Pharmaceutical Sciences
Study Guide Questions
Course Introduction
Pharmaceutical Sciences is an interdisciplinary field focused on the discovery, development, formulation, delivery, and evaluation of drugs and pharmaceutical products. The course explores the fundamental principles of medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, pharmaceutics, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics, along with emerging topics such as biotechnology and personalized medicine. Students will gain insight into drug design, mechanisms of action, safety assessment, regulatory requirements, and the technologies used to ensure the efficacy and quality of medications. Emphasis is placed on integrating scientific research with practical applications in order to advance patient care and public health.
Recommended Textbook
Histology and Cell Biology An Introduction to Pathology 3rd Edition by Abraham L Kierszenbaum
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23 Chapters
246 Verified Questions
246 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Epithelium
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Sample Questions
Q1) Epithelia that play a protective function and line the esophagus are
A) Pseudostratified columnar
B) Simple columnar
C) Simple squamous
D) Stratified columnar
E) Stratified squamous
Answer: E
Q2) The apical surface modifications of the cells lining the small intestine contain which of the following proteins?
A) Actin
B) Claudin
C) Elastin
D) Myosin
E) Occludin
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Epithelial Glands
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Sample Questions
Q1) The mode of exocrine gland secretion in which the secretory product is released in a pinched-off piece of the plasma membrane is
A) Apocrine
B) Eccrine
C) Endocrine
D) Holocrine
E) Merocrine
Answer: A
Q2) Facilitated diffusion
A) Is another name for osmosis
B) Occurs against a concentration gradient
C) Occurs through pores in the phospholipid bilayer
D) Requires specialized proteins
E) Requires energy
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Cell Signaling
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Sample Questions
Q1) A ligand binding to a(n) _____ receptor directly results in phosphorylation
A) Cytokine
B) G protein-coupled
C) Intracellular
D) Threonine kinase
E) Tyrosine kinase
Answer: E
Q2) An action potential triggers the release of a(n)
A) Eicosanoid
B) Neurotransmitter
C) Paracrine
D) Peptide hormone
E) Steroid hormone
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Connective Tissue
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Sample Questions
Q1) Connective tissue cells responsible for synthesizing connective tissue proper matrix are
A) Chondroblasts
B) Fibroblasts
C) Mast cells
D) Mesenchymal cells
E) Osteoblasts
Q2) Which characteristic is true of BOTH brown and white fat?
A) Cells feature multiple fat-storing vesicles
B) Cells have flattened, peripheral nuclei
C) They are found in the neck and the interscapular region in infants
D) Both are highly vascular
E) Their principal role is in providing cushioning for organs
Q3) The shaft of long bones is called the ____ and is composed mostly of ____ bone
A) Diaphysis compact
B) Diaphysis spongy
C) Epiphysis compact
D) Epiphysis spongy
E) Metaphysis spongy
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Osteogenesis
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true of intramembranous, rather than endochondral, ossification?
A) A hyaline cartilage model is used
B) Long bones are formed
C) Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts within connective tissue
D) Periosteal buds invade the lacunae left behind by dead chondrocytes
E) Secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyses
Q2) Each of the following statements about epiphyseal plates is correct EXCEPT
A) Appositional growth occurs on the epiphyseal side
B) Bone replaces cartilage on the diaphyseal side
C) Mitotically active chondrocytes are distributed throughout the zone of reserve cartilage
D) Epiphyseal plates are required for lengthening of long bones
E) Epiphyseal plates contain a portion of healthy hyaline cartilage
Q3) Secondary ossification centers are found
A) At the outer surface of the diaphysis
B) At the surface of the epiphyses
C) In the center of the epiphyses
D) In the dermis of the skin
E) In the medullary cavity of the diaphysis
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Chapter 6: Blood and Hematopoiesis
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the primary function of red blood cells?
A) Clotting
B) Hemopoiesis
C) Inflammatory response
D) Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport
E) Phagocytosis
Q2) One major protein of plasma that is involved in blood clotting is
A) Albumin
B) Fibrinogen
C) Globulin
D) Immunoglobulin
E) Spectrin
Q3) Erythropoietin
A) Blocks the production of red blood cells
B) Inhibits blood clotting
C) Is a hormone released by the pituitary gland
D) Stimulates red blood cell destruction in the spleen
E) Stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow
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8
Chapter 7: Muscle Tissue
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Sample Questions
Q1) Following stimulation at the neuromuscular junction, Ca<sup>2+</sup> binds to ____ on thin Filaments.
A) F-actin
B) G-actin
C) Nebulin 77
D) Tropomyosin
E) Troponin
Q2) Following the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, an action potential travels along the _____ to the interior of the muscle cell.
A) Sarcomere
B) Sarcoplasmic reticulum
C) Thick filament
D) Thin filament
E) Transverse tubule
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9
Chapter 8: Nervous Tissue
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Sample Questions
Q1) Interneurons are found
A) Only in the brain
B) Only in the central nervous system
C) Only in the peripheral nervous system
D) Only in the spinal cord
E) Throughout the nervous system
Q2) Cell bodies of which of the following type of neuron are found in dorsal root ganglia?
A) Central nervous system
B) Parasympathetic nervous system
C) Sensory
D) Somatic motor
E) Sympathetic
Q3) Sensory information is conducted toward the spinal cord via A) Bipolar neurons
B) Multipolar neurons
C) Pseudounipolar neurons
D) Purkinje cells
E) Pyramidal cells
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Chapter 9: Sensory Organs: Vision and Hearing
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Sample Questions
Q1) As the distance between the eye and the object on which it is focusing decreases to less than approximately 20 feet, the _____ contracts, resulting in a more rounded and convex lens
A) Ciliary muscle
B) Iris
C) Optic disc
D) Suspensory ligament
E) Zonula fibers
Q2) When auditory vibrations enter the cochlear duct, the _____ membrane remains stationary, resulting in a shearing action of the vibrating hair cells, leading to the stimulation of the cochlear nerve
A) Basilar
B) Reissner's
C) Sacular
D) Tectorial
E) Tympanic
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11
Chapter 10: Immune-Lymphatic System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The humoral immune response is carried out by
A) B lymphocytes
B) Erythrocytes
C) Neutrophils
D) T lymphocytes
E) Thrombocytes
Q2) The major histocompatibility complex
A) Activates B cells to produce specific antibodies
B) Differentiates into cytotoxic T cells upon re-exposure to a known pathogen
C) Helps T cells recognize antigens as nonself
D) Recognizes and kills viral cells by secreting perforin
E) Secretes interferon on contact with a virus
Q3) Which of the following is found in the red pulp of the spleen?
A) B and T cells
B) Central arteriole
C) Corona
D) Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath
E) Splenic cords
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Chapter 11: Integumentary System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following sensory receptors is activated by painful stimuli?
A) Mechanoreceptors
B) Meissner corpuscles
C) Merkel disks
D) Nociceptors
E) Pacinian corpuscles
Q2) These merocrine simple coiled tubular glands are found all over the body
A) Apocrine sweat glands
B) Ceruminous glands
C) Eccrine sweat glands
D) Sebaceous follicles
E) Sebaceous glands
Q3) Langerhans cells
A) Are located in the stratum basale of the epidermis
B) Are mechanoreceptor cells
C) Can be found within a cornified cell envelope
D) Have granules in their cytoplasm
E) Present antigens to T cells as part of the immune response
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Chapter 12: Cardiovascular System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true of angiogenesis rather than vasculogenesis?
A) Capillary sprout is formed following basal laminal degradation of the parent vessel
B) Endothelial capillary tubes are formed following angioblast proliferation
C) Angiogenesis is dependent upon vascular endothelial growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2
D) Angiogenesis occurs solely in the embryo
E) Angiogenesis produces new vessels from scratch rather than forming new vessels from pre-existing ones
Q2) Pericytes are found in association with
A) Arterioles
B) Capillaries
C) Elastic arteries
D) Muscular arteries
E) Veins
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14
Chapter 13: Respiratory System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following cells in the olfactory epithelium are structurally bipolar neurons?
A) Basal cells
B) Bowman's cells
C) Columnar cells
D) Olfactory cells
E) Sustentacular cells
Q2) Inspired air moves from the _____ directly into the alveolar ducts.
A) Alveolar sacs
B) Alveoli
C) Respiratory bronchioles
D) Terminal bronchioles
E) Tertiary bronchi
Q3) _____ are bony projections that result in folds in the lateral parts of the nasal cavity, causing airflow turbulence.
A) Conchae
B) Meati
C) Nares
D) Septa
E) Vibrissae
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Chapter 14: Urinary System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Fenestrated capillaries compose which part of the nephron?
A) Bowman's capsule
B) Distal thick segment
C) Glomerulus
D) Loop of Henle
E) Proximal thick segment
Q2) Structural support in the renal corpuscle is provided by the
A) Basal lamina
B) Filtration slit diaphragms
C) Mesangium
D) Pedicles
E) Podocytes
Q3) Which of the following statements about the juxtaglomerular apparatus is incorrect?
A) Afferent arteriole cells are modified to become macula densa cells
B) Cells of the macula densa are taller and narrower than normal
C) The juxtaglomular apparatus helps regulate blood pressure
D) The juxtaglomular apparatus is partly composed of modified cells from the distal thick segment
E) Juxtaglomerular cells are modified smooth muscle cells
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Upper Digestive Segment
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Sample Questions
Q1) What cell type is most likely to be stimulated following G-cell secretion?
A) Chief cells
B) Mucous neck cells
C) Parietal cells
D) Stem cells
E) None - G-cells secrete an inhibitory substance
Q2) Which of the following is true of the fungiform lingual papillae?
A) There are 8 to12 of them along the sulcus terminalis
B) They are single, evenly spaced, and are located on the tongue's margin
C) They are the largest lingual papillae and contain the most taste buds
D) They are the smallest and most numerous papillae and give the tongue its characteristic rough appearance
E) They help to clean oral surfaces as well as manipulate and process food
Q3) The secretion of which cell type is needed to begin the process of digesting proteins?
A) Chief cells
B) Gastroenteroendocrine cells
C) Mucous neck cells
D) Parietal cells
E) Stem cells
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Chapter 16: Lower Digestive Segment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following cell types is not found in the small intestine epithelium?
A) Enterocytes
B) Microfold cells
C) Paneth cells
D) Parietal cells
E) None of the above (all of the above cells are found in the small intestine epithelium)
Q2) Fat-filled pouches in the large intestinal adventitia are called
A) Appendices epiploicae
B) Peyer's patches
C) Plicae circulares
D) Rugae
E) Taeniae coli
Q3) Where are electrolytes actively absorbed, and where is water passively absorbed?
A) Duodenum
B) Ileum
C) Jejunum
D) Large intestine
E) Stomach
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18
Chapter 17: Digestive Glands
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not a function of the liver?
A) Gluconeogenesis
B) Iron storage
C) Protein and lipid synthesis
D) Storage of bile
E) Toxin degradation
Q2) Portal triads are made up of vessels carrying all of the following EXCEPT
A) Bile away from the liver cells
B) Deoxygenated blood away from the liver cells
C) Deoxygenated blood to the liver cells
D) Nutrient-rich blood to the liver cells
E) Oxygenated blood to the liver cells
Q3) Which of the following is not true of pancreatic intercalated ducts?
A) The secretory acini empty their secretions into them
B) Their initial segments are formed by centroacinar cells
C) They are lined by low columnar or cuboidal epithelium
D) They empty into interlobular ducts
E) They receive secretions from the duct of Wirsung
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Chapter 18: Neuroendocrine System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The anterior pituitary
A) Has a blood-brain barrier generated by pituicytes
B) Is composed of basophils, acidophils, and chromophobe cells
C) Is made up of the pars nervosa and the infundibulum
D) Receives blood from the inferior hypophyseal artery
E) Secretes hormones when directed to do so by a nervous signal from the hypothalamus
Q2) Which of the following statements about the neurohypophysis is not true?
A) Contains glial-like cells called pituicytes
B) It synthesizes, stores, and secretes antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
C) Its axons derive from the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei
D) Secretion of its hormones is controlled by nerve impulses from the hypothalamus
E) The hypothalamohypophyseal tract runs through the infundibulum
Q3) Prolactin secretion is _____ by _____.
A) Inhibited dopamine
B) Inhibited somatostatin
C) Stimulated dopamine
D) Stimulated growth hormone-releasing hormone
E) Stimulated nerve impulse from the hypothalamus
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Page 20
Chapter 19: Endocrine System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Parafollicular cells
A) Are found in the parathyroid glands
B) Are found in the zona glomerulosa
C) Constitute the pars tuberalis
D) Secrete a hormone that lowers blood calcium levels
E) Secrete hormones responsible for establishing the basal metabolic rate
Q2) Which endocrine structure secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine?
A) Adenohypophysis
B) Adrenal cortex
C) Adrenal medulla
D) Neurohypophysis
E) Thyroid gland
Q3) Parathyroid hormone
A) Decreases blood calcium levels
B) Inhibits calcium resorption in the uriniferous tubules
C) Is released by parafollicular cells
D) Is secreted and synthesized by chief cells
E) Release is stimulated by an increase in serum calcium levels
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21
Chapter 20: Spermatogenesis
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Sample Questions
Q1) Meiosis II occurs in the
A) Primary spermatocyte
B) Secondary spermatocyte
C) Spermatid
D) Spermatogonia
E) Spermatozoa
Q2) During which phase of spermiogenesis does the manchette develop?
A) Acrosomal phase
B) Cap phase
C) Golgi phase
D) Maturation phase
E) Spermatid rotation phase
Q3) Which of the following is not true of Sertoli cells?
A) Their function is regulated by follicle-stimulating hormone
B) They are found in testicular interstitial tissue
C) They prevent cytotoxic agents from moving to the seminiferous tubules from the blood by forming tight junctions with adjacent Sertoli cells
D) They provide mechanical support for spermatogenic cells
E) They provide nutrition for spermatogenic cells
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Page 22
Chapter 21: Sperm Transport and Maturation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which duct has a characteristic wavy lumen as a result of different epithelial cell heights?
A) Ductuli efferentes
B) Ductus epididymidis
C) Rete testis
D) Seminiferous tubules
E) Tubuli recti
Q2) Which of the following structures secretes the largest component of seminal fluid?
A) Bulbourethral gland
B) Ductuli efferentes
C) Ductus epididymidis
D) Prostate gland
E) Seminal vesicle
Q3) What structure contributes a lubricating mucus substance to semen?
A) Bulbourethral gland
B) Epididymidis
C) Prostate
D) Seminal vesicle
E) Testis
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Page 23
Chapter 22: Follicle Development and the Menstrual Cycle
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Sample Questions
Q1) Where is the bulbospongiosus muscle found?
A) In the cervix
B) In the ovary
C) In the oviduct
D) In the uterus
E) In the vagina
Q2) Developing follicles are found in the
A) Ovarian cortex
B) Ovarian medulla
C) Oviduct
D) Tunica albuginea
E) Uterus
Q3) During which stage of the endometrial cycle is mitotic activity most intense?
A) Early proliferative period
B) Ischemic period
C) Late proliferative period
D) Midproliferative period
E) Midsecretory period
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24
Chapter 23: Fertilization, Placentation, and Lactation
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Sample Questions
Q1) What structure secretes estrogen and progesterone for approximately 3 months following fertilization?
A) Corpus albicans
B) Corpus luteum
C) Mature follicle
D) Placenta
E) Tunica albuginea
Q2) Which of the following statements about the trophoblast is false?
A) It develops into the embryo proper
B) It helps form the placenta
C) It invades the endometrium during implantation
D) It is the outer layer of cells around the blastula
E) It secretes human chorionic gonadotropiin
Q3) Where does fertilization usually occur?
A) Cervix
B) Ovary
C) Oviduct
D) Uterus
E) Vagina
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