Physiology
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Physiology is the scientific study of the functions and mechanisms underlying living organisms, particularly at the level of cells, tissues, organs, and systems. This course explores how the human body maintains homeostasis through intricate regulatory processes involving the nervous, endocrine, muscular, respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, and renal systems. Emphasis is placed on understanding how physiological processes adapt to internal and external changes, the integration of bodily systems, and the impact of physiological dysfunction on health and disease. Students will develop a foundational knowledge of normal physiological function, which is essential for advanced study in biological and health sciences.
Recommended Textbook
Human Embryology and Developmental Biology 5th Edition by Bruce M. Carlson
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18 Chapters
301 Verified Questions
301 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Getting Ready for Pregnancy
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10 Verified Questions
10 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) As spermatozoa leave the testes and are joined by fluids from the prostate and seminal vesicles,they become motile because seminal fluid contains an external energy source.What is that energy source?
A)Glucose
B)Glycogen
C)Ca
D)Fructose
E)K
Answer: D
Q2) In a lawsuit,a woman contends that a congenital malformation of her child was due to her falling down on an icy sidewalk when she was in her eighth week of pregnancy (menstruation age).How many weeks after fertilization (fertilization age)was the embryo at the time of the fall?
A)4 weeks
B)6 weeks
C)8 weeks
D)10 weeks
E)12 weeks
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Transport of Gametes and Fertilization
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19 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) During the fertilization process,acrosin functions
A)To assist the sperm in penetrating the zona pellucida
B)To initiate the acrosomal reaction
C)To bind the sperm to the plasma membrane of the egg
D)As a sperm attractant
E)To stabilize the plasma membrane of the sperm
Answer: A
Q2) The slow block to polyspermy is based on release of the contents of the
A)Pronuclei
B)Cortical granules
C)Acrosome
D)Zona pellucida
E)None of the above
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Cleavage and Implantation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Identical twinning is made possible by what embryonic process?
A)Induction
B)Paternal imprinting
C)X-chromosome inactivation
D)Regulation
E)Maternal imprinting
Answer: D
Q2) The most common site for an ectopic pregnancy is the ________________.
A)Uterus
B)Cervix
C)Abdominal cavity
D)Uterine tube
E)Ovary
Answer: D
Q3) All of the following structures arise from the inner cell mass except:
A)Epiblast
B)Hypoblast
C)Cytotrophoblast
D)Parietal endoderm
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Molecular Basis for Embryonic Development
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9 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The products of homeobox-containing genes are _______________.
A)Extracellular matrix receptors
B)Cytoskeletal elements
C)Inductors
D)Transcription factors
E)Cell adhesion molecules
Q2) Which growth factor must be combined with cholesterol to be active?
A)Sonic hedgehog
B)Fibroblast growth factor-2
C)Transforming growth factor-
D)Bone morphogenetic protein-7
E)None of the above
Q3) Which Hox gene is expressed in the most anterior position in the embryonic body?
A)Hoxc-12
B)Hoxd-11
C)Hoxb-5
D)Hoxa-4
E)Hoxb-9
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6
Chapter 5: Formation of Germ Layers and Early Derivatives
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the structures below will induce a secondary body axis if implanted in a host embryo?
A)Hensen's node
B)Hypoblast
C)Cytotrophoblast
D)Syncytiotrophoblast
E)Amnion
Q2) In the early embryo,what molecule facilitates the migration of mesenchymal cells between the ectoderm and the endoderm?
A)Chondroitin sulfate
B)Hyaluronic acid
C)ZP
D)Interleukin-2
E)Oct-3
Q3) The principal inductor in primary neural induction is the _____________.
A)Hypoblast
B)Primitive streak
C)Extraembryonic mesoderm
D)Notochordal process
E)Embryonic ectoderm
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Chapter 6: Establishment of the Basic Embryonic Body Plan
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Sample Questions
Q1) The primordium of which structure is located in the septum transversum?
A)Pancreas
B)Lung
C)Liver
D)Thymus
E)Spleen
Q2) Blood islands form from the _______________.
A)Splanchnic mesoderm of the yolk sac
B)Endocardial tube
C)Yolk sac endoderm
D)Splanchnic mesoderm of the foregut
E)Cardiogenic mesoderm
Q3) Sonic hedgehog,secreted by the notochord,induces the formation of the ___________.
A)Prechordal plate
B)Neural crest
C)Floor plate
D)Roof plate
E)Dorsal root ganglia
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Placenta and Extraembryonic Membranes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which malformation can lead to polyhydramnios?
A)Meckel's diverticulum
B)Esophageal atresia
C)Persistent anal membrane
D)Omphalocele
E)Aganglionic megacolon
Q2) Which of the following gives rise directly to the syncytiotrophoblast?
A)Decidual cells
B)Epiblast
C)Extraembryonic mesoderm
D)Cytotrophoblast
E)Hypoblast
Q3) Decidual cells can be found in the _______________.
A)Cytotrophoblast
B)Syncytiotrophoblast
C)Mesoderm of the placental villus
D)Endometrium
E)Body stalk
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Chapter 8: Developmental Disorders: Causes, mechanisms, and Patterns
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Sample Questions
Q1) What percentage of congenital malformations is due to unknown causes?
A)5%
B)10%
C)25%
D)50%
E)75%
Q2) Anencephaly is associated with a deficiency of ____________ in the maternal diet.
A)Vitamin A
B)Folic acid
C)Iodine
D)Insulin
E)Cortisone
Q3) Folic acid deficiency is now thought to be a major cause of what class of malformations?
A)Trisomies
B)Neural tube defects
C)Ambiguous genitalia
D)Polyploidy
E)Duplications
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Chapter 9: Integumentary, skeletal, and Muscular Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) A ________________ is a mononuclear cell committed to forming only skeletal muscle.
A)Myoblast
B)Mesenchymal cell
C)Myotube
D)Schwann cell
E)Melanocyte
Q2) Which characteristic does not apply to the cellular precursors of limb muscles?
A)Located in the lateral half of the somite
B)Migration and differentiation are little influenced by axial structures
C)Express myogenic determination factors within the somite
D)Migrate into the limb bud before differentiating
E)None of the above
Q3) How many nuclei would you expect to find in a myoblast?
A)1
B)2
C)4
D)8
E)None of the above
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Limb Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the initiation of limb development,the expression and secretion of ____________ by local mesodermal cells stimulate the overlying ectoderm to secrete fibroblast growth factor-8.
A)Sonic hedgehog
B)Fibroblast growth factor-10
C)Bone morphogenetic protein-7
D)Msx-1
E)None of the above
Q2) The connective tissue of the limb arises from ______________.
A)Paraxial mesoderm
B)Intermediate mesoderm
C)Somatic mesoderm
D)Lateral mesoderm
E)Neural crest
Q3) Which molecule is involved in fixation of the dorsoventral axis of the limb bud?
A)Sonic hedgehog
B)Wnt-7a
C)Fibroblast growth factor-2
D)Hoxd-13
E)Retinoic acid
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Chapter 11: Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The cranial nerve ganglia are associated with all of the following rhombomeres except ______________.
A)r2
B)r3
C)r4
D)r6
E)r7
Q2) The floor plate of the spinal cord arises as the result of an induction by the
A)Notochord
B)Neural crest
C)Dorsal aorta
D)Dorsal part of somites
E)Overlying ectoderm
Q3) The bulge in a myelomeningocele contains the ___________________.
A)Spinal cord
B)Arachnoid layer
C)Subarachnoid space
D)All of the above
E)None of the above
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Chapter 12: Neural Crest
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Sample Questions
Q1) Derivatives of neural crest cells include all of the following except ___________________:
A)Melanocytes
B)Chromaffin cells
C)Sensory neurons
D)Sympathetic neurons
E)Epidermis
Q2) The coordinated pattern of migration of neural crest cells from rhombomere 2 to the first pharyngeal arch,rhombomere 4 into the second arch,and rhombomere 6 into the third arch is correlated with precise expression patterns of which of the Hox gene families?
A)Hox-1 (Hox A)
B)Hox-2 (Hox B)
C)Hox-3 (Hox C)
D)Hox-4 (Hox D)
Q3) Which of the following might be associated with von Recklinghausen's disease?
A)Café au lait spots
B)Neurofibromas
C)Gigantism of the limb
D)All of the above
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Chapter 13: Sense Organs
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Sample Questions
Q1) The sensory hair cells of the inner ear originate from the _________________.
A)Pinna
B)Otic placode
C)Neural crest
D)Pharyngeal arch
E)Prosencephalon
Q2) Which of the following associations is incorrect?
A)Optic cup - neural retina
B)Neural crest - sphincter/dilator papillae muscles
C)Ectodermal placode - lens
D)Neural crest - pigment layer of the retina
E)Neural crest - corneal endothelium
Q3) The _______________ gives rise to tissues of the external ear.
A)Maxillary process
B)Nasolateral process
C)Pharyngeal arch 3
D)Philtrum
E)None of the above
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15
Chapter 14: Head and Neck
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Sample Questions
Q1) Activity of which molecule steers the differentiation of pancreatic progenitor cells toward the exocrine pathway?
A)Neurogenin-3
B)Pax-6
C)Pax-4
D)Notch
E)None of the above
Q2) The external auditory meatus arises from branchial grove _________.
A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5
Q3) In keeping with its embryological origin,the sensory innervation of the body of the tongue is from cranial nerve __________.
A)V
B)VII
C)IX
D)X
E)XII
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Chapter 15: Digestive and Respiratory Systems and Body
Cavities
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ectopic gastric mucosa can be found in the _____________.
A)Tongue
B)Colon
C)Biliary tract
D)Meckel's diverticulum
E)All of the above
Q2) The notochord induces the _________________.
A)Hepatic diverticulum
B)Dorsal pancreatic primordium
C)Ventral pancreatic primordium
D)Respiratory diverticulum
E)None of the above
Q3) The urorectal septum is situated between the __________________.
A)Phallus and urogenital sinus
B)Urogenital sinus and cloacal membrane
C)Allantois and urinary bladder
D)Rectum and urogenital sinus
E)Rectum and tail bud
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Chapter 16: Urogenital System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The mother of a 2-month-old girl tells the physician that she notices frequent leakage of small amounts of a clear yellowish fluid from the infant's umbilicus.An abnormality of what embryological structure is most likely to be the cause of this condition?
A)Ureteric bud
B)Allantois
C)Yolk stalk
D)Paramesonephric duct
E)Mesonephric duct
Q2) Cranial migration of a horseshoe kidney is arrested by the ______________.
A)Dorsal aorta
B)Superior mesenteric artery
C)Inferior mesonephric artery
D)Umbilical arteries
E)None of the above
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18
Chapter 17: Cardiovascular System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ventral aortic root cephalic to the third aortic arch becomes the ___________.
A)External carotid artery
B)Stapedial artery
C)Ascending aorta
D)Internal carotid artery
E)Ductus arteriosus
Q2) Massive collateral circulatory channels are opened up in individuals having which anomaly?
A)Patent ductus arteriosus
B)Preductal coarctation of the aorta
C)Double aortic arch
D)Right aortic arch
E)Postductal coarctation of the aorta
Q3) The myocardial primordium arises from the _____________.
A)Neural crest
B)Endoderm
C)Splanchnic mesoderm
D)Somatic mesoderm
E)Somitic mesoderm
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Page 19
Chapter 18: Fetal Period and Birth
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most highly oxygenated blood in the fetus is found in the ______________.
A)Dorsal aorta
B)Umbilical arteries
C)Umbilical vein
D)Pulmonary arteries
E)Pulmonary vein
Q2) Meconium is formed in the fetal __________.
A)Liver
B)Ileum
C)Lungs
D)Amniotic fluid
E)Kidneys
Q3) Which of the maturation processes in the fetus is not affected by fetal cortisol?
A)Storage of glycogen by the liver
B)Stimulation of parturition
C)Stimulation of surfactant synthesis in the lung
D)Shift of the main hematopoietic site to bone marrow
E)All of the above are correct
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