Nursing Fundamentals
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Nursing Fundamentals provides students with a comprehensive introduction to the essential concepts, skills, and principles of the nursing profession. The course covers the history and evolution of nursing, legal and ethical responsibilities, communication techniques, patient-centered care, basic human needs, and infection control practices. Emphasis is placed on foundational nursing skills such as vital signs assessment, hygiene, mobility, safety, and documentation. Through a combination of theoretical instruction and practical activities, students develop the knowledge and competence required to deliver high-quality care in a variety of healthcare settings.
Recommended Textbook
Calculate with Confidence 7th Edition by Morris
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25 Chapters
610 Verified Questions
610 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Roman Numerals
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11 Verified Questions
11 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Write the following Arabic number as a lowercase Roman numeral. \(11 ^ { 1 } / _2\) = _____ Answer: xiss
Q2) Perform the indicated operation and record the result in lowercase Roman numerals.
30 - 6 = _____
Answer: xxiv
Q3) Perform the indicated operation and record the result in lowercase Roman numerals.
3 * 10 = _____ Answer: xxx
Q4) Write the following Arabic number as a lowercase Roman numeral. 21 = _____ Answer: xxi
Q5) Perform the indicated operation and record the result in lowercase Roman numerals.
10 + 2 = _____ Answer: xii
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Chapter 2: Fractions
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42 Verified Questions
42 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Change the following improper fraction to a whole or mixed number. 325/16 = _____
Answer: 20 5/16
Q2) Change the following mixed number to an improper fraction. 9 1/9 = _____
Answer: 82/9
Q3) Perform the indicated operation with fractions. Reduce to lowest terms as indicated. 6 10/12 * 15/3 = _____
Answer: 34 1/6
Q4) Perform the indicated operation with fractions. Reduce to lowest terms as indicated. 6 5/16 + 5 3/16 = _____
Answer: 11 1/2
Q5) Reduce the following fraction to lowest terms. 60/1200 = _____
Answer: 1/20
Q6) Change the following mixed number to an improper fraction. 12 1/8 = _____
Answer: 97/8
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Chapter 3: Decimals
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35 Verified Questions
35 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Round off the following decimal to the nearest thousandth.
0.6253 = _____
Answer: 0.625
Q2) A client weighed 165.4 pounds (lb) before getting ill. After a lengthy recovery the client weighed 148.6 lb. How much weight did the client lose? _____
Answer: 16.8 lb
Q3) The health care provider has ordered a 2,200 calorie (cal) diet for a client. If the calories are spread evenly among three meals, how many calories will the client be allowed to have at each meal? (Round answer to the nearest whole calorie.) ______
Answer: 733 cal
Q4) Change the following decimal to a fraction. Reduce to lowest terms if indicated.
0.010 = _____
Answer: 1/100
Q5) A client received 25.2 milligrams (mg) of medication in tablet form. Each tablet contained 4.2 mg of medication. How many tablets (tabs) were given to the client?
____
Answer: 6 tabs
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Ratio and Proportion
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Sample Questions
Q1) If 5oz of a solution contains 4 1/2 oz of water, how many oz of water are in 20 oz of solution? _______
Q2) The nurse is instructed to administer 500 mL of a solution every 8 hours (hrs). How many hrs will be needed to administer 1,500 mL of solution? _____
Q3) Solve for x.
42:7 = 48:x
x = ______
Q4) A nurse counts a client's pulse, which is regular for 15 seconds (sec) and gets 19 beats. If the nurse counts the pulse for 60 sec, how many beats should there be? _____
Q5) Two tabs contain a total of 50 mg of a medication. How many mg of medication are present in 15 tabs? _______
Q6) Solve for x in the following.
4/2.6 = 5/x
x = _____
Q7) Solve for x. \(1^1 /_ 2\) :2 = x:3
x = _____
Q8) If 100 grams (g) of ice cream contains 20 g of fat, how many g of fat are there in 300 g of ice cream? ______
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Chapter 5: Percentages
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Sample Questions
Q1) Change the following percentage to a ratio and its decimal equivalent. 45% = _____; _____
Q2) Find the following percentage. 16% of 79 = _____
Q3) Following exercise, a client's pulse rate increased from 80 to 95. What is the percent of increase in the client's pulse rate? (State answer to the nearest tenth.) _____
Q4) A client was able to drink 85% of a 1,000 milliliter (mL) bottle of an x-ray prep. How many mL did the client drink? _____
Q5) Find the following percentage. 8% of 32 = _____
Q6) A client has received 45% of a 500 mL bag of intravenous (IV) solution. How many mL of IV solution has the client received? _____
Q7) Convert 84.75% to decimal form. _____
Q8) A client who weighed 210 pounds (lb) lost 30 lb. What was the percent of decrease in the client's weight? (State answer to the nearest whole percent.) _____
Q9) Change the following percentage to a ratio and its decimal equivalent. 8% = _____; _____
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Metric System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Directions: Write the equivalent indicated. 20 mg = ________ g
Q2) Directions: Write the equivalent indicated. 1.57 kg = _____ g
Q3) Three and one half kilograms:
A) 3.5 kg
B) 3.05 kg
C) \(3^1 / _2\)kg
D) 3.5 kg.
Q4) The liter is (Select all that apply.)
A) a unit of volume in the metric system.
B) smaller than a milliliter.
C) equivalent to 1,000 milliliters.
D) abbreviated using a small case l.
E) abbreviated with a capital L.
F) the basic unit for weight.
Q5) Directions: Write the equivalent indicated. 6,724 g = _______ kg
Q6) The units of the metric system are as follows: ____________________ (length), ____________________ (volume), and ____________________ (weight).
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Apothecary and Household Systems
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33 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Directions: Write the abbreviation for the term. ounce: _____
Q2) Directions: Write the abbreviation for the term. drop: _____
Q3) Directions: Express the following value correctly.
5.5 Tsp
Q4) Directions: Express the following value correctly.
2.75 OZ
Q5) The drop is a standardized unit of measure.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Directions: Write the equivalent indicated.
277.5 mL = _________ oz
Q7) The correct abbreviation for teaspoon is A) Tsp.
B) tsp.
C) tbs.
D) Tbs.
Q8) Directions: Write the equivalent indicated.
750 mL = _____ pt
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Chapter 8: Converting Within and Between Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) A client's intake was the following: \(1^1 / _4\) cup of coffee (1 cup = 8 oz)
4 oz cranberry juice \(1^1 / _2\) bowls of chicken broth (1 bowl = 6 oz) \(3 ^ { 1 } /_ 2\) glasses of water (1 glass = 6 oz)
The client voided urine as follows: 260 mL, 180 mL, 500 mL, and 425 mL.
Calculate the client's I&O in mL.
a. Intake: _____ mL;
b. Output: _____ mL
Q2) Directions: Write the equivalent indicated.
1,200 mL = ______ oz
Q3) Directions: Write the equivalent indicated.
0.3 mg = _____ g
Q4) Directions: Write the equivalent indicated. 2,575 mL = _______ L
Q5) A client drinks \(4 ^ { 3 } / _4\) cups (cup = 8 oz) of a liquid. How many mL did the client drink? ______ mL
Q6) A client's intake was the following: \(^3 /_ 4\) cup of coffee (1 cup = 8 oz)
1 can of ginger ale (1 can = 12 oz) \(^1 /_ 2\) glass of cranberry juice (1 glass = 6 oz) How many mL will you record on the intake and output (I&O) sheet? _____ mL
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Chapter 9: Additional Conversions Useful in the Health Care
Setting
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40 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Directions: Convert the following time to traditional time. 2359 _____________
Q2) Directions: Convert the following weight as indicated. Round weight to the nearest tenth.
63 kg = _____ lb
Q3) Directions: Convert the following weight as indicated. Round weight to the nearest tenth.
43.5 kg = _____ lb
Q4) Directions: Convert the following temperature as indicated.
102° F = _____° C
Q5) Directions: Write the equivalent indicated. 1 kg = _____ lb
Q6) A client's rash measures 5 cm * 4 cm. How much does this measure in inches? _____ in.
Q7) An IV started at 3:10 AM is to be completed in 12 hr 30 min. Determine the completion time (traditional time). _____
41 lb, 2 oz = _____ kg Page 11
Q8) Directions: Convert the following weight as indicated. Round weight to the nearest tenth.
Q9) A wound measures 4.2 cm in length. How many mm is this? _____ mm
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Page 12
Chapter 10: Medication Administration
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Sample Questions
Q1) Directions: For the following scenario, identify which of the "six rights" of medication administration has been violated.
A nurse enters a room to administer medications to a client. The order is for Prednisolone 2.5 mg p.o.b.i.d. The nurse administers prednisone 25 mg p.o.: _______________,
Q2) Directions: Complete the following sentence with the correct word or number. The use of posters and brochures to encourage clients to use strategies to avoid medication errors is called the _____________.
Q3) A dropper is safe to use when administering medications when it is used for the specific medication it is calibrated to.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Medication errors can result in prolonged hospitalization for a client. A)True B)False
Q5) Technological advances have eliminated the occurrence of medication errors. A)True B)False
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Page 13
Chapter 11: Understanding and Interpreting Medication
Orders
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Sample Questions
Q1) A p.r.n. order must indicate the minimum time between dosages such as q4h. A)True
B)False
Q2) Directions: Correct the following medication order using the ISMP list of Error-Prone Abbreviations, Symbols, and Dose Designations.
Lasix 40.0 mg po qd
Q3) Directions: For the following medication order indicate what component of the order is missing.
Trental 400 mg po.
Q4) Directions: Correct the following medication order using the ISMP list of Error-Prone Abbreviations, Symbols, and Dose Designations.
Doxycycline 100 mg po bid pc
Q5) Directions: Correct the following medication order using the ISMP list of Error-Prone Abbreviations, Symbols, and Dose Designations.
Robitussin 15 cc po q6h prn
Q6) Directions: For the following medication order indicate what component of the order is missing.
Demerol 75 mg IM prn.
Page 14
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Chapter 12: Medication Administration Records and Medication
Distribution Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) The prescriber orders a medication q8h. The nurse enters the following times on the medication administration record (MAR): 12 AM-6 AM-12 PM-6 PM. What error has occurred?
Q2) Which medication is ordered to be administered "as needed"? _______________
Q3) What are the client's medication allergies? ______________
Q4) How many hours are between the scheduled times for K-Dur? _______________
Q5) K-Dur 10 mEq is ordered. What does mEq mean? _______________
Q6) A medicine ordered q6h would be given how many times a day? _____
A) 4
B) 6
C) 8
D) 12
Q7) By what route will the heparin be administered? _______________
Q8) What are the scheduled times for administering K-Dur? (State in traditional times.)
Q10) What dose of heparin is to be administered? _______________ Page 15
Q9) You work from 3 PM to 11 PM on May 3, 2017. Which standing medication will you administer to the client? _______________
Q11) How many times in a 24-hour period will K-Dur be administered?
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Page 16
Chapter 13: Reading Medication Labels
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a medication label reads "Ambien (zolpidem tartrate) 5 mg tablets, Searle," the medication's generic name is A) Ambien.
B) Searle.
C) zolpidem tartrate.
D) tablets.
Q2) A medication label reads "Calan SR (verapamil hydrochloride) 240 mg sustained release caplets." The form is A) caplets.
B) sustained-release caplets.
C) 240 mg.
D) verapamil hydrochloride.
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Chapter 14: Dosage Calculation Using the Ratio and Proportion Method
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Sample Questions
Q1) Directions: Calculate the following dosage using the ratio and proportion method. Round mL answers to the nearest tenth unless otherwise indicated.
Order: Ampicillin 0.375 g IM q6h
Available: Ampicillin 250 mg per mL
Q2) Directions: Calculate the following dosage using the ratio and proportion method. Round mL answers to the nearest tenth unless otherwise indicated.
Order: Compazine 8 mg p.o. stat
Available: Compazine syrup labeled 5 mg per 5 mL
Q3) Directions: Calculate the following dosage using the ratio and proportion method. Round mL answers to the nearest tenth unless otherwise indicated.
Order: Calcijex 1.5 mcg IV daily on Mon., Wed., Fri.
Available: Calcijex 1 mcg per mL
Q4) Directions: Calculate the following dosage using the ratio and proportion method. Round mL answers to the nearest tenth unless otherwise indicated.
Order: Raloxifene HCl 60 mg p.o.b.i.d.
Available: Raloxifene HCl tablets labeled 60 mg per tablet
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Page 18
Chapter 15: Dosage Calculation Using the Formula Method
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Sample Questions
Q1) Directions: Calculate the following dosage using the formula method. Round mL answers to the nearest tenth unless otherwise indicated.
Order: Thorazine 15 mg IM stat
Available: Thorazine 25 mg per mL
Q2) Directions: Calculate the following dosage using the formula method. Round mL answers to the nearest tenth unless otherwise indicated.
Order: Zofran 7 mg p.o.b.i.d.
Available: Zofran oral solution labeled 4 mg per 5 mL
Q3) Directions: Calculate the following dosage using the formula method. Round mL answers to the nearest tenth unless otherwise indicated.
Order: Compazine 8 mg p.o. stat
Available: Compazine syrup labeled 5 mg per 5 mL
Q4) Directions: Calculate the following dosage using the formula method. Round mL answers to the nearest tenth unless otherwise indicated.
Order: Calcijex 1.5 mcg IV daily on Mon., Wed., Fri.
Available: Calcijex 1 mcg per mL
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Chapter 16: Dosage Calculation Using the Dimensional Analysis Method
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Sample Questions
Q1) Directions: Calculate the following dosage using the dimensional analysis method. Round mL answers to the nearest tenth unless otherwise indicated.
Order: Ampicillin 0.375 g IM q6h
Available: Ampicillin 250 mg per mL
Q2) Directions: Calculate the following dosage using the dimensional analysis method. Round mL answers to the nearest tenth unless otherwise indicated.
Order: Thorazine 25 mg p.o. t.i.d.
Available: Thorazine syrup labeled 10 mg per 5 mL
Q3) Directions: Calculate the following dosage using the dimensional analysis method. Round mL answers to the nearest tenth unless otherwise indicated.
Order: Amoxil 0.5 g p.o. q6h
Available: Amoxil capsules labeled 250 mg per capsule
Q4) Directions: Calculate the following dosage using the dimensional analysis method. Round mL answers to the nearest tenth unless otherwise indicated.
Order: Raloxifene HCl 60 mg p.o.b.i.d.
Available: Raloxifene HCl tablets labeled 60 mg per tablet
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Page 20
Chapter 17: Oral Medications
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Sample Questions
Q1) Directions: Complete with the correct word(s) or number. Enteric-coated tablets and time-release tablets should never be _______________.
Q2) Directions: Calculate the following dosage. Use labels where provided. Round oral liquids to the nearest tenth as indicated.
Order: Ampicillin 1 g p.o. as an initial dosage and then 500 mg p.o. q.i.d. for 7 days thereafter
Available: Ampicillin capsules labeled 500 mg
a. How many capsules will you administer for the initial dosage? _____ cap(s)
b. What is the total number of capsules needed for the subsequent dosages for 7 days? _____ cap(s)
Q3) Directions: Complete with the correct word(s) or number. The nurse should question and check any calculation that indicates you should administer more than ________ tablets or capsules to achieve a single dose.
Q4) Directions: Complete with the correct word(s) or number. Sublingual tablets must never be _______________ but placed _______________ the tongue.
Q5) Directions: Complete with the correct word(s) or number. The most common form of oral medication is the __________.
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Chapter 18: Parenteral Medications
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Sample Questions
Q1) Directions: Complete the following statements with the correct word(s) or number(s). The route that is used for diagnostic purposes is called _______________.
Q2) Directions: Complete the following statements with the correct word(s) or number(s).
The term used for injectable medications is _______________.
Q3) Directions: Complete the following statements with the correct word(s) or number(s).
The calibrations on a syringe that indicate the capacity can be found on the _______________.
Q4) Directions: Complete the following statements with the correct word(s) or number(s).
If a nurse calculates a dosage of 3.39 mL of medication, which size syringe should the nurse select? _____ What would be the nearest measurable dose on the syringe? _____
Q5) A 3-mL syringe is calibrated in which of the following increments?
A) 0.01 mL
B) 0.1 mL
C) 0.2 mL
D) 1 mL
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Chapter 19: Reconstitution of Solutions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Directions: Prepare the following strength solutions. Describe your calculations. 1/4 strength Ensure 8 oz p.o. q4h for 24 hours
Q2) Directions: Prepare the following strength solutions. Describe your calculations. Prepare irrigant 250 mL 1/2 strength solution: ______________________________
Q3) Directions: Prepare the following strength solutions. Describe your calculations. 360 mL of 1/4 strength Ensure percutaneous endoscopic (PEG) tube over 4 hours
Q4) Directions: Indicate how you would prepare each of the following using full-strength hydrogen peroxide (solute) and normal saline (solvent).
300 mL of 3/4 strength for skeletal pin care
Q5) Directions: Prepare the following strength solutions. Describe your calculations. 800 mL of 3/4 strength Sustacal via gastrostomy over 6 hours
Q6) Directions: Indicate how you would prepare each of the following using full-strength hydrogen peroxide (solute) and normal saline (solvent).
0.24 L of 1/3 strength for wound care
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23
Chapter 20: Insulin
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Sample Questions
Q1) U-100 on the label of an insulin vial me ______________________________.
Q2) What is the difference between the calibration of units on the 1-mL insulin syringe and on the Lo-Dose syringe? ______________________________
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Chapter 21: Intravenous Solutions and Equipment
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Sample Questions
Q1) The IV line that can be used to administer medications and solutions and can be connected to a port on the main infusion is called _______________.
Q2) List the components and percentage strengths of the following IV solutions.
a. D5 \(^1 / _4\) S
b. D5NS 10 mEq KCl
c. D5RL
Q3) The name for the main infusion administration set is _______________.
Q4) _______________ devices allow a client to self-administer pain medication.
Q5) Directions: Interpret the following IV orders.
1,000 mL (1 L) D5W to infuse at a rate of 100 mL per hour
Q6) 250 mL D5NS _______ g dextrose ________ g NaCl
Q7) An IV pump is an example of an ___________ infusion device.
Q8) 500 mL \(^1 /_ 2\) NS sodium chloride (NaCl): _____
Q9) 0.5 L D \(5^1 / _4\) NS ________ g dextrose ________ g NaCl
Q10) Directions: Interpret the following IV orders.
1,000 mL (1 L) of L/R q8h
Q12) 5 L D10W dextrose: _______________ Page 25
Q11) In IV fluid abbreviations, D5NS identifies what IV fluid? _______________
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Chapter 22: Intravenous Calculations
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Sample Questions
Q1) 2,000 mL of 0.9% NS were to infuse in 12 hr at 28 macrogtt/min. The drop factor is 10 gtt/mL. After 8 hr, 900 mL remain.
a. Recalculated rate: _____
b. Percentage of change: _____
c. Course of action: _____
Q2) An IV of 1,000 mL 0.9 % NS is infusing at 18 macrogtt/min. The drop factor is 15 gtt/mL. How long will it take for the IV to infuse? (Express time in hours and minutes.): _____
Q3) Directions: Determine the flow rate for the following IV being administered by infusion pump.
Ampicillin 1.5 g in 100 mL 0.9% NS over 45 min: _____
Q4) 10% calcium chloride (10 mL) over 5 min IV push How many milliliters will be injected per minute? _____ mL
Q5) Order: Regular Humulin Insulin 8 units/hr IV
Available: 50 units of insulin in 150 mL 0.9% NS What rate in mL/hr will infuse 8 units/hr? _____
Q6) 500 mL D5W is infusing at a rate of 25 macrogtt/min. The drop factor is 10 gtt/mL. How long will it take for the IV to infuse? (Express time in hours and minutes.): _____
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Page 27
Chapter 23: Heparin Calculations
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Sample Questions
Q1) A client weighs 70 kg. Heparin infusion: Heparin 25,000 units in 1,000 mL 0.9% sodium chloride.
Order: Bolus with heparin sodium at 90 units/kg, then initiate drip at 20 units/kg/hr.
a. Calculate the heparin bolus dosage: _____
b. Calculate the infusion rate for the IV dosage: _____
c. Determine the rate in mL/hr at which to set the infusion device: _____
Q2) Order: 40 units/kg/hr heparin IV. The client weighs 50 kg. How many units should the client receive per hour? _____
Q3) Order: 45,000 units of heparin in 1,000 mL D5 \(^1 / _2\) /2 NS at 25 mL/hr units/hr = _____
Q4) A client weighs 158.4 lb. Determine the bolus dose of heparin, the initial infusion rate, and then adjust the hourly infusion rate based on the APTT results. APTT is reported as 88. The IV pump is calibrated to deliver in tenths of an mL/hr.
Q5) If a U for units was misread as a zero by the nurse for a heparin dose, the consequences to the client receiving the heparin could be
Q6) Order: 40 units/kg/hr heparin IV. The client weighs 116 lb. How many units should the client receive per hour? _____
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Chapter 24: Critical Care Calculations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Nitroglycerine has been ordered to titrate at 10 mcg/min to 30 mcg/min, and the rate should be increased by 5 mcg/min every 3-5 min for chest pain. The solution contains 50 mg nitroglycerin in 250 mL D5W. Develop a titration table in 5 mcg increments. The pump delivers in tenths of a milliliter.
Q2) Order: Dobutamine 2.5 mcg/kg/min for a client who weighs 193 lb
Available: Dobutamine 250 mg in 250 mL D5W
a. What is the client's weight in kilograms? _____ (to the nearest tenth)
b. Calculate the rate in mL/hr required to infuse 2 mcg/kg/min: _____
Q3) A client is receiving procainamide 1 g in 500 mL D5W at 120 mL/hr.
a. mg/hr: _____
b. mg/min: _____
Q4) Esmolol is ordered for a client. The solution available is 2.5 g in 250 mL D5W. The order is to infuse 32 mL/hr.
a. mg/hr: _____
b. mg/min: _____
Q5) A client weighing 80 kg has an order for Intropin to infuse at 8 mcg/kg/min. The solution available is 800 mg Intropin in 500 mL D5W.
a. mcg/min: _____
b. mL/hr: _____
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Chapter 25: Pediatric and Adult Dosage Calculation Based on Weight
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Sample Questions
Q1) Directions: Determine the volume of solution that must be added to the burette in the following problem. Determine the rate in gtt/min for each IV when a microdrop is used, then the rate in mL/hr for a controller.
A medication of 1 g in 4 mL is to be diluted to 60 mL and infused over 90 min.
a. Dilution volume: _____
b. gtt/min: _____
c. mL/hr: _____
Q2) Directions: Round dosage and weight to the nearest tenth as indicated. Use labels where provided.
Phenobarbital 45 mg p.o.
b.i.d.
b.i.d. is ordered for a child with seizures weighing 35 lb. The recommended dosage is 6 to 8 mg/kg/24 hr, given every day or
a. What is the child's weight in kilograms? _____
b. What is the safe 24-hr dosage range for this child? _____
c. Is the dosage ordered safe? (Prove mathematically.) _______________ Explain your action. ______________________________
Q3) An adult who is 67 inches tall and weighs 175 lb: _____ m<sup>2</sup>
Q4) 80 cm and 11 kg: _____ m<sup>2</sup>
Page 30
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