Introductory Data Analysis for Behavioral Sciences
Review Questions
Course Introduction
This course introduces fundamental concepts and techniques of data analysis as applied to the behavioral sciences. Students will learn how to collect, organize, and interpret data using descriptive and inferential statistical methods, with a focus on real-world behavioral research examples. Topics include data visualization, measures of central tendency and variability, hypothesis testing, correlation, and basic regression analysis. Emphasis is placed on understanding when and how to use various methods, interpreting output from statistical software, and critically evaluating research findings within the context of behavioral science inquiry.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 2nd Edition by Gregory J. Privitera
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18 Chapters
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Three key elements of control that allow researchers to draw cause-and-effect conclusions are
A)randomization,manipulation,and variation
B)assignment,manipulation,and comparison/control
C)randomization,manipulation,and comparison/control
D)randomization,condition,and comparison/control
Answer: C
Q2) The duration of drug use (in months)is a ratio scale measurement.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) A researcher identifies college students as a group of interest to test her hypothesis.She then identifies a few local college students and selects a small group of the local college students to be observed.In this example,the sample is:
A)not clearly identified
B)all college students
C)the few local college students
D)the small group of college students who here observed
Answer: D
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Summarizing Data: Frequency Distributions in
Tables and Graphs
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Sample Questions
Q1) Summarizing data in a table or graph can make it easier to see patterns in the data.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) A stem-and-leaf display retains the value of each data point.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) A researcher measures the time (in seconds)that it takes children to complete a basic reading skills task.What type of graphical display would be most appropriate for summarizing the frequency of children falling into different intervals of time?
A)histogram
B)bar chart
C)scatter gram
D)all of the above
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Summarizing Data: Central Tendency
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher records the following data for the number of different food items chosen by seven participants in a buffet-style setting: 1,6,2,5,4,3,and 7.Is the mean equal to the median in this example?
A)Yes.
B)No;the median is larger than the mean.
C)No;the mean is larger than the median.
D)There is not enough information to answer this question.
Answer: A
Q2) The sample mean is symbolized as M;the population mean is symbolized as \(\mu\).
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The mode should be used with the mean to describe skewed distributions. A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) The sum of the squared differences of scores from their mean is zero.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
5
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Chapter 4: Summarizing Data: Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher records the number of individual instruments identified by students listening to a piece of classical music.He splits the data into quartiles and reports that students correctly identified 3 instruments at the 25th percentile,5 instruments at the 50th percentile,and 8 instruments at the 75th percentile.What are the IQR and SIQR for these data?
A)the IQR is 3;the SIQR is 1.5
B)the IQR is 2;the SIQR is 1.0
C)the IQR is 5;the SIQR is 2.5
D)There is not enough information to answer this question.
Q2) Which of the following distributions has the largest variability?
A)scores: 1,3,6,9,and 12
B)scores: 22,24,26,28,and 30
C)scores: 2,3,4,5,and 6
D)scores: 1,2,3,4,and 5
Q3) Regardless of the number of scores in a distribution,the range only includes ___ score(s)in its calculation.
A)one
B)two
C)at most two
D)the average
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Chapter 5: Probability
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Sample Questions
Q1) Complementary outcomes are exhaustive of all possible outcomes.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Probability distributions display the probability of each possible outcome for a given random variable.
A)True
B)False
Q3) If an outcome has a 1 in 100 chance of occurrence,then the probability of that outcome is p = .10.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A researcher records the number of job openings among small businesses.She finds that the probability that a small business has 0 job openings is p = .22;1 job opening is p = .45;2 job openings is p = .08;and 3 job openings is p = .25.What is the probability that a small business has at least 2 job openings?
A).08
B).25
C).33
D).67
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Chapter 6: Probability, Normal Distributions, and Z Scores
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Sample Questions
Q1) All z scores above the mean are positive,whereas all z scores below the mean are negative.
A)True B)False
Q2) The mean,median,and mode are all located at the 50th percentile in a perfect normal distribution.
A)True B)False
Q3) What is the z score for scores in the bottom 10%?
A)1.28
B)2.32
C)-2.32
D)-1.28
Q4) A z score for the mean in a normal distribution is always equal to 0.
A)True B)False
Q5) The z score cutoff for the top 50 percent of scores in any normal distribution is 0. A)True B)False
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Chapter 7: Probability and Sampling Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Two researchers select a sample for a population with a mean of 12.4 and a standard deviation of 9.Researcher A selects a sample of 30 participants.Researcher B selects a sample of 40 participants.Which sample is associated with a smaller standard error?
A)Researcher A's,because the sample size was smaller.
B)Researcher B's,because the sample size was smaller.
C)Researcher A's,because the sample size was larger.
D)Researcher B's,because the sample size was larger.
Q2) Researchers typically sample with replacement,although the development of statistical theory was based on the use of sampling without replacement.
A)True
B)False
Q3) How is the standard error of the mean typically reported in a graph?
A)using error bars
B)by plotting sample means
C)by listing group names along the x-axis
D)it is never reported in a graph
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Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing: Significance, Effect Size, and
Power
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Sample Questions
Q1) Based on the effect size conventions,d = 0.18 is a
A)small effect size
B)medium effect size
C)large effect size
Q2) The greater the power,the less likely we are to correctly reject the null hypothesis,if it is incorrect.
A)True
B)False
Q3) When reporting the results of a one-sample z test using APA format,the ________ does not need to be reported.
A)Test statistic
B)p value
C)effect size
D)critical values
Q4) Increasing sample size will
A)Increase the alpha level.
B)Increase the likelihood of committing a Type I error.
C)Increase the power of the decision.
D)All of the above.
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Chapter 9: Testing Means: One-Sample and
Two-Independent Sample T Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) As the degrees of freedom for a t test increase,the critical values for that test also increase.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Computing a one-sample t test is appropriate when
A)participants are assigned to only one group
B)the population variance is unknown
C)participants are observed one time
D)all of the above
Q3) State the critical value(s)for a t test using a .05 level of significance in the lower tail only: t(24).
A)±1.711
B)ñ1.711
C)±2.064
D)ñ2.064
Q4) A researcher must know the population variance in order to compute a t test.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 10: Testing Means: Related Samples T Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher asks a sample of brothers and sisters to rate how positive their family environment was during childhood.In this study,the differences in ratings between each brother and sister pair were compared.The type of design described here is called a A)repeated measures design
B)matched samples design
C)both A and B
Q2) A researcher records the time it takes (in seconds)for participants to respond (by pressing a key)to a familiar versus an unfamiliar word flashed onto a computer screen.In this study,the difference in response time for each participant is compared.The type of design described here is called a A)repeated measures design
B)matched samples design
C)both A and B
Q3) The assumptions for a related samples t test are the same as those for the two-independent sample t test.
A)True
B)False
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12
Chapter 11: Estimation and Confidence Intervals
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Sample Questions
Q1) Two types of estimation are point estimation and interval estimation.
A)True
B)False
Q2) For the same data,increasing the certainty of an estimate will result in a less precise estimate.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The confidence interval for one sample selected from a population with a known variance is computed using a critical value for which type of test?
A)z test
B)t test
C)none
D)both A and B
Q4) Which type of error is used to compute the confidence interval for two independent samples selected from at least one population with an unknown variance?
A)standard error
B)estimated standard error
C)estimated standard error for the difference
D)estimated standard error for the difference scores
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Chapter 12: Analysis of Variance: One-Way
Between-Subjects Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) An ANOVA is used when samples are selected from two or more populations and when two or more samples are selected from the same population.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A researcher measures mating displays among 12 birds randomly assigned to be in the presence of no cue,an auditory cue,or a visual cue.The degrees of freedom for this one-way between-subjects ANOVA is 2 and 9 degrees of freedom.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A researcher conducts a study in which k = 6 and n = 6 per group.What are the critical values for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA at a .05 level of significance?
A)3.70
B)3.47
C)2.53
D)2.42
Q4) A mean square is a sample variance.
A)True
B)False
14
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Chapter 13: Analysis of Variance: One-Way Within-Subjects
Repeated Measures Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher measures the time it takes eight participants to complete three successive tasks.What are the degrees of freedom between-persons for a one-way within-subjects ANOVA?
A)2
B)7
C)14
D)There is not enough information to answer this question.
Q2) A researcher computes a one-way within-subjects ANOVA using a sample of 8 participants.If the degrees of freedom error is 14,then how many groups were included in this study?
A)2
B)3
C)4
D)5
Q3) We make two hypothesis tests using the one-way within-subjects ANOVA: one for the between-groups effect,and one for the within-groups effect.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Analysis of Variance: Two-Way
Between-Subjects Factorial Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) A simple main effect test is appropriate for analyzing which significant result?
A)a significant main effect,where k = 2
B)a significant main effect,where k > 2
C)a significant interaction
D)all of the above
Q2) A researcher computes a 2 \(\times\) 4 between-subjects ANOVA.What are the degrees of freedom for Factor B for this study?
A)2
B)3
C)4
D)8
Q3) It is inappropriate to compute effect size for interactions and main effects.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Mean square error is the denominator for all tests using a two-way between-subjects ANOVA.
A)True
B)False
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Correlation
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Sample Questions
Q1) The correlation coefficient can be converted to a chi-square statistic.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following indicates the strongest correlation?
A)r = -0.57
B)r = +0.78
C)r = -0.90
D)r = +0.88
Q3) The closer that data points fall to the regression line,the more closely two factors are related.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The coefficient of determination is the square root of the correlation coefficient.
A)True
B)False
Q5) If r = .25,then the coefficient of determination is .06.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Linear Regression and Multiple Regression
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Q1) The scores or data points for a regression analysis are typically reported in,
A)a scatter plot
B)a bar chart
C)a pie chart
D)all of the above
Q2) For a multiple regression,we typically report which value that is not often reported for a one factor linear regression analysis?
A)effect size
B)\(\beta\) coefficient
C)test statistic
D)p value
Q3) Using an analysis of regression,the variability in Y that is associated with error is measured by the
A)regression variation
B)residual variation
C)correlation coefficient
D)coefficient of determination
Q4) For linear regression with one predictor variable,\(\beta\) will equal r.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: Nonparametric Tests: Chi-Square Tests
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Q1) Which of the following is an appropriate measure of effect size for a 2 \(\times\) 2 chi-square test for independence?
A)proportion of variance
B)the phi coefficient
C)Cramer's V
D)all of the above
Q2) A researcher conducts two chi-square tests.The 2 \(\times\) 2 chi-square was \(\chi\)<sup>2</sup> = 3.82.The 2 \(\times\) 3 chi-square was \(\chi\)<sup>2</sup> = 5.02.Which chi-square test resulted in a decision to reject the null hypothesis at a .05 level of significance?
A)the 2 \(\times\) 2 chi-square
B)the 2 \(\times\) 3 chi-square
C)both chi-square tests results in a decision to reject the null hypothesis
D)none;both chi-square tests result in a decision to retain the null hypothesis
Q3) A 2 \(\times\) 2 chi-square test for independence has 4 degrees of freedom.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A 2 \(\times\) 3 chi-square test for independence has 2 degrees of freedom.
A)True
B)False
Page 19
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Chapter 18: Nonparametric Tests: Tests for Ordinal Data
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Q1) What is the null hypothesis for a Mann-Whitney U test?
A)The number of scores above and below the median are equal.
B)The ranks in two groups are equally dispersed.
C)The mean differences between two groups are equal.
D)The ranks in two groups are equal to 0.
Q2) The Wilcoxon signed-ranks T test is used as a nonparametric alternative to which parametric test?
A)one-sample t-test
B)two-independent sample t-test
C)related samples t-test
D)both A and C
Q3) The Kruskal-Wallis H test is used as a nonparametric alternative to which parametric test?
A)related samples t-test
B)two-independent sample t-test
C)one-way between-subjects ANOVA
D)one-way within-subjects ANOVA
Q4) Tests for ordinal data are regarded as nonparametric tests.
A)True
B)False
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