Course Introduction
Physical Geology Exam Practice Tests
Physical Geology is an introductory course that explores the materials, processes, and structures that shape the Earth's surface and interior. Students will examine minerals and rocks, plate tectonics, earthquakes, volcanoes, erosion, and the formation of landforms. The course emphasizes understanding both gradual and catastrophic processes that continually modify the planet. Through a combination of lectures, laboratory exercises, and field observations, students gain insight into Earths dynamic systems and the scientific methods used to study them.
Recommended Textbook
Earth Portrait of a Planet 5th Edition by Stephen Marshak
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29 Chapters
1328 Verified Questions
1328 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Cosmology and the Birth of Earth
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a possible stage in a star's life and collapse?
A)protostar
B)supernova
C)gas giant
D)black hole
Answer: C
Q2) An important contribution made by Copernicus is his (correct)assertion that the
A)Earth is spherical
B)Sun is the center of the whole Universe
C)Sun is the center of the Earth's orbit
D)Earth is the center of the Universe
Answer: C
Q3) The metal alloy that makes up the core of Earth is ________,as compared to the rocky mantle.
A)less dense
B)denser
C)very similar in chemistry and density
D)distinct in chemistry but of very similar density
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Journey to the Center of the Earth
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Sample Questions
Q1) When you are warmed by the Sun,you are experiencing ________;when you burn yourself touching a metal object whose other end is being heated you are experiencing
A)advection;conduction
B)radiation;conduction
C)radiation;convection
D)advection;convection
Answer: B
Q2) The lithosphere lies directly above the ________.
A)transition zone
B)crust
C)asthenosphere
D)lower mantle
Answer: C
Q3) A fracture in the crust,where rocks slide past one another,is termed a ________.
A)fold
B)fault
C)sliding layer
D)joint Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Drifting Continents and Spreading Seas
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which mineral is integral to paleomagnestim?
A)magnetite
B)iron
C)quartz
D)potassium feldspar
Answer: A
Q2) Where Earth's magnetic dipole intersects with the surface of the planet is called the ________.
A)magnetic inclination
B)geographic pole
C)magnetic dipole
D)magnetic pole
Answer: D
Q3) Earth's magnetic reversals are likely due to ________.
A)meteorite impacts
B)lightning strikes
C)tectonic plates shifting
D)changes in circulation patterns in the inner core
Answer: C
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Page 5
Chapter 4: The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics
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Sample Questions
Q1) The theory of plate tectonics ________.
A)incorporates continental drift but not seafloor spreading
B)incorporates seafloor spreading but not continental drift
C)incorporates and explains both seafloor spreading and continental drift
D)does not incorporate seafloor spreading or continental drift
Q2) The San Andreas Fault zone in California is an example of a ________ plate boundary.
A)divergent
B)convergent
C)transvergent
D)transform
Q3) Hot spots can occur ________.
A)only within continental plates
B)only within oceanic plates
C)within either continental or oceanic plates
D)only when the thickness of the crust is less than 10 km
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Chapter 5: Patterns in Nature: Minerals
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Sample Questions
Q1) Trace amounts of impurity in a mineral can commonly produce significant differences in ________ among individual crystals of this mineral.
A)color
B)cleavage
C)luster
D)streak
Q2) The diamonds we typically see today in engagement rings do not display their natural crystal faces but rather ________,which are made by grinding the gem on a spinning lap.
A)striations
B)facets
C)cleavage planes
D)facades
Q3) Gemstones are commonly found in pegmatites,which are igneous rocks that are
A)exceptionally mafic
B)extrusive,forming from lava
C)exceptionally coarse grained
D)exceptionally fine grained
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Chapter 6: Up From the Inferno: Magma and Igneous Rocks
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Sample Questions
Q1) As compared to mafic igneous rocks,all felsic igneous rocks ________.
A)cool and solidify more quickly
B)cool and solidify more slowly
C)solidify at higher temperatures
D)solidify at lower temperatures
Q2) An igneous rock with a mixed texture of coarse crystals (phenocrysts)surrounded by fine crystals (groundmass)is termed ________.
A)porphyritic
B)phaneritic
C)aphanitic
D)necrotic
Q3) Very early in Earth's history (during the Hadean Eon),the Earth ________.
A)was very cold,so no igneous rocks had yet formed
B)was so hot that it was,at times,completely molten
C)was entirely composed of loose material called regolith
D)had a similar diversity in rock types as seen today
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Chapter 7: Pages of Earths Past: Sedimentary Rocks
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compaction and cementation of grains occurs during ________.
A)erosion
B)lithification
C)transport
D)weathering
Q2) Biochemical limestones are dominated by carbonate mud and fragments of ________.
A)siliceous shells of planktonic diatoms and foraminifera
B)skeletons of marine invertebrates made of calcite and aragonite
C)the phosphatic bones of fish
D)the organic breakdown products of wood and leaves from trees
Q3) The removal of detritus from weathered rock at an outcrop is termed ________.
A)deposition
B)erosion
C)weathering
D)lithification
Q4) As compared with metamorphism,diagenesis ________.
A)means exactly the same thing
B)takes place at lower temperatures and pressures
C)takes place at higher temperatures and pressures
D)takes place at greater depths that are well within the mantle
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Metamorphism: a Process of Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) Broadly,metamorphism involves ________.
A)the settling of crystals in a melt as it cools
B)the sorting of grains by size,as accomplished by rivers and beach waves
C)the cementation of loose grains and the precipitation of new minerals into pore spaces
D)changes in mineralogy and texture in response to heat and stress
Q2) Thermal (contact)metamorphism occurs ________.
A)in areas surrounding igneous intrusions
B)only where gneiss is in contact with schist
C)as a consequence of the sinking of a broad region to great depth
D)only at the surface,where rock is in contact with the atmosphere
Q3) The process of high-grade metamorphic rocks being altered to form low-grade metamorphic rocks is termed ________ metamorphism.
A)foliated
B)prograde
C)retrograde
D)dynamic
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Chapter 9: The Wrath of Vulcan: Volcanic Eruptions
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Q1) A mixture of air,hot ash,and pumice lapilli that rushes down the side of a volcano in a scalding avalanche is termed a(n)________.
A)ash fall
B)lahar
C)pyroclastic flow
D)convective plume
Q2) The textural term for a basaltic lava flow that has a smooth,ropy appearance is
A)pahoehoe
B)a'a'
C)pumice
D)ignimbrite
Q3) The characteristic "rotten egg" smell of many active volcanoes is derived from ________.
A)iron and magnesium within lava
B)carbon dioxide gas
C)stale water within the magma chamber
D)hydrogen sulfide gas
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11
Chapter 10: A Violent Pulse: Earthquakes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Geologists who specifically study earthquakes are called ________.
A)seismologists
B)paleontologists
C)vulcanologists
D)speleologists
Q2) Seismic retrofitting is the process of ________.
A)predicting future earthquakes
B)strengthening existing buildings and structures
C)mapping areas prone to earthquakes
D)fitting earthquake data after an event to see if it should have been predicted
Q3) Wet and unconsolidated substrates are uniquely susceptible to ________ during an earthquake.
A)displacement
B)collapse
C)liquefaction
D)faulting
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Crags,cracks,and Crumples: Crustal
Deformation and Mountain Building
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Sample Questions
Q1) The outer portion of a craton,where deformed rocks are covered by sediments,is termed the ________.
A)shield
B)cratonic platform
C)convergent margin
D)exotic terrane
Q2) Which of these properly illustrates the principle of isostasy?
A)High-density crust floats on top of low-density mantle.
B)Mountains stand high because they are gravitationally balanced by their deep crustal roots.
C)When weight is added to the crust,the crust responds by rebounding upward.
D)When material is removed from the crust,the crust maintains the new,lower elevation.
Q3) Force per unit area is termed ________.
A)stress
B)strain
C)power
D)work
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Deep Time: How Old Is Old
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Sample Questions
Q1) Radiometric dates applied to sedimentary rocks produce ages that ________.
A)are just as accurate as when the technique is applied to igneous rocks
B)are too young (postdate sedimentary deposition)
C)are too old (predate sedimentary deposition)
D)represent the time the sediments became lithified
Q2) In the area immediately surrounding an igneous intrusion,a host limestone is locally metamorphosed to produce marble.Which of the following statements is correct?
A)The intrusive igneous rock must be older than the limestone.
B)The limestone must be older than the marble.
C)The marble must be older than the intrusive rock.
D)The relative ages of the three units cannot be determined with the information given.
Q3) Dendrochronology involves dating of historic and geologic events through the study of ________.
A)growth layers in shells
B)oxygen isotope profiles in glacial ice
C)remnant magnetism in iron-rich minerals
D)annual growth rings in trees
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Page 14
Chapter 13: A Biography of Earth
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Sample Questions
Q1) Where today would you expect to find rocks deposited by late Paleozoic glaciers?
A)United States
B)western Russia
C)central Europe
D)India
Q2) Earth was hotter than today during the Hadean for all of the following reasons
EXCEPT ________.
A)impacts with other objects added heat to Earth
B)differentiation of the core from the mantle added heat to Earth's interior
C)the Sun was much more luminous than it is today
D)carbon dioxide was more abundant in the atmosphere than it is today
Q3) Tyrannosaurus rex,one of the largest carnivorous dinosaur species,lived during the ________ Period.
A)Ordovician
B)Carboniferous
C)Jurassic
D)Cretaceous
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Squeezing Power From a Stone: Energy Resources
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which organic substance is produced by black organic shales at temperatures below the oil window?
A)natural gas
B)coal
C)kerogen
D)keratin
Q2) Chemically,oil and gas are both ________.
A)pure forms of carbon
B)carbohydrates
C)hydrocarbons
D)carbonate minerals
Q3) Which gas is most abundantly produced from the burning of coal?
A)sulfur dioxide
B)carbon monoxide
C)carbon dioxide
D)oxygen
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Riches in Rock: Mineral Resources
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Sample Questions
Q1) In what types of rocks are ore minerals found?
A)only in igneous rocks
B)only in igneous and sedimentary rocks
C)only in igneous and metamorphic rocks
D)in igneous,sedimentary,and metamorphic rocks
Q2) Because it can be split easily into thin sheets and is impermeable,roofing tiles are often made from ________.
A)limestone
B)sandstone
C)gneiss
D)slate
Q3) Some metals are considered precious metals because of their ________.
A)concentration in Earth's crust
B)durability
C)price per ounce
D)malleability
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17
Chapter 16: Unsafe Ground: Landslides and Other Mass Movements
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following types of mass movement takes place most gradually?
A)slump
B)creep
C)rock slide
D)mudflow
Q2) Installing perforated pipes (pipes with holes in them)into a hillside can be an effective way of reducing ________.
A)the angle of repose
B)the weight of material
C)undercutting
D)the subsurface water
Q3) Slope failures are more likely to occur in ________ than in ________.
A)forests;deserts
B)mountains;deserts
C)deserts;mountains
D)deserts;forests
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Chapter 17: Streams and Floods: the Geology of Running Water
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Sample Questions
Q1) The flat-lying area surrounding a river channel is termed the ________.
A)base level
B)floodplain
C)stream gradient
D)thalweg
Q2) Which type of drainage network is associated with badlands topography?
A)dendritic
B)parallel
C)rectangular
D)trellis
Q3) All else being equal,water will flow faster in a stream with ________ and a ________ wetted perimeter.
A)well-developed meanders;small
B)well-developed meanders;large
C)a straight channel;small
D)a straight channel;large
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Chapter 18: Restless Realm: Oceans and Coasts
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Q1) A wave will disturb the water to a depth equal to ________.
A)its wavelength
B)its surface amplitude
C)the bottom of the seafloor
D)one-half of its wavelength
Q2) Approximately what percentage of Earth's surface is covered with water?
A)30%
B)50%
C)70%
D)85%
Q3) At the equatorial ocean basins,the sea surface temperatures may reach 25°C or greater.What is the range of temperatures for the seafloor,approximately 4-5 km below?
A)slightly warmer (33°C)
B)about room temperature (25°C)
C)cool (10°C-15°C)
D)near freezing (1°C-2°C)
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Chapter 19: A Hidden Reserve: Groundwater
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Q1) An impermeable layer of rock or sediment is termed a(n)________ in hydrogeologic contexts.
A)aquitard
B)confined aquifer
C)unconfined aquifer
D)unsaturated zone
Q2) Topography dominated by depressions formed by the collapse of caves is termed a ________.
A)valley and ridge province
B)karst landscape
C)horst and graben landscape
D)speleothem formation
Q3) As a rule,groundwater always flows from areas of ________.
A)greater elevation to those of lesser elevation
B)greater water pressure to those of lesser water pressure
C)greater hydraulic head to those of lesser hydraulic head
D)lower hydraulic head to those of greater hydraulic head
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21
Chapter 20: An Envelope of Gas: Earths Atmosphere and Climate
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Q1) The Enhanced Fujita scale,which is used to rate tornado intensity,is based on the
A)width of the funnel
B)length of the track on the ground
C)damage inflicted
D)maximum wind speed
Q2) Because of the Coriolis effect,air that is spread northward from the equator is deflected ________.
A)directly back to the equator
B)to the east
C)to the west
D)upward,to the tropopause
Q3) As air rises,why do clouds form?
A)raindrops converge in the lower troposphere
B)water vapor heats up and creates steam
C)the air cools to its dew-point temperature and condenses into liquid water
D)snow forms in the upper troposphere and becomes visible as clouds
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Page 22
Chapter 21: Dry Regions: the Geology of Deserts
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Q1) An apron-shaped pile of alluvium that forms at the mouth of a canyon is known as a(n)________.
A)playa
B)sabkha
C)alluvial fan
D)inselberg
Q2) An arroyo is a steep-sided,linear trough produced by ________.
A)normal faulting or other extensional processes
B)wind erosion of more susceptible layers
C)scouring erosion by water and sediment during flash floods
D)cliff retreat
Q3) Conversion of productive land to desert is known as ________.
A)deflation
B)saltation
C)degradation
D)desertification
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Chapter 22: Amazing Ice: Glaciers and Ice Ages
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Q1) Which types of features would you find in a glacially carved landscape?
A)eskers,drumlins,cirques,and kettles
B)cirques,arêtes,horns,and moraines
C)cirques,arêtes,kettles,and tarns
D)drumlins,ground moraines,and arêtes
Q2) We are currently ________ years overdue for a glaciation.However,we are currently experiencing global warming because of the addition of greenhouse gases by the ________.
A)2,000;eruptions of volcanoes
B)2,000;burning of fossil fuels
C)10;000;increase in solar radiation
D)10;000;decrease in albedo of Earth
Q3) If a volcano were to erupt and release large amounts of ash into the air,how would this affect the climate on Earth?
A)The ash would increase the albedo and decrease the global temperature.
B)The ash would decrease the albedo and increase the global temperature.
C)The ash would increase the greenhouse gases,thus increasing temperature.
D)The ash would decrease the greenhouse gases,thus decreasing temperature.
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24
Chapter 23: Global Change in the Earth System
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Q1) Models used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change show that by the year 2100,the average annual temperature will have increased in some parts of the world by as much as ________.
A)1°C
B)2°C
C)4°C
D)8°C
Q2) What is the difference between weather and climate?
A)Weather is a long-term cycle,whereas climate is a transient condition.
B)Weather is a transient condition,whereas climate is a long-term cycle.
C)Weather relates to precipitation,whereas climate relates to temperature.
D)The two terms are essentially interchangeable.
Q3) Natural carbon sinks have generally matched the production of carbon dioxide until
A)the end of the last ice age,approximately 16,000 years ago
B)the Little Ice Age,approximately 400 years ago
C)approximately 1900
D)the Eocene Epoch,approximately 50 million years ago
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Chapter 24: Introducing Rocks
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Q1) Which type of rock is formed by precipitation of minerals from a solution?
A)metamorphic
B)glassy
C)sedimentary
D)igneous
Q2) Imagine you are holding a rock composed of small sand grains cemented together.What subclassification of sedimentary rock is this?
A)clastic
B)chemical
C)igneous
D)crystalline
Q3) Which of the following would NOT be considered a rock?
A)a natural material composed of interlocking crystals
B)a natural pile of unconsolidated sand
C)a natural material made of frothy glass
D)a natural material made of shells cemented together
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Chapter 25: a Surface Veneer: Sediments and Soils
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Q1) Chemical weathering involves the breakdown of material due to ________.
A)mechanical breakdown of rock
B)baking in the hot sun
C)interaction with molten rock
D)interaction with water or air
Q2) Why does the C-horizon contain little to no organic material?
A)Water doesn't penetrate that far into the ground.
B)The C-horizon contains toxins from the bedrock.
C)Plants and animals do not live that far down.
D)The C-horizon is saturated with water.
Q3) Why does physical weathering speed up the processes of chemical weathering?
A)Physical weathering requires abundant water,as does chemical weathering.
B)Physical weathering produces fresh surfaces for chemical weathering to attack.
C)Chemical weathering can occur only on small surfaces,not large ones.
D)Chemical weathering requires salt,which is provided by salt wedging.
Q4) The zone of leaching is the area in which ________.
A)weathered bedrock forms a soil horizon
B)organic matter gathers to create a soil horizon
C)minerals are precipitated and added to soil
D)minerals are dissolved and removed from soil
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Chapter 26: the Rock Cycle in the Earth System
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Q1) What is the progression of rock types if the steps of a process are as follows? melting and cooling erosion and deposition burial
A)sedimentary igneous metamorphic
B)igneous sedimentary metamorphic
C)igneous metamorphic metamorphic
D)metamorphic sedimentary igneous
Q2) What process must occur for an igneous rock to turn into a sedimentary rock?
A)metamorphism
B)erosion
C)melting
D)petrogenesis
Q3) What process transforms a metamorphic rock into an igneous rock?
A)melting
B)burial
C)erosion
D)deposition
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28
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Q1) Which layer of the Earth has the highest density?
A)outer core
B)inner core
C)mantle
D)crust
Q2) If you measure the magnetization of an area of igneous rocks and find a large negative anomaly,what does that imply about the rocks?
A)They were formed during a time of normal polarity of the magnetic field.
B)They were formed during a time of reversed polarity of the magnetic field.
C)They were formed on the ocean floor where the rocks are closer to the core.
D)They were formed on the continental crust in a complex pattern of magnetization.
Q3) The core consists of two layers: the ________ inner core and ________ outer core.
A)iron;nickel
B)nickel;iron
C)solid;liquid
D)liquid;solid
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Chapter 28: Memories of Past Life: Fossils and Evolution
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Q1) Why is the preservation potential of feathers so low?
A)because birds usually die in dry environments
B)because feathers do not contain hard parts
C)because feathers are very small and thus are not well preserved
D)because birds die in forests,areas with high oxygen levels
Q2) Which of the following is NOT necessary in order to be preserved as a fossil?
A)hard parts
B)rapid burial
C)anoxic environment
D)tough skin or fur
Q3) Which of the following circumstances is likely to preserve a fossil?
A)Leaves from an ancient oak tree fall to the ground in a forest.
B)A mammoth dies from starvation in the middle of a vast dry plain.
C)A ground sloth walks along the edge of a river in the wet mud.
D)Bacteria living in the ocean die near the shoreline and sink to the bottom.
Q4) Which major kingdom would a bivalve belong to?
A)Protista
B)Animalia
C)Plantae
D)Fungi
Page 30
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Chapter 29: Ever-Changing Landscapes and the
Hydrologic
Cycle
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Q1) What circumstance is likely to produce depositional landforms?
A)flash flooding of a river in the desert
B)a river flowing out of a lake
C)a river entering a large body of water
D)ocean waves crashing on the beach
Q2) How does water get from the atmosphere into the groundwater system?
A)Precipitation falls into rivers and then flows downriver into the groundwater system.
B)Precipitation falls on the ground and infiltrates the ground surface to the groundwater system.
C)Water from the ocean is sucked up into the groundwater system due to a pressure difference.
D)Plants secrete water into the groundwater system in a process called evapotranspiration.
Q3) How does climate affect landscape development?
A)It controls the composition of the substrate.
B)It controls the amount of water available on Earth.
C)It controls the resistance of the sediments deposited.
D)It controls the rate of erosion.
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