Pathophysiology Exam Review
Course Introduction
Pathophysiology is the study of the functional and structural changes in the body that result from disease processes. This course explores the mechanisms by which various diseases disrupt normal physiological functions, emphasizing the relationship between clinical manifestations and underlying biological processes. It covers major body systems, highlighting alterations at the cellular, tissue, and organ levels, and discusses the progression of key health conditions such as inflammation, infection, cancer, and chronic illnesses. Understanding pathophysiology provides a critical foundation for diagnosing, managing, and treating disease in clinical practice.
Recommended Textbook
Basic Immunology Functions and Disorders of the Immune System 4th Edition by Abul K. Abbas
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12 Chapters
181 Verified Questions
181 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/study-set/1165 Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Immune System
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16 Verified Questions
16 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/23007
Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following best describes clonal expansion in adaptive immune responses?
A)Increased number of different lymphocyte clones, each clone specific for a different antigen during the course of an infection
B)Increased number of different lymphocyte clones, each clone specific for a different antigen during development of the immune system, before exposure to antigen
C)Increased number of lymphocytes with identical specificities, all derived from a single lymphocyte due to nonspecific stimuli from the innate immune system
D)Increased number of lymphocytes with identical specificities, all derived from a single lymphocyte stimulated by a single antigen
E)Increased size of the lymphocytes of a single clone due to antigen-induced activation of the cells
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Innate Immunity
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17 Verified Questions
17 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/23008
Sample Questions
Q1) Which one of the following comparisons between neutrophils and macrophages is true?
A)Neutrophils that enter inflammatory sites can survive for days, but macrophages are very short lived and only survive for hours.
B)Both neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytic and can kill internalized microbes.
C)Neutrophils proliferate at inflammatory sites, but macrophages are terminally differentiated and cannot proliferate.
D)Neutrophils, but not macrophages, express the high-affinity Fc RI receptor, which recognizes specific opsonins bound to microbes and facilitates phagocytosis.
E)Both neutrophils and macrophages contain abundant cytoplasmic granules containing lysozyme, collagenase, and elastase.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Antigen Capture and Presentation to Lymphocytes
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17 Verified Questions
17 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/23009
Sample Questions
Q1) In a clinical trial of a new antiviral vaccine composed of a recombinant viral peptide and adjuvant, 4% of the healthy recipients did not show evidence of response to the immunization. Further investigation revealed that all the nonresponders expressed the same, single allelic variant of HLA-DR but all the responders were heterozygous for HLA-DR alleles. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this finding?
A)Response to the vaccine requires T cell recognition of complexes of the viral peptide with HLA-DR, but the peptide cannot bind to the allelic variant of HLA-DR found in the nonresponders.
B)The nonresponders could not express class II MHC proteins.
C)The viral peptide is not an immunodominant epitope.
D)The nonresponders underwent determinant selection of another viral epitope.
E)Because of technical errors, the nonresponders had not received adequate doses of the vaccine.
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Antigen Recognition in the Adaptive Immune System
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17 Verified Questions
17 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/23010
Sample Questions
Q1) A 15-year-old girl develops malaise, headache, and low-grade fever, followed by pharyngitis and cervical lymph node enlargement as a result of infectious mononucleosis caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Her acute symptoms resolve within 2 weeks, and the fatigue improves within 3 months. All of the following are required for CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) recognition and killing of EBV-infected cells EXCEPT:
A) -Microglobulin
B)HLA-A, -B or -C
C)CD28
D)LFA-1 (leukocyte function-associated antigen-1)
E)TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing)
Q2) After 2 years of hard work, a graduate student finally succeeds in creating a gene knockout mouse lacking CD4. The student is particularly careful to keep this mouse line in a microbe-free animal facility because these mice are expected to show:
A)No ability to produce IgM antibodies
B)Impaired ability to produce antibodies and activate macrophages
C)No ability to activate naive class I-restricted T cells
D)Complete absence of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses to viral infections
E)Failure to produce neutrophils
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Chapter 5: T Cell Mediated Immunity
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15 Verified Questions
15 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/23011
Sample Questions
Q1) All of the following protein-protein interactions are involved in activation of naive helper T cells by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) EXCEPT:
A)Binding of peptide-MHC complexes on the APC to the TCR on the T cell
B)Binding of CD4 on the T cell to nonpolymorphic regions of class II MHC molecules on the APC
C)Binding of integrins on the T cell with adhesion ligands on the APC
D)Binding of B7-2 on the APC with CD28 on the T cell
E)Binding of CD40L on the T cell with CD40 on the APC
Q2) Which one of the following signaling molecules, if mutated, would affect B cell maturation and function primarily without affecting T cell function?
A)Btk
B)Itk
C)Tec
D)PI-3 kinase
E)Zap-70
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Chapter 6: Effector Mechanisms of T Cell Mediated Immunity
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10 Verified Questions
10 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/23012
Sample Questions
Q1) Differentiation of TH2 cells from naive precursor cells is dependent on which of the following?
A)Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands
B)T-bet
C)Interleukin-12
D)GATA-3
E)Interferon-
Q2) Which of the following statements about cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is NOT true?
A)Deficiencies in CMI result in susceptibility to infections by viruses and intracellular bacteria.
B)CMI can be adoptively transferred by injecting serum from one individual to another.
C)Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) is not a protective response against intracellular bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
D)The principal form of CMI that protects against viral infections is mediated by CD8 cytolytic T lymphocytes.
E)Phagocytes are essential in the effector phase of CMI responses to bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Humoral Immune Responses
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17 Verified Questions
17 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/23013
Sample Questions
Q1) The initial cellular events that are induced by antigen-mediated cross-linking of the B cell receptor (BCR) complex include all of the following EXCEPT:
A)Increased percentage of time spent in mitosis, resulting in rapid proliferation
B)Increased expression of B7, resulting in enhanced APC function
C)Increased expression of bcl-2, resulting in improved survival
D)Increased expression of CCR7, promoting migration into lymph node follicles
E)Increased expression of the interleukin-2 receptor, resulting in enhanced proliferation and response to T cell signals
Q2) Which of the following events does NOT occur within germinal centers?
A)Somatic mutation of Ig V genes
B)Generation of memory B cells
C)B cell proliferation
D)Affinity maturation
E)Ig gene V(D)J recombination
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Chapter 8: Effector Mechanisms of Humoral Immunity
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13 Verified Questions
13 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/23014
Sample Questions
Q1) Up to half of the IgG found in the serum of a normal individual is produced by which of the following cells?
A)Naive B cells in lymph nodes
B)Activated B cells in the spleen
C)B cells in germinal centers of lymph nodes
D)B lymphocytes in the gastrointestinal tract
E)Long-lived plasma cells in the bone marrow
Q2) Which of the following statements about C3 is NOT correct?
A)C3 contains an internal thioester bond that participates in covalent linkage to cell surfaces.
B)C3 is the most abundant complement protein in the serum.
C)A proteolytic fragment of C3 is part of both the C3 and C5 convertases.
D)Activated C3 is a serine protease that cleaves C4.
E)C3 in the plasma is spontaneously cleaved into C3b.
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a property of the classical pathway C3 convertase?
A)Composed of proteolytic fragments of C4 and C2
B)Has protease activity specific for C3 to form C3b
C)Inhibited by decay acceleration factor (DAF)
D)Stabilized by C4 binding protein (C4bp)
E)Same substrate specificity as the alternative pathway C3 convertase
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Chapter 9: Immunological Tolerance and Autoimmunity
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17 Verified Questions
17 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/23015
Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following terms best describes the mechanism by which effector T cells are deleted by repeated stimulation by persistent antigen?
A)Passive cell death
B)Central tolerance
C)Peripheral tolerance
D)Death by neglect
E)Activation-induced cell death
Q2) Which of the following statements about B cell tolerance is NOT true?
A)Negative signaling induced by monovalent antigens is a mechanism of central B cell tolerance.
B)Exclusion of B cells from follicles is a mechanism of peripheral B cell tolerance.
C)Functional anergy is a mechanism of peripheral B cell tolerance.
D)Receptor editing is a mechanism of central B cell tolerance.
E)Down-regulation of antigen receptor expression is a mechanism of central B cell tolerance.
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Chapter 10: Immune Responses against Tumors and Transplants
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10 Verified Questions
10 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/23016
Sample Questions
Q1) Injections of the mycobacterium Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) at the sites of tumor growth helps to activate which of the following effector immune cells?
A)B cells
B)Cytolytic T lymphocytes
C)Natural killer cells
D)Macrophages
E)Neutrophils
Q2) Patients with which of the following disorders would be LEAST likely to develop Epstein-Barr virus-associated Burkitt's lymphoma?
A)AIDS
B)Bruton's disease
C)DiGeorge syndrome (congenital absence of the thymus)
D)Malarial infection
E)Immunosuppressive therapy for renal allograft
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Chapter 11: Hypersensitivity
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14 Verified Questions
14 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/23017
Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following would NOT be a likely therapy for treating autoimmune diseases?
A)Corticosteroids
B)Small molecule inhibitor of VLA-4
C)Cyclosporine
D)CTLA-4 antagonist
E)Plasmapheresis
Q2) Individuals with the class I HLA-B27 allele have a 90-fold greater chance of developing which of the following inflammatory diseases, relative to HLA-B27-negative individuals?
A)Rheumatoid arthritis
B)Ankylosing spondylitis
C)Pemphigus vulgaris
D)Diabetes mellitus type 1 (insulin dependent)
E)Multiple sclerosis
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13
Chapter 12: Congenital and Acquired Immunodeficiencies
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18 Verified Questions
18 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/23018
Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following strategies would be expected to be LEAST effective in the prevention and/or treatment of AIDS?
A)Abstinence from intravenous drug use and unprotected sexual intercourse
B)Vaccination with recombinant gp120 protein to elicit antibodies against HIV
C)Chronic administration of a single non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
D)Chronic administration of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)
E)Short-term administration of a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor to HIV-positive pregnant women during labor and the months preceding delivery
Q2) Which one of the following is typically NOT associated with T cell immunodeficiencies?
A)Cancer
B)Viral infection
C)Autoimmunity
D)Infection with intracellular microbes
E)Infection with pyogenic bacteria
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