Lifespan Development
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Lifespan Development explores the physical, cognitive, social, and emotional growth that occurs throughout the human lifespan, from conception to old age. This course examines major theoretical perspectives and research findings related to development at various life stages, including infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and late adulthood. Students will analyze the interplay between genetic, environmental, and cultural factors in shaping development and discuss contemporary issues such as parenting, education, aging, and health across the lifespan. The course also emphasizes critical thinking and application of developmental concepts to real-world situations.
Recommended Textbook Essentials of Life Span Development 1st Edition by John W. Santrock
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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Q1) The developmental period from about 40 years to about 60 years.It is generally characterized by concern for the next generation and reaching career goals.
Answer: middle adulthood
Q2) Dr.Wong is a cognitive theorist,so we know that he will stress the importance of __________ for understanding development.
A) conscious thoughts
B) repressed memories
C) reciprocal interactions
D) the effects of genes and evolution on the development of intelligence
Answer: A
Q3) The developmental period of transition from childhood to early adulthood characterized by rapid physical changes and the development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics.
Answer: adolescence
Q4) This sociocultural context consists of the behavior patterns,beliefs,and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation.
Answer: culture
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Chapter 2: Biological Beginnings
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Q1) Duvon's wife has just given birth to their son.Duvon is likely to feel
A) no postpartum reaction.
B) fearful about his newfound responsibilities.
C) angry that his baby demands so much time.
D) upset that the baby comes first.
Answer: D
Q2) Koko has decided to continue smoking while pregnant.She is placing her baby at risk for all of the following,EXCEPT
A) sudden infant death syndrome.
B) respiratory problems.
C) low birthweight.
D) mild mental retardation.
Answer: D
Q3) A prenatal test designed to assess whether a fetus is developing normally.With this procedure,high-frequency sound waves are directed into the woman's abdomen.The echo from the sounds is transformed into a visual representation of the fetus's inner structures.
Answer: ultrasound or ultrasound sonography
Q4) An infant born 3 or more weeks before the pregnancy has reached its full term.
Answer: preterm infant
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Chapter 3: Prenatal Development and Birth
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Q1) According to Jean Piaget,this is the second substage of sensorimotor thought.This substage is apparent in children between about 1 month and 4 months of age.Two primary schemes are apparent.First,the infant repeats an action that was once associated with a reflex,but is now completely separated from its eliciting stimulus (e.g.,sucking when no bottle or nipples are present).Second,after accidentally causing an interesting event with one's own body (e.g.,kicking feet),the infant repeats the action many times.
Answer: first habits and primary circular reactions
Q2) List three ways that neurons change during the first year of life.
Answer: The process of myelination continues.Connectivity among neurons increases.Unused neural pathways are pruned.
Q3) Maturation is to __________ as dynamic system is to __________.
A) active; passive
B) passive; active
C) active; active
D) passive; passive
Answer: B
Q4) Jean Piaget's concept of grouping isolated behaviors into a higher-order cognitive system.
Answer: organization
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Physical Development and Health
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Q1) Some researchers challenge findings based on use of the Strange Situation because A) the Strange Situation is a controlled,artificial situation.
B) there is too little control of contextual factors in the Strange Situation.
C) information from the Strange Situation is biased by observers' impressions.
D) the Strange Situation traumatizes children and is unethical.
Q2) Which of the following is generally true about child-care settings across the United States,according to your text?
A) They are generally good in quality.
B) They vary widely in quality.
C) The vast majority are small,unlicensed in-home programs.
D) The vast majority are large,licensed centers with large numbers of children.
Q3) Children can begin to regulate their emotions
A) by age 3.
B) by age 2.
C) by age 1.
D) shortly after birth.
Q4) Define attachment.
Q5) List the three types of cries that have been identified in babies.
Q6) Describe social referencing.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Motor,Sensory,and Perceptual Development
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Q1) Jungle gyms,slides,and climbing equipment should be available to help young children develop
A) handedness.
B) fine motor skills.
C) gross motor skills.
D) attention and concentration skills.
Q2) Hallie is very active.She loves to tumble and show off.She is not afraid of doing what her parents consider to be hair-raising stunts.She also loves to run and believes she is faster than her parents.This type of activity level and confidence is MOST characteristic of the
A) 2-year-old.
B) 3-year-old.
C) 4-year-old.
D) 5-year-old.
Q3) "My computer doesn't like me-it keeps eating my pictures," says Sarah.This is an example of A) animism.
B) centration.
C) operations.
D) egocentrism.
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Chapter 6: Cognitive Developmental Approaches
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Q1) A parent who spanks his/her children frequently is most likely to be a(n):
A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.
Q2) The social role theory of gender differences suggests that A) gender differences result from the contrasting roles of women and men in most societies.
B) the mother and father role are social constructions that emerged from our evolutionary past.
C) different social roles for men and women in most societies are chosen,not determined.
D) nature is the primary determinant of differences between the social labels we call "gender."
Q3) Who developed the theory of sensorimotor play?
A) Anna Freud
B) Erik Erikson
C) Jean Piaget
D) Mildred Parten
Q4) The sense of being male or female.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Information Processing
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Q1) What does the research indicate about gender differences in learning disabilities?
A) Boys are more likely to have a learning disability.
B) Girls are more likely to have a learning disability.
C) There are no significant gender differences in learning disabilities.
D) Although boys are referred more often for treatment,girls have higher rates of learning disabilities.
Q2) A way of teaching children how to read that is based on the idea that instruction should parallel children's natural language learning.
Q3) Who among the following would have good spatial abilities?
A) an engineer
B) a theologian
C) a botanist
D) an architect
Q4) According to the text,the concept of intelligence can be defined as:
A) problem-solving skills.
B) adapting to experiences.
C) learning from experiences.
D) all of these in combination.
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Chapter 8: Intelligence
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Q1) The correlation between self-esteem and school performance is A) very low.
B) moderate.
C) high.
D) very high.
Q2) In terms of self-understanding,children in late childhood are MORE likely than children in early childhood to A) compare themselves with their peers. B) compare themselves with role models.
C) use physical characteristics to describe themselves.
D) use outer states to describe themselves.
Q3) The second LEVEL of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning.At this (intermediate)level,moral reasoning is based on standards set by others such as by parents or the government.
Q4) The global evaluative dimension of the self.
Q5) List three possible problems associated with state-mandated testing in the schools.
Q6) A peer status held by children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend,but are not disliked by peers.These children are often described as "shy" by their peers.
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Chapter 9: Language Development
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Q1) It is difficult to know exactly when puberty begins and ends because:
A) it is a sudden process with few distinguishing physical events.
B) it is a gradual process involving multiple distinguishing events.
C) it is completed before the adolescent is aware of what is happening.
D) adolescents do not confide about bodily changes to parents or doctors.
Q2) Contrary to Jean Piaget's views,the development of formal operational thought is:
A) universal.
B) significantly affected by one's culture.
C) only minimally affected by the type of education one receives.
D) fairly stable regardless of socioeconomic status.
Q3) The second leading cause of death for American adolescents is/are: A) accidents
B) suicide C) homicide
D) diseases
Q4) An eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.
Q5) A form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community.
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Chapter 10: Emotional Development
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Q1) Harry Stack Sullivan believes most adolescent friendships are built on a need for:
A) respect.
B) compatibility.
C) intimacy.
D) similarity.
Q2) Ms.Borthwick-Duffy is teaching parents about the risk factors for depression in teens.She should discuss all of the following,EXCEPT:
A) marital strife between parents.
B) economic strife in the family.
C) having a late onset of puberty.
D) the emotionally unavailable parent.
Q3) Which of the following is an appropriate response for a parent who is in conflict with his or her child?
A) realizing that adolescence lasts a long time and being patient with the child
B) demanding complete compliance from the child to prevent a domino effect from developing
C) relaxing demands on the child to a minimum to stop the conflict
D) seeking outside help from a professional
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Chapter 11: The Self and Identity
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Q1) Nicotine is a:
A) depressant.
B) stimulant.
C) narcotic.
D) sedative.
Q2) Which of the following is increasing both in rate of occurrence and in the attention it receives on college campuses?
A) assault
B) date or acquaintance rape
C) sexual assaults by strangers
D) rape associated with burglaries
Q3) Piaget's claim that adults are fully formal operational thinkers seems to be:
A) an inaccurate description of many adults.
B) true only for a very small sample of professional adults.
C) true,except for adults with mental defects or diseases.
D) completely inaccurate of most adults.
Q4) Coercive sexual activity directed at someone with whom the perpetrator is at least casually acquainted.
Q5) List at least four features of emerging adulthood.
Q6) List three recent changes in dual-career families.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Gender
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Q1) List and briefly describe the three dimensions of love that have been proposed by Robert J.Sternberg (1988)in his triarchic theory of love.
Q2) Since the early 1900s,the goal of maintaining a stable marriage has:
A) become even more important than ever.
B) decreased in its level of relative importance.
C) replaced self-fulfillment as the most important life goal.
D) been replaced by self-fulfillment as the most important life goal.
Q3) In 1970,approximately ___ of American couples reported that they cohabitated before getting married; in the year 2005,more than ___ reported that they had cohabitated before getting married.
A) 11%; 50%
B) 50%; 11%
C) 30%; 60%
D) 5%; 75%
Q4) Identify five common negative effects of separation and divorce on both women and men.
Q5) List three of the benefits of a good marriage.
Q6) According to the triarchic theory of love,this type of love includes passion and commitment,but does not include (or is low on)intimacy.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Moral Development
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Q1) When it comes to treating male menopause,hormone treatments are:
A) effective.
B) not effective.
C) effective only after age 60 years.
D) effective in about two-thirds of cases.
Q2) The complete cessation of a woman's menstruation which usually occurs in the late 40s or early 50s.
Q3) People become __________ as they go through middle adulthood.
A) faster
B) happier
C) thinner
D) shorter
Q4) What is the hormonal change that is associated with menopause in women?
A) increase in estrogen
B) decrease in estrogen
C) increase in androgen
D) decrease in androgen
Q5) Distinguish between crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence,and explain how they change in middle adulthood.
Page 15
Q6) The midlife transition,for both men and women,in which fertility declines.
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Chapter 14: Families
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Q1) According to Costa and McCrae's study on adult personality development,in middle adulthood,_________INCREASES.
A) agreeableness
B) openness to experience
C) neuroticism
D) interdependence relationship style
Q2) Which of the following BEST summarizes the results of the major longitudinal studies of personality development?
A) Personality changes considerably throughout the adult years.
B) Personality is well developed by age 30 and rarely changes after that age.
C) The extent of personality change over time is fairly consistent for the population as a whole.
D) Over time,some aspects of personality change,whereas others remain stable.
Q3) According to Costa and McCrae's study on adult personality development,in early adulthood,_________ DECREASES.
A) gender role ideology
B) neuroticism
C) social dominance
D) agreeableness
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Chapter 15: Peers
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Q1) If born today,in what country would a person have the highest life expectancy?
A) the United States
B) Japan
C) Russia
D) Sweden
Q2) A microbiological theory of aging that suggests that human cells are subject to a fixed limit on the number of times they can divide.This decreased ability to divide places an upper boundary on the human life-span potential.
Q3) Which figure is usually the largest?
A) life span
B) life expectancy
C) life span minus life expectancy
D) the average number of years adults live
Q4) What is the average life expectancy for individuals born today in the United States?
A) 69.6 years
B) 72.6 years
C) 75.6 years
D) 77.6 years
Q5) Define episodic memory and semantic memory.
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Chapter 16: Schools and Achievement
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Q1) In general,successful aging requires:
A) a biological predisposition toward having long-lasting,excellent health.
B) the refusal to accept that there are any declines during older adulthood.
C) engaging in an extensive reevaluation of life's meaning during middle age.
D) a commitment to be active,exert effort,and take a problem-solving attitude.
Q2) Describe the selective optimization with compensation model.
Q3) Who of the following is MOST likely to live in poverty during later adulthood?
A) a Japanese-American male
B) a Latino male
C) a white female
D) an African-American female
Q4) A theory of aging suggests that older adults become more selective about their social networks,because they place a high value on emotional satisfaction in their relationships.
Q5) The status an elderly person is accorded in a culture depends on the degree to which he or she:
A) has power and autonomy.
B) has power,has valued knowledge,and is integrated into the family.
C) has autonomy,has useful skills,and contributes to family harmony.
D) has useful skills and does not interfere with family functioning.
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Culture and Diversity
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Q1) The key feature of a successful program that helps widows adjust to the deaths of their spouses is:
A) involvement of volunteer widows as counselors.
B) participation of trained social workers.
C) supervision by clinical psychologists who specialize in bereavement.
D) a 12-step process of adjustment.
Q2) Defining death as nonfunction of the higher cortex implies that:
A) human life is not dependent on the ability to breathe and pump blood.
B) human life depends on the abilities to think,behave,and have feelings.
C) human life depends on electrical activity in the lower portions of the brain.
D) if one is on a life-support system and breathing,death has not occurred.
Q3) Germain has signed an advance directive.This means that:
A) his physician can take disconnect him from life-sustaining equipment.
B) he has given his immediate family legal control over his care.
C) he has authorized his family to engage in active euthanasia.
D) he has ordered his physician to do everything possible to keep him alive.
Q4) List and briefly describe Elisabeth Kübler-Ross's five stages of dying.
Q5) Define euthanasia.Name and describe the two types of euthanasia.
Q6) Define and discuss the purpose of a living will.
Q7) List three reasons why widows outnumber widowers.
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