Microbiology
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Microbiology is the scientific study of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, and protozoa. This course explores the fundamental principles of microbial structure, metabolism, genetics, and ecology, as well as the critical roles these organisms play in health, disease, industry, and the environment. Students will gain an understanding of methods for culturing, identifying, and controlling microbes, and will investigate the impact of microorganisms on humans and other living systems through both theoretical concepts and practical laboratory techniques.
Recommended Textbook
Basic Immunology Functions and Disorders of the Immune System 4th Edition by Abul K. Abbas
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12 Chapters
181 Verified Questions
181 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/study-set/1165 Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Immune System
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16 Verified Questions
16 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/23007
Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following best describes clonal expansion in adaptive immune responses?
A)Increased number of different lymphocyte clones, each clone specific for a different antigen during the course of an infection
B)Increased number of different lymphocyte clones, each clone specific for a different antigen during development of the immune system, before exposure to antigen
C)Increased number of lymphocytes with identical specificities, all derived from a single lymphocyte due to nonspecific stimuli from the innate immune system
D)Increased number of lymphocytes with identical specificities, all derived from a single lymphocyte stimulated by a single antigen
E)Increased size of the lymphocytes of a single clone due to antigen-induced activation of the cells
Answer: D
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3
Chapter 2: Innate Immunity
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17 Verified Questions
17 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/23008
Sample Questions
Q1) The signaling pathways triggered by Toll-like receptors typically result in activation of which of the following pairs of transcription factors?
A)NFAT and T-bet
B)AP-1 and GATA-3
C)Fos and STAT-6
D)NF B and AP-1
E)Lck and Jun
Answer: D
Q2) Macrophages and neutrophils express several enzymes that are involved in biochemical mechanisms that kill ingested microbes. Which of the following is NOT an enzyme expressed by these cells?
A)Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)
B)Granzyme B
C)Phagocyte oxidase
D)Myeloperoxidase
E)Lysozyme
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Antigen Capture and Presentation to Lymphocytes
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17 Verified Questions
17 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/23009
Sample Questions
Q1) In a clinical trial of a new antiviral vaccine composed of a recombinant viral peptide and adjuvant, 4% of the healthy recipients did not show evidence of response to the immunization. Further investigation revealed that all the nonresponders expressed the same, single allelic variant of HLA-DR but all the responders were heterozygous for HLA-DR alleles. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this finding?
A)Response to the vaccine requires T cell recognition of complexes of the viral peptide with HLA-DR, but the peptide cannot bind to the allelic variant of HLA-DR found in the nonresponders.
B)The nonresponders could not express class II MHC proteins.
C)The viral peptide is not an immunodominant epitope.
D)The nonresponders underwent determinant selection of another viral epitope.
E)Because of technical errors, the nonresponders had not received adequate doses of the vaccine.
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Antigen Recognition in the Adaptive Immune System
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17 Verified Questions
17 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/23010
Sample Questions
Q1) Selectins differ from integrins in which one of the following ways?
A)Selectins are expressed only on endothelial cells and integrins are expressed only on leukocytes.
B)Selectins are important mediators of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, but integrins are not.
C)Selectins bind carbohydrate ligands, but integrins do not.
D)Selectins mediate rolling of leukocytes on endothelium, but integrins do not.
E)Selectins are a family of homologous molecules, but integrins are not.
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a property shared by both CD4 and CD8?
A)Binds to nonpolymorphic regions of MHC molecules
B)Cytoplasmic tail associates with the Src family kinase Lck
C)Is a member of the Ig superfamily
D)Functions as a coreceptor for TCRs
E)Is expressed on the majority of mature blood T cells
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6
Chapter 5: T Cell Mediated Immunity
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15 Verified Questions
15 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/23011
Sample Questions
Q1) Which one of the following statements about MHC-TCR interactions is NOT true?
A)Antigen receptors on T cells bind to MHC molecules for only brief periods of time.
B)The affinity of most TCRs for peptide-MHC complexes is similar to the affinity of antibodies for their antigens.
C)Only 1% or less of the MHC molecules on any antigen-presenting cell (APC) display a peptide recognized by a particular T cell.
D)T cells usually require multiple engagements with an APC before a threshold of activation is reached.
E)A subthreshold number of MHC-TCR interactions can lead to T cell inactivation.
Q2) Which one of the following descriptions of cytokine interleukin-2 is NOT true?
A)Expression of its gene requires multiple transcription factors, such as Fos, Jun, and NFAT.
B)It acts as an autocrine growth factor for T cells.
C)It binds to CD25 on the cell membrane of T cells.
D)It is only involved in the proliferation of helper T cells and not CTLs.
E)It promotes susceptibility of T cells to apoptosis.
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Chapter 6: Effector Mechanisms of T Cell Mediated Immunity
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10 Verified Questions
10 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/23012
Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following comparisons between TH1 and TH2 cells is true?
A)TH1 cells produce interleukin (IL)-1 but not IL-2, and TH2 cells produce IL-2 but not IL-1.
B)TH1 cells are class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restricted, and TH2 cells are class II MHC restricted.
C)The chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CCR5 are more highly expressed on TH2 cells than on TH1 cells.
D)TH2 cells are more likely to bind to E-selectin and P-selectin on endothelial cells than are TH1 cells.
E)TH1 cells produce interferon (IFN)- but not IL-4, and TH2 cells produce IL-4 but not IFN-
Q2) Which pair of molecules is a component of cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) granules and is important in the mechanism of CTL killing of target cells?
A)Perforin and Fas ligand
B)P-selectin and tumor necrosis factor
C)Major basic protein and granzyme B
D)C9 and interferon-
E)Perforin and granzyme B
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Chapter 7: Humoral Immune Responses
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17 Verified Questions
17 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/23013
Sample Questions
Q1) The B cell receptor (BCR) complex and the signaling cascades to which it is linked share many similarities with the T cell receptor (TCR) complex and its linked signaling cascades. Which of the following comparisons between BCR and TCR signaling is NOT true?
A)There are ITAMs in the cytoplasmic tails of CD3 in the TCR complex and in the cytoplasmic tails of Ig and Ig in the BCR complex.
B)The cytoplasmic tails of membrane Ig and TCR antigen receptors are very short and lack intrinsic signaling functionality.
C)Early signaling events induced by antigen binding to both BCR and TCR involve both Src family and Zap-70 family protein tyrosine kinases.
D)Phospholipase C-mediated generation of IP and DAG occurs downstream of both BCR and TCR signaling.
E)CD4/CD8 coreceptors in T cells and the CR2 coreceptor in B cells both enhance responses to antigen by a PI3 kinase-dependent mechanism.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Effector Mechanisms of Humoral Immunity
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13 Verified Questions
13 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/23014
Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following events initiates activation of the alternative complement pathway?
A)C1q binding to a microbial surface
B)Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) binding to a microbial surface
C)Complement receptor 1 (CR1) binding of C3b
D)Factor I cleavage of C3
E)Spontaneous cleavage of C3 to C3b
Q2) Treatment of antibodies with the enzyme papain under conditions of limited proteolysis results in hinge-region cleavage, yielding monovalent antigen-binding Fab fragments that lack a constant region. Which effector function of antibodies would Fab fragments be able to perform?
A)Complement pathway activation
B)Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
C)Opsonization
D)Antigen cross-linking and precipitation
E)Microbe neutralization
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Chapter 9: Immunological Tolerance and Autoimmunity
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17 Verified Questions
17 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/23015
Sample Questions
Q1) Transgenic mouse lines have been very useful for the study of mechanisms of self-tolerance. In one such line, transgenes were introduced encoding a T cell receptor (TCR) specific for the H-Y antigen, which is a protein expressed by many cell types only in male mice. When these transgenic mice were analyzed, researchers found that T cells expressing the H-Y-specific TCR developed normally in female mice but not in male mice. This finding illustrates which of the following mechanism of self tolerance?
A)Peripheral anergy
B)Central (thymic) deletion
C)Clonal ignorance
D)Regulatory T cell-mediated suppression
E)Peripheral deletion
Q2) Which of the following factors generally favors stimulation of an adaptive immune response to an antigen, and not tolerance?
A)Intravenous portal of entry of antigen
B)Presence of antigen in generative lymphoid organs
C)Absence of costimulatory molecules on antigen-presenting cells
D)Innate immune response to the antigen
E)Presence of antigen during the neonatal period
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Chapter 10: Immune Responses against Tumors and Transplants
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10 Verified Questions
10 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/23016
Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following molecules is involved in the principal mechanism by which the immune system kills tumor cells?
A)Perforin
B)Complement C3
C)IgG
D)TGF-
E)Interleukin-2
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which tumors evade immune responses?
A)Decreased synthesis of TAP
B)Increased expression of glycocalyx
C)Lack of costimulatory molecule expression
D)Increased expression of TGF-
E)Increased expression of Fas
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12
Chapter 11: Hypersensitivity
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14 Verified Questions
14 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/23017
Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT associated with increased relative risk of developing systemic lupus erythematosus?
A)Female gender
B)Deficiency in complement protein C2
C)African-American ethnicity
D)Presence of HLA-DR3
E)Defect in B cell maturation
Q2) Which of the following is a common cause of hypersensitivity diseases?
A)Failure of lymphocyte maturation
B)Treatment with corticosteroids
C)Disseminated cancer
D)Failure of self-tolerance
E)Malnutrition
Q3) Which type of hypersensitivity disease is caused by deposition of antigen-antibody complexes in blood vessel walls?
A)Type I
B)Type II
C)Type III
D)Type IV
E)Type V
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Chapter 12: Congenital and Acquired Immunodeficiencies
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18 Verified Questions
18 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/23018
Sample Questions
Q1) A 7-month-old boy is evaluated in the clinic for recurrent bacterial infections. His tonsils are not visible on physical examination. Serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG levels are markedly decreased, and serum IgM levels are slightly below normal. Based on this family's history and clinical presentation, a mutation in which of the following genes is most likely to be found in this patient?
A)JAK3 kinase
B)Adenosine deaminase
C)Common cytokine receptor chain
D)RAG2
E)Purine nucleoside phosphorylase
Q2) Which of the following is the most common known primary immunodeficiency with a prevalence of 1 in 700 white individuals?
A)X-linked agammaglobulinemia
B)Selective IgA deficiency
C)Common variable immunodeficiency
D)Chronic granulomatous disease
E)Chédiak-Higashi syndrome
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