Introduction to Behavioral Science
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Behavioral Science explores the foundational principles, theories, and research methods used to understand human behavior. This course examines how individuals think, feel, and act, drawing from disciplines such as psychology, sociology, and anthropology. Students will analyze the impact of social, cognitive, and environmental factors on behavior, evaluate empirical findings, and consider real-world applications in areas such as health, decision-making, and group dynamics. Through interactive discussions and case studies, learners develop a foundational understanding of human behavior and its relevance to a wide variety of personal and societal issues.
Recommended Textbook
Introduction to Psychology 11th Edition by James W. Kalat
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Chapter 1: What Is Psychology
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Q1) Psychologists made more progress in understanding sensation than emotion or personality.Why?
A)Traditionally, psychologists have found sensation to be more interesting.
B)Psychologists can measure sensation more accurately.
C)None of the research on sensation requires expensive equipment.
D)Several theories have been proposed about sensation, but not about personality or emotion.
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following was one of the founders of behaviorism?
A)Alfred Binet
B)John Watson
C)Sigmund Freud
Answer: B
Q3) The mind-brain (or mind-body)problem refers to which question?
A)What happens to the brain during an out-of-body experience?
B)Which part of the brain does the mind control?
C)What is the relationship between mind and brain?
D)Which is more important, the mind or the brain?
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Scientific Methods in Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) For which of the following is a cross-cultural sample most important?
A)Studies about the basic mechanisms of vision, hearing, and other senses
B)Studies about the humanlike behaviors of chimpanzees
C)Studies about chemicals in the brain and how they influence behavior
D)Studies about which male-female differences are natural, and which ones are learned
Answer: D
Q2) What is a "blind observer" in an experiment?
A)A blind observer does not know the experimenter's predictions.
B)A blind observer has no previous experience in psychological research.
C)A blind observer tries to predict the results before the experiment starts.
D)A blind observer listens to people without watching them.
Answer: A
Q3) What is true about research using correlations?
A)Individuals are randomly assigned to two or more groups.
B)A negative correlation is just as useful as a positive correlation.
C)All procedures are carried out with a double-blind design.
D)Correlational research leads to cause-and-effect conclusions.
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: A: Scientific Methods in Psychology
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Q1) In general,scientists are impressed with an experimental result if the p value is small.
A)True
B)False Answer: True
Q2) A case history studies a random sample of the population.
A)True
B)False Answer: False
Q3) Consider the following set of scores on a quiz: 70,100,85,70,75.The median for this set of scores is 75.
A)True
B)False Answer: True
Q4) Every experiment has at least one independent variable.
A)True
B)False Answer: True
Q5) A definition that states how to measure something is a(n)__________ definition. Answer: operational
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Chapter 3: Biological Psychology
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Q1) How many types of neurotransmitters and receptors are in the brain?
A)The brain has two types of neurotransmitter, and each attaches to one type of receptor.
B)The brain has two types of neurotransmitter, and each attaches to many types of receptor.
C)The brain has many neurotransmitters, and each attaches to one type of receptor.
D)The brain has many neurotransmitters, and each attaches to many types of receptor.
Q2) What is "epigenetics"?
A)Genetic differences between males and females, or any other two groups
B)Changes in gene expression without changes in DNA
C)The way genes alter behavior
D)Evolutionary changes in genes
Q3) What are the effects of MDMA ("ecstasy")?
A)Reduced pain at low doses and increased pain at high doses.
B)Depressant effects at low doses and stimulant effects at high doses.
C)Stimulant effects at low doses and hallucinogenic effects at high doses.
D)Antisocial effects at low doses and prosocial effects at high doses.
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Chapter 3: A: Biological Psychology
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Q1) Each behavior depends on a single gene.
A)True B)False
Q2) Marijuana increases the risk of strokes,and makes the damage from strokes more severe.
A)True B)False
Q3) The central nervous system consists of the brain and the _______.
Q4) An action potential remains equally strong as it travels on an axon from start to finish.
A)True B)False
Q5) We can almost always explain the reasons for our own behavior.
A)True B)False
Q6) Some people can indicate where a visual stimulus occurred even though they weren't conscious of seeing it.
A)True B)False
Page 7
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Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why is color vision poor or absent toward the periphery of the retina?
A)The periphery is farther from the optic nerve.
B)The periphery is farther from the pupil.
C)The periphery has few rods.
D)The periphery has few cones.
Q2) What evidence shows that synesthesia is real,not pretended?
A)Synesthesia is much more common in some families than in others.
B)Many people continue to report the same synesthetic experiences year after year.
C)Several people claiming to have synesthesia have passed a lie-detector test.
D)Some people with synesthesia can find a 2 among many 5s faster than average.
Q3) Which of the following would stimulate or increase a phantom hand sensation?
A)Ask the person to remember childhood.
B)Flash a variety of photographs at a rapid speed.
C)Touch the person's face.
D)Play some unfamiliar music.
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Chapter 4: A: Sensation and Perception
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Q1) A gray square could look blue,yellow,or any other color,depending on its surround.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Light enters the eye through the pupil and strikes the receptors on the _________.
Q3) Absolute pitch (or "perfect pitch")is more common in people who speak Mandarin Chinese than in English speakers.
A)True
B)False
Q4) People see little or no color in the periphery of their visual field.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The apparent brightness of an object depends on the brightness of objects near it.
A)True
B)False
Q6) In order to see something,we send rays out from our eyes.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) What observation persuaded Piaget that young children lack the concept of object permanence?
A)They don't reach around a barrier to retrieve a toy.
B)They look away from a toy after seeing it for only a few seconds.
C)They say that a row of coins has more after they are spread out.
D)They say that a ball of clay weighs more after it has been squashed flat.
Q2) An infant watches a toy car go down a track,behind a screen presumably hiding a block,and then out the other side.How does the infant react?
A)The infant looks toward his/her mother.
B)The infant stares.
C)The infant smiles or laughs.
D)The infant cries.
Q3) What is one advantage of a cross-sectional study over a longitudinal study?
A)The results apply to all human cultures.
B)The participants do not have to give informed consent.
C)All participants are in the same cohort.
D)The study is completed more quickly.
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Chapter 5: A: Development
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Q1) Infants show no indication of learning or memory before age 2 weeks.
A)True
B)False
Q2) People often react to reminders of death by reaffirming their religious and political beliefs.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Lev Vygotsky emphasized the idea that with appropriate help,children can advance a certain distance beyond what they can do by themselves.He called this distance the zone of __________ development.
Q4) An investigator who compares people of different ages all at the same time,is using a ____________ design.
Q5) Can infants within the first days after birth recognize their own mother's voice? What evidence supports this conclusion?
Q6) Men and women differ in their interests more than they do in their abilities.
A)True
B)False
Q7) According to Erik Erikson,an identity crisis is particularly likely for people during the age of __________________.
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Chapter 6: Learning
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Q1) Rats receive a shock when they drink saccharin-flavored water from a tube that produces loud noises and bright lights.Later,what do they avoid,if anything?
A)The loud noises and bright lights
B)Saccharin-flavored water
C)The tube
D)Nothing
Q2) Why do many cancer patients lose their appetite after receiving radiation therapy?
A)They feel better physically but they start to become depressed.
B)Radiation alters activity in the brain areas responsible for taste.
C)Radiation alters activity in the brain areas responsible for hunger.
D)They associate the last food they ate with nausea.
Q3) Social-learning theory emphasizes the importance of what?
A)Algorithms
B)Shaping and chaining
C)Schedules of reinforcement
D)Imitation
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Chapter 6: A: Learning
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Q1) Birds that learn their song don't begin to learn it until they are old enough to begin singing.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In Pavlov's experiment the conditioned response was similar to the
Q3) In Pavlov's experiments,a sound preceded food,which evoked salivation.We refer to the food as the ______ stimulus.
Q4) Stimulus generalization is the extension of a conditioned response from the training stimulus to similar stimuli.
A)True
B)False
Q5) As soon as the TV show Jeopardy! is over,Tom feeds his dog.Now the dog starts salivating as soon as the program ends.Identify the UCS,UCR,CS,and CR.
Q6) Spontaneous recovery is a temporary return of an extinguished response after a delay.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Memory
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Questions
Q1) When Peterson and Peterson demonstrated the decay of short-term memory over a delay,why did they ask people to count backward by threes during the delay?
A)To develop procedural memory
B)To increase chunking
C)To increase depth of processing
D)To prevent rehearsal
Q2) Which kind of memory test are you taking right now?
A)Free recall
B)Cued recall
C)Recognition
D)Savings
Q3) Which of the following is a likely explanation for early childhood amnesia?
A)Children form memories but repress them because of their traumatic content.
B)The hippocampus is not yet mature enough to establish episodic memories.
C)New hippocampal neurons promote learning but also promote forgetting.
D)Head trauma leads to retrograde amnesia.
Q4) Remembering the time you broke your leg is which kind of memory?
A)Procedural memory
B)Implicit memory
C)Semantic memory
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Chapter 7: A: Memory
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Q1) You might show implicit memory of something despite having no conscious memory of it.
A)True B)False
Q2) If you want to remember something for as long as possible,and you plan to spend 10 hours studying,it is best to study the material for 10 hours all at once.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Describe an example of source amnesia.
Q4) Remembering how to kick a soccer ball is an example of ____________________ memory.
Q5) Chunking can overcome some of the limitations of short-term memory.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Growth of new neurons in early childhood leads to faster learning but also faster forgetting.
A)True B)False
Q7) Inability to store new long-term memories is known as __________ amnesia.
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Chapter 8: Cognition and Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) For which of the following games would an algorithm be most helpful?
A)Basketball
B)Tic-tac-toe
C)Tennis
D)A marathon race
Q2) How do System 1 thinking and System 2 thinking differ?
A)Individual decisions versus group decisions
B)Verbal answers versus nonverbal answers
C)Quick answers versus careful consideration
D)Correct decisions versus errors
Q3) If deaf children cannot learn to speak,and no one teaches them sign language,what happens?
A)Their working memory improves.
B)Their working memory deteriorates.
C)They make up their own sign language.
D)They remain ready for language learning until someone gives an opportunity.
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Chapter 8: A: Cognition and Language
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Q1) Individuals sometimes face a choice among a huge number of options.For example,when you go to a library to check out a book,do you go through every book to find the perfect book for your mood or do you browse several books until you find one that looks interesting? People generally follow two strategies: maximizing and satisficing.Define each term and describe which of the above scenarios goes with each.
Q2) When you carefully attend to a question,using mathematical calculations or carefully evaluating the evidence,you are using System ___.
Q3) Many people will answer a question differently if it is phrased in terms of saving lives or if it is phrased in terms of avoiding the loss of lives.This tendency is called the ______ effect.
Q4) The representativeness heuristic most often leads to error when people are dealing with rare events.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Thinking about a concept will activate,or prime,the concepts linked to it through a process called __________ activation.
Q6) A unit of sound is called a phoneme.A unit of meaning is a _____.
Q7) The most typical or familiar examples of a category are known as __________.
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Chapter 9: Intelligenceintelligence
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Q1) What does "stereotype threat" mean?
A)Impaired performance because of worry about supporting an unfavorable stereotype
B)Impaired performance because a test is biased against someone's group
C)Impaired performance because of poverty, poor health, or poor nutrition
D)Impaired performance because of fear of doing better than other group members
Q2) Which researcher introduced the idea of the g factor in intelligence?
A)Pavlov
B)Freud
C)Spearman
D)Binet
Q3) What would happen if psychologists did not periodically revise IQ tests?
A)Females would start scoring higher than males.
B)Males would start scoring higher than females.
C)The mean score on the tests would gradually increase.
D)The mean score on the tests would gradually decrease.
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Chapter 9: A: Intelligence Intelligence
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Q1) The Flynn effect is mostly due to improved education.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Researchers have identified three genes that control most of the individual differences in IQ scores.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Describe the Flynn effect and at least two possible explanations for it.
Q4) The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children (WISC-IV)provides subscores that call attention to a child's relative strengths and weaknesses.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Although the mean score on an IQ test is 100,the most common score is a few points higher.
A)True
B)False
Q6) The early IQ tests developed in France were modified for English speakers and became the first important IQ test in the English language.This new version was the
Page 19
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Chapter 10: Consciousnessconsciousness
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Q1) What is one likely explanation for why horses evolved a tendency to sleep few hours per night?
A)They have less need than other species to consolidate their memories.
B)They eat a diet that is unusually rich in calories.
C)They are at high risk of being attacked during their sleep.
D)They have higher body temperatures than most other mammals.
Q2) What do the following have in common: Awakening and finding yourself unable to move,sleepwalking,and lucid dreaming?
A)The unconscious mind is overruling the conscious mind.
B)Mental activity is operating independently of brain activity.
C)Part of the brain is awake while another part is asleep.
D)REM sleep and stage 4 sleep are happening at the same time.
Q3) Why do we feel wakeful and sleepy on a 24-hour schedule?
A)The body responds to changes in the temperature and lighting of the environment.
B)An area in the brain generates this rhythm.
C)Muscular activity produces lactate, which leads to sleepiness.
D)A feedback cycle among several endocrine organs generates this rhythm.
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Chapter 10: A: Consciousnessconsciousness
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Q1) Hypnosis can reduce people's emotional response to pain.
A)True
B)False
Q2) People traveling west suffer more serious jet lag than do people traveling east.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Describe the key differences between REM sleep and other stages of sleep.
Q4) Someone who is pretending to be hypnotized can mimic almost everything that truly hypnotized people do.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Cells in your brain generate a 24-hour rhythm that affects sleepiness and other activities.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Briefly describe sleep apnea and narcolepsy.
Q7) The highest prevalence of long,slow,high-amplitude brain waves occurs during ______ sleep.
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Q8) Freud referred to the hidden meaning of a dream as the ____________________ content.
Chapter 11: Motivated Behaviorsmotivated Behaviors
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Q1) Which of the following is a partial explanation for the increasing obesity in our society?
A)More people eat alone than did so in the past.
B)Increasing physical activity leads to increased appetite.
C)Restaurants tend to serve larger portions.
D)Dominant genes for obesity have become more common.
Q2) What is meant by an "intersex"?
A)Someone with external anatomy between typical male and female
B)Someone who wishes to change from one gender to another
C)Someone who is sexually attracted to both male and female partners
D)Someone who produces both sperm and eggs
Q3) Alfred Kinsey is famous for what contribution to knowledge?
A)He measured physiological changes during sexual arousal and orgasm.
B)He conducted a survey about people's sexual activities.
C)He discovered how testosterone and estradiol affect brain activities.
D)He outlined the genetic influences on sexual orientation.
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Chapter 11: A: Motivated Behaviorsmotivated Behaviors
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Q1) The highest point on Maslow's hierarchy of needs is the need for _______
Q2) A condition in which people alternate between eating huge amounts and eating almost nothing is known as __________ ___________.
Q3) The most abundant sugar in the blood,and the main source of fuel for the brain,is
Q4) People usually eat more when alone than when they eat with a group of friends.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Maslow's hierarchy of needs applies to all cultures equally well.
A)True
B)False
Q6) If you have a choice of when to set deadline for a series of tasks,you should set all the deadlines as late as possible.
A)True
B)False
Q7) On average,young people are more satisfied with their jobs than older people.
A)True
B)False
23
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Chapter 12: Part 1 Emotions,stress,and
Healthemotions,stress,and Health
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Q1) Lottery winners are very happy at first,but their happiness declines a few months later.Which of the following is NOT a likely explanation for the decline?
A)Their answer on a rating scale may not mean the same thing it did before.
B)People almost always want still more wealth than they have.
C)Rich people get less joy from the simple things in life.
D)Happiness declines steadily as people get older.
Q2) Which theory says that your cognitive appraisal of a situation determines which emotion you feel?
A)Cognitive dissonance theory
B)Gestalt theory
C)Schachter and Singer's theory
D)Young-Helmholtz theory
Q3) Activity of what system prepares someone for "fight or flight" activities?
A)Somatic nervous system
B)Celiac nervous system
C)Sympathetic nervous system
D)Parasympathetic nervous system
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Chapter 12: A: Emotional,stress,and
Healthemotional,stress,and Health
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Q1) People who have only weak autonomic arousal generally report weak emotional feelings.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Feeling personal rejection causes more health risk than other types of stress. A)True
B)False
Q3) If we use "consensus scoring" to evaluate answers on an emotional intelligence test,we give very little credit for correctly answering the most difficult questions.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Psychologists have debated whether or not humans have "basic emotions" and,if so,what constitutes a basic emotion? What evidence do people most often cite as support for the idea of basic emotions?
Q5) Most people are good at detecting when others are lying. A)True
B)False
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Q6) Coping with stress by reinterpreting the situation to make it seem less threatening is known as ____________.
Chapter 13: Social Psychologysocial Psychology
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Q1) The actress who played the role of the wicked witch in the movie Wizard of Oz said that for the rest of her life,children screamed when they saw her,assuming she really was wicked.Their assumption illustrates which of the following?
A)Fundamental attribution error
B)Self-fulfilling prophecy
C)Pluralistic ignorance
D)Cognitive dissonance
Q2) When is the peripheral route to persuasion most likely to change your opinion?
A)When you already know much about the topic
B)When you have enough time to consider the evidence
C)When you are feeling sad
D)When you don't have much interest in the topic
Q3) The tendency to increase our preference for familiar things is known as what?
A)The forewarning effect
B)The mere exposure effect
C)The actor-observer effect
D)The sleeper effect
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Chapter 13: A: Social Psychologysocial Psychology
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Q1) The basic lesson from Zimbardo's simulated prison study and from Milgram's teacher-learner study is that humans are crueler than previously realized.
A)True
B)False
Q2) If someone you don't respect suggests an idea,you might have more agreement with the idea later than you do at first.
A)True
B)False
Q3) To measure the maturity of someone's moral judgments,Kohlberg devised a series of moral __________ that pit one moral value against another.
Q4) You are more likely to help a stranger when many people are around than when you are by yourself.
A)True
B)False
Q5) People with mental illness are not especially dangerous,unless they abuse alcohol or other drugs.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Personalitypersonality
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Q1) Freud's therapy tried to produce which of the following?
A)Catharsis
B)Reaction formation
C)Repression
D)Transference
Q2) What did Alfred Adler recommend as a way to improve mental health?
A)Find a healthy balance between your sexual impulses and other drives.
B)Strive for the welfare of all, not just yourself.
C)Follow good habits of eating, sleep, and exercise.
D)Set aside time each day for quiet contemplation.
Q3) Why does the evidence for suppression of an unpleasant memory fail to support Freud's concept of repression of memories?
A)Suppression occurs in childhood, whereas repression occurs in adults.
B)Freud thought that repression occurred equally for pleasant and unpleasant memories.
C)Intentional suppression generally improves mental health.
D)Suppression is permanent, whereas repression is temporary.
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Chapter 14: A: Personalitypersonality
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Q1) Psychologists derived the Big Five model of personality from an analysis of the English language.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Freud's goal was to bring unconscious thoughts and memories to consciousness.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Psychologists derived the Big Five personality model from extensive observations of people's behavior in different cultures.
A)True
B)False
Q4) According to Freud,healthy personality development requires shifting libido from one body part to another as a person grows older.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The earliest of Freud's stages of psychosexual development,the one characteristic of infants,is the _______ stage.
Q6) How did researchers evaluate the accuracy of criminal profiling,and what results did they get?
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Chapter 15: Part 1 Abnormal Psychology: Disorders and
Treatmentabnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatment
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Q1) In Watson's attempt to produce a phobia in Albert B.,what were the rat and the fear response?
A)The rat was the unconditioned stimulus and fear was the unconditioned response.
B)The rat was the unconditioned response and fear was the unconditioned stimulus.
C)The rat was the conditioned stimulus and fear was the unconditioned stimulus.
D)The rat was the conditioned stimulus and fear was the conditioned response.
Q2) Alcoholics Anonymous has what relationship to religion?
A)It has a strong spiritual focus, but no affiliation with any religion.
B)It is sponsored by different churches in different cities.
C)It is sponsored by the Roman Catholic Church.
D)It is opposed to all religion.
Q3) Which of these abnormalities has been found in many people with autism?
A)Increased sensitivity to pain
B)Almost constant dizziness
C)Larger than average heads and brains
D)Unusually frequent eye movements
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Chapter 15: A: Abnormal Psychology: Disorders and
Treatmentabnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatment
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
102 Verified Questions
102 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/26441
Sample Questions
Q1) The fifth edition of DSM allows therapists to rate every client along several dimensions instead of using diagnoses such as depression or schizophrenia.
A)True
B)False
Q2) John B.Watson reported that he conditioned a child to fear white rats,a possible model of phobia development.Ignoring for now his questionable ethics,describe why this model is not a convincing explanation for phobias.What objects are the usual targets of phobias?
Q3) Learned avoidance behaviors are hard to extinguish.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Most cases of schizophrenia can be traced to a single,identified gene.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Exposure to bright lights is an effective treatment for seasonal affective disorder.
A)True
B)False
Q6) An excessive fear of open or public places is called _____________.
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