Nursing Foundations
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Nursing Foundations provides an introduction to the essential principles, theories, and practices that underpin the nursing profession. The course covers the history and evolution of nursing, the roles and responsibilities of nurses, ethical and legal considerations, basic nursing skills, and the importance of patient-centered care. Emphasizing communication, safety, and evidence-based practice, students gain foundational knowledge necessary for clinical decision-making and professional development. Through both theoretical and practical components, the course prepares learners to deliver compassionate, competent, and holistic care to diverse patient populations.
Recommended Textbook
Lifespan Development 5th Canadian Edition by Denise Boyd
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19 Chapters
1981 Verified Questions
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Basic Concepts and Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an accurate summary of the influences of culture and cohort upon development?
A) The cultural factors that affect individuals in our society today are the same factors that were influential in 1940 or will be influential in 2040.
B) Most of the patterns of cohort development observed in our culture will appear in every other culture.
C) Development is influenced by variations of culture and by the historical experiences of generations within each culture.
D) The individuals within each culture are likely to have age-linked experiences that are similar for all cohorts within that culture.
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a goal of developmental psychology?
A) to explain
B) to improve
C) to describe
D) to predict
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Theories of Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Theories that assert that development results from an accumulation of experiences are known as
A) psychoanalytic theories.
B) learning theories.
C) cognitive theories.
D) evolutionary theories.
Answer: B
Q2) Roberta has been studying very hard and finds out that she has received an A+ on her English test. Her parents praise her and take her out to buy a new summer outfit. She is so happy that her parents are proud of her that she studies even harder for the next English test. This is an example of
A) positive reinforcement.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) partial reinforcement.
D) extinction.
Answer: A
Q3) Positive punishment is the same as negative reinforcement.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: Prenatal Development and Birth
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Sample Questions
Q1) Teratogens fall within three broad categories: mutagenic, environmental, and unknown.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Contractions that are closer together, more intense, and occur around 3-4 centimetres dilation are called
A) early phase contractions.
B) latent phase contractions.
C) transitional contractions.
D) active phase contractions.
Answer: D
Q3) More boys are conceived than girls, but fewer boys are born.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Newborns appear to remember stimuli that they were exposed to prenatally.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Physical, Sensory, and Perceptual Development in Infancy
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Sample Questions
Q1) Infant mortality rates among Inuit infants are two to four times the national average.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Sucking, swallowing, pupil dilation, and grasping are all examples of
A) Babinski reflexes.
B) Moro, or startle, reflexes.
C) adaptive reflexes.
D) primitive reflexes.
Q3) Which of the following abilities does a neonate have?
A) the ability to select a preferred toy from other toys by touch
B) the ability to focus on an object within an 8- to 10-foot range
C) the ability to visually track a fast-moving object
D) the ability to recognize his or her mother's face and smell
Q4) In Canada, the highest rate of SIDS is found
A) in Ontario.
B) in cities.
C) in isolated rural communities.
D) in First Nations communities.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy
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Q1) Infant-directed speech is simplified, higher-pitched speech that adults use with infants and young children.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which individual did NOT contribute to the body of knowledge regarding language theory?
A) Piaget
B) Skinner
C) Chomsky
D) Slobin
Q3) Cross-cultural studies show that children usually learn words for the names of people or objects before they learn words for actions.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence is one of the best known and most widely used tests of infant intelligence.
A)True
B)False
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Social and Personality Development in Infancy
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Q1) According to Sigmund Freud, adult behaviours such as swearing or nail-biting may be manifestations of infant frustrations that occurred while weaning.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The reciprocal pattern of signalling and responding through which infants indicate their needs and adults respond is called ________ by developmentalists.
A) "attaching"
B) "synchrony"
C) "rhythm"
D) "bonding"
Q3) Which of the following factors would be most likely to cause a change in the quality of an infant's attachment relationship?
A) an upheaval in the family, such as the death of a parent
B) the child's maturation
C) the formation of an attachment relationship with a teacher
D) the addition of new siblings to the family
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8
Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
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110 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following factors is NOT associated with higher rates of child injury?
A) the time period of April to October
B) the afternoon time period
C) being a boy
D) parents who practice higher levels of protective supervision
Q2) The concept of the reaction range suggests that the upper and lower boundaries of IQ scores are determined by a child's genetic inheritance.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is a developmental outcome caused by Canada's obesogenic environment?
A) Eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia are on the rise among children under 10.
B) Children under 10 are becoming more health conscious and choosing healthy food over fast foods.
C) Obesity rates have significantly increased among children under 5.
D) Breast-fed children do not develop obesity.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Social and Personality Development in Early Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a true statement about preschoolers' social-cognitive perspectives?
A) Preschoolers may demonstrate an understanding that intentional wrongdoing deserves greater punishment than accidental violations of rules.
B) By kindergarten age, a child can demonstrate person perception by identifying her smartest playmate.
C) Preschoolers' judgments about others may be inconsistent because they may be based on the child's most recent interactions with the person being judged.
D) Preschoolers are generally unable to differentiate between violations of social conventions and violations of moral rules.
Q2) A child who pushes her playmate away and grabs his toy is reinforced for her aggression because she gets the toy.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A large number of children aged 4 to 6 bully other children.
A)True
B)False
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Robert Siegler, children's cognitive development occurs as a result of A) improved operational efficiency and expanded short-term storage capacity.
B) children's physical development and improved motor skills.
C) improvements in metacognition.
D) the acquisition of basic rules that are then applied to new problems on the basis of experience.
Q2) A child's ability to apply cognitive skills, such as reversibility or class inclusion, to a variety of problems or situations is called
A) processing efficiency.
B) automaticity.
C) horizontal decalage.
D) metacognition.
Q3) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder has been differentiated into two types on the basis of children's
A) self-regulation and social skills.
B) school performance and self-regulation skills.
C) social skills and activity level.
D) activity level and ability to sustain attention.
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Chapter 10: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
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Q1) Popular children tend to be attractive and physically larger than their peers, characteristics they have no control over.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Considering the Big Five personality traits, a child who is extroverted has which of the following qualities?
A) is affectionate and forgiving
B) is artistic and curious
C) is efficient and organized
D) is active and assertive
Q3) Freud believed that children between age 6 and puberty repress libidinal desires to concentrate on developing friendships and social skills.
A)True
B)False
Q4) According to Erikson, the psychosocial task of middle childhood is to develop industry, which is the willingness to work to achieve goals.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Among teenagers, sensation-seeking behaviours are associated with A) recklessness.
B) increased volume of music, television, video games, etc.
C) reduced need for sleep.
D) emotional arguments with parents and friends.
Q2) With respect to male adolescent development, which of the following is NOT a variable for a male whose sexual development is earlier than his peers?
A) they are more academically successful
B) they assume leadership roles
C) they perform better in sports
D) they are economically more successful
Q3) In Canada, the rate of teenage pregnancy has declined since 1974.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Nutrition is responsible for shortening the average time between the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and menarche in Canadian teens.
A)True
B)False
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT an aspect of Erikson's views on psychosocial development in adolescence?
A) an identity crisis
B) a tendency to develop sexual fixations
C) an "ungluing" of a sense of identity as a result of the rapid physical and sexual developments of puberty
D) identification with peer groups
Q2) Psychologist Nancy Eisenberg suggests that empathy, the ability to identify with others' emotions, is ___________ moral development.
A) a causal factor in
B) a consequence of
C) both a cause and a consequence of D) not necessary to achieve
Q3) Temperament appears to be the most important factor in the development of the onset of youth criminality during adolescence.
A)True
B)False
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early
Adulthood
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Q1) During adulthood, what happens to the body's ability to take in and transport oxygen to various body organs (VO<sub>2</sub> max)?
A) When measured at rest, VO<sub>2</sub> max minimally declines with age, but during exercise, there is systematic decline of VO<sub>2</sub> max beginning between ages 35 and 40.
B) When VO<sub>2</sub> max is measured at rest, there is a systematic decline of about 1% per year, but during exercise there is minimal decline in capacity.
C) Primary aging causes an increase in VO<sub>2</sub> max during both rest and exercise, although the greatest increases are found during exercise conditions.
D) As women age, their VO<sub>2</sub> max decreases during rest and exercise conditions, but as men age, their VO<sub>2</sub> max improves under rest and exercise conditions.
Q2) The risk for osteoporosis is higher in a woman's twenties than in her thirties.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Peak physical functioning occurs when adults are in their twenties and thirties.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Social and Personality Development in Early
Adulthood
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Q1) In Super's exploratory stage of career development, at age 15 to 24, the young person searches to find a fit between their interests, their personality, and the range of available jobs.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Doing things together is an essential component of adult women's friendships, and emotional support is an essential component of adult men's relationships.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Of the following factors, which is least likely to influence job satisfaction across the adult years?
A) plans for retirement
B) personality characteristics
C) onsite child-care centre
D) quality of the work and the work conditions
Q4) If a marriage is to be stable and long-lasting, the couple must minimize conflict and arguments.
A)True
B)False
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Nancy Denney uses the concepts of "exercised" and "unexercised" skills to propose a model of physical and cognitive change in adulthood. Which of the following is most consistent with Denney's view of age-related change in physical and cognitive functioning?
A) If a skill is unexercised for any length of time, or becomes "rusty," exercise will not cause any improvement.
B) There is an underlying decay curve, so that with increased age there will eventually be a point at which even maximum exercise will not help an individual maintain peak functioning in either physical or cognitive abilities.
C) Early adulthood is the time of peak function in physical and cognitive abilities, and even young adults who are not exercising their skills will be able to outperform middle-aged adults who are exercising their physical and cognitive abilities.
D) Physical exercise will facilitate maintenance of physical abilities through adulthood, but no equivalent improvement can be made in cognitive functioning.
Q2) The normal range for occurrence of menopause is between the ages of 40 and 60.
A)True B)False
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Page 17
Chapter 16: Social and Personality Development in Middle
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the classification system of voluntary and involuntary career changers, an involuntary career changer is in transition for ________ reasons.
A) internal
B) external C) ambiguous
D) normative
Q2) Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about employment and work satisfaction at mid-life?
A) Women and men cite similar sources of job satisfaction in middle age: time pressure, boring work, and concern about job security.
B) Women who return to full-time employment in middle adulthood typically do so because of divorce or widowhood.
C) For most adults, job satisfaction and sense of power or job clout are much lower in mid-life than in young adulthood.
D) Middle-aged men begin to disengage from work as a source of personal fulfillment or satisfaction.
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Chapter 17: Physical and Cognitive Development in Late
Adulthood
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT an accurate conclusion about institutional care during late adulthood?
A) The duration of stay in a nursing home is longer for an older woman than for an older man.
B) The duration of institutional care is most often fairly brief.
C) Both voluntary and involuntary nursing-home placement are known to cause rapid decline and death.
D) Institutional care in late adulthood is common but is not universal.
Q2) Which of the following is an accurate statement about the relationship between disability and activity among older adults in Canada?
A) The rate of disability among Canadians aged 75 years and older is increasing.
B) Since women are more likely than men to suffer from arthritis, they are also more likely to be limited in their ability to engage in the activities and tasks necessary for independent life.
C) The majority of older adults have difficulty performing ADLs or IADLs.
D) The prevalence of cataracts among seniors restricts their activity levels more than any other disability.
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Page 19
Chapter 18: Social and Personality Development in Late
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following factors has the most influence on the timing of retirement?
A) whether a spouse has retired
B) characteristics of the work
C) health status
D) whether siblings and friends have retired
Q2) The normal expectation for a woman in late adulthood is that she will live
A) with her spouse until she begins to experience health problems, at which time she will move in with a child or family member.
B) alone, even if she experiences health problems or mild to moderate disability.
C) with her spouse or intimate partner until she dies.
D) with her spouse until she has difficulty performing activities of daily living, at which time she will move to a nursing home.
Q3) In Canada, remarriage statistics for people over 65 years of age indicate that
A) men and women have similar remarriage rates.
B) men have higher remarriage rates.
C) men and women remarry for the same reasons.
D) widows are eager to remarry.
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Page 20
Chapter 19: Death, Dying, and Bereavement
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Q1) Research has produced a growing body of evidence suggesting that suffering can be lessened and survival can be prolonged through psychological interventions.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The form of care for the terminally ill that focuses on relieving the patient's pain rather than curing their illness is called
A) hospice care.
B) palliative care.
C) caregiver burden.
D) transitional care.
Q3) Which form of death has occurred in circumstances where there is no electrical activity in the brain and the person no longer has reflexes or responds to vigorous external stimuli?
A) brain death
B) total death
C) cerebral death
D) social death
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