Perceptual Processes
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Perceptual Processes explores the psychological mechanisms by which humans interpret and organize sensory information to understand their environment. The course covers topics such as sensation, attention, pattern recognition, depth and motion perception, perceptual constancies, and the influence of experience and context on perception. Students will examine classic theories and recent research in the field, engage in experimental demonstrations, and analyze the factors that shape subjective perceptions and their impact on behavior and cognition.
Recommended Textbook
Sensation and Perception 2nd Edition by Bennett L. Schwartz
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2
Chapter 1: What Is Perception
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Q1) Why are sensation and perception studied by psychologists?
A)to understand how mood disorders arise from deficits in perception
B)because biologists tend to shy away from neuroscience issues
C)to understand how our brains make sense of the world around us
D)because biology has little effect on sensation or perception
Answer: C
Q2) Is phenomenology a uniquely human concept? Why or why not?
Answer: Students could correctly answer either yes or no as long as the answer is supported with details that show an understanding of what phenomenology is.Responses should explain that phenomenology is our subjective experience of perception.A yes answer might emphasize that phenomenology currently distinguishes humans from robots.A no answer might suggest that animals and/or artificially intelligent devices might qualify as having subjective experiences.
Q3) What is physicist Thomas Young (1773-1829) known for?
A)the doctrine of specific nerve energies
B)the discovery of the sensory experience known as motion aftereffect
C)the view that three nerve fibers are responsible for color vision
D)the first acuity test for vision
Answer: C
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Research Methodology
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Q1) What is the point of subjective equality?
A)the point at which the method of limits generates the same responses as the method of adjustment
B)the point at which observers experience two different stimuli as being identical
C)the point at which subject estimates correspond to objective measures
D)the point at which the sensation of piquancy transforms from pleasant to unpleasant
Answer: B
Q2) The smallest amount of a stimulus necessary to allow an observer to detect its presence is known as the ______ threshold.
A)complete
B)partial
C)absolute
D)relative
Answer: C
Q3) MEG produces better special maps of the brain than fMRI.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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4
Chapter 3: Visual System: The Eye
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Q1) The colored part of the eye, really a muscle that controls the amount of light entering through the pupil, is known as the ______.
A)iris
B)pupil
C)sclera
D)cornea
Answer: A
Q2) The process of distinguishing where one object ends and the next begins, making edges as clear as possible, is known as ______.
A)edge prediction
B)edge continuation
C)edge detection
D)edge integration
Answer: C
Q3) Spatial summation usually causes things to appear very sharp and clear.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Visual System: The Brain
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is one difference between simple cells and complex cells?
A)A simple cell responds to all wavelengths whereas complex cells respond only to wavelengths in their particular wavelength tuning.
B)Simple cells are connected only to LGN cells, but not to V2 cells, whereas complex cells receive input from both the LGN and V2.
C)A complex cell will respond to a dark bar on a light background and a light bar on a dark background, but a simple cell will only respond to one or the other.
D)Simple cells respond to movement better than complex cells do.
Q2) Area MT (V5) is associated with the ______ pathway.
A)ventral
B)dorsal
C)koniocellular
D)intersensory
Q3) Conjugate gaze palsies can be complications of which condition?
A)a compromised pineal gland
B)facial muscle degeneration
C)cataracts
D)allergies
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Chapter 5: Object Perception
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Q1) Information flows from the occipital lobe to the inferotemporal area.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is the biggest difference between bottom-up processing and top-down processing?
A)Bottom-up processing requires physical stimuli; top-down processing does not.
B)Bottom-up processing is primarily neurological; top-down processing is primarily psychological.
C)Top-down processing requires prior experience; bottom-up processing does not.
D)Top-down processing is more advanced; it builds on the more basic bottom-up processing.
Q3) Researchers who study human and doll faces assume that ______.
A)dolls seem creepy because their features are unfamiliar.
B)dolls are perceived as objects first and only later recognized as faces.
C)human features are perceived as human only when they move.
D)human visual systems are sensitive to stimuli that look like human faces.
Q4) What is the relationship between recognition and top-down processing?
Q5) What is one way that the environment can make object perception more challenging? Use an example to illustrate your answer.
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Chapter 6: Color Perception
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Q1) The band of wavelengths from 400 to 700 nm that people with normal vision can detect is known as the ______.
A)visual bandwidth
B)electrovisual range
C)visible spectrum
D)electromagnetic resonance
Q2) Color mixing in which a new color is made by the removal of wavelengths from a light with a broad spectrum of wavelengths is known as ______.
A)subtractive color mixing
B)additive color mixing
C)multiplicative color mixing
D)metameric color mixing
Q3) Describe the trichromatic theory of color vision, and list the evidence that supports it.
Q4) Which of the following is TRUE about rod monochromats?
A)They cannot distinguish between red and green.
B)They see best in bright sunlight.
C)They cannot learn to read.
D)They see the world only in black, white, and grays.
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8
Chapter 7: Depth and Size Perception
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Q1) Where are disparity-tuned cells found in the visual cortex?
A)in V1 and V3
B)in V1 and the lateral geniculate nucleus
C)in both the ventral and dorsal pathways
D)in the lateral geniculate nucleus and dorsal pathways
Q2) Explain how vergence relates to the distance of objects.
Q3) As Sonya moves forward in a field, the cow in front of her appears larger.Sonya is using a motion depth cue called ______.
A)motion parallax
B)motion disparity
C)linear intervention
D)optic flow
Q4) A Wheatstone stereoscope presents ______.
A)different images to each eye
B)the same image printed in red to the left eye and green to the right eye
C)anaglyph images to both eyes
D)the same image printed in color to the left eye and black and white to the right eye
Q5) What is the difference between motion parallax and optic flow?
Q6) What causes the moon illusion?
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Movement and Action
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Q1) Select all that apply.Which of these areas of the brain send(s) information to V5?
A)V1
B)V2
C)the lateral intraparietal
D)the superior colliculus
Q2) The destination point in an optic flow display, from which point perceived motion derives, is known as ______.
A)the focus of expansion
B)the optic flow point
C)the gradient point
D)the focus of affordance
Q3) One form of apparent motion is the appearance of real motion from a sequence of still images.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is an affordance? Give three examples.
Q5) How do people infer form from the point-light walker display?
Q6) Why should a pilot be careful when he or she sees what seems to be a large plane traveling fast in the distance?
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Visual Attention
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Q1) Rensink, O'Regan, and Clark (1997) showed photographs of a variety of scenes, one image at a time.After a set period of looking at each photograph, it would disappear and be replaced by a nearly identical image.They found that ______.
A)change blindness varied as a function of the brightness of the photographs
B)change blindness varied as a function of the participants' alertness level
C)some participants never found the change between one image and the other D)most participants quickly found the change between one image and the other
Q2) Simultagnosia is ______.
A)the inability to detect novel stimuli in RSVP displays
B)the inability to perceive attentional components of visual stimuli
C)a limited ability to localize objects in space
D)a deficit in perceiving more than one object at a time
Q3) A phenomenon in which a static visual image leads to alternating perceptions is known as ______.
A)binocular rivalry
B)situational blindness
C)perceptual bistability
D)repetition blindness
Q4) How does binocular rivalry demonstrate the top-down processing of perception?
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Chapter 10: The Auditory System
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Q1) Conductive hearing loss is permanent hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea or auditory nerve.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Yvette could barely hear the soft whisper.The whisper has a very ______.
A)low amplitude
B)high amplitude
C)low frequency
D)high frequency
Q3) Vladislav is completely deaf.To hear people's voice, he should ______.
A)have a ossicles implant placed in his ear
B)have a cochlear implant placed in his ear
C)attach a digital hearing aid to his ear
D)attach an analog hearing aid to his ear
Q4) The pressure from the stapes causes a wave in the fluid of the middle canal in the inner ear.This fluid is called ______.
A)perilymph
B)tinnitus
C)malleus
D)pinna
Page 12
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Chapter 11: The Auditory Brain and Sound Localization
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Q1) Because high frequency sounds decline rapidly in terms of loudness, a bat compensates by ______.
A)switching to low frequency sounds when a target is near
B)alternating between loud and soft calls
C)relying on the Doppler effect to produce accurate calls
D)producing really loud calls
Q2) A person hears a whistling sound and a rhythmic thumping sound coming from the same point in space and infers that a train must be coming through.This process is known as ______ segregation.
A)temporal
B)spatial
C)spectral
D)acoustic
Q3) Conrad hears a noise and determines that it is a human voice.To do this, he uses the ______ system in audition.
A)"what"
B)"where"
C)"who"
D)"how"
Q4) Explain spatial segregation and give an example.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Speech Perception
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Q1) Give an example of how knowledge about language affects how we perceive speech.Be sure to explain what processes are involved in your example.
Q2) Maurer and Werker (2014) compared infants and adults in their perceptions of the two ways of saying the "t" sound in Hindi.Hindi speakers recognize the difference between these two sounds.To English-speaking adults, however, they both sound like "t," and the adults do not hear the difference.The researchers found that ______.
A)English-learning infants were not able to discriminate between the two "t" sounds because of prenatal exposure to English
B)Hindi-learning babies did not learn the distinction between the two "t" sounds until they were capable of their own speech
C)there were no differences between the English- and Hindi-learning babies until they reached roughly 18 months of age
D)both sets of babies could reliably distinguish the two "t" sounds at 6 months of age, but at 10 months of age only the Hindi-learning babies could do so
Q3) Explain the differences in how we produce vowels, voiced consonants, and unvoiced consonants.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Music Perception
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Q1) Adrian has been a concert violinist for decades.Now, he finds that all those years of performing loudly have impaired his hearing ability in the range played by his violin.What can Adrian do to continue performing?
A)Use handheld horns to amplify the sound.
B)Switch to the viola because it plays fewer high range notes.
C)Put tape over his ears to protect them from high pitches.
D)Use a hearing aid especially potent at dampening loud sounds.
Q2) A flute and a piano are both playing a note with a fundamental frequency of 1138 Hz.Why do the two instruments sound different?
A)The two notes differ slightly in perceived frequency.
B)The dynamics differ between the two instruments.
C)Each instrument has a different pattern of higher harmonics.
D)Pianos play an octave lower than other instruments.
Q3) Describe the relationship between pitch and frequency.
Q4) The Shepard tone illusion occurs when people misperceive pure tones as chords.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Explain the difficulties that affect both cochlear implant and hearing aid users who wish to enjoy music.
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Chapter 14: Touch and Pain
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Questions
Q1) Larry steps on a hornet and is stung in the foot.He is in a great deal of pain, so he begins crying and becomes very upset.Larry's unpleasant emotional experience due to pain is associated with a portion of the prefrontal lobe of the brain known as the ______.
A)posterior parietal area
B)substantia gelatinosa
C)dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex
D)anterior cingulate cortex
Q2) There is a class of receptors called thermoreceptors that signal very strongly at both very high temperatures and at very cold temperatures.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Pruriceptors in the skin respond mainly to ______.
A)chemical irritants
B)tissue damage
C)temperature change
D)repeated motion
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Chapter 15: Olfaction and Taste
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Q1) Taste receptor cells that transduce salty and sour tastes are known as ______.
A)receptor cells
B)trigeminal cells
C)papillae
D)presynaptic cells
Q2) Stu cooked two wild pigs over a fire outside his restaurant.The first night, he cooked one of the pigs and told customers the aroma was a wild swamp pig, and most of them asked to sit away from the smoking area because it smelled disgusting.The second night, he cooked the other pig the same way and told customers he was cooking free-range organic pork.Those customers asked to sit nearer the smoking area so they could take in the rich aroma.Briefly explain what has happened to Stu's customers' olfactory perceptions.
Q3) The cells that create olfactory receptor neurons are known as ______.
A)basal cells
B)olfactory generation cells
C)the nasal murus
D)the turbinate nursery region
Q4) Identify an animal that is microsmatic, and briefly describe what that means, using a person for comparison.
Q5) Briefly describe how experience of flavor and taste differ.
Page 17
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