Principles of Behavior Analysis Pre-Test
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Course Introduction
Principles of Behavior Analysis provides a comprehensive introduction to the basic concepts and foundational principles of behavior analysis. Students will explore the science behind how behavior is acquired, maintained, and changed, with a focus on operant and classical conditioning, reinforcement, punishment, and extinction procedures. The course emphasizes the application of behavior analysis in diverse settings, including education, clinical practice, and organizational behavior management, while fostering critical thinking about ethical considerations and contemporary issues in the field. Through lectures, readings, and practical exercises, students gain the skills necessary to observe, measure, and evaluate behavior, laying the groundwork for advanced study or professional practice in behavior analysis.
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The Principles of Learning and Behavior 7th Edition by Michael Domjan
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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Q1) Which of the following are rationales for the use of animal models of human behavior?
A)Animal models are cheaper than studies with humans.
B)Animal models permit the investigations to be carried out more simply.
C)Animal models allow for circumstances that can be better controlled.
D)All of these
Answer: D
Q2) Until depolarization, a neural membrane is relatively impermeable to
A)Na + and K +
B)K + and Ca ++
C)Na + and Ca ++
D)Ca ++ only
Answer: C
Q3) Briefly describe the two intellectual traditions that were stimulated by Cartesian dualism.How is each tradition represented in contemporary investigations of learning phenomena?
Answer: Answer not provided
Q4) Describe the rationale for using animal models to study human behavior.
Answer: Answer not provided
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Chapter 2: Elicited Behavior, Habituation, and Sensitization
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Q1) Which of the following describes the difference between a general search and a focal search?
A)General searches are localized, while focal searches focus on a larger area.
B)General searches occur when an animal does not yet know specifically where to look for food, while focal searches are spatially localized.
C)General searches are appetitive while focal searches are consummatory.
D)There are no differences; both terms are alternative ways of describing appetitive behavior.
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following is likely to be the most stereotyped response?
A)a squirrel eating a walnut
B)a robin searching for a worm
C)a grandmother preparing a pie
D)a young man issuing a threatening gesture
Answer: A
Q3) Describe how habituation and sensitization are involved in emotion regulation and drug addiction.
Answer: Answer not provided
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Chapter 3: Classical Conditioning
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Q1) Normally, you eat breakfast every morning at Sam's Diner.For the past three mornings, a large yellow banner has stated that Sam's is closed.Now, every time you see a yellow banner you turn away from the banner.Your conditioning is an example of A)short-delayed conditioning.
B)differential inhibition.
C)Pavlov's procedure for conditioned inhibition.
D)a negative CS-US contiguity.
Answer: C
Q2) Taste aversion learning can occur under which of the following circumstances?
A)after just one CS-US pairing
B)only if the subject is hungry
C)only with very long delays between the CS and US
D)only with tastes the subject knows well
Answer: A
Q3) Compare the effectiveness of short-delay and long-delay conditioning.What factors influence the effectiveness of each procedure?
Answer: Answer not provided
Q4) How is learning in classical conditioning procedures measured?
Answer: Answer not provided
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Chapter 4: Classical Conditioning
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Q1) Describe an experimental design that allows investigators to distinguish between S-R and S-S learning.
Q2) Your friend plans to autoshape her goldfish to swim up to a hoop (the CS).You recommend using a US that A)is very familiar to the fish.
B)that is slightly aversive to the fish.
C)that is relatively novel to the fish.
D)that is very aversive to the fish.
Q3) Thirsty pigeons are presented with keylight-water pairings and begin to peck the keylight.Once keypecking develops, the birds are allowed to drink freely.Their keypeck behavior drops off dramatically.This suggests their response to the key is mediated by A)S-S learning.
B)S-R learning.
C)second-order conditioning.
D)R-R learning.
Q4) What evidence suggests that drug tolerance may be in part due to classical conditioning mechanisms? Does this evidence challenge stimulus substitution models?
Q5) How does the intertrial interval influence learning?
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Chapter 5: Instrumental Conditioning
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Q1) Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?
A)receiving a time-out instead of a spanking
B)turning off the radio when the DJ plays a song you dislike
C)going out to dinner after winning an award
D)faking illness to avoid school in the morning
Q2) Compare the evidence for behavioral variability and stereotypy.What evidence is there that variability can be conditioned?
Q3) Lyle leaves the theater because the music in the show he is watching is too loud.This is an example of
A)positive reinforcement.
B)negative reinforcement.
C)punishment.
D)omission training.
Q4) Which of the following is an example of a response reinforcer relationship with good contingency but weak temporal contiguity?
A)sending sweepstakes coupons to the clearinghouse
B)putting a sandwich in the microwave to heat
C)mailing three cereal box tops to receive a plastic toy
D)being burned by a hot stove
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Chapter 6: Schedules of Reinforcement and Choice Behavior
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Q1) With regard to instrumental conditioning, the amygdala appears to
A)provide an index of reward magnitude.
B)integrate positive and negative outcomes.
C)send a go or no-go signal to execute a response.
D)none of the above
Q2) Your friend is taking a class with exams scheduled every three weeks.You expect that he will study
A)at a high steady rate throughout the semester.
B)at a rapid and steady rate once he gets started, followed by periods of no studying.
C)very little following an exam but with increasing rates at the end of the three weeks.
D)at a low steady rate throughout the semester.
Q3) Compare and contrast ratio and interval schedules in terms of how the contingencies of reinforcement are set up and the effects they have on the instrumental response.
Q4) How have studies of self-control informed us about other important aspects of human behavior?
Q5) What is a reward discounting function and how is it related to the problem of self control?
8
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Chapter 7: Instrumental Conditioning
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Q1) The elasticity of demand for candy is likely to be the elasticity of demand for gasoline.
A)the same as B)less than C)greater than D)This cannot be determined.
Q2) What investigative techniques are used to provide evidence of R-O associations? Why is it not possible to explain instrumental behavior by assuming only R-O association learning?
Q3) Which of the following is not a contribution of the response allocation approach?
A)It moved us away from thinking about reinforcers as a special class of stimuli.
B)It highlighted that instrumental behavior cannot be considered in a vacuum.
C)It suggests that behavioral economics is useful in understanding the tradeoffs in an instrumental contingency.
D)Instrumental conditioning began to be viewed as a strengthening of the instrumental response.
Q4) Describe implications of modern concepts of reinforcement for behavior therapy.
Q5) Describe what is an S-R association and what provides the best evidence for it.
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Chapter 8: Stimulus Control of Behavior
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Q1) Which of the following is not true of Spence's theory as applied to the peak shift phenomenon?
A)It is an absolute stimulus learning model basing behavior on the net excitatory properties of individual stimuli.
B)It assumes that organisms learn to respond to a stimulus based on the relation of that stimulus to other cues .
C)It predicts the peak shift phenomenon will only occur when the excitatory and inhibitory generalization gradients overlap.
D)The excitatory and inhibitory stimulus generalization gradients do not depend on one another.
Q2) Spence's theory suggests that the peak shift phenomenon will only occur when
A)the excitatory and inhibitory generalization gradients overlap.
B)the excitatory and inhibitory generalization gradients do not overlap.
C)the inhibitory generalization gradient shifts towards the S+.
D)the excitatory generalization gradient shifts away from the S-.
Q3) How might a music teacher use learning factors of stimulus control to train students to recognize different tones?
Q4) Describe the role of contextual cues in the control of a common human behavior.
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Chapter 9: Extinction of Conditioned Behavior
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Q1) According to frustration theory,
A)continuous reinforcement trains an animal to be persistent in the absence of reinforcement.
B)partial reinforcement teaches an animal the difference between rewarded and nonrewarded trials.
C)there is nothing about continuous reinforcement that teaches an animal to respond when it expects nonreward.
D)memory of nonreward becomes the cue for performing the instrumental response.
Q2) According to the sequential theory,
A)continuous reinforcement trains an animal to be persistent in the absence of reinforcement.
B)partial reinforcement teaches an animal the difference between rewarded and nonrewarded trials.
C)there is nothing about continuous reinforcement that teaches an animal to respond when it expects nonreward.
D)memory of nonreward becomes the cue for performing the instrumental response.
Q3) What are three paradoxical effects of extinction? How does the concept of frustration explain each effect?
Q4) Describe the basic behavioral and emotional consequences of extinction.
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Chapter 10: Averse Control
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Q1) Due to its reliance on cognitive mechanisms, which of the following theories of avoidance is most successfully applied to human behavior?
A)safety signal hypothesis
B)SSDR theory
C)predatory imminence hypothesis
D)expectancy theory of avoidance
Q2) Keith's father is pleased to note that Keith no longer spends his afternoons breaking windows.According to his father, this change in behavior is due to Keith's fear of punishment, but Keith says that he no longer breaks windows because he likes working on cars and no longer has time to find windows to break.Keith's attitude reflects the assumptions of
A)the conditioned emotional response theory of punishment.
B)the avoidance theory of punishment.
C)the predatory imminence hypothesis.
D)the negative law of effect.
Q3) Describe factors that enhance the effectiveness of punishment in suppressing behavior.
Q4) How is avoidance responding related to conditioned fear and the expectation of aversive stimulation?
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Chapter 11: Comparative Cognition I
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Q1) Describe the phenomenon of directed forgetting and what it tells us about memory processes.
Q2) Stimulus coding refers to
A)the literal record of past events in memory.
B)creating a neural representation of an experience.
C)the use of current stimuli to decode or understand previous events.
D)creating a stimulus that can be perceived and used by a given species.
Q3) Reference memory is
A)a store of items held only long enough to complete a given task.
B)long term retention of information necessary for successful use of incoming and recently acquired information.
C)short (10-25 seconds) term retention of information used for comparisons to items in long-term memory.
D)defined as memory for items located in space.
Q4) A trials-unique procedure results in an organism learning
A)an S-R relationship.
B)a general rule.
C)an R-O relationship.
D)an S(R-O) relationship.
Q5) Compare retrospective coding to prospective coding.When is each used?
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Chapter 12: Comparative Cognition Ii
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Q1) The best evidence that great apes use grammar is
A)the large size of their vocabulary.
B)that most most utterances are multiple word phrases.
C)that two-word utterances did not occur in random order.
D)that they could convey their desires to humans.
Q2) Which theory assumes that concept learning is due to responding to certain stimulus aspects that members of a perceptual category have in common?
A)similarity approach
B)exemplar approach
C)prototype approach
D)common feature approach
Q3) Which of the following is most closely analogous to human episodic memory?
A)the contents of value transfer in pigeons
B)the contents of memory for hidden food items in scrub jays
C)the contents of paired associate learning in chimpanzees
D)the contents of the internal clock in pigeons
Q4) Describe how the behavior of food storing birds can be used to provide evidence of episodic memory.
Q5) What does learning a perceptual concept involve?
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