Introduction to Personality Practice Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Personality explores the fundamental theories, concepts, and scientific research related to the study of personality in psychology. Students will examine the major theoretical approaches including psychoanalytic, trait, humanistic, cognitive, and behavioral perspectives as well as contemporary developments in personality assessment and research. The course covers the biological and environmental influences on personality, the measurement of personality traits, and the connection between personality and mental health. Through lectures, discussions, and case studies, students gain insight into how personality shapes individual behavior, development, and interpersonal relationships.
Recommended Textbook
Personality 9th Edition by Jerry M. Burger
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1024 Verified Questions
1024 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is true about the different approaches to personality?
A) One must adhere to the same approach when giving explanations for different phenomena.
B) The strength of some approaches in explaining behavior patterns makes up for the weaknesses of other approaches.
C) The best way to show contradictions is to explain phenomena using different approaches.
D) One need not align oneself with the same approach when explaining different phenomena.
Answer: D
Q2) A psychologist explains a woman's fear of snakes in terms of her unconscious fear of her father. This psychologist is using which approach to personality?
A) Psychoanalytic
B) Trait
C) Humanistic
D) Behavioral/social learning
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Personality Research Methods
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Q1) A personality researcher administered her new measure of self-esteem to a group of participants. She waited two weeks and then gave the test to the same people again. She found that scores on the test changed quite a bit during the two-week period. Many participants who had scored low during the first administration scored high the second time, and many who had scored high initially scored low on the second administration. What problem does the researcher have with the new test?
A) Poor reliability
B) Poor internal consistency
C) Poor congruent validity
D) Poor face validity
Answer: A
Q2) The use of nonmanipulated variables is required when an independent variable exists without the experimenter's intervention.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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4
Chapter 3: The Psychoanalytic Approach: Freudian Theory, Application,
and Assessment
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Q1) According to Freud, to make sense of a patient's dream, a therapist needs to understand the
A) dream's manifest content.
B) dream's latent content.
C) part of the dream recalled best by the dreamer.
D) parts of the dream that recur in many different dreams.
Answer: B
Q2) A patient in psychoanalysis suddenly begins to miss his regularly scheduled therapy appointment. When he does make his appointment, he complains that the therapy is not making progress and should be brought to an end. Freud might have made each of the following statements about this behavior except one. Which one?
A) The patient is engaging in resistance.
B) The therapist is off track and should explore new directions in trying to uncover the source of the patient's problem.
C) The therapist is on the right track and a significant breakthrough may be at hand.
D) The patient consciously believes therapy is not making progress.
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: The Freudian Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) Before the use of more sophisticated defense mechanisms, children most often use projection as a defense mechanism.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Based on research findings, which of the following defense mechanisms would we expect to find children use most frequently?
A) Denial
B) Identification
C) Reaction formation
D) Sublimation
Q3) The "hidden observer" demonstrations are used to support which theory of hypnosis?
A) Absorption theory
B) Neodissociation theory
C) Nontrance theory
D) Role theory
Q4) Give a description of your own of the defense mechanisms used by children and contrast them with those used by adults. Give examples of different individual differences in defense mechanisms.
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Chapter 5: The Psychoanalytic Approach: Neo Freudian
Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) Researchers turn life stories into data by which of the following methods?
A) Judging transcripts of interview recordings
B) Computing scores on an inventory
C) Judging pictures of significant life events
D) None of the above
Q2) Which of the following is the name Alfred Adler gave his approach to personality?
A) ego psychology
B) individual psychology
C) superior psychology
D) analytic psychology
Q3) Describe the method of personality assessment known as personal narrative. What are the steps involved in their analysis? Give one neo-Freudian theory for which personal narratives have provided support. List and explain the problems associated with this assessment technique.
Q4) Which of the following statements can be attributed to Jung's view of religion?
A) "Authoritarian religions emphasize that we are controlled by a powerful God."
B) "Modern psychotherapy has taken on the role once reserved for the clergy."
C) "Humanistic religions emphasize that there is no God."
D) "The religions of mankind must be classified as a mass-delusion."
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Neo Freudian Theories: Relevant Research
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Q1) Studies with aggressive children find that these children have a lot of A) violent relatives.
B) stress and frustration in their lives.
C) independence at home.
D) friends.
Q2) A person who describes his or her relationships with family members as distrustful and emotionally distant most probably has an avoidant style of attachment.
A)True
B)False
Q3) An attachment style inventory was completed by couples waiting in an airport, their behavior was then observed until departure. Results from this research showed that A) avoidant individuals showed signs of stress over flying.
B) most secure participants left the waiting area before their partners departed.
C) avoidant couples directly expressed anxiety to the researchers.
D) secure participants showed signs of closeness to their partner while waiting.
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8
Chapter 7: The Trait Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Recent research on the "Big Five" personality factors uses an approach to understanding personality similar to that advocated by
A) Gordon Allport.
B) Raymond Cattell.
C) Carl Jung.
D) Henry Murray.
Q2) A woman indicates on a test that she agrees with the statement, "I am confident in my abilities." Later on the same test she agrees with the statement, "I have doubts about my abilities." This woman's responses may indicate the presence of which potential problem?
A) Faking good
B) Faking bad
C) Social desirability
D) Acquiescence response
Q3) Compared to most of us, individuals who score high on Openness are more likely to A) tell a stranger all about themselves.
B) change their self-concept.
C) make friends easily.
D) consider new ideas.
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Chapter 8: The Trait Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) According to an attribution analysis of achievement behavior, first-year student Arnold is most likely to improve his academic performance if he attributes poor freshman grades to A) his ability.
B) the difficulty of college classes.
C) his level of effort.
D) inadequate preparation for college.
Q2) Type A people often find more easygoing people a source of frustration.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Researchers find that men and women sometimes differ in achievement behavior because
A) men have an inherently higher need to achieve.
B) men are better at tasks calling for organization skills.
C) men have higher endurance levels.
D) men and women differ in the values they assign to achievement tasks.
Q4) How did the construct of the Type A personality develop? State specific findings regarding how Type A is related to achievement motivation. What are the driving habits? What are the concerns?
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Chapter 9: The Biological Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) The form of anxiety shown by inhibited children that comes from their exposure to unfamiliar people, settings, or challenges is called
A) moral anxiety.
B) castration anxiety.
C) anxiety to novelty.
D) neurotic phobia.
Q2) List and discuss three arguments made by Eysenck for the biological basis of personality. Do they each have merit? State why or why not.
Q3) A man tends to have strong reactions to emotional events. He becomes overly excited and panics when facing even mild stress, and takes a long time to recover from these experiences. Eysenck might say this man is high on which personality dimension?
A) Extraversion
B) Neuroticism
C) Psychoticism
D) Emotionality
Q4) What is cerebral asymmetry? How is it measured? Explain how emotion is predicted by individual differences in cerebral asymmetry and the possible role of thresholds in brain activity.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: The Biological Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) The genetic influence of some personality traits may not be seen unless a specific combination of genes in inherited. Such complex influences are known as A) monozygotic influences.
B) nonadditive effects.
C) combinatorial effects.
D) genetic correlations.
Q2) Extraverts are less likely than introverts to seek out tasks that will make them happy. A)True
B)False
Q3) As reported in the textbook, research demonstrating a genetic influence on a person's level of extraversion-introversion comes primarily from research A) using the twin-study method.
B) comparing adopted children and biological children to their parents.
C) comparing strength of relationship with similarity of personality scores.
D) comparing adopted children's personalities with the personalities of their biological parents.
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Chapter 11: The Humanistic Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) Among the many characteristics of self-actualized people, they tend to A) be more spontaneous.
B) ignore their own weaknesses and focus on their personal strengths.
C) show higher acceptance of other people for who they are. D) be more greatly inhibited in their social interactions.
Q2) You ask a person to provide a real-self profile and an ideal-self profile with a Q-Sort. Which correlation would you expect to find between the two profiles if the person is approaching fully functioning?
A) -.60
B) .00
C) .30
D) .60
Q3) Rogers and Freud provide distinctly opposite answers to the question of whether or not
A) anxiety plays a role in psychological disorders.
B) people use defenses to reduce anxiety.
C) a psychotherapist should explain to a client what the client really means.
D) people are influenced by mental processes of which they are not aware.
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Chapter 12: The Humanistic Approach: Relevant Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss the concept of self-disclosure, giving an example of the rule of disclosure reciprocity. Explain the role self-disclosure plays in the development of friendships and romantic relationships. Specify the health benefits of disclosing traumatic experiences and the implications of self-disclosure for psychotherapy.
Q2) Which of the following statements is supported by research findings?
A) Females tend to self-disclose more than males.
B) Males tend to self-disclose more than females.
C) Males and females tend to self-disclose about the same.
D) Males self-disclose more than females to friends, females disclose more than males to strangers.
Q3) Your best friend has been in a serious automobile accident. According to research on disclosure of traumatic experiences, you might suggest that your friend
A) attempt to shut out any thoughts and feelings associated with the accident.
B) talk about his or her feelings with friends or a trained therapist.
C) avoid talking about the accident until it seems right to do so.
D) write down any dreams he or she has for a month.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: The Behavioralsocial Learning Approach:
Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Using the Q-sort procedure, a therapist arranges a situation so that a successful experience for the client is virtually guaranteed.
A)True
B)False
Q2) People are more likely to engage in a behavior if it is followed by a reward. According to Rotter, this is because the reward
A) creates an association through operant conditioning.
B) is delivered immediately after the behavior is enacted.
C) changes the environment in which the behavior takes place.
D) changes the expectancy that the behavior will lead to rewards in the future.
Q3) A tennis coach works with players to improve the accuracy of their backhand stroke with successive attempts to produce more hits on target each week of the season. The coach is using a form of conditioning known as A) stimulus generalization.
B) shaping.
C) punishment.
D) discrimination.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: The Behavioral Social Learning Approach:
Relevant Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research finds that happiness with one's relationship is related to having a partner who is
A) masculine or androgynous.
B) feminine or androgynous.
C) masculine if a male, feminine if a female.
D) masculine if you are masculine, feminine if you are feminine.
Q2) A person typed as masculine is
A) high on the androgyny scale and low on femininity.
B) low on masculinity and high on androgyny.
C) high on masculinity and low on femininity.
D) low on masculinity and high on congruence.
Q3) Researchers investigating the observational learning of gender-role behaviors find that boys imitate male models instead of female models
A) as soon as they develop an identity as a male.
B) after they noticed that a certain behavior is performed more by one gender than the other.
C) more often than girls imitate female models.
D) but that the opposite is not found for girls.
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Chapter 15: The Cognitive Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) Which of the following is correct about cognitive-affective units?
A) They are basically the same for everyone.
B) They are equally accessible in memory.
C) How we interpret a situation depends on which cognitive-affective units are activated.
D) Cognitive therapists try to reduce the number of cognitive-affective units in their clients.
Q2) The approach of self-discrepancy theory proposes
A) the actual self is different from one's self-concept.
B) there are three different representations of the self.
C) the internal self and external self are the same.
D) all of the above
Q3) The ideal-self contains all the information one has about the kind of person they are. A)True B)False
Q4) Compare Kelly's conception of human personality with Freud's view. Discuss the basic tenets and structure of Kelly's personal construct theory.
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Chapter 16: The Cognitive Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) Which of the following is true about aggressive scripts?
A) They represent ways to act that have been learned.
B) We learn them by watching aggressive models.
C) When they have been practiced, they are more likely to be shown.
D) all of the above
Q2) Researchers use the idea of negative cognitive style to
A) identify people at high risk for depression.
B) predict students who will have at least one episode of major depression.
C) determine those suffering more depressive symptoms after trauma.
D) all of the above
Q3) According to cognitive researchers, the happiest people are those who
A) pay attention to negative information so they can deal with it more effectively.
B) pay attention to both positive and negative information equally.
C) interpret ambiguous information in a positive light.
D) are always on the alert for negative information.
Q4) The cognitive approach maintains that negative thoughts are a symptom of depression.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: General Questions
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Q1) Recent work on attachment styles suggests that our childhood experiences with caregivers can determine our ways at looking at
A) the same and opposite gender.
B) ourselves.
C) our possible selves.
D) adult relationships.
Q2) Which of the following theories contributed most directly to the development of the cognitive approach to understanding personality?
A) Freudian personality theory
B) Social learning theory
C) Trait theory
D) Radical behaviorism
Q3) The personality theory developed by ___ later led to empirical research on ___ .
A) Eysenck; Type A
B) Kelly; attributions
C) Murray; need for Achievement
D) Adler; hypnosis
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