Physiology Laboratory
Pre-Test Questions
Course Introduction
The Physiology Laboratory course offers students practical, hands-on experience in exploring the fundamental principles of human physiology. Through a series of structured experiments and activities, students investigate the functioning of major organ systems including cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, muscular, and renal systems. Emphasis is placed on scientific methods, data collection, analysis, and interpretation of experimental results. This course reinforces theoretical concepts from lecture discussions, develops laboratory skills, and fosters critical thinking necessary for advanced studies in health and biological sciences.
Recommended Textbook
Principles of Animal Physiology 3rd Edition by Christopher D. Moyes
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16 Chapters
1153 Verified Questions
1153 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Physiological Principles
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Sample Questions
Q1) How does an organism's body determine whether to utilize short-term or long-term strategies for maintaining homeostasis?
Answer: It always costs energy to maintain an internal environment that may differ from the external environment.The key question is cost versus benefit.If the difference will last a long time,it will be beneficial to invest more resources early on,which will allow the organism to maintain other functions (e.g.growing fur in winter).On the other hand,if it is a short-term difference (e.g.hot sun at noon),then less expensive measures may be more appropriate.
Q2) The phenotypic expression of a genotype can be altered by
A)developmental processes.
B)environmental conditions.
C)physiological conditions.
D)all of the above
Answer: D
Q3) An organism that maintains its internal environment regardless of changes in the external environment is called a __________.
Answer: regulator
Q4) Factors that generate opposite effects on a pathway are termed __________.
Answer: antagonistic controls
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Chapter 2: Physiological Evolution of Animals
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Sample Questions
Q1) ____________ are often called extremophiles,because they can survive in some of the harshest environments on earth.
Answer: Archaea
Q2) Which of the following statements best describes mollusks?
A)Mollusks include gastropods,bivalves,and cephalopods;they have a reduced coelom,and many move at a sluggish pace.
B)Mollusks include gastropods,bivalves,and cephalopods;many move at a sluggish pace,and all are aquatic.
C)Mollusks include gastropods and bivalves;several bivalves are terrestrial with adaptations to withstand severe dehydration.
D)Mollusks include gastropods and bivalves,have a mantle,and all are aquatic.
Answer: A
Q3) Many eukaryotes have myosin 2,but only __________ use it to build muscle. Answer: animals
Q4) Birds are most closely related to the group of reptiles known as ________________.
Answer: archosaurs
Q5) Aldosterone is a steroid hormone that is produced only in ____________. Answer: tetrapods
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Chapter 3: Chemistry, biochemistry, and Cell Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Transmembrane gradients are often referred to as____________________ gradients.
Answer: electrochemical
Q2) The ratio between oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production is termed the __________.
Answer: respiratory quotient
Q3) Once the activation energy has been transferred to a molecule,
A)it has reached the transition state.
B)it will always return to the substrate conformation.
C)it will always move on to the product conformation.
D)both A and C
Answer: A
Q4) Your book refers to the process of diffusion and mentions that both chemical and electrical gradients may influence this process.Explain why Na would be influenced by both chemical and electrical gradients,but glucose would not.
Answer: Diffusion allows molecules to form random distributions based on parameters such as charge and chemical concentration.A charged molecule such as Na will move into this distribution based on electrical and chemical relationships.Because glucose is not charged,it will not be influenced by other,charged,molecules.
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Chapter 4: Cell Signaling and Endocrine Regulation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Once a ligand has bound to a receptor,it will continue to generate its response.In order to stop that response,the ligand must be removed or inactivated in some way.Describe the different ways this may be accomplished,along with features of each method.
Q2) When indirect signaling is used,the target cell responds to the signal when that chemical
A)binds to an enzyme.
B)binds to a receptor.
C)binds to a gene.
D)binds to the nuclear membrane.
Q3) Chemical messengers used by the endocrine system are referred to as __________.
Q4) The portion of the transmembrane receptor that binds to hydrophilic messengers is termed the
A)receptor-binding domain.
B)transmembrane domain.
C)ligand-binding domain.
D)intracellular domain.
Q5) There is a tremendous variety of signal transduction pathways with a wide range of functions.However,all these pathways have some things in common.Discuss some of these common features.
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Chapter 5: Neuron Structure and Function
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the benefit of using action potentials for conductance of electrical signals,rather than simply using electrotonic spread?
A)Action potentials have a greater speed.
B)Action potentials can vary in amplitude to convey more information.
C)Action potentials can travel over longer distances.
D)both A and C
Q2) Which of the following statements is correct concerning the variation of voltage-gated ion channels?
A)Na channels have much greater diversity than K channels.
B)Typically,a more complex nervous system also contains a greater diversity of channels.
C)There is a great diversity of channels,but within a single organism,only one isoform of a channel can exist.
D)There is a large diversity of channels,but they show no physiological significance.
Q3) Muscarinic ACh receptors are an example of a __________ receptor,which eventually lead to the opening of an ion channel.
Q4) A __________ transmits signals from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles.
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Chapter 6: Cellular Movement and Muscles
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Sample Questions
Q1) How does the heater organ of a swordfish produce heat?
A)The muscle contracts very rapidly,producing large quantities of heat.
B)The myosin binds very weakly to the actin,utilizing large amounts of ATP that ultimately produces heat,but no tension.
C)The sarcoplasmic reticulum releases and recovers large amounts of Ca² ,releasing heat as a by-product of these processes.
D)The muscle fibers are rapidly generated and degraded,which produces large quantities of heat as a by-product.
Q2) Sonic muscles are able to shorten even more than most muscles because of perforations in their __________ that allow the thick filaments to pass into adjacent sarcomeres.
Q3) Compare smooth and striated muscles in terms of thick and thin filaments,calcium trigger,sarcoplasmic reticulum,regulation of contraction,and rate of contraction.
Q4) What is the function of capping proteins?
A)to prevent increased growth of microfilaments
B)to stabilize the microfilament,allowing for increases in length
C)to attach microfilaments together at a common point
D)to allow the microfilament to bind to the cell membrane
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Chapter 7: Sensory Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) If all sensory signals are eventually transduced into the common action potential,then how do receptors encode stimulus modality? Give an example.
Q2) Merkel's disks are used by the visually impaired for reading Braille.One quality of the receptor that allows this is
A)a phasic firing.
B)small receptive field.
C)a special sensitivity to deep pressure on the skin.
D)a large dendritic tree.
Q3) The compound called __________ can stimulate cold-sensitive neurons.
Q4) The __________ law describes the logarithmic relationship between stimulus magnitude and perceived stimulus intensity.
Q5) Improving the resolving power of the compound eye would require
A)increasing the number of ommatidia.
B)increasing the size of each ommatidium.
C)decreasing the size of the pinhole opening on each ommatidia.
D)decreasing the thickness of the cornea.
Q6) Briefly describe lateral inhibition.Why is it useful? Draw a figure if necessary.
Q7) Stimulus intensity is normally coded by action potential_____________.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Functional Organization of Nervous Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Succinctly explain how ocean acidification can affect the behavior of fish,such as the orange clownfish (Amphiprion percula).
Q2) In species with cortical folds,the outer regions of the folds are called __________ and the inner grooves are called __________.
Q3) What four major brain structures are included in the limbic system? Where is it located in the vertebrate brain? What does the limbic system do?
Q4) The axons of afferent and efferent neurons are usually organized into structures called
A)nuclei.
B)ganglia.
C)nerves.
D)tracts.
Q5) In the vertebrate spinal cord,the dorsal horn is associated with __________ neurons,and the ventral horn is associated with __________ neurons.
A)motor;sensory
B)inter;sensory
C)afferent;efferent
D)spinal;cranial
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Chapter 9: Circulatory Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) When there is more blood in the ventricle of the heart,the heart will contract more forcefully and increase stroke volume.This phenomenon is known as the __________.
Q2) Beginning with all chambers of the heart in the "relaxed" phase,describe the cardiac cycle in mammals,with systole and diastole of the atria and ventricles.For each time point in the cycle you select,state the following: Whether the atria and ventricles are contracting or relaxing Whether the AV valves and semilunar valves are closed or open Whether the pressure in the atria and ventricles is high or low
Q3) How many hearts does an octopus have?
Q4) There are different types of pumping structures in animal circulatory systems.Describe the three different types.How is one-way flow ensured?
Q5) The direct connection between two arteries in the circulatory system is called an
Q6) Baroreceptors are important for the regulation of __________.
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Chapter 10: Immune Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Invertebrates such as grasshoppers have
A)both innate and adaptive immune systems.
B)both innate and adaptive immune systems,but the adaptive system is more important.
C)only an innate immune system.
D)only an adaptive immune system.
Q2) In animals,the first line of defense against pathogens is the ______________.
Q3) _______________ immunity includes processes involving antibodies or complement proteins.
A)Cellular
B)Humoral
C)Nuclear
D)Interstitial
Q4) Discuss the relationship between steroid hormones,stress,and the immune system.
Q5) Which of the following cells produce antibodies?
A)T cells
B)NK cells
C)B cells
D)V and D cells
Q6) Blood cells are derived from ______________ stem cells.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Respiratory Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Blood flow through the gills of an elasmobranch is arranged in a __________ fashion.
A)countercurrent
B)concurrent
C)crosscurrent
D)convection
Q2) Hemocyanins do not contain iron,but instead contain __________.
Q3) Which is the correct order of action for the amphibian "balanced breath"?
A)buccal cavity expands,glottis opens,spent air leaves lungs,buccal cavity contracts
B)buccal cavity expands,spent air leaves lungs,glottis opens,buccal cavity contracts
C)glottis opens,buccal cavity expands,buccal cavity contracts,spent air leaves lungs
D)spent air leaves lungs,glottis opens,buccal cavity expands,buccal cavity contracts
Q4) The subatmospheric pressure of the __________ prevents the mammalian lung from collapsing.
Q5) Why do "water breathers" have a lower blood P ² than air breathers?
Q6) The symptoms of nitrogen narcosis resemble symptoms of _________________.
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Chapter 12: Locomotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) The __________ distance is the effective diffusion distance for oxygen from the capillary into the surrounding tissue.
Q2) __________ is the element of the physical environment that has the greatest consequences for locomotor strategies.
A)Gravity
B)Viscosity
C)Resistance
D)Turbulence
Q3) All but one of the statements correctly describes T2DM;which one is it?
A)T2DM is a metabolic disorder,likely linked to the current lifestyle of humans being at odds with the evolution of our physiology.
B)In T2DM,more glucose is taken up by adipose tissue and converted to fat.
C)In T2DM,tissues become unresponsive to insulin.
D)In T2DM,insulin is produced by the liver in response to higher glucose levels in the blood.
Q4) The vertical midpoint in the mass of an animal is called its __________.
Q5) How does the mitochondrial content vary among muscle types and species?
Q6) Limb musculature of tetrapods is developmentally _____________ to fin musculature of fish.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Ion and Water Balance
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Sample Questions
Q1) There are a variety of ways that animals have adapted to cope with life in desert environments.Describe five adaptations,giving examples if appropriate,that animals might use to cope with high heat and low water availability.
Q2) The toxic by-products of amino acid breakdown must be excreted.Which of the following is NOT one of the main forms of nitrogen excretion?
A)ammonia
B)pyridine
C)urea
D)uric acid
Q3) An animal that excretes most of its nitrogen in the form of uric acid is called a __________.
Q4) When an animal is dehydrated,hormones such as vasopressin lead to increased expression of __________ genes that allow water recovery.
Q5) Whether an animal excretes ammonia,uric acid,or urea has mostly to do with A)availability of water in its niche.
B)dietary strategies.
C)metabolic costs.
D)all of the above
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Chapter 14: Digestion and Energy Metabolism
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which type of lipoprotein is synthesized by the enterocytes of the small intestine?
A)chylomicron
B)VLDL
C)LDL
D)HDL
Q2) Moving from the lumen outward,which of the following describes the correct order of the layers comprising the intestinal wall?
A)mucosa,submucosa,circular smooth muscle,longitudinal smooth muscle
B)circular smooth muscle,longitudinal smooth muscle,mucosa,submucosa
C)circular smooth muscle,mucosa,submucosa,longitudinal smooth muscle
D)submucosa,mucosa,circular smooth muscle,longitudinal smooth muscle
Q3) In the small intestine,the __________ and __________ found in bile act in concert to organize lipids into small droplets called micelles.
Q4) What is the composition of bile?
A)cholesterol
B)phospholipids
C)pigments and salts
D)all of the above
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Chapter 15: Thermal Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Bergmann's and Allen's rules,brown bears living in temperate regions would be __________ than those living in the arctic.
A)larger with shorter limbs
B)smaller with shorter limbs
C)larger with longer limbs
D)smaller with longer limbs
Q2) In animals,regulating how much blood flows into the vasculature is referred to as the _____________ response.
Q3) What are the four mechanisms by which cells can remodel membranes to preserve fluidity?
Q4) Radiant heat from the body of an animal is described by
A)the Nernst equation.
B)the Stefan-Boltzmann equation.
C)Fourier's law.
D)Q .
Q5) Cells can remodel their membranes to preserve fluidity in a process known as __________ adaptation.
Q6) What is BAT and what role does it play in animal physiology?
Q7) Describe how birds and mammals lose heat through ventilation.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Reproductive Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The alkaline fluid produced by the __________ neutralizes the acidic conditions of female reproductive tract to allow the sperm to swim.
A)bulbourethral gland
B)epididymis
C)prostate gland
D)seminal vesicles
Q2) The main regulator of the release of gonadotropins from the anterior pituitary is A)aromatase.
B)GnRH.
C)CG.
D)LH.
Q3) Based on molecular evidence,casein most likely arose from a gene coding for A)albumin.
B)fibrinogen.
C)myoglobin.
D)transferrin.
Q4) Describe the interactive roles of the various hormones in the process of parturition.
Q5) The secretory units of the mammary glands are the __________.
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