Introduction to Behavioral Science
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Introduction to Behavioral Science provides students with a foundational understanding of how human behavior is studied and analyzed through a multidisciplinary lens, including psychology, sociology, economics, and anthropology. The course explores key theories, research methods, and practical applications for understanding how individuals and groups make decisions, interact, and respond to various social, cultural, and environmental influences. Students will engage with core concepts such as motivation, perception, attitude formation, and behavioral change, preparing them to analyze real-world issues and contribute to evidence-based solutions in diverse contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Psychology 4th Canadian Edition by
Carole Wade
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16 Chapters
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) A person is asked to listen to the clicking of a metronome and then to report exactly what she heard. This type of research would be typical in which of the following schools of psychology?
A) psychoanalysis
B) functionalism
C) behaviourism
D) structuralism
Answer: D
Q2) The term "behaviourist" is most closely associated with which of the following perspectives?
A) learning
B) social-cognitive
C) cognitive
D) sociocultural
Answer: A
Q3) The term "psychology" is often represented by the Greek letter psi.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 3
Chapter 2: How Psychologists Do Research
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Q1) In a single-blind experiment, subjects do not know if they are in an experimental group or a control group.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Professor Gaggos wants to determine whether the needs for personal space are different in Greece than they are in Canada. His results will be used to train business executives in maintaining appropriate conversational distances. The research method appropriate to his purpose would be:
A) naturalistic observation.
B) a case study.
C) an objective inventory.
D) laboratory observation.
Answer: A
Q3) An advantage of a survey is that:
A) it shows whether two or more variables are related.
B) firm conclusions about cause and effect can be drawn.
C) it is often useful in the first stages of a research program.
D) it provides a large amount of information on large numbers of people.
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Genes, Evolution, and Environment
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Q1) An evolutionary psychologist would agree that if a trait exists, then it must have been adaptive to human survival.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Each human chromosome has:
A) 23 pairs of genes.
B) 23 genes.
C) about 100 genes.
D) thousands of genes.
Answer: D
Q3) PKU (phenylketonuria) is a disorder that:
A) is correlated with an increased incidence of schizophrenia.
B) always causes mental retardation.
C) prevents the body from assimilating protein.
D) is made worse when the person lives in stressful family circumstances.
Answer: C
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Page 5
Chapter 4: The Brain: Source of Mind and Self
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Q1) The authors note that a brain without a peripheral nervous system would be like a radio without a receiver. Explain what is meant by this analogy.
Q2) Define neurogenesis and explain why this process turned conventional wisdom regarding the brain "upside down."
Q3) Affects neurons involved in sleep, appetite, sensory perception, temperature regulation, pain suppression, and mood.
A)dopamine
B)acetylcholine
C)glutamate
D)GABA
E)serotonin
Q4) A researcher is interested in identifying the patterns of brain activity that occur while a participant reads. In order to do this the researcher is most likely to:
A) make an EEG tracing of the brain while the participant reads.
B) gather information from brain-damaged patients.
C) produce a lesion in the part of the brain responsible for reading.
D) electrically stimulate the brain.
Q5) Name one drawback to the transcranial magnetic stimulation method.
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Chapter 5: Body Rhythms and Mental States
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Q1) Eye movements during sleep are:
A) related to dream content.
B) a result of random muscle contractions during sleep.
C) related to the latent content of dreams.
D) meaningful only to the dreamer.
Q2) All cultures have found ways to alter consciousness. Explain two ways that do not involve drugs and then describe the recreational drugs that are used in Western societies to alter consciousness.
Q3) When sleep researchers have studied humans and other species, they found that:
A) only the higher mammals, such as humans, the great apes, and bottlenose dolphins, experience REM sleep.
B) moles, since they can hardly move their eyes at all, are unable to experience REM sleep.
C) humans begin to show evidence of REM sleep during the first two weeks after birth.
D) nearly all mammals, with the exception of spiny anteaters, bottlenose dolphins, and the porpoise, experience REM sleep.
Q4) Describe the results of abuse/addiction to caffeine.
Q5) Describe the common effects of mescaline.
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Chapter 6: Sensation and Perception
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Q1) In the ________ century, it was demonstrated that when we look at an object, the light pattern on the retina is upside down.
A) twentieth
B) eighteenth
C) nineteenth
D) seventeenth
Q2) The authors compare the functioning of the sensory receptors to the battlefield experiences of military scouts, field officers, and generals. Using this metaphor, explain the process of sensation.
Q3) In a signal-detection task, the participant says that he detects a signal when no signal was present. This is called a:
A) correct rejection.
B) miss.
C) hit.
D) false alarm.
Q4) The organ of Corti is a chamber inside the cochlea.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is the "cocktail party phenomenon"?
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Chapter 7: Learning and Conditioning
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Sample Questions
Q1) When classical conditioning procedures are used with human subjects, it is just as easy to establish a conditioned fear of butterflies as it is to establish a conditioned fear of spiders.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response.
A)discriminative stimulus
B)spontaneous recovery
C)shaping
D)latent learning
E)instinctive drift
Q3) After a child learns to fear spiders, he also responds with fear to ants and beetles. This is an example of:
A) counterconditioning.
B) stimulus generalization.
C) operant conditioning.
D) spontaneous recovery.
Q4) Research supports the biological basis of fear conditioning and fear extinction.
A)True
B)False
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Behaviour in Social and Cultural Context
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is one of the most common but least effective techniques for trying to change someone's attitude?
A) repetition of an argument
B) using scare tactics
C) using famous people to present an argument
D) playing devil's advocate
Q2) Replications of Asch's conformity experiment show that:
A) regardless of culture, people are more likely to conform in groups of people that are similar.
B) people in individualist cultures are more likely to conform than individuals from collectivist cultures.
C) Canadians today are more likely to conform in the Asch paradigm than were Canadians in the 1950s.
D) when people are asked to make these line judgments on their own, about 20% still make mistakes on the task.
Q3) In Milgram's study on obedience only one person obeyed to the fullest extent.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the features of groups that are vulnerable to groupthink.
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Chapter 9: Thinking and Intelligence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Pre-reflective stages of thought involve the belief that:
A) a correct answer always exists.
B) some judgments are more valid than others.
C) all opinions are created equal.
D) some things can never be known with certainty.
Q2) According to the availability heuristic, Jayne and her husband are most likely to exaggerate the risk to their children caused by:
A) accidental drowning.
B) being kidnapped.
C) delinquency.
D) depression.
Q3) ________ proposed the idea that there are multiple types of intelligence, including such things as musical aptitude, kinesthetic intelligence, and the capacity for insight into ourselves and others.
A) David Wechsler
B) Howard Gardner
C) Daniel Goleman
D) Robert Sternberg
Q4) How do psychometric and cognitive approaches to intelligence compare?
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Chapter 10: Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ memory refers to recollection of a personally experienced event and the context in which it occurred.
A) Semantic
B) Declarative
C) Flashbulb
D) Episodic
Q2) We encode our memories as exact replicas of our sensory experiences.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Contrast the three-box model of memory with the parallel distributed processing model of memory. If you were offered a well-paid position as a research assistant for a prominent memory researcher, would you prefer to work on research based on the three-box model or the PDP model? Why?
Q4) Meara is a participant in a memory study in which slides of a traffic accident are shown. Some participants viewed slides with yield signs and others viewed slides with stop signs. Meara, who had seen a yield sign, was in the experimental condition. How were the memories of the experimental group manipulated? How will Meara respond when she is told the purpose of the study? What implications does this study have for the replacement model of forgetting?
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Chapter 11: Emotion, Stress, and Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) Gabriella's right prefrontal cortex was damaged as the result of an automobile accident. As a result, her friends have noticed that she:
A) can remember new information for only about 15 minutes.
B) can recognize them by voice but not by sight.
C) has begun to experience excessive euphoria.
D) seems to have lost her capacity for joy.
Q2) Display rules involve:
A) emotions that are displayed, as a rule, only by certain cultures.
B) universal, biologically based emotional displays evoked by particular emotional situations.
C) displaying an emotion that is not actually felt, often because of a role requirement. D) social/cultural guidelines that regulate when, how, and where a person may express emotion.
Q3) The polygraph detects the physiological patterns of responses that are specific to lying.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Why is it that when you are wildly in love, you may not want to eat?
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Motivation
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Sample Questions
Q1) A/An ________ is framed in terms of showing how good you are.
A) approach goal
B) avoidance goal
C) mastery goal
D) performance goal
Q2) ________ are positive experiences that you seek directly.
A) Learning goals
B) Performance goals
C) Mastery goals
D) Approach goals
Q3) In a mother-toddler play group, Geoff has a secure attachment to his mother, Hank has an avoidant attachment, and Henri has an anxious-ambivalent attachment. Based on the attachment theory of love, predict what their attitudes and behaviours will be like as lovers when they reach adulthood.
Q4) Which of the following is NOT one of the motives for sex listed in the text?
A) pleasure
B) insecurity
C) escape
D) attaining a goal
Q5) Give two examples of different sexual scripts.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Development Over the Life Span
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Q1) The adolescent brain undergoes a major pruning of synapses. These changes occur primarily in the ________, which is responsible for ________.
A) prefrontal cortex; impulse control
B) cerebral cortex; judgment
C) amygdala; aggression
D) hypothalamus; libido
Q2) The greatest gains in brain and nervous system development occur during the second trimester of pregnancy.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Research on the onset of puberty has revealed that:
A) white girls tend to develop breasts at younger ages than do black girls.
B) the average age at puberty is increasing in Europe and North America.
C) changes in the timing of puberty have been caused by hormones in food.
D) menarche depends on a critical level of body fat.
Q4) Extreme turmoil and unhappiness during adolescence are the exception, not the rule.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Theories of Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Innate physiological dispositions to respond to the environment in certain ways that are present in infancy are called:
A) personalities.
B) temperaments.
C) aptitudes.
D) traits.
Q2) ________ is defined as a two-way interaction between aspects of the environment and aspects of the individual in the shaping of personality traits.
A) Reciprocal determinism
B) Social-cognitive interaction
C) Reciprocal interaction
D) Nature-nurture theory
Q3) According to Freud, personality develops through a series of psychosexual stages. The last stage is called the:
A) genital stage.
B) latency stage.
C) anal stage.
D) phallic stage.
Q4) What is meant by "nonshared environment"?
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Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) ADHD is diagnosed at least 10 times as often in Europe as it is in Canada and the United States.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Phobias differ from fears in that phobias:
A) do not interfere with one's behaviour.
B) are exaggerated and unrealistic.
C) are less likely to cause distress.
D) are not tied to a specific object or situation.
Q3) Schizophrenics are more likely than healthy individuals to have abnormalities in the thalamus.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Obsession involves recurrent, persistent, unwished-for images and thoughts designed to reduce anxiety.
A)True
B)False
Q5) List the five axes that clinicians use to evaluate each client.
Q6) Explain the ways that addiction patterns vary according to cultural practices and the social environment.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Approaches to Treatment and Therapy
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Q1) Tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, are effective in the treatment of panic disorder.
A)True
B)False
Q2) ________ greatly help(s) young adults with schizophrenia, especially when the parents are taught skills in dealing with their troubled children.
A) Exposure techniques
B) Family intervention therapy
C) Systematic desensitization
D) Cognitive therapy
Q3) About one-half to two-thirds of the patients taking antipsychotic or antidepressant drugs stop taking them, often due to the unpleasant side effects.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What physical side effects are associated with antidepressant drugs?
Q5) Family therapists maintain that psychological problems develop and are sustained in a social context and that the change in any member will lead to changes in the entire social context. Examine the primary goals and methods according to this perspective.
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