Physiology Study Guide Questions
Course Introduction
Physiology is the scientific study of the functions and mechanisms underlying living organisms, with an emphasis on how cells, tissues, and organ systems coordinate to sustain life. This course explores fundamental physiological processes, including cellular physiology, neurophysiology, cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, digestive, and endocrine system functions. Students will learn how these systems interact to maintain homeostasis and respond to internal and external environmental changes. Through lectures, practical sessions, and case studies, the course provides a comprehensive understanding of normal body function, laying a foundation for further study in biomedical sciences and clinical health professions.
Recommended Textbook Vanders Human Physiology 15th Edition by Eric P. Widmaier Dr
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1745 Verified Questions
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Chapter 1: Homeostasis: A Framework for Human Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The internal environment of the body refers to
A)the plasma.
B)the interstitial fluid.
C)the intracellular fluid.
D)the interstitial fluid and the intracellular fluid combined.
E)the plasma,the interstitial fluid,and the intracellular fluid combined.
Answer: E
Q2) When a blood vessel is injured,it releases chemicals that activate platelets and cause them to stick to the injury site.The activated platelets in turn release more chemicals and attract more platelets to the injury site until the wound is fully sealed.This process of blood clotting is an example of
A)negative feedback.
B)positive feedback.
C)feedforward regulation.
D)adaptation.
E)acclimatization.
Answer: B
Q3) ________ regulation describes regulation of cellular activity by messengers from nearby cells.
Answer: Paracrine
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Chapter 2: Chemical Composition of the Body and Its
Relation to Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Glycoproteins are protein molecules with molecules of glycogen attached to the amino acid side chains.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Comparing two cups of coffee,one with no sugar added and the other has had a packet of sugar dissolved in it,we can say that the coffee with sugar is more concentrated.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The pH of a solution
A)is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen atoms in the solution.
B)is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions bound to other molecules in the solution.
C)is a measure of the concentration of free hydrogen ions in the solution.
D)increases as the acidity of the solution increases.
E)increases as the free hydrogen ion concentration in the solution increases.
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways
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132 Verified Questions
132 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the term for the segments of primary RNA that are cleaved and discarded by spliceosomes?
A)Codons
B)Introns
C)Exons
D)Anticodons
E)Genes
Answer: B
Q2) What is a genome?
A)A cluster of genes that are all regulated in the same manner
B)A measure of the genetic variability in a population
C)A region of DNA that codes for a single protein
D)All of the protein in a cell at a given point in time
E)The total genetic information in a typical cell of an organism
Answer: E
Q3) Living cells cannot be viewed under an electron microscope.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Movement of Solutes and Water Across Cell
Membranes
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Sample Questions
Q1) The concentration of calcium in the cytosol of most resting cells is very much lower than the concentration of extracellular calcium.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Red blood cells have a higher proportion of aquaporins on the membrane than skin cells do.Assuming equal osmotic pressures,which is true?
A)The rate of osmosis is faster in skin cells than red blood cells.
B)The rate of osmosis is faster in red blood cells than in skin cells.
C)The rate of diffusion for non-polar molecules is faster in red blood cells than skin cells.
D)The rate of diffusion for non-polar molecules is faster in skin cells than red blood cells.
E)No significant differences in osmosis or diffusion rates between these cells.
Q3) Pinocytosis is a method by which molecules can leave cells whose membranes are impermeable to the molecules.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Cell Signalling in Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) With regard to the action of hormones and neurotransmitters on cellular receptors,which of these describes "amplification"?
A)When the extracellular concentration of a chemical messenger reaches a very high level,it overwhelms transporter molecules and the chemical floods into the cell.
B)Only hydrophilic first-messenger molecules can activate second-messenger molecules within the cell cytosol.
C)A single first-messenger molecule activates multiple second-messenger molecules,each of which activate thousands of enzymes.
D)Some cellular receptors have such low affinity for chemical ligands that it can require a million or more molecules to activate them.
Q2) Epinephrine activates the cyclic AMP pathway in liver cells.In this example,epinephrine is a(n)________ and cAMP is a(n)________.
A)ligand;receptor
B)first messenger;hydrophobic hormone
C)second messenger;ion channel
D)first messenger;second messenger
E)enzyme;second messenger
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Chapter 6: Neuronal Signaling and the Structure of the
Nervous
System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements regarding action potentials generated in a neuronal membrane is FALSE?
A)Action potentials travel in both directions along the axon.
B)An action potential generates a new action potential in an adjacent area of membrane.
C)An action potential generates a local current that depolarizes adjacent membrane to threshold potential.
D)Action potentials are usually initiated at the axon hillock of a neuron.
E)An action potential generated by a threshold stimulus is the same size as one generated by a supra-threshold stimulus.
Q2) Postganglionic neuron cell bodies of the autonomic nervous system have which category of neurotransmitter receptor?
A)Adrenergic receptors
B)Serotonin receptors
C)Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
D)Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
E)Dopamine receptors
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Chapter 7: Sensory Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following correctly pairs a chemical with its associated taste modality?
A)Poisonous alkaloids,sour
B)Acids,bitter
C)Sugars,salty
D)Glutamate,umami
E)Lipids,sweet
Q2) The greatest concentration of cones is in the fovea centralis of the retina.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A sound with a frequency of 4000 Hz has a lower pitch than a sound with a frequency of 1000 Hz.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A "sensation" is any sensory information that reaches the brain.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Vitamin A deficiency can lead to blindness.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Absence of postural muscle tone is descriptive of or occurs during A)slow-wave sleep.
B)paradoxical sleep.
C)both slow-wave sleep and paradoxical sleep.
D)neither slow-wave sleep nor paradoxical sleep.
Q2) Dreaming occurs when one is in NREM sleep.
A)True
B)False
Q3) You have a new patient who describes having a lot of difficulty in being able to remember meeting new people.An MRI reveals damage to which structure?
A)Thalamus
B)Hippocampus
C)Hypothalamus
D)Corpus callosum
E)Broca's area
Q4) Memory consolidation probably occurs via an increase in the effectiveness of existing synapses and also via formation of new ones.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Muscle
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Sample Questions
Q1) Flexor muscles generally pull on bone and decrease the angle at a joint,whereas extensor muscles push the bone to increase the angle.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A Ca² -binding protein in smooth muscle is calmodulin.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which is a TRUE statement about smooth muscle?
A)Smooth muscle is striated.
B)Smooth muscle does not have thick and thin filaments.
C)Smooth muscle does not use troponin-tropomyosin to regulate cross-bridge activity.
D)Changes in cytosolic calcium do not regulate cross-bridge activity in smooth muscle.
E)The myosin in smooth muscle requires phosphorylation before it can bind to ATP.
Q4) Type 2X skeletal muscle fibers have fast myosin ATPase activity.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Control Body Movement
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Sample Questions
Q1) When a person steps on a piece of glass with their right foot,flexor muscles on the left leg and extensor muscles on the right leg will be stimulated to contract.
A)True
B)False
Q2) During motor activity,alpha-gamma coactivation provides important information regarding muscle length to the higher motor control centers.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following symptoms is common following damage to the cerebellum?
A)Flaccid paralysis
B)Violent,uncontrolled body movements called chorea
C)Intention tremors
D)Resting tremors
E)Spastic paralysis
Q4) The activity of alpha motor neurons innervating an extensor muscle can be inhibited by activation of the Golgi tendon organs in the tendon that attaches that muscle to bone.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: The Endocrine System
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104 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In order for growth to occur,the overall rate of anabolism must be greater than the overall rate of catabolism.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is the definition of a prohormone?
A)Hormones that bind to endocrine glands and stimulate the secretion of a second hormone
B)Hormones that bind to endocrine glands and inhibit the secretion of a second hormone
C)A longer protein or peptide that is cleaved into shorter ones,at least one of which is a peptide or protein hormone
D)Hormones that stimulate the expression of receptors for a second hormone,promoting their action
E)Steroid hormones that are inactivated by having hydroxyl groups removed from their structure
Q3) The receptors for estradiol,T ,and vasopressin are all located in the nuclei of target cells.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Cardiovascular Physiology
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153 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A female has a blood test.One mL of her blood is drawn,spun in a centrifuge,and the plasma volume is measured and found to be 0.6 mL.Two months later the same patient returns to the doctor and,after doing another blood test,the doctor tells the patient that she has become anemic compared to her previous visit.Which of the following is most likely to be the woman's hematocrit on the second visit?
A)35%
B)50%
C)70%
D)100%
E)0.6 mL
Q2) What determines the movement of blood in systemic veins?
A)The blood pressure difference between systemic capillaries and the right atrium
B)The contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles
C)The decrease of thoracic pressure and increase of abdominal pressure due to diaphragm movement
D)Valves in the veins
E)All of the these
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Chapter 13: Respiratory Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The volume of air flowing into the alveoli during inhalation/inspiration is increased when there is an increase in which of these?
A)Airway resistance
B)The pressure gradient from the atmosphere to the alveoli
C)The pressure in the intrapleural space
D)The curvature of the diaphragm
E)The volume of air in the intrapleural space
Q2) Which of the following is a cause of asthma?
A)Loss of alveoli
B)Inflammation of the bronchioles
C)Elevation of intrapleural pressure to equal atmospheric pressure
D)Environmental chemicals that stimulate -adrenergic receptors
E)Lack of pulmonary surfactant
Q3) The rhythmic contractions and relaxations of the inspiratory muscles are dependent upon spontaneous depolarizations of the diaphragm.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: The Kidneys and Regulation of Water and Inorganic Ions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The kidneys work to rectify metabolic acidosis and alkalosis but have no effect on respiratory acidosis and alkalosis.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In the absence of vasopressin,urine is isoosmotic with plasma.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Following hemorrhage,vasopressin secretion increases because of increased firing of hypothalamic osmoreceptors.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In a person with respiratory acidosis,HCO is actively secreted into the urine by the tubular cells.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The countercurrent mechanism of the kidney enables the formation of hypertonic urine.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 15: The Digestion and Absorption of Food
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Sample Questions
Q1) Due to the route of fat absorption and transport in the body,fat-soluble toxins could have a greater effect on the body and brain than water-soluble toxins which are filtered first by the liver.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The primary kind of motility in the stomach during digestion of a meal is
A)peristalsis.
B)segmentation.
C)relaxation of the pyloric sphincter.
D)mass movement.
E)regurgitation.
Q3) Which of the following is secreted by the chief cells of the gastric mucosa?
A)Pepsinogen
B)HCl
C)Intrinsic factor
D)Gastrin
E)Pepsin
Q4) Food mixed with digestive juices in the stomach is called chyme.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Regulation of Organic Metabolism and Energy Balance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Susan recently had bariatric surgery which removed 85% of her stomach cells.Which of the following would you expect to decrease immediately after surgery?
A)Hunger
B)Ghrelin
C)Leptin
D)Thyroid hormone
E)Basal metabolic rate
Q2) One consequence of insulin deficiency is the decreased ability of the brain to take up blood glucose,a condition that can lead to brain dysfunction and death.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Fatty acids released by lipolysis of triglycerides in adipose tissue travel in the plasma as VLDL.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Cholesterol is metabolized to bile salts in the liver.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: Reproduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) A drug company would like to market a new form of birth control.A drug that interferes with endometrial proliferation and inducing changes in the composition of the cervical mucus,even if it doesn't inhibit ovulation,could still be effective.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Lowering the pH of semen would make it difficult for sperm to survive in the vagina.
A)True B)False
Q3) Drugs with side effects of vasoconstriction may decrease the physiological response of females or males to sexual stimulation.
A)True B)False
Q4) The major source of estradiol and progesterone in a non-pregnant woman is the A)thyroid gland.
B)adrenal gland.
C)testis.
D)ovary.
E)uterus.
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Chapter 18: The Immune System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements regarding blood-type incompatibilities between a mother and her fetus is TRUE?
A)An Rh-negative fetus may be at risk if its mother is Rh-positive.
B)An Rh-positive fetus may be at risk if its mother is Rh-negative.
C)A fetus with type B blood may be at risk if its mother has type O blood.
D)The risk to an Rh-positive fetus of an Rh-negative mother is lessened if she has previously carried an Rh-negative fetus.
E)The greatest risk to a fetus occurs when both mother and fetus are Rh-positive.
Q2) Which applies to the classical complement pathway,but NOT to the alternative complement pathway?
A)Activation of C3 results in the formation of C3b.
B)There is a cascade of proteins activated,which results in the killing of microbes.
C)Complement proteins serve as opsonins that facilitate phagocyte binding to microbes.
D)Antibodies activate the first complement protein (C1).
E)Complement activation leads to the development of a multiunit protein called the membrane attack complex (MAC).
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