Introduction to Behavioral Science Final Exam
Course Introduction
Introduction to Behavioral Science explores the fundamental principles underlying human behavior through the integration of psychology, sociology, anthropology, and related disciplines. Students will examine how individuals and groups think, feel, and act in a variety of settings, with an emphasis on the role of biological, psychological, and social influences. The course covers foundational theories, classic and contemporary experiments, decision-making processes, and real-world applications in fields such as marketing, health, education, and public policy. Through lectures, case studies, and interactive activities, students will gain a critical understanding of the methods and tools used to study behavior and learn how behavioral science insights can help address societal challenges.
Recommended Textbook
Introducing Psychology Brain Person Group 4th Edition by Stephen M. Kosslyn
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Section 1: Introduction to the Science of Psychology:
History and Research Methods
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Q1) A case study examines in detail ________.
A)a single participant
B)multiple instances of a situation
C)a set of questions put to participants
D)the relationship between two variables
Answer: A
Q2) The school of psychology called structuralism used a technique called _____, which involved reporting the contents of consciousness to study a person's experiences.
A)intervention
B)introspection
C)insight inventory
D)induction
Answer: B
Q3) What advice might John B.Watson have offered to psychologists of his time?
A)"Focus on observable behavior."
B)"Life is an effort to overcome inferiority."
C)"We cannot know others until we know ourselves."
D)"Remember that what we accomplish is due to the composition of our genes."
Answer: A
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Chapter 1: Section 2: Introduction to the Science of Psychology:
History and Research Methods
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Q1) John Locke argued that ________.
A)all human knowledge stems from experience.
B)most of human knowledge stems from experience.
C)very little human knowledge stems from experience.
D)some of human knowledge is with us from the day we are born.
Answer: A
Q2) ________ was the first woman President of the American Psychological Association in 1905.
A)Mary Whiton Calkins
B)Elizabeth Spelke
C)Anne Treisman
D)Margaret Floy Washburn
Answer: A
Q3) An experiment is valid if
A)it produces reliable findings.
B)if its findings are consistent across experiments.
C)if it measures what the investigator designed it to measure.
D)if its measures are both reliable and consistent across experiments.
Answer: C
Page 4
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Chapter 2: Section 1: The Biology of Mind and Behavior: the Brain in
Action
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Q1) LaKeisha stepped on a piece of glass and quickly pulled her foot away from that sharp object.Which of the following are responsible for sending a message to the muscles in LaKeisha's foot, resulting in her pulling her foot away from the piece of glass?
A)motor neurons
B)interneurons
C)sensory neurons
D)reflexes
Answer: A
Q2) The thalamus could be thought of as being analogous to a(n)________.
A)airline hub
B)speedway
C)police station
D)bus stop
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Section 2: The Biology of Mind and Behavior: the
Brain in Action
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Q1) The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)axis may be activated by which of the following stimuli?
A)leukocytes
B)basophils
C)stimulation of the occipital lobe
D)pain.
Q2) The thalamus is often compared to a(n)________.
A)switching center
B)fast food menu
C)stop sign
D)bus stop
Q3) After a head injury a person reports that she is unable to see, although her eyes are uninjured.A doctor would suspect an injury in the ______ lobe.
A)occipital
B)parietal
C)temporal
D)frontal
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Page 6
Chapter 3: Section 1: Sensation and Perception: How the World Enters the Mind
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Q1) The point at which a person can detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time it is presented is called the ______.
A)absolute threshold
B)range threshold
C)difference threshold
D)noticeable threshold
Q2) According to the opponent-process theory of color vision, the correct pairings of opposite colors are _________________________.
A)red versus green and blue versus yellow
B)black versus gray and white versus colored
C)blue versus red and green versus yellow
D)blue versus green and red versus yellow
Q3) All of the following are associated with attractiveness for faces except ________.
A)smooth skin
B)symmetry
C)female hormones
D)male hormones
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Page 7
Chapter 3: Section 2: Sensation and Perception: How the World Enters
the Mind
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Q1) ______ is the mental process of making sense of sensory information.
A)Abstraction
B)Sensation
C)Perception
D)Consciousness
Q2) Sound waves are simply ___________.
A)the vibration of the molecules of the air surrounding us
B)the impact of acoustrons in the air
C)a form of electronic radiation
D)none of these
Q3) Astronauts who spend too much time in outer space may ultimately jeopardize their ________.
A)vestibular sense
B)kinesthetic sense
C)somasthetic sense
D)anomalous cognition
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Chapter 4: Section 1: Learning: How Experience Changes Us
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Q1) A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on ______.
A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)vicarious learning
D)cognitive learning
Q2) John turns on his fan every night prior to going to sleep.Initially, the sound of the fan is distracting, but after a short period of time he is able to fall asleep in spite of the noise.John's falling asleep in spite of the noise most closely resembles which of the following?
A)habituation
B)associative learning
C)classical conditioning
D)operant conditioning
Q3) A _____________________ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic, biological need, such a hunger, thirst, or touch.
A)primary
B)negative
C)positive
D)secondary
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Chapter 4: Section 2: Learning: How Experience Changes Us
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Q1) In operant conditioning, _____________ is necessary to create the association between the stimulus and the repetition of a voluntary response.
A)reinforcement
B)the law of negative effect
C)conditional emotional linkages
D)a long time delay
Q2) The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred is called ______.
A)counterconditioning
B)instinctive drift
C)spontaneous recovery
D)stimulus discrimination
Q3) ________ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas ________ is an example of a secondary reinforcer.
A)A cupcake; a certificate of achievement given to a student
B)A kiss; money
C)Water; food
D)A gold star; cupcake
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Chapter 5: Section 1: Memory: Living With Yesterday
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Q1) Suppose Tamika looks up a number in the telephone book.After getting a busy signal, a minute or so later she tries to call again - but has already forgotten the number! This example illustrates the limited duration of________ memory.
A)sensory
B)short-term
C)echoic
D)implicit
Q2) What is autobiographical memory?
A)memory for events in your life
B)memory for events in books
C)semantic personal memories
D)implicit memories
Q3) Why does distributed practice result in improved memory over massed practice?
A)You unconsciously memorize the material.
B)Each time you study you provide more associations.
C)Distributed practice activates the frontal lobe.
D)Massed practice leads to consolidation.
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11
Chapter 5: Section 2: Memory: Living With Yesterday
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Q1) Retrograde amnesia is to anterograde amnesia as ________.
A)mild is to severe
B)severe is to mild
C)remembering old is to learning new
D)remembering new is to learning old
Q2) Which of the following distinguishes sensory memory (SM)from short-term memory (STM)?
A)STM holds only a small amount of separate pieces of information
B)STM holds a large amount of separate pieces of information
C)SM holds a large amount of separate pieces of information
D)STM holds a small amount of uniform information
Q3) People tend to forget negative affect associated with autobiographical memories more quickly than they forget positive affect.What enhances this effect?
A)Keeping the memory private
B)Left frontal lobe activity
C)The age of the person
D)Frequently discussing the memories with a variety of people
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12
Chapter 6: Section 1: Language, Thinking, and Intelligence:
What Humans Do Best
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Q1) What systematic problem-solving method guarantees a solution, provided that one exists?
A)heuristic method
B)algorithmic method
C)mnemonic device
D)cognitive shortcut
Q2) You are learning Russian in preparation for a trip next summer.Although you are doing a good job recognizing the written signs you need to know, you are having trouble with the sounds of the Russian language.Which of the following aspects of language is giving you trouble?
A)syntax
B)phonemes
C)morphemes
D)audiograms
Q3) John B.Carroll argued that ________.
A)the relations among test scores are neatly structured into a three-tiered hierarchy
B)test scores can be categorized
C)intelligence is two-factored
D)intelligence is a single factor
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Chapter 6: Section 2: Language, Thinking, and Intelligence:
What Humans Do Best
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Q1) Jordan is a 10-year-old boy who has a mental age of 8 years.His IQ would be
A)80
B)100
C)125
D)140
Q2) According to Robert Sternberg, _______________ is best described as "street smarts," or the ability to use information to get along in life.People who have it know how to be tactful, how to manipulate situations to their advantage, and how to use inside information to increase their odds of success.
A)analytical intelligence
B)creative intelligence
C)practical intelligence
D)none of these
Q3) Gardner and his associates are known for proposing ______.
A)the generalized theory of intelligence
B)the Triarchic theory of intelligence
C)the theory of multiple intelligences
D)the theory of emotional intelligence
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Chapter 7: Section 1: Emotion and Motivation: Feeling and Striving
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Q1) Some obese people have been able to lose large amounts of weight and keep it off.Which is the best explanation of how they did it?
A)low carbohydrate dieting
B)low fat dieting
C)gastric bypass surgery
D)healthy eating and exercise
Q2) According to the facial feedback hypothesis, when Jose complies with instructions to look angry, it is most likely that ____________.
A)he will be amused to be simulating anger
B)he will be pleased that he does it so well
C)his positive feelings will decrease
D)his reaction will depend on his age
Q3) ___________ proposed that two things have to happen before emotion occurs: physical arousal and labeling.
A)Plutchik
B)The James-Lange
C)The Cannon-Bard theory
D)Schachter and Singer
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Chapter 7: Section 2: Emotion and Motivation: Feeling and Striving
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Q1) Which statement reflects the core idea of the facial feedback hypothesis?
A)Men do not express emotion via the face.
B)Facial features have no connection with emotion.
C)Information from facial muscles intensifies emotional experiences.
D)When one facial expression occurs, we quickly register its opposite on the face.
Q2) Physical arousal has to be interpreted cognitively before it is experienced as a specific emotion, according to ____________.
A)Plutchik
B)the James-Lange theory
C)the Cannon-Bard theory
D)Schachter and Singer
Q3) Which of the following behaviors is not an example of drive theory?
A)getting some food when you are hungry
B)going to sleep when you are tired
C)getting something to drink when you are thirsty
D)going jogging when you are bored
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16
Chapter 8: Section 1: Personality: Vive La Différence
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Q1) Which of the following concepts is not found in the humanistic perspective of personality?
A)self-actualization
B)self-concept
C)free will
D)self-efficacy
Q2) A statistical technique that is designed to see whether traits are strongly associated with each other is called _______.
A)factor features
B)t test
C)pf analysis
D)factor analysis
Q3) According to Freud, the result of conflict between the ego and the id or superego is
A)libido
B)depression
C)psychosis
D)neurosis
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Chapter 8: Section 2: Personality: Vive La Différence
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Q1) For Freud, thoughts and feelings that are well below the surface of awareness and cannot normally be recalled are in the ______ mind.
A)unconscious
B)preconscious
C)collective unconscious
D)conscious
Q2) Which of Freud's personality structures can be thought of as housing the human conscience?
A)id
B)superego
C)consciousness
D)subconsciousness
Q3) Tony has devised a test in which people look at clouds and talk about what they see.What type of test would psychologists call this?
A)dynamic
B)projective
C)objective
D)predictive
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18
Chapter 9: Section 1: Psychology Over the Life Span:
Growing
Up, Growing
Older, Growing Wiser
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Q1) Shelley and Julie are mothers who each have a three-month-old infant.Shelley tells Julie, "My son is so fussy," to which Julie replies, "That's funny-my son is so easy." It appears that Shelley and Julie are discussing their newborns' ________.
A)personalities.
B)moods.
C)reflexes.
D)temperaments.
Q2) In a __________design, one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages.
A)cohort
B)longitudinal
C)behavior genetics
D)cross-sectional
Q3) Which of the following terms is used to describe any substance, such as a drug, chemical, or virus, that can bring about a birth defect?
A)teratogen
B)critical period
C)carcinogen
D)biohazard
Page 19
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Q1) Professor Sanchez is interested in studying development of motor skills.She collects data from 200 1-year-olds and follows and assesses them for a period of 5 years.What type of research design is Professor Sanchez using?
A)cohort design
B)longitudinal design
C)behavior genetics design
D)cross-sectional design
Q2) Assimilation is to accommodation as ________.
A)necessary is to optional
B)help is to hinder
C)hinder is to help
D)using is to changing
Q3) If a child successfully navigates this stage of psychosocial development, they will make decisions and act independently.
A)integrity vs.despair
B)autonomy vs.doubt
C)initiative vs.guilt
D)basic trust vs.mistrust
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Chapter 10: Section 1: Stress, Health, and Coping: Dealing With Life
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Q1) Eric has an overinflated, unjustified positive view of himself.He thinks that he is good at everything he does.He would be considered a(n)________.
A)aggressive person
B)person with low self-esteem
C)narcissist
D)optimist
Q2) Miranda is questioning whether her upcoming business trip, where she must travel through an area with many mountains, will pose a danger for her.As such, this example illustrates ________.
A)a stress reaction
B)coping
C)primary appraisal
D)secondary appraisal
Q3) Alcoholic individuals come from ________ socioeconomic classes and tend to be ________.
A)low; men
B)high; men
C)all; men or women
D)low; women
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Q1) A real-world example of how assumed narcissistic tendencies can potentially lead to aggression would be the ________.
A)September 11, 2001 attacks
B)the relationship between fomer U.S.President Bush and Iraqi President Hussein
C)ongoing conflict between Israelis and Palestinians
D)Enron scandals
Q2) To treat your sleep problem you are told that you should restrict your sleeping hours, you should set your alarm clock to wake up at the same time each day, and you should use your bed only for sleep or sex.What sleep disorder have you been experiencing?
A)enuresis
B)narcolepsy
C)insomnia
D)REM sleep behavior disorder
Q3) Freud believed that dreams ______________.
A)stem from unconscious conflicts, memories, and desires
B)are sexual perversions
C)are reflections of consciousness
D)are ways to solve problems
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Chapter 11: Section 1: Psychological Disorders: More Than Everyday Problems
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Q1) Steve's psychiatrist notes that Steve is experiencing a disruption of the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, and identity.Therefore, Steve most likely has a(n)________ disorder.
A)schizophrenic
B)adjustment
C)dissociative
D)impulse-control
Q2) As Carol and Ken are leaving for a trip, Carol repeatedly asks Ken, "Did we turn off the coffee pot?" For their entire trip, Carol worries about the coffee pot.Carol's doubt about turning off the coffee pot is a(n)________.
A)obsession
B)compulsion
C)both an obsession and a compulsion
D)neither an obsession nor a compulsion
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Chapter 11: Section 2: Psychological Disorders: More Than Everyday Problems
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Q1) During his college years, Jacob often experienced episodes of intense fear accompanied by the physical sensations of a heart attack.Jacob might have experienced a ________ disorder while in college.
A)personality
B)mood
C)panic
D)eating
Q2) Andy has a tendency to align the tools in his toolbox so that they are placed in perfect symmetry.Andy's compulsion illustrates ________.
A)repeated doubts
B)hoarding
C)ordering
D)counting
Q3) Which of the following best describes dysthymia?
A)a mild, chronic form of depression
B)a severe, intermittent form of depression
C)a form of depression that affects biological functions such as appetite
D)a form of depression that is very responsive to electroconvulsive therapy
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Chapter 12: Section 1: Treatment: Healing Actions, Healing
Words
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Q1) Most psychological professionals today take a(n)______ view of psychotherapy. A)group treatment
B)humanistic
C)eclectic
D)behavioral
Q2) As Celine begins to reveal more and more of her innermost thoughts and feelings to her therapist, she begins to feel good about him as well as accepted by him.She develops a sense of trust, particularly because he does not criticize her.What process is occurring?
A)unconditional positive regard
B)insight
C)rationalization
D)transference
Q3) Which of the following is a basic goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy?
A)to help clients uncover unconscious conflicts and sexual urges
B)to help clients develop a closer match between real and ideal selves
C)to help clients change irrational thoughts to rational thoughts
D)to help clients complete unfinished business and become whole
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Chapter 12: Section 2: Treatment: Healing Actions, Healing
Words
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Q1) Studies on the effectiveness of psychotherapy have found that ________.
A)cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy is the most effective treatment for every problem
B)all psychotherapies can be used to treat any problem
C)Gestalt psychotherapy is the most effective treatment for any problem
D)no one psychotherapy worked for every type of problem
Q2) Psychoanalysis was a therapy technique designed by ______.
A)Alfred Adler
B)Carl Rogers
C)Fritz Perls
D)Sigmund Freud
Q3) According to Carl Rogers, the __________is how people see their actual traits and abilities.
A)ideal self
B)real self
C)ego
D)id
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Chapter 13: Section 1: Social Psychology: Meeting of the Minds
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Q1) If Professor Jameson is most interested in studying what you believe about an object or topic, then she is focusing on the ________ component of attitudes.
A)behavioral
B)affective
C)cognitive
D)informational
Q2) When George Bush said, "Everything in Iraq is going as planned.Trust me, I am the president," he was using what form of the elaboration likelihood model?
A)under-route processing
B)peripheral route processing
C)central-route processing
D)classic-route processing
Q3) Voluntarily yielding to social norms, even at the expense of one's own preference, is called ______.
A)obedience
B)submission
C)conformity
D)compliance
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Chapter 13: Section 2: Social Psychology: Meeting of the Minds
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Q1) "Jeremy, can you possibly give me a ride to the airport this Sunday," your friend Ben asks.Not thinking that this is a big deal, you agree to do this favor for Ben."Oh, that's great! Thanks so much.And by the way, I forgot that the plane leaves at 8:30 am so I'll have to be at the airport by 6:30 am.Pick me up at 6:00.See you then," Ben adds.You are still likely to do the favor for Ben because you have just been a victim of the _____________ technique.
A)lowball
B)norm of reciprocity
C)door-in-the-face
D)obedience
Q2) The advice to "keep it simple stupid" suggests that political and other messages should be simple so that the audience will understand the content without distractions.This is an example of which type of processing suggested by the elaboration likelihood model?
A)under-route processing
B)peripheral-route processing
C)central-route processing
D)classic-route processing
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