Lifespan Human Development
Mock Exam
Course Introduction
Lifespan Human Development explores the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that occur throughout the human lifespan, from conception to old age. The course examines key theories and research findings in developmental psychology and considers the influence of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors on growth and change at different life stages. Topics include prenatal development, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and aging, providing students with a comprehensive understanding of development and its impact on individual well-being and behavior across the lifespan.
Recommended Textbook
Life Span Development 15th Edition by John W Santrock
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) List Freud's psychosexual stages and explain how adult personality is determined as a result of these stages.
Answer: Freud believed that we go through five stages of psychosexual development: oral,anal,phallic,latency,and genital.According to Freud,our adult personality is determined by the way we resolve conflicts between sources of pleasure at each stage and the demands of reality.
Q2) Roger looks back on his life and feels that he failed to reach his potential,squandered opportunities,and hurt a lot of people.At 82 years of age,he knows it is too late to make amends.Roger is slipping into:
A) stagnation.
B) identity confusion.
C) despair.
D) mistrust.
Answer: C
Q3) Identify the term that refers to the developmental issue or debate concerning whether development is influenced by biology or environment.
Answer: Nature-nurture issue
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3
Chapter 2: Biological Beginnings
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Q1) Emma and Anna are identical twins who were adopted by different families a few weeks after birth.Although genetically identical,they grew up with different physical and psychological characteristics.For example,though both inherited a tendency to grow large,Anna was slim and athletic due to the active lifestyle practiced in her adoptive family.This variability can be explained by how:
A) each zygote is unique.
B) longevity genes can make an individual less vulnerable to certain diseases.
C) for each genotype,a range of phenotypes can be expressed.
D) mutated genes can be a source of genetic variability.
Answer: C
Q2) Turner syndrome occurs in approximately _____ live female births.
A) 1 of every 100
B) 1 of every 2,500
C) 1 of every 22,500
D) 1 of every 40,000
Answer: B
Q3) What is the behavior that promotes an organism's survival in the natural habitat?
Answer: Adaptive behavior
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Chapter 3: Prenatal Development and Birth
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Q1) Identify the formation of a close connection,especially a physical bond,between parents and their newborn in the period shortly after birth.
Answer: Bonding
Q2) In assessing the health of newborns,the _____ identifies high-risk infants who need resuscitation.
A) Rogers-Randall Assessment
B) Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
C) Wechsler Infant Intelligence Scale
D) Apgar Scale
Answer: D
Q3) The _____ consists of an inner mass of cells that eventually develops into an embryo.
A) trophoblast
B) blastocyst
C) endoblast
D) cytocyst
Answer: B
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5
Chapter 4: Physical Development in Infancy
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Q1) Identify the theorists who are renowned for using the "visual cliff" to study the vision of infants.
Q2) Identify the theorist who developed and used the "looking chamber" to study the vision of infants in the early 1960s.
Q3) _____ are built-in reactions to stimuli; they govern the newborn's movements,which are automatic and beyond the newborn's control.
A) Instincts
B) Reflexes
C) Impulses
D) Urges
Q4) Which of the following statements is true about SIDS?
A) It is the lowest cause of infant deaths in the United States.
B) Its level of risk is high at 36 to 48 months of age for infants.
C) It usually occurs when infants stop breathing,usually during night,and die suddenly without any apparent reason.
D) Its level of risk is high when the infants are sleeping on their backs,in a supine position.
Q5) Identify the nerve cell that handles information processing in the brain.
Q6) Briefly explain MEG (magnetoencephalography)and its uses?
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Chapter 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy
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Q1) When two individuals focus on the same object or event,the process is called:
A) sensory attention.
B) joint attention.
C) amalgamous attention.
D) synchronous attention.
Q2) According to Jean Piaget,identify the actions or mental representations that organize knowledge.
Q3) In which of the following substages of sensorimotor development do infants become intrigued by the many properties of objects and by the many things they can make happen to objects?
A) Tertiary circular reactions,novelty,and curiosity
B) Coordination of primary circular reactions
C) Coordination of secondary circular reactions
D) Internalization of schemes
Q4) According to Piaget,the _____ sensorimotor substage marks the starting point for human curiosity and interest in novelty.
A) second
B) third
C) fifth
D) sixth
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Chapter 6: Socioemotional Development in Infancy
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Q1) Researchers have had mothers put a dot of rouge on the noses of babies and place the babies in front of mirrors to see their reaction.These researchers are studying the concept of:
A) trust.
B) attachment.
C) temperament.
D) sense of self.
Q2) According to John Bowlby,at what age do infants or children begin to take into consideration the feelings of others before acting?
A) Before 6 months
B) Between 12 to 18 months
C) Between 18 to 20 months
D) From 24 months onwards
Q3) Most of the _____ emotions occur for the first time at some point in the second half of the first year through the second year.
A) unconscious
B) primary
C) negative
D) self-conscious
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
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Q1) Sandra has been informed by a pediatrician about the weight gained by her 4-year-old son,Manuel,over the last one year.She learns that Manuel has gained 6 pounds.Sandra should:
A) be alarmed because this is too much weight gain.
B) be concerned because this is too little weight gain.
C) be positive and change Manuel's diet.
D) be content that this is normal for Manuel's age.
Q2) The _____ is a philosophy of education in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities.
A) child-centered kindergarten
B) Montessori approach
C) developmentally appropriate practice
D) developmentally inappropriate practice
Q3) After the age of _____,children attend more efficiently to the dimensions of the task that are relevant.
A) 3 or 4
B) 4 or 5
C) 6 or 7
D) 5 or 6
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Chapter 8: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood
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Q1) The overwhelming majority of children from gay or lesbian families:
A) are also homosexual.
B) have a heterosexual orientation.
C) are likely to be bisexual.
D) grow up confused about their sexual orientation.
Q2) This theory of gender stems from the view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent.
A) The psychoanalytic theory of gender
B) The social cognitive theory of gender
C) The evolutionary psychology view of gender
D) The social role theory of gender
Q3) Four-year-old Harlan says,"I'm always happy!" Researchers suggest that Harlan,like other kids his own age,has self-descriptions that are typically:
A) reflective of reality.
B) reflective of what others think about them.
C) abstract and magical.
D) unrealistically positive.
Q4) What is the term for the support that parents provide one another in jointly raising a child?
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Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle and Late Childhood
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Q1) Jacob is a third-grader and has a disability that has caused him to be separated from his peers during the school day.Recently Jacob has been moved to the regular third-grade classroom.This is an instance of _____.
A) transforming
B) transitioning
C) incorporation
D) inclusion
Q2) Megan,who is eight years old,has a test tomorrow."It's an easy test," she tells her mother."I just have to recognize a bunch of stuff on a chart.I finished studying for it yesterday." Megan is exhibiting her:
A) brainstorming ability.
B) creative thinking.
C) metamemory.
D) metadata.
Q3) Howard Gardner suggests that there are _____ types of intelligence.
A) 4
B) 6
C) 8
D) 11
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late Childhood
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Q1) What according to Carol Dweck is the term for a cognitive view that individuals develop for themselves?
Q2) According to Lawrence Kohlberg,the highest stage of moral development is:
A) mutual interpersonal expectations,relationships,and interpersonal conformity.
B) social systems morality.
C) social contract or utility and individual rights.
D) universal ethical principles.
Q3) Males report experiencing and expressing more _____ than do females.
A) joy
B) fear
C) anger
D) shame
Q4) Individuals who _____,have the moral personality,identity,character,and set of virtues that reflect moral excellence and commitment.
A) have a moral character
B) have a moral identity
C) are characterized as moral exemplars
D) are characterized as gender biased
Q5) Distinguish between self-esteem and self-concept.
Q6) List three possible problems associated with state-mandated testing in schools. Page 12
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Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
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Q1) According to the study by Lloyd Johnston and his colleagues at the Institute of Social Research at the University of Michigan monitoring the drug use of America's high school seniors in a wide range of public and private high schools,the percentage of illicit drug use:
A) declined in the late 1990s.
B) was highest during the early 1990s.
C) has been at the same level since 1990.
D) increased significantly between 2000 and 2005.
Q2) The _____ is the part of adolescent egocentrism involving a sense of uniqueness and invincibility.
A) personal fable
B) self-fulfilling prophecy
C) imaginary audience
D) collective myth
Q3) A girl's first menstruation is called _____.
A) gonadarche
B) spermarche
C) menarche
D) adrenarche
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Q4) Discuss two key components of adolescent egocentrism according to David Elkind.
Chapter 12: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence
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Q1) Manfred is worried about his 16-year-old son hanging around much older people in the neighborhood.Research suggests that Manfred:
A) should not be concerned,since having older friends has been linked to positive school achievement.
B) should encourage the behavior since his older friends will help him make a successful transition to adulthood.
C) has reason to worry,since his son is more likely to engage in delinquent behavior.
D) should not worry,because his son will soon tire of his older friends and turn to friends his own age.
Q2) Most adolescents from ethnic minority groups develop a _____ identity.
A) bicultural
B) additive
C) multiplicative
D) mono-cultural
Q3) What is the term for a ceremony or ritual that marks an individual's transition from one status to another?
Q4) Explain the concept of psychosocial moratorium.
Q5) What term is used to describe a personal investment in identity?
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Chapter 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early
Adulthood
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Q1) What are some of the physical and psychological effects of unemployment?
Q2) Which of the following is a trend in the U.S.workforce?
A) Decrease in number of individuals who work at a series of jobs.
B) Disappearance of short-term career paths for adults.
C) Appearance of long-term careers for an increasing number of individuals.
D) Disappearance of long-term career for an increasing number of adults.
Q3) A longitudinal study by Harris and others revealed that most bad health habits developed during adolescence _____ in emerging adulthood.
A) receded
B) did not continue
C) remained unchanged
D) increased
Q4) According to the observations made by the authors Joseph and Claudia Allen,the current generation of adolescents is experiencing _____ after adolescence.
A) early adulthood
B) parenthood
C) more adolescence
D) infirmity
Q5) Identify a challenge faced by adult smokers who are trying to quit.
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Chapter 14: Socioemotional Development in Early
Adulthood
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Q1) Which of the following is a problem that can plague cross-gender friendships?
A) Unclear sexual boundaries
B) Lack of intimacy
C) Lack of trust
D) Learning about shared characteristics
Q2) After Mildred's divorce,she went back to college,renewed old acquaintanceships,and took up ballroom dancing.After completing college,she got the job she'd always wanted and entered into a long-term relationship.Mildred chose the pathway of:
A) the good-enoughs.
B) the defeated.
C) the seeker.
D) the enhancer.
Q3) Describe the good-enoughs divorce group.
Q4) People belonging to the _____ category often spent more time in singles bars and had more casual sex than their counterparts in the other divorce categories.
A) libertine
B) defeated
C) seekers
D) competent loners
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Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle
Adulthood
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Q1) In the United States,approximately _____ of individuals 40 to 59 years of age are employed.
A) 30 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 65 percent
D) 80 percent
Q2) In Patricia Cohen's analysis,which of the following has fueled the emergence of thinking about middle age?
A) More people entering adolescence earlier than in the past.
B) Increased pressure to remain in the workforce and delay retirement.
C) Advances in health and more people living to older ages.
D) The decrease of life expectancy.
Q3) LDL is often referred to as _____ cholesterol.
A) "simple"
B) "good"
C) "bad"
D) "white"
Q4) Identify the term that refers to the mental ability to quickly and accurately make simple discriminations in visual stimuli.
Page 18
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Chapter 16: Socioemotional Development in Middle
Adulthood
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Q1) George Vaillant concludes that the _____ are a decade of reassessing and recording the truth about the adolescent and adulthood years.
A) forties
B) fifties
C) sixties
D) thirties
Q2) Describe how middle-aged adults perceive control over what happens to them.
Q3) As he looks back at life,Chris realizes that his work was not as important to him as he believed,and that he lost too much valuable time with his children.If he could do it over again,he would work less and spend more time with his children.According to Erikson,Chris is experiencing some degree of _____.
A) social rejection
B) apathy
C) generativity
D) stagnation
Q4) Identify and discuss the seventh stage of Erikson's psychosocial life-span development perspective.Provide examples to illustrate your point.
Q5) Define social clock.
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Chapter 17: Physical Development in Late Adulthood
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Q1) Researchers have found that _____ reduces the oxidative damage created by free radicals.
A) hormone replacement therapy
B) moderate intake of red wine
C) a diet restricted in calories
D) a macrobiotic diet
Q2) Which of the following biological theories of aging states that people age because their cells' normal metabolism produces unstable oxygen molecules?
A) Cellular clock theory
B) Free-radical theory
C) Telomerase-injection theory
D) Hormonal stress theory
Q3) Which disease of the eye is characterized by damage to the optic nerve because of the pressure created by a buildup of fluid in the eye?
Q4) What is the life expectancy in Okinawa,Japan?
A) 70.2 years
B) 89.6 years
C) 85.4 years
D) 81.2 years
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Chapter 18: Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood
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Q1) Which of the following is TRUE of decision-making and aging?
A) Older adults perform well when decision making is constrained by time pressures.
B) Older adults are far more inconsistent with their choices as compared to younger adults.
C) Older adults perform well when decisions involve high risks.
D) Older adults' decision-making skills are more likely to be unaffected by age-related decreases in memory.
Q2) Which of the following is a treatment for advanced Parkinson disease?
A) Cholinerase inhibitors
B) Electroconvulsive therapy
C) Dopamine agonists
D) Deep brain stimulation
Q3) One study found that following six months of _____ older adults showed improvement on reaction time tasks.
A) eating a macrobiotic diet
B) cognitive behavioral therapy
C) aerobic exercise
D) attending regular religious services
Q4) Define and discuss dementia.
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Chapter 19: Socioemotional Development in Late Adulthood
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Q1) Which of the following is the positive resolution of the psychological conflict of basic trust vs.mistrust?
A) Hope
B) Purpose
C) Competence
D) Will
Q2) Which of the following observations about poverty and old age is NOT true?
A) Poverty in late adulthood is linked to an increase in physical and mental health problems.
B) Poverty is linked to lower levels of physical and cognitive fitness in older adults.
C) Low SES has no impact on the risk of earlier death in older adults.
D) In 2010,U.S.women 65 years and older were much more likely to live in poverty than their male counterparts.
Q3) Which of the following statements about life review is NOT true?
A) Life reviews avoid reflecting on regrets.
B) Life reviews can include sociocultural dimensions.
C) Life reviews lead to revision or expanded understanding of experiences.
D) Life reviews include interpersonal relationship dimensions.
Q4) How does generational inequity influence policymaking?
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Chapter 20: Death,Dying,and Grieving
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Q1) Which of the following emotional reactions is most common in the Gond culture of India in response to death?
A) Peace
B) Acceptance
C) Denial
D) Anger
Q2) Traditional Amish and Jewish cultures are similar in how they cope with death in that they both:
A) provide a lot of community support for the family over several months.
B) have elaborate funeral ceremonies in church to symbolize the last passage from Earth.
C) believe that grief is stronger for the whole community than for the individual family.
D) expect families to unite and cope together with only minimal support or interference from the rest of the community.
Q3) What is the term for a model of coping with bereavement that emphasizes oscillation between loss-oriented stressors and restoration-oriented stressors?
Q4) Describe the components of the death system according to Robert Kastenbaum.
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