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics
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Sample Questions
Q1) What kind of variable requires the use of real limits?
A)Independent
B)Dependent
C)Discrete
D)Continuous
Answer: D
Q2) A researcher interested in vocabulary development obtains a sample of 3-year-old children to participate in a research study.The average score for the group of children is an example of a parameter.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) A recent report concluded that college graduates have higher life-satisfaction scores than individuals who do not receive college degrees.For this study,graduating versus not graduating is an example of a quasi-independent variable.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: Frequency Distributions
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Q1) A sports historian recorded the number of times that the New York Yankees finished 1 ,2 ,3 ,and so on,in their division for the past 20 years.If the results are presented in a frequency distribution graph,then a histogram must be used.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) What kind of frequency distribution graph shows the frequencies as bars,with no space between adjacent bars?
A)A bar graph
B)A histogram
C)A polygon
D)All of these
Answer: B
Q3) The scores for a very easy exam would probably form a positively skewed distribution.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Central Tendency
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Sample Questions
Q1) A sample has a mean of M = 86.If one new person is added to the sample,what effect will it have on the sample mean?
A)The sample mean will increase.
B)The sample mean will decrease.
C)The sample mean will remain the same.
D)Cannot be determined from the information given
Answer: D
Q2) What is the most likely shape for a distribution with a mean of 40 and a mode of 45?
A)Symmetrical
B)Positively skewed
C)Negatively skewed
D)Either positively or negatively skewed
Answer: C
Q3) A sample with a mean of M = 20 has X = 120.There are n = 6 scores in the sample.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) A sample with a variance of 25 has a standard deviation equal to 5 points.
A)True
B)False
Q2) For a population with µ = 70 and = 5,about 95% of the individuals will have scores between X = 65 and X = 75.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The sum of the squared deviation scores is SS = 20 for a sample of n = 5 scores.What is the variance for this sample?
A)4
B)5
C)80
D)100
Q4) If a sample of n = 6 scores has X = 30 and X² = 200,then SS = 20.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The range and the standard deviation are both measures of distance.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: z-Scores: Location of Scores and Standardized
Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Transforming an entire distribution of scores into z-scores will not change the shape of the distribution.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A z-score of z = +1.00 always indicates a location exactly 1 standard deviation above the mean.
A)True
B)False
Q3) For a distribution of scores,X = 40 corresponds to a z-score of z = -1.00,and X = 42 corresponds to a z-score of z = -0.50.What are the values for the mean and standard deviation for the distribution? (Hint: sketch a distribution and locate each of the z-score positions.)
Q4) For a population with a mean of = 40,a score of X = 37 corresponds to z = -0.50.The standard deviation for the population is = 3.
A)True
B)False
Q5) For a sample with M = 38 and = 12,find the X value that corresponds to each of the following z-scores: -0.25,-1.50,0.50,2.00
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Probability
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Sample Questions
Q1) For a normal distribution,the z-score boundary that separates the highest 2.5% of the scores from the rest is z = -1.96.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following accurately describes the proportions in the tails of a normal distribution?
A)Proportions in the right-hand tail are positive, and proportions in the left-hand tail are negative.
B)Proportions in the right-hand tail are negative, and proportions in the left-hand tail are positive.
C)Proportions in both tails are positive.
D)Proportions in both tails are negative.
Q3) For a normal distribution,proportions in the right-hand tail are positive,and proportions in the left-hand tail are negative.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The proportion in the tail of a normal distribution can never be more than 0.50.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Probability and Samples: The Distribution of Sample Means
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Q1) On average,a sample of n = 16 scores will provide a better estimate of the population mean than you would get with a sample of n = 9 scores from the same population.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A sample of n = 4 scores is selected from a normal population with a mean of µ = 50 and a standard deviation of = 20.What is the probability of obtaining a sample mean greater than M = 48?
A)p = 0.6554
B)p = 0.3446
C)p = 0.5793
D)p = 0.4207
Q3) For a normal population with µ = 40 and = 10,which of the following samples has the highest probability of being obtained?
A)M 38 for a sample of n = 4
B)M 36 for a sample of n = 4
C)M 38 for a sample of n = 100
D)M 36 for a sample of n = 100
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Chapter 8: Introduction to Hypothesis Testing
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the effect of decreasing the alpha level (for example,from = .05 to = .01)?
A)It decreases the probability of a Type I error.
B)It decreases the size of the critical region.
C)It decreases the probability that the sample will fall into the critical region.
D)All of the other options are results of decreasing alpha.
Q2) The value obtained for Cohen's d is independent of the sample size.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A researcher administers a treatment to a sample of participants selected from a population with µ = 80.If the researcher obtains a sample mean of M = 88,which combination of factors is most likely to result in rejecting the null hypothesis?
A) = 5 and = .01
B) = 5 and = .05
C) = 10 and = .01
D) = 10 and = .05
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Chapter 9: Introduction to the t Statistic
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following would have no effect on the width of a confidence interval?
A)Increase the sample mean
B)Increase the size of the sample
C)Increase the percentage of confidence
D)Increase the sample variance
Q2) If two samples are selected from the same population,under what circumstances will the two samples have exactly the same t statistic?
A)The samples are the same size and have the same variance
B)The samples are the same size and have the same mean
C)The samples have the same mean and the same variance
D)The samples are the same size and have the same mean and the same variance
Q3) To estimate a population mean with a confidence interval,you first must estimate a range of values for t.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Although you can compute a z-score for a single score (a sample of n = 1),it is impossible to compute a t statistic for a sample that has only one score.Explain why.
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11
Chapter 10: The t Test for Two Independent Samples
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Q1) The estimated standard error for the independent-measures t statistic provides a measure of how much difference should exist,on average,between two sample means when the null hypothesis is true.
A)True
B)False
Q2) An independent-measures study produces sample means of M = 20 and M = 17,and a pooled variance of 9.For this study,what is the value of Cohen's d?
A)3/3
B)3/9
C)3
D)Impossible to determine without knowing the sample sizes
Q3) An independent-measures study with n = 6 in each sample produces a sample mean difference of 4 points and a pooled variance of 12.What is the value for the t statistic?
A)1
B)2
C)4/ 2
D)4/ 8
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12
Chapter 11: The t Test for Two Related Samples
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Q1) Which of the following describes the effect of increasing sample size in a repeated-measures design?
A)Measures of effect size and the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis both increase.
B)Measure of effect size increase, but the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis decreases.
C)There is little or no effect on measures of effect size, but the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis increases.
D)There is little or no effect on measures of effect size, but the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis decreases.
Q2) Which of the following will not increase the width of a confidence interval?
A)Increase the percentage of confidence from 80% to 90%
B)Reduce the sample size from n = 25 to n = 16
C)Increase the sample mean from MD = 2 to MD = 4
D)All of the other options will increase the width of a confidence interval.
Q3) Briefly explain the advantages and disadvantages of using a repeated-measures design as opposed to an independent-measures design.
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Chapter 12: Introduction to Analysis of Variance
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Q1) A researcher uses an ANOVA to evaluate the mean difference between two treatments and obtains F(1,22)= 4.00.If the researcher had used an independent-measures t test to evaluate the data,what t value would be obtained?
A)t(22) = 2.00
B)t(22) = 16.00
C)t(23) = 2.00
D)t(23) = 16.00
Q2) If an analysis of variance is used for the following data,what would be the effect of changing the value of M<sub>2</sub> to 25?
Sample Data
\[\begin{array} { l l }
M _ { 1 } = 10 & M _ { 2 } = 20 \\
S S _ { 1 } = 90 & S S _ { 2 } = 70
\end{array}\]
A)Increase \(S S _ { \text {between } }\) and increase the F-ratio
B)Increase \(S S _ { \text {between } }\) and decrease the F-ratio
C)Decrease \(S S _ { \text {between } }\) and increase the F-ratio
D)Decrease \(S S _ { \text {between } }\) and decrease the F-ratio
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Chapter 13: Repeated-Measures and Two-Factor Analysis of Variance
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Q1) For an independent-measures two-factor experiment,the greater the sample variances,the more likely it is that at least one of the F-ratios will be significant.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A researcher reports an F-ratio with df = 2,40 from a repeated-measures ANOVA.How many subjects participated in this experiment?
A)44
B)41
C)63
D)21
Q3) For a repeated-measures study comparing three treatment conditions with a sample of n = 4 participants,the participant totals (the P values)are 3,6,9,and 6.What is the value for \(S S _ { \text {between } }\) subjects?
A)2
B)3
C)6
D)10
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Correlation and Regression
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Q1) If other factors are held constant and the Pearson correlation between X and Y is r = 0.80,then the regression equation will produce more accurate predictions than would be obtained if r = 0.60.
A)True
B)False
Q2) For a regression equation with a slope of b = 3,if MX = 3 and MY = 10,then the Y-intercept for the equation is 1.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The scatter plot for a set of X and Y values shows the data points clustered in a nearly perfect circle.For these data,what is the most likely value for the Pearson correlation?
A)A positive correlation near 0
B)A negative correlation near 0
C)Either positive or negative near 0
D)A value near +1.00 or -100
Q4) Compute the Pearson correlation for the following data.
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Chapter 15: The Chi-Square Statistic: Tests for Goodness of Fit
and Independence
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Q1) For either chi-square test, f = n.
A)True
B)False
Q2) For the expected frequencies in a chi-square test for independence,the proportions for any row are the same as the proportions in every other row.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A chi-square test for independence produces a chi-square statistic with df = 2.The data for this research study form a 2×2 matrix with four separate categories.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is referred to by the term observed frequencies?
A)The frequencies found in the sample data
B)The frequencies found in the population being examined
C)The frequencies computed from the null hypothesis
D)The frequencies that are hypothesized for the population being examined
Q5) The data for a chi-square test are called observed frequencies.
A)True
B)False
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