Introduction to Statistics
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Statistics provides students with a foundational understanding of statistical concepts and techniques essential for analyzing and interpreting data. The course covers topics such as descriptive statistics, probability distributions, sampling methods, hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, correlation, and regression analysis. Through practical examples and real-world applications, students learn to collect, organize, visualize, and draw conclusions from data, enabling them to make informed decisions in various academic and professional fields.
Recommended Textbook Statistics for Management and Economics 11th Edition by Gerald Keller
Available Study Resources on Quizplus
23 Chapters
3882 Verified Questions
3882 Flashcards Source URL: https://quizplus.com/study-set/3173 Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Statistics
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
46 Verified Questions
46 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/62804
Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher at Florida International University (FIU)wants to estimate the average number of credits earned by students last semester at FIU.She randomly selects 750 students from last semester and finds that they averaged 13.75 credits per student.The population of interest to the researcher is:
A)all FIU students.
B)all college students.
C)all FIU students enrolled last semester.
D)the 750 FIU students selected at random.
Answer: C
Q2) A candidate who is running for the vacant City Mayor seat with 35,000 registered voters wants to determine what percentage would vote for him.His pollsters interview 600 registered voters from the city at random; 60% say they plan to vote for him.
a.What is the population of interest?
b.What is the sample?
c.Is the 60% a parameter or a statistic in this scenario? Why?
Answer: a. The 35,000 registered voters in that city.
b. The 600 registered voters selected at random.
c. The 60% is a statistic,since it is a descriptive measure of the sample.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Page 3
Chapter 2: Graphical Descriptive Techniques 1
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
94 Verified Questions
94 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/62805
Sample Questions
Q1) In purchasing an automobile,there are a number of variables to consider.The body style of the car (sedan,coupe,wagon,etc.)is an example of a(n)____________________ variable.
Answer: nominal categorical qualitative
Q2) {All-Nighters Narrative} Of those who did well on the midterm,what percentage stayed up all night before the midterm?
Answer: 60/180 = 33.3%
Q3) {All-Nighters Narrative} There is a relationship between whether or not a student stayed up all night before the midterm,and how well they did on the midterm.Describe this relationship using percentages.
Answer: Of those who stayed up all night,60/200 = 30% did well and 70% did not.Of those who didn't stay up all night,120/200 = 60% did well and 40% did not.
Q4) {All-Nighter Narrative} Of those who stayed up all night before the midterm,what percentage did well on the midterm?
Answer: 60/200 = 30%
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 4
Chapter 3: Graphical Descriptive Techniques 2
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
156 Verified Questions
156 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/62806
Sample Questions
Q1) Slopes and trends in a line chart appear to be steeper if you ____________________ the horizontal (time)axis.
Answer: shrink
Q2) The effect of making the slope of a line chart appear steeper can be created by:
A)Stretching the vertical axis.
B)Shrinking the horizontal axis.
C)Stretching the horizontal axis.
D)Both a and b
Answer: D
Q3) When one variable increases and the other decreases,we say that there is a(n)____________________ relationship between these two variables.
Answer: negative downhill
Q4) A(n)____________________ is a graphical display consisting of a set of points,each point representing one variable measured along the horizontal axis,and another variable measured along the vertical axis.
Answer: scatter diagram
Q5) For what type of data is a histogram appropriate?
Answer: Interval data.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 5
Chapter 4: Numerical Descriptive Techniques
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
275 Verified Questions
275 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/62807
Sample Questions
Q1) {Hours Worked per Week Narrative} Compute the sample mean hours.
Q2) {Weights of Workers Narrative} Construct a stem and leaf display for the number of workers.
Q3) In a histogram,the proportion of the total area which must be to the left of the median is less than 0.50 if the distribution is negatively skewed.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In a perfectly symmetric distribution,which of the following statements is false?
A)The distance from Q<sub>1</sub> to Q<sub>2</sub> equals to the distance from Q<sub>2</sub> to Q<sub>3</sub>.
B)The distance from the smallest observation to Q<sub>1</sub> is the same as the distance from Q<sub>3</sub> to the largest observation.
C)The distance from the smallest observation to Q<sub>2</sub> is the same as the distance from Q<sub>2</sub> to the largest observation.
D)The distance from Q<sub>1</sub> to Q<sub>3</sub> is half of the distance from the smallest to the largest observation.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 6
Chapter 5: Data Collection and Sampling
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
84 Verified Questions
84 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/62808
Sample Questions
Q1) Selection bias is a systematic tendency to favor including individuals with particular characteristics,while excluding individuals with other characteristics.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following data collection methods is not observational?
A)A personal interview.
B)A telephone interview.
C)A self-administered questionnaire.
D)An experiment.
Q3) Which of the following types of samples should not be used to make good statistical inferences from a sample to a population?
A)Stratified random samples.
B)Self-selected samples.
C)Cluster samples.
D)All of these choices are true.
Q4) Two types of interviews that are used to collect data are ____________________ interviews and
interviews.
Q5) {Soft Drink Narrative} Is this study observational or experimental? Explain.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 7
Chapter 6: Probability
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
240 Verified Questions
240 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/62809
Sample
Questions
Q1) {Hobby Shop Sales Narrative} List the outcomes in the sample space.
Q2) The collection of all the possible outcomes of a random experiment is called a sample space.
A)True B)False
Q3) {Messenger Service Narrative} If a package was delivered 40 minutes late,what is the probability that it was service C?
Q4) If A and B are independent events with P(A)= 0.60 and P(B)= 0.70,then P(A or B)equals:
A)1.30
B)0.88
C)0.42
D)Cannot tell from the given information.
Q5) {Certification Test Narrative} If the selected candidate passed the test,what is the probability that the candidate took the test at location B?
Q6) Thomas ____________________ first employed the calculation of conditional probability.
Q7) If P(A|B)= P(A)then events A and B are ____________________.
Q8) {Cysts Narrative} What is the probability that the patient will test positive?
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 8
Chapter 7: Random Variables and Discrete Probability
Distributions
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
283 Verified Questions
283 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/62810
Sample Questions
Q1) The covariance can be negative but the coefficient of correlation cannot. A)True
B)False
Q2) {Mobile Phones Sales Narrative} Compute the variance of the number of Blackberries sold daily.
Q3) The sum of the expected values always equals the expected value of the sums.
A)True
B)False
Q4) {Sports Fans Narrative} A sample of 100 students is to be selected.What is the standard deviation of the number of sports fans you expect?
Q5) {Golfing Store Narrative} Are X and Y independent? Explain.
Q6) {Montana Highways Narrative} Find P(4 < X < 9).
Q7) A table,formula,or graph that shows all possible values a random variable can assume,together with their associated probabilities,is referred to as probability distribution.
A)True
B)False
Q8) A(n)____________________ random variable is one whose values are uncountable. Page 9
Q9) {Gym Visits Narrative} Find the mean and the standard deviation of Y = 2X 1.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 10
Chapter 8: Continuous Probability Distributions
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
224 Verified Questions
224 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/62811
Sample Questions
Q1) {Battery Life Narrative} What lifetime should the manufacturer advertise for these batteries in order that only 2% of the lamps will wear out before the advertised lifetime?
Q2) Suppose X has a normal distribution with mean 70 and standard deviation 5.The 50th percentile of X is 70.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following can have an exponential distribution?
A)Time between phone calls coming in to a technical support desk.
B)Time until the first customer arrives at the bank in the morning.
C)Lifetime of a new battery.
D)All of these choices are true.
Q4) Continuous probability distributions describe probabilities associated with random variables that are able to assume any finite number of values along an interval.
A)True
B)False
Q5) {Phone Orders Narrative} What proportion of customers having to hold more than 1.5 minutes will hang up before placing an order?
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
11
Chapter 9: Sampling Distributions
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
156 Verified Questions
156 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/62812
Sample Questions
Q1) Let X be a binomial random variable with n = 100 and p = 0.7.Approximate the following probabilities,using the normal distribution.
a.P(X = 75)
b.P(X 70)
c.P(X > 70)
Q2) The amount of bleach a machine pours into bottles has a mean of 50 ounces with a standard deviation of 0.25 ounces.Suppose we take a random sample of 36 bottles filled by this machine.The sampling distribution of the sample mean has a standard error of 0.25 ounces.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In a given year,the average annual salary of a NHL hockey player was $205,000 with a standard deviation of $24,500.If a simple random sample of 50 players was taken,what is the probability that the sample mean will exceed $210,000?
Q4) {Average Annual Revenue Narrative} Could you have used a normal distribution to find an (approximate)probability for the average of 4 revenues if the population of revenues did not have a normal distribution?
Q5) {Retirees Narrative} What is the probability that the mean age exceeds 73 years?
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 12
Chapter 10: Introduction to Estimation
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
154 Verified Questions
154 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/62813
Sample Questions
Q1) The larger the confidence level,the:
A)smaller the value of z <sub> / 2</sub>.
B)wider the confidence interval.
C)smaller the probability that the confidence interval will contain the population mean.
D)None of these choices.
Q2) The confidence interval estimate of the population mean is constructed around the sample mean.
A)True
B)False
Q3) If the population values are very close to each other,the width of the confidence interval is ____________________ than if the population values are very far apart.
Q4) The sample variance (where you divide by n 1)is an unbiased estimator of the population variance.
A)True
B)False
Q5) It is intuitively reasonable to expect that a larger sample will produce more ____________________ results.
Q6) Explain briefly why interval estimators are preferred to point estimators.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 13
Chapter 11: Introduction to Hypothesis Testing
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
189 Verified Questions
189 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/62814
Sample Questions
Q1) By ____________________ the significance level,you increase the probability of a Type II error.
Q2) Calculate the probability of a Type II error for the hypothesis test: H<sub>0</sub>: = 50 vs.H<sub>1</sub>: > 50,given that = 55, = 0.05, = 10,and n = 16.
Q3) Suppose that we reject a null hypothesis at the 0.05 level of significance.Then for which of the following -values do we also reject the null hypothesis?
A)0.06
B)0.04
C)0.03
D)0.02
Q4) We cannot commit a Type I error when the:
A)null hypothesis is true.
B)level of significance is 0.10.
C)null hypothesis is false.
D)test is a two-tail test.
Q5) {LSAT Scores Narrative} State the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses.
Q6) {Toaster Oven Narrative} What is the parameter of interest in this situation?
Q7) {Watching the News Narrative} Determine the p-value.
Page 14
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 12: Inference About a Population
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
153 Verified Questions
153 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/62815
Sample Questions
Q1) A random sample of size 18 taken from a normally distributed population revealed a sample mean of 100 and a sample variance of 49.The 95% confidence interval for the population mean would equal:
A)93.56 - 103.98
B)97.65 - 107.35
C)95.52 -104.65
D)96.52 - 103.48
Q2) {Applicants' Grades Narrative} Compute the sample variance.
Q3) {Hourly Fees Narrative} Can we infer at the 5% significance level that the population mean is greater than 12,assuming that you know the population standard deviation is equal to 6.75?
Q4) A random sample is drawn from a normal distribution with mean and variance <sup>2</sup>.The random variable (n 1)S<sup>2</sup> / <sup>2</sup> has a chi-squared probability distribution with n degrees of freedom.
A)True
B)False
Q5) When a population is small,we must adjust the test statistic and interval estimator using the ____________________ population correction factor.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 15
Chapter 13: Inference About Comparing Two Populations
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
170 Verified Questions
170 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/62816
Sample Questions
Q1) The ratio of two independent chi-squared variables divided by their degrees of freedom is:
A)normally distributed
B)Student t-distributed
C)chi-squared distributed
D)F-distributed
Q2) The F-test used for testing the difference in 2 population variances is always a one-tailed test.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The pooled proportion estimate is used when the proportion of successes from sample 1 equals the proportion of successes from sample 2.
A)True
B)False
Q4) {TV Sex Narrative} Briefly explain what the interval estimate tells you.
Q5) The test for the equality of two population variances assumes that each of the two populations is normally distributed.
A)True
B)False
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 16
Chapter 14: Analysis of Variance
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
157 Verified Questions
157 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/62817
Sample Questions
Q1) In ANOVA,the F-test is the ratio of two sample variances.In the one-way ANOVA (completely randomized design),the variance used as a numerator of the ratio is:
A)mean square for treatments.
B)mean square for error.
C)total sum of squares.
D)None of these choices.
Q2) Which of the following is true of Tukey's Multiple Comparison Method?
A)It is based on the studentized range statistic to obtain the critical value needed to construct individual confidence intervals.
B)It theoretically requires that all sample sizes be equal,or at least similar.
C)It is more powerful than the LSD method.
D)All of these choices are true.
Q3) Which of the following is true regarding SSB?
A)SSB stands for sum of squares for blocks.
B)SSB can help to reduce SSE.
C)SSB can help make it easier to determine whether differences exist between the treatment means.
D)All of these choices are true.
Q4) SSE measures the variation ____________________ treatments.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 17
Chapter 15: Chi-Squared Tests
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
179 Verified Questions
179 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/62818
Sample Questions
Q1) {Sales Volumes Narrative} Should the assumption of a binomial distribution be rejected at the 5% significance level?
Q2) The number of degrees of freedom associated with a chi-squared test of a contingency table is ____________________.
Q3) {Seat Belts Narrative} How many degrees of freedom are associated with the proper test in this experiment?
Q4) The test statistic for the chi-squared test of a contingency table is the same as the test statistic for the goodness-of-fit test.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The alternative hypothesis in a goodness-of-fit test is that none of the p<sub>i</sub> values are equal to their values specified in H<sub>0</sub>.
A)True
B)False
Q6) If the expected frequencies and the observed frequencies are quite different,you are likely to ____________________ the null hypothesis.
Q7) The values of a chi-squared distribution are always ____________________ zero.
Page 18
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 16: Simple Linear Regression and Correlation
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
304 Verified Questions
304 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/62819
Sample Questions
Q1) {Allman Brothers Concert Narrative} Draw a scatter diagram of the data.Comment on whether it appears that a linear model might be appropriate to describe the relationship between the age and number of concerts attended by the respondents.
Q2) {Game Winnings & Education Narrative} Predict with 95% confidence the winnings of a contestant who has 15 years of education.
Q3) The standard error of the estimate is a measure of the:
A)total variation in the y variable.
B)variation around the regression line.
C)percentage of variation in y explained by the variation in x.
D)the variation of the x variable.
Q4) {Allman Brothers Concert Narrative} Estimate the number of Allman Brothers concerts attended by a 64 year old person.
Q5) If the sum of squared residuals is zero,then the:
A)coefficient of determination must be 1.0.
B)coefficient of correlation must be 1.0.
C)linear relationship between x and y is perfect.
D)All of these choices are true.
Q6) A(n)____________________ is an observation that is unusually small or large.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 19
Chapter 17: Multiple Regression
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
160 Verified Questions
160 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/62820
Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss two indicators that can be found in an analysis that suggest multicollinearity is present.
Q2) Multicollinearity is present if the dependent variable is linearly related to one of the explanatory variables.
A)True
B)False
Q3) {Student's Final Grade Narrative} What is the coefficient of determination? What does this statistic tell you?
Q4) Multicollinearity will result in excessively low standard errors of the parameter estimates reported in the regression output.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The range of the values of the Durbin-Watson statistic,d,is 0 d 4.
A)True
B)False
Q6) An adverse effect of multicollinearity is that the estimated regression coefficients of the independent variables that are correlated tend to have large sampling
Q7) {Life Expectancy Narrative} Interpret the coefficient b<sub>3</sub>.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 20
Chapter 18: Model Building
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
148 Verified Questions
148 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/62821
Sample Questions
Q1) In stepwise regression,the independent variable with the largest F-statistic,or equally the smallest p-value,is chosen as the first entering variable.
A)True
B)False
Q2) {Silver Prices Narrative} Is there sufficient evidence at the 1% significance level to conclude that the price of a barrel of oil and the price of silver are linearly related?
Q3) To gather the required observations for your potential regression models,a general rule is that there should be at least ____________________ observations for each independent variable used in the equation.
Q4) Discuss briefly the procedure that is employed in the building of a model.
Q5) Color of truck is a(n)____________________ variable.
Q6) A first-order polynomial model with one predictor variable is the familiar simple linear regression model.
A)True
B)False
Q7) {Motorcycle Fatalities Narrative} Test at the 1% significance level to determine if the interaction term should be retained in the model.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 21
Chapter 19: Nonparametric Statistics
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
175 Verified Questions
175 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/62822
Sample Questions
Q1) Some statistical software perform the Mann-Whitney test.However,this test and the sign test are equivalent tests.
A)True
B)False
Q2) One of the required conditions of the sign test is that the number of nonzero differences n must be greater than or equal to 30.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The first step in a Wilcoxon rank sum test is to combine the data values in the two samples and assign a rank of 1 to the:
A)smallest observation.
B)middle observation.
C)largest observation.
D)observation that occurs most frequently.
Q4) The Friedman test compares the locations of two or more populations where the data are generated from a randomized ____________________ experiment.
Q5) {Airlines Ranking Narrative} Which test is appropriate if you want to compare the quality of service of the four airlines?
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 22
Chapter 20: Time-Series Analytics and Forecasting
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
225 Verified Questions
225 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/62823
Sample Questions
Q1) {The Pyramids of Giza Narrative} Use regression analysis to develop the trend line.
Q2) A least squares linear trend line is just a simple regression line with the years recoded.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Seasonal variation is one of the four different components of a time series.These are cycles that occur over short repetitive calendar periods and,by definition,have duration of less than one year.
A)True
B)False
Q4) {Monthly Mattress Sales Narrative} Compute the exponentially smoothed sales with w = 0.3 and w = 0.5.
Q5) Which of the following is not true in regard to the weights used in exponential smoothing?
A)They are all positive
B)The last weight is always the smallest
C)They add up to 1
D)They decrease exponentially into the past
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 23
Chapter 21: Statistical Process Control
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
140 Verified Questions
140 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/62824
Sample Questions
Q1) The process capability index measures the capability of the process to produce units whose dimensions fall outside the specification limits.
A)True
B)False
Q2) {30 Samples Production Narrative} Calculate the mean and standard deviation of each sample.
Q3) ____________________ variation is caused by a number of randomly occurring events that are part of the production process.
Q4) When no point lies outside the control limits of a chart,we conclude that variation in the process is:
A)caused by chance and there is not enough evidence to infer that the process is out of control.
B)caused by chance and there is enough evidence to infer that the process is out of control.
C)caused by assignable causes and there is enough evidence to infer that the process is under control.
D)caused by assignable causes and there is not enough evidence to infer that the process is out of control.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 22: Decision Analysis
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
123 Verified Questions
123 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/62825
Sample Questions
Q1) {Video Business Narrative} Convert the payoff table to an opportunity loss table.
Q2) Which probability is also known as the revised probability?
A)Prior Probability
B)Joint Probability
C)Marginal Probability
D)Posterior Probability
Q3) In general,the branches of a decision tree represent acts and states of nature.
A)True
B)False
Q4) {Gross Profits Narrative} If the probability of s<sub>1</sub> is 0.4,then the probability of s<sub>2</sub> is______________.
Q5) What is meant by the expected value of perfect information (EVPI)?
Q6) The expected payoff with perfect information (EPPI)represents the maximum amount a decision maker would be willing to pay for perfect information.
A)True
B)False
Q7) {Power Company Narrative} What is the expected payoff with perfect information?
Q8) {Sporting Goods Store Narrative} Determine the EMV decision.
Page 25
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 23: Conclusion
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
47 Verified Questions
47 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/62826
Sample Questions
Q1) In nonparametric statistics,the population must be normally distributed.
A)True
B)False
Q2) There are three types of data: ____________________; ____________________; and ____________________.
Q3) The validity of any statistical outcome depends on the validity of its sample.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following is an example of interval data?
A)The weight of a newborn baby.
B)The gender of a baby.
C)Whether or not a baby weighs more than 10 pounds.
D)Your order of preference of three baby names.
Q5) Formulas for confidence intervals and test statistics all come from ____________________ distributions.
Q6) If the probability of making a Type II error decreases,the probability of making a Type I error increases.
A)True
B)False
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 26