Life Science
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Life Science is an interdisciplinary field that explores the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution of living organisms. This course examines the fundamental principles governing cellular processes, genetics, ecology, and physiology across plant, animal, and microbial life. Students will develop an understanding of scientific methods as they investigate how organisms interact with each other and their environments. Emphasis is placed on recent advances in biotechnology, environmental challenges, and the applications of life science in health, agriculture, and industry. Through lectures, hands-on activities, and critical analysis, students will gain a comprehensive foundation in the concepts and significance of life sciences in todays world.
Recommended Textbook
Biology Now Core 1st Edition by Anne Houtman
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Nature of Science
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Sample Questions
Q1) Experimental studies are an effective way of establishing a ________ relationship between two or more aspects of the natural world because they provide a way of testing predicted interaction(s).
A)controlled
B)cause-effect
C)correlative
D)casual
Answer: B
Q2) In 1890,Robert Koch developed a hypothesis regarding the cause of communicable diseases.He designed an experiment and collected data that supported his hypothesis.Later,his experiment was repeated by many other scientists who used other pathogens and documented similar results that not only supported their hypotheses but also supported Koch's original hypothesis.These many experiments that supported multiple hypotheses regarding the cause of communicable diseases contributed to the development of the
A)theory of evolution.
B)germ theory of disease.
C)theory of relativity.
D)law of gravity.
Answer: B
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Molecules with an uneven distribution of charge are described as ________. Answer: polar
Q2) Which of the following explains why ice floats on water?
A)The crystal structure of ice is more regular than that seen in liquid water.
B)The distance between water molecules in ice is greater than in liquid water.
C)The cool temperature of ice reduces the extent of molecular motion relative to liquid water.
D)When ice forms,the hydrogen bond in the water molecule becomes nonpolar;ice behaves like oil.
Answer: B
Q3) The element ________ makes up the chemical backbone of most molecules on planet Earth.
Answer: carbon
Q4) An atom that becomes charged due to the gain or loss of an electron is called a(n)________.
Answer: ion
Q5) The number that represents neutrality on the pH scale is ________. Answer: 7
Q6) The class of macromolecules that do NOT form true polymers are the ________. Answer: lipids
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Life Is Cellular
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why would hydrophilic substances such as sodium ions (Na ),hydrogen ions (H ),sugars,and amino acids be unable to simply diffuse across a plasma membrane?
A)They readily mix with the hydrophobic tails forming the core of the phospholipid bilayer.
B)They are repelled by the hydrophilic heads of the phospholipids that form the phospholipid bilayer.
C)They do not readily mix with the hydrophobic tails forming the core of the phospholipid bilayer;therefore,they must move across by facilitated diffusion.
D)They do not readily mix with the hydrophobic tails forming the core of the phospholipid bilayer;therefore,the only way they can move into the cell is by endocytosis.
Answer: C
Q2) The Golgi apparatus
A)is the place where a cell's genetic material is stored.
B)sorts proteins and lipids and sends them to their final destination.
C)captures energy from sunlight and sends it to the mitochondria.
D)creates energy by converting ribosomes to proteins.
Answer: B
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Page 5
Chapter 4: How Cells Work
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Sample Questions
Q1) In photosynthesis,the carbon used to make sugars is
A)provided by enzymes.
B)provided by carbon dioxide.
C)extracted from DNA.
D)oxidized to make sugars.
Q2) A new bacterial cell is found that is able to grow without food as long as sunlight is available.This cell likely uses ________ to produce its own food.
Q3) When ATP breaks down into ADP and a phosphate group,
A)energy is absorbed by ADP and transferred to enzymes.
B)energy is released and can power cellular activities.
C)ADP becomes the active site in an enzyme.
D)the energy in the broken bond is transferred to the phosphate group.
Q4) produces carbon dioxide
A)photosynthesis only
B)cellular respiration only
C)both photosynthesis and cellular respiration
D)neither photosynthesis nor cellular respiration
Q5) The ________ of an enzyme is an area with a specialized shape and/or set of chemical properties that allows the enzyme to bind with a particular substrate.
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Chapter 5: Cell Division
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of the following contribute to genetic uniqueness EXCEPT
A)binary fission.
B)independent assortment.
C)crossing over.
D)random fertilization.
Q2) Which of the following cell types is produced by meiosis?
A)skin cells
B)muscle cells
C)pancreatic cells
D)sperm cells
Q3) Sister chromatids are held together at a constriction point called a ________.
Q4) Which of the following is known to result from the disruption of mitosis and meiosis?
A)Alzheimer's disease
B)prostate cancer
C)autism
D)heart disease
Q5) What is the purpose of having cell cycle checkpoints? What are the consequences of not having them?
Q6) Cells spend the bulk of their time in the ________ phase of the cell cycle.
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Chapter 6: Patterns of Inheritance
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Sample Questions
Q1) We need a hammer to pound nails into a board.Even if we have the nails,we cannot pound them without first getting hold of a hammer.This is similar to the genetic relationship known as A)heterozygosity.
B)codominance.
C)epistasis.
D)independent assortment.
Q2) What is the smallest number of traits that are needed to test Mendel's law of independent assortment?
A)one
B)two
C)four
D)eight
Q3) The individual who used data from breeding garden peas to discover the patterns of inheritance that form the foundation of modern-day genetics was ________.
Q4) Differentiate between pleiotropy and polygenic traits.
Q5) Most traits in humans involve complex inheritance where the trait is governed by the action of more than one ________.
Q6) The genetic makeup of an organism,such as Gg,is its ________.
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Chapter 7: Chromosomes and Human Genetics
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a recessive allele causes a fatal disease that kills the affected individual before he or she can reproduce,why doesn't that allele quickly become extinct in the population?
A)Alleles are never lost from a population.
B)The homozygous dominant individuals protect the recessive allele in their genomes.
C)The recessive allele is carried in the genome of heterozygotes,who do not suffer from the disease.
D)The homozygous recessive individuals give their alleles to other individuals before they die from the disease.
Q2) The gender of a human child is determined by the A)loci.
B)egg.
C)autosomes.
D)sperm.
Q3) One chromosomal abnormality that is usually fatal is A)a mutation in a gene.
B)an exchange of material between homologous chromosomes.
C)extra copies of sex chromosomes.
D)the addition of an extra autosomal chromosome.
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Chapter 8: What Genes Are
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Sample Questions
Q1) A chemical that disrupts hydrogen bonds is added to a test tube containing DNA.What would be the result of this reaction?
Q2) What part of a nucleotide accounts for the genetic variation between individuals?
A)sugar
B)phosphate
C)base
D)polymerase
Q3) Mismatch errors are
A)almost always corrected by mutagens.
B)also called mutations.
C)almost always corrected by specialized proteins.
D)usually caused by mutated proteins.
Q4) DNA replication
A)involves the copying of only the parts of a chromosome that encode protein.
B)occurs before mitosis in the cell cycle.
C)is constantly occurring in all the cells in your body.
D)converts the double helix to two single helices.
Q5) A mutation is due to the addition of two bases in a strand of DNA.This is called a(n)________.
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Chapter 9: How Genes Work
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Q1) A mutation occurs in the promoter of a protein-encoding gene.How might this mutation affect the production of the protein encoded by the gene?
A)The mRNA made from this gene would exhibit the same mutation and,therefore,would not fold or function properly.
B)The protein made from the promoter would have a different amino acid sequence and,therefore,would not function properly.
C)The promoter might not be recognized by RNA polymerase,so the enzyme would be unable to attach to the promoter and start transcription.
D)The start codon would be missing from the mRNA made from this gene,so the mRNA could not be translated.
Q2) In the genetic code,a codon is
A)two bases long for all cell types.
B)three bases long for all cell types.
C)three bases long for bacterial cells and two bases long for plant cells.
D)three bases long for plant cells and three bases long for bacterial cells.
Q3) Organisms can regulate both transcription and translation to control gene expression.What is one advantage and one disadvantage of regulating transcription rather than translation?
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Chapter 10: Evidence for Evolution
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements about evolution is true?
A)Evolution only results in the addition of traits to existing organisms.
B)Evolution only results in the loss of traits from existing organisms.
C)Evolution can result in the addition or loss of traits in existing organisms.
D)Evolution has nothing to do with the addition or loss of traits.
Q2) Two fossils are found in a hillside.Fossil A was found in an upper layer and fossil B was found in a lower layer.Which of the following statements is true?
A)A likely evolved from B.
B)B likely evolved from A.
C)A is likely the oldest of these fossils.
D)B is likely the oldest of these fossils.
Q3) The fossils of organisms that existed when the continents were connected are distributed across ________ continents than the fossils of organisms that evolved after the continents separated.
A)more
B)fewer
C)older
D)younger
Q4) Continental drift is the ________ of Earth's landmasses through geologic time.
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Chapter 11: Mechanisms of Evolution
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Q1) A chance evolutionary change occurring in small populations is referred to as
Q2) Evolutionary changes occur when ________ acts upon populations containing individuals with genetic differences.
A)continental drift
B)natural selection
C)weather
D)mutation
Q3) The wings of a bird and the wings of a bat both form from the front appendages (arms).The bird wing is covered by feathers,and the bat wing consists of a thin layer of skin stretched between the "finger" bones.Are the wings of the bird and bat homologous or analogous?
A)homologous,because they evolved from the same body part
B)analogous,because birds' flight requires feathers and bats use skin;both are wings,but they evolved differently
C)both;they are homologous because they both evolved from a front appendage,but analogous because they evolved differently
D)neither,because birds and bats do not share a recent common ancestor
Q4) The result of convergent evolution is ________ traits.
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Chapter 12: Adaptation and Species
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Sample Questions
Q1) The red-breasted nuthatch and the white-breasted nuthatch are similar in appearance and,in many regions of the United States,their ranges overlap.The two organisms do not interbreed.Based on this information,red-breasted and white-breasted nuthatches are
A)different species.
B)different populations of the same species.
C)hybrids.
D)polyploids.
Q2) The rough-skinned newt produces one of the most potent toxins on the planet.Scientists in Oregon have found that as newts evolve to produce a more deadly toxin,their primary predator,the garter snake,evolves ways to resist the toxin.This is an example of
A)ecological trade-offs in the evolution of the newt.
B)an adaptation of the newt to living in aquatic environments.
C)reproductive isolation in a population of garter snakes.
D)coevolution of predator and prey.
Q3) If two populations of beetles living in isolated areas are physically different but genetically similar,would they be considered one species or two? Explain your answer.
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Chapter 13: The History of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) You are a marine biologist who has isolated a microorganism from the Gulf of Mexico.This organism is unicellular,photosynthetic,uses a flagellum to swim,and you have observed it ingesting smaller microorganisms in its vicinity.To what kingdom does this organism most likely belong?
A)Fungi
B)Animalia
C)Plantae
D)Protista
Q2) Briefly explain how new scientific findings may change the arrangement of an evolutionary tree while enhancing our understanding of evolution.
Q3) Resolving the relationship between the various kingdoms has been challenging because species often resemble one another.For example,the kingdom ________ contains some organisms that are animal-like and others that are plantlike.
A)Bacteria
B)Fungi
C)Archaea
D)Protista
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Chapter 14: Human Evolution
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Sample Questions
Q1) How is mitochondrial DNA inherited?
A)All mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the mother.
B)Fifty percent of mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the mother and 50 percent from the father.
C)All mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the father.
D)Only 75 percent of mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the father,the other 25 percent is inherited from the mother.
Q2) Which of the following could NOT be used to describe humans?
A)eutherian
B)mammal
C)primate
D)marsupial
Q3) Family
A)Homo
B)Primates
C)Chordata
D)Homo sapiens
E)Mammalia
F)Animalia
G)Hominidae
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Chapter 15: General Principles of Ecology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Global warming
A)occurs mainly at the equator.
B)occurs mainly at the north pole.
C)occurs mainly at the south pole.
D)occurs equally at both the equator and the poles.
Q2) Humans are
A)biotic factors within the biosphere.
B)biotic factors outside the biosphere.
C)abiotic factors within the biosphere.
D)abiotic factors outside the biosphere.
Q3) The hydrologic cycle includes
A)biotic factors only.
B)abiotic factors only.
C)both biotic and abiotic factors.
D)neither biotic nor abiotic factors.
Q4) Which of these changes would decrease one's food footprint the most?
A)cooking chicken instead of steak
B)cooking steak instead of chicken
C)cooking steak instead of vegetables
D)cooking vegetables instead of steak
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Chapter 16: Growth of Populations
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Sample Questions
Q1) The decrease in the availability of food or cover that accompanies increasing population size illustrates the concept of a(n)
A)density-dependent factor.
B)density-independent factor.
C)exponential growth factor.
D)logistic growth factor.
Q2) The size of a population can be decreased by A)a higher birth rate.
B)immigration.
C)emigration.
D)a reduced death rate.
Q3) A new species is introduced into a given area.The population size begins to grow slowly,then at a very rapid rate,and finally levels off at a stable number.This growth pattern is best represented by a(n)
A)oscillating cycle.
B)J-shaped population curve.
C)C-shaped population curve.
D)S-shaped population curve.
Q4) Explain why logistic growth curves have an "S" shape.
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Chapter 17: Communities of Organisms
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Q1) A "keystone" is defined in masonry as the stone at the top of an arch that holds the arch together.Using this definition and your knowledge of keystone species,explain how the role of a keystone species within an ecological community is analogous to the keystone within an arch.
Q2) Every healthy human digestive system is home to countless microorganisms.In a normal digestive system,what type of relationship would you say this is?
A)parasitic
B)pathological
C)competitive
D)mutualistic
Q3) During ________ a newly created habitat is inhabited.
A)primary succession
B)climax community formation
C)disturbance colonization
D)keystone recovery
Q4) How does primary succession differ from secondary succession?
Q5) An ecological ________ is an association of populations of different species that live in the same area.
Q6) ________ consumers feed on primary consumers as part or all of their diet.
Page 19
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Chapter 18: Ecosystems
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Q1) Dominated by coniferous trees that grow in northern or high-altitude regions with cold,dry winters and mild summers,this biome also has nutrient-poor soils and therefore a relatively low plant diversity.Large herbivores such as elk and moose live alongside smaller carnivores like weasels,wolverines,and martens.Larger carnivores include lynx and wolves.
A)tropical forest
B)chaparral
C)boreal forest
D)tundra
E)desert
F)temperate deciduous forest
G)grassland
Q2) All of the living organisms present in an ecosystem comprise the ________ or biotic portion of the ecosystem.
A)community
B)abiotic
C)population
D)biome
Q3) Explain why ecosystems do not always have sharply defined physical boundaries.
Q4) Describe how chemical nutrients enter and are recycled through an ecosystem.
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Chapter 19: Applying the Science
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Sample Questions
Q1) What happens when the Centers for Disease Control's (CDC)recommended vaccination schedule is delayed?
A)Children are just as well protected from diseases as they would be if they were on schedule.
B)Children experience a decreased risk of contracting disease than they would experience if they were on schedule.
C)Children experience no change in protection from diseases as they would experience if they were ahead of schedule.
D)Children experience an increased risk of disease if they are behind schedule.
Q2) A pharmaceutical company conducts trials on animals and cell lines to determine the safety of a new vaccine before performing clinical trials on adult human volunteers.This is an example of
A)basic research.
B)applied research.
C)a case-control study.
D)a cohort study.
Q3) Peer-reviewed scientific journals,technical reports,conference proceedings,and dissertations are considered ________ literature.
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