Physiology Laboratory
Test Preparation
Course Introduction
The Physiology Laboratory course offers hands-on experience in exploring the fundamental principles of human physiology through experimental investigation and data analysis. Students engage in a variety of laboratory exercises designed to illustrate the mechanisms underlying major physiological systems, such as the nervous, muscular, cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal systems. Emphasis is placed on the scientific method, precise measurement techniques, and the accurate interpretation of physiological data. Through collaborative experiments, students develop skills in critical thinking, hypothesis testing, and effective scientific communication, laying a solid foundation for advanced study in biological and health sciences.
Recommended Textbook Principles of Animal Physiology 3rd Edition by
Christopher D. Moyes
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16 Chapters
1153 Verified Questions
1153 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Physiological Principles
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Sample Questions
Q1) List the four conditions that are needed for adaptive evolution to occur.Provide one specific example of adaptive evolution.
Answer: 1)There must be variation in a trait among individuals in a population;2)the trait must be heritable;3)the trait must increase the fitness of the individuals that possess this trait;and 4)if the environment changes,the trait may no longer be beneficial.
Insecticide resistance is a good example of adaptive evolution.Mosquitoes that are resistant to a specific insecticide have higher fitness in the presence of the insecticide compared to insects without the gene/mutation for resistance.
Q2) In physiology,you learned that form reflects function.When comparing the digestive systems of carnivores and herbivores,you observed that A)carnivores have much larger stomachs than herbivores.
B)carnivores have a much smaller caecum,and a much shorter intestinal tract than herbivores.
C)carnivores have a smaller caecum,but a larger intestinal tract than herbivores.
D)the digestive systems of the two are similar because both are mammals.
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Physiological Evolution of Animals
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Sample Questions
Q1) We often hear the terms protists,protozoans,and metazoans;briefly explain the relationship among them.
Answer: When we think about the origin of animals,we often think of protists.Protists are single-celled,eukaryotic organisms that possess a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.Protists are a very diverse group of distantly-related organisms,and hence assigned to more than 50 phyla.Some protists are animal-like and mobile,and because locomotion was considered a unique trait of animals,animal-like protists were once considered to be the ancestors of animals and were referred to as protozoans.Currently,the term protozoan has no meaningful evolutionary basis.The term metazoan was originally created to differentiate single-celled protozoans from multicellular animals."Metazoan" and "animal" are often used synonymously.
Q2) In fungi and plants
A)the cell wall controls osmotic swelling.
B)the sodium-potassium pump regulates osmotic balance.
C)chemical messengers are not used to communicate.
D)collagen is used to build tissues.
Answer: A
Q3) The cell wall of fungi is composed of ____________.
Answer: chitin
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Chemistry, biochemistry, and Cell Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Metabolic pathways that include synthetic reactions are called A)anabolic
B)catabolic
C)amphibolic
D)both A and C
Answer: D
Q2) Energy is stored temporarily in reducing equivalents such as __________,and then released later in oxidation reactions.
Answer: NAD or NADP
Q3) Transmembrane gradients are often referred to as____________________ gradients.
Answer: electrochemical
Q4) Km in the Michaelis-Menten equation represents
A)the maximum amount of substrate that can be catalyzed by the enzyme.
B)the amount of substrate required for the initial velocity to be half of the maximal velocity.
C)the amount of substrate required to start an enzymatic reaction.
D)a set constant used for all enzymatic reactions.
Answer: B
Q5) The products of glycolysis are ATP,NADH,and __________.
Answer: pyruvate
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Chapter 4: Cell Signaling and Endocrine Regulation
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72 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ is a biogenic amine used in immune responses and allergic reactions.
Q2) If steroid hormones must be bound to protein carriers to travel through the blood,how are they able to bind to intracellular receptors? (The protein carriers cannot diffuse through the membrane. )
Q3) __________ is the major hormone secreted by the pineal gland and is involved with circadian and seasonal cycles.
Q4) Gap junctions are formed by
A)groups of 8-12 connexons making a pore in one cell.
B)groups of 4-6 innexins or connexins forming a pore in one cell.
C)connexons from adjacent cells connecting with each other to form a cytoplasmic bridge.
D)both A and C
E) both B and C
Q5) A chemical is termed a neurohormone when it is
A)released by a neuron,but travels in the blood like a hormone.
B)released by an endocrine gland,but binds to receptors on a neuron.
C)released by neurons and endocrine glands.
D)known to be involved with communication,but scientists have not concluded which system uses it.
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Chapter 5: Neuron Structure and Function
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Sample Questions
Q1) Neurotransmitters are synthesized in the cell body,then transported in vesicles to the axon terminals using __________.
Q2) Which of the following combinations of voltage-gated channel densities would most easily allow an action potential to be generated?
A)high density of K ,low density of Na
B)low density of K ,high density of Na
C)high density of K and Na
D)low density of K and Na
Q3) Squid benefit from having axons of multiple sizes that innervate their muscle fibers in the mantle because
A)squid need larger diameter axons to innervate larger groups of fibers.
B)the larger diameter axons innervate fibers that are farther away because the signals are conducted more rapidly through them.
C)smaller fibers are not energetically efficient.
D)larger fibers generate larger action potentials,which allows for more neurotransmitter release.
Q4) The channels that generate an action potential are triggered to open by a change in membrane potential because they are __________ channels.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Cellular Movement and Muscles
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74 Verified Questions
74 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is true concerning sonic muscles?
A)They contract at much higher frequencies than the locomotor muscles found in the same organism.
B)They utilize completely different muscle proteins.
C)They have a very slow rate of cross-bridge cycling.
D)They are able to contract rapidly while producing large amounts of force.
Q2) Which of the following statements is inaccurate with respect to sonic muscles?
A)Rattlesnakes,cicadas,and toadfish are examples of animals with sonic muscles.
B)Animals can modify their muscles to operate some 10 times faster than the fastest locomotor muscles in that animal.
C)The fast speed can be attributed to some muscles being able to lengthen sarcomeres.
D)Sonic muscles must have fast Ca² transport.
Q3) Insect flight muscles contract at frequencies much higher than the stimulation rates they receive from the nerves that innervate them.For this reason,they are termed __________ flight muscles.
Q4) Specialized animal cells that have contractile properties are called __________,or muscle cells.
Q5) The Pacific yew tree produces the microtubule disrupter known as ___________.
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Chapter 7: Sensory Systems
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Merkel's disks are used by the visually impaired for reading Braille.One quality of the receptor that allows this is
A)a phasic firing.
B)small receptive field.
C)a special sensitivity to deep pressure on the skin.
D)a large dendritic tree.
Q2) Each olfactory neuron expresses __________ odorant receptor protein and each odorant receptor protein can recognize __________ odorant.
A)one;one
B)more than one;one
C)one;more than one
D)more than one;more than one
Q3) The top of a sensory cell's dynamic range can be limited by the firing frequency of the primary afferent neuron.The maximum frequency is set by the __________ period.
Q4) __________ are a kind of receptor that respond to extremely strong stimuli,including those that may cause tissue damage.
Q5) There are two main types of mechanoreceptor proteins: epithelial sodium channels and __________.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Functional Organization of Nervous Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Integrating centers typically contain large numbers of A)interneurons.
B)sensory neurons.
C)efferent neurons.
D)motor neurons.
Q2) __________ neurons relay information from integrating centers such as the brain to effector organs like muscles or glands.
Q3) The limbic system is associated with A)emotion.
B)motivation.
C)decision-making.
D)all of the above
Q4) The efferent branch of the peripheral nervous system is composed of the __________ and __________ divisions.
A)somatic motor;autonomic
B)visceral;emotional
C)sympathetic;parasympathetic
D)autonomic;involuntary
Q5) The hormone _______________ is secreted by the pineal gland.
Q6) All vertebrate motor neurons release the neurotransmitter __________.
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Chapter 9: Circulatory Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) What type of capillary is normally found in the kidney?
A)continuous
B)fenestrated
C)sinusoidal
D)paracellular
Q2) Which of the following is FALSE? Mammalian hemocytes are involved in A)nutrient transport.
B)phagocytosis.
C)immune defense.
D)hormone secretion.
Q3) The rising phase of the action potential of a cardiac cardiomyocyte is caused by a __________ current.
A)potassium B)sodium C)chloride
D)calcium
Q4) Unicellular organisms rely on the process of __________ to transport substances throughout the body.
Q5) In the decapod crustacean,blood returns to the heart through small holes called
11
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Chapter 10: Immune Systems
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56 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe how an allergic response occurs in respiratory and digestive systems in humans.What role do antihistamines play?
Q2) The novel host,which is devastated by myxomatosis,is the ________________.
Q3) Which of the following cells are involved in cellular immunity?
A)lymphocytes
B)phagocytes
C)leucocytes
D)A and B
Q4) Which of the following statements is correct with respect to toll-like receptors (TLRs)?
A)Some of the TLRs found in fish are homologous to those in humans.
B)Mice and humans have the same TLRs since both are mammals.
C)Early deuterostomes,such as sea urchins,do not possess any TLRs.
D)A and C
Q5) The natural hosts for the myxoma virus are
A)South American jungle rabbits.
B)North American rabbits.
C)European rabbits.
D)native Australian rabbits.
Q6) Discuss the relationship between steroid hormones,stress,and the immune system.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Respiratory Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe four ways in which vertebrate gills and lungs are similar.
Q2) Bird lungs are efficient because of A)their large size.
B)unidirectional and continuous air flow.
C)countercurrent blood flow.
D)capacity for discontinuous ventilation.
Q3) Generally,reptiles fill their lungs through A)aspiration.
B)force of the buccal pump.
C)pressure changes during body movement.
D)passive air entry.
Q4) In a spherical cell,the ratio of surface area to volume is A)1/r.
B)1/r².
C) )
D)depends on cell size
Q5) The site of gas exchange in mammals is at the blind-ended sacs called
Q6) Discuss three limitations to the strategy of cutaneous respiration.
Q7) Hemocyanins do not contain iron,but instead contain __________.
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Chapter 12: Locomotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) A hummingbird becomes ______________ when it relies on its energy reserves and drops its body temperature to conserve energy.
Q2) An important step in the recovery process of skeletal muscle is the removal of __________ that accumulates from the result of anaerobic glycolysis.
Q3) The white muscles of fish are organized into units of parallel layers derived from internal segments of the embryo called __________.
Q4) Limb muscles tend to be organized into __________ pairs like triceps and biceps such that they are responsible for opposing movements.
Q5) As a general rule,in temperate regions the most important environmental cue that triggers migration is
A)photoperiod.
B)temperature change.
C)change in food quality and abundance.
D)all of the above
Q6) The forces that oppose the forward movement of an object through a liquid are collectively referred to as __________.
Q7) In all sharks,the rigid __________ fins generate lift and prevent rolling.
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Chapter 13: Ion and Water Balance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compatible solutes
A)disrupt macromolecular function.
B)do not disrupt macromolecular function,as long as the concentration is low.
C)do not disrupt macromolecular function,even at high concentration.
D)do not disrupt macromolecular function,as long as there are counteracting solutes present.
Q2) Three main classes of diuretic hormones have been identified in insects.Which of the following is NOT one of those classes?
A)CRF-related diuretic hormones
B)insect myokinins
C)corticotrophin-releasing factors
D)cardioacceleratory peptides
Q3) Which compound has the lowest molecular weight?
A)ammonia
B)urea
C)uric acid
D)protein
Q4) An animal that excretes most of its nitrogen in the form of urea is called a
Q5) In the kidney,the capacity for solute recovery is known as the __________.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Digestion and Energy Metabolism
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which one of the following enzymes is incorrectly paired with its substrate?
A)lipase : triglycerides
B)trypsin : proteins
C)amylase : polysaccharides
D)nuclease : oligosaccharides
Q2) Which type of lipoprotein is synthesized by the enterocytes of the small intestine?
A)chylomicron
B)VLDL
C)LDL
D)HDL
Q3) Protein digestion takes place in the __________ and the __________.
Q4) The root cause of beriberi is
A)vitamin C deficiency.
B)thiamine deficiency.
C)niacin deficiency.
D)vitamin D deficiency.
Q5) Describe the various forms of energy that are NOT available from the food an animal ingests.
Q6) Pancreatic proteases are produced in an inactive form called __________.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Thermal Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) In some freeze-tolerant animals,intracellular ice crystal formation is prevented by the presence of
A)proton pumps.
B)antifreeze proteins.
C)heat shock proteins.
D)hydration elements.
Q2) Describe the vasomotor response observed in the skin of animals.
Q3) In animals,regulating how much blood flows into the vasculature is referred to as the _____________ response.
Q4) In biological systems,radiant heat exchange occurs through electromagnetic radiation in the __________ range.
Q5) What is the primary role of salt as a constituent of sweat in evaporative cooling systems?
A)boiling point elevation
B)water balance
C)blood pressure regulation
D)electrolyte adjustment
Q6) What are the four mechanisms by which cells can remodel membranes to preserve fluidity?
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Chapter 16: Reproductive Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Driven by the __________ surge,the post-ovulation follicle undergoes a change in structure to develop into the corpus luteum.
A)FSH
B)LH
C)CG
D)progesterone
Q2) Birds transfer sperm directly from the __________ of the male to that of the female.
Q3) The trophoblast of the implanted fertilized egg ultimately develops into the A)allantois.
B)amniotic cavity.
C)placenta.
D)zona pellucida.
Q4) What is the relationship between glucocorticoids and testosterone in the reproductive behavior of frogs?
Q5) Describe the interactive roles of the various hormones in the process of parturition.
Q6) Most forms of asexual reproduction in animals occur by __________ through the use of ova and the female reproductive system.
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